[195]
Diodorus
Siculus, XIX.
Napoleon - History of Julius Caesar - a
)
[143] “Marcus Valerius demonstrated to them that prudence did not permit
them to refuse a thing of small importance to citizens who, under the
government of the kings, had distinguished themselves in so many battles
for the defence of the Republic. ” (Year of Rome 256. ) (Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, V. 65. )--“On one hand, the plebeians pretended not to be
in a condition to pay their debts; they complained that, during so many
years of war, their lands had produced nothing, that their cattle had
perished, that their slaves had escaped or had been carried away in the
different incursions of the enemies, and that all they possessed at Rome
was expended for the cost of the war. On the other hand, the creditors
said that the losses were common to everybody; that they had suffered no
less than their debtors; that they could not consent to lose what they
had lent in time of peace to some indigent citizens in addition to what
the enemies had taken from them in time of war. ” (Year of Rome 258. )
(Dionysius of Halicarnassus, VI. 22. )
[144] Those who pleaded the causes of individuals were nearly all
senators, and exacted for this service very heavy sums under the title
of fees. (Titus Livius, XXXIV. 4. )
[145] “The days following, Servius Tullius caused a report to be drawn
up of the insolvent debtors, of their creditors, and of the respective
amount of their debts. When this was prepared, he caused counters to be
established in the Forum, and, in public view, repaid the lenders
whatever was due to them. ” (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IV. 10. )
[146] “Servilius caused a herald to proclaim that all persons were
forbidden to seize, sell, or retain in pledge the goods of Romans who
served against the Volsci, or to take away their children, or any one of
their family, for any contract whatever. ”--“An old man complains that
his creditor has reduced him to slavery: he declares loudly that he was
born free, that he had served in all the campaigns as long as his age
permitted, that he was in twenty-eight battles, where he had several
times gained the prize of valour; but that, since the times had become
bad, and the Republic was reduced to the last extremity, he had been
constrained to borrow money to pay the taxes. After that, he added,
having no longer wherewith to pay my debts, my merciless creditor has
reduced me to slavery with my two children, and, because I expostulated
slightly when he ordered me to do things which were too difficult,
caused me to be disgracefully beaten with several blows. ” (Year of Rome
259. ) (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, VI. 29. )--“The creditors contributed
to the insurrection of the populace, they cast aside all moderation, but
threw their debtors into prison, and treated them like the slaves whom
they would have bought for money. ” (Year of Rome 254. ) (Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, V. 53. )
[147] “The poor, especially those who were not in condition to pay their
debts, who formed the greatest number, refused to take arms, and would
hold no communication with the patricians, until the Senate should pass
a law for the abolition of debts. ” (Year of Rome 256. ) (Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, V. 63. )
[148] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, V. 64.
[149] Appius Claudius Sabinus expressed an opinion quite contrary to
that of Marcus Valerius: he said that “there could be no doubt that the
rich, who were not less citizens than the poor, and who held the first
rank in the Republic, occupied the public offices, and had served in all
the wars, would take it very ill if they discharged their debtors from
the obligation of paying what was due. ” (Year of Rome 256. ) (Dionysius
of Halicarnassus, V. 66. )
[150] It results from the testimony of Polybius, Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, Livy, Florus, and Eutropius, that at the moment of the
fall of Tarquinius Superbus, the domination of Rome extended over all
Latium, over the greater part of the country of the Sabines, and even as
far as Ocriculum (_Otricoli_) in Umbria; that Etruria, the country of
the Hernici, and the territory of Cære (_Cervetri_), were united with
the Romans by alliances which placed them, with regard to these, in a
state of subjection.
The establishment of the consular government was, for the peoples
subject to Rome, the signal of revolt. In 253, all the peoples of Latium
were leagued against Rome; with the victory of Lake Regillus, in 258,
that is, fourteen years after the overthrow of the Tarquins, the
submission of Latium began, and it was finished by the treaty concluded
by Spurius Cassius with the Latins in the year of Rome 268. The Sabines
were only finally reduced by the consul Horatius in 305. Fidenæ, which
had acknowledged the supremacy of Tarquin, was taken in the year 319,
then taken again, after an insurrection, in 328. Anxur (_Terracina_) was
only finally subjected after the defeat of the Volsci; and Veii and
Falerium only fell under the power of the Romans in the year 358 and
359. Circci, where a Latin colony had been established in the times of
the kings, only received a new one in the year 360. Cære was reunited to
the Roman territory in the year 364, and it was only at the time of the
Gallic invasion that Antium and Ecetra were finally annexed to the Roman
territory. In 408, the capture of Satricum, at the entrance of the
country of the Volscians, prevented that people from supporting an
insurrection which had already begun among the Latins. In 411, the whole
plain of Latium was occupied by Roman citizens or allies, but in the
mountains there remained Volscian and Latin cities which were
independent and secretly enemies. Nevertheless it may be said that,
towards that period, the Republic had re-conquered the territory which
it possessed under the kings, although Rome had again, in 416, to
suppress a last insurrection of the Latins.
[151] Mommsen, _Roman History_, I. , p. 241, 2nd edit.
[152] In fourteen years, from 399 to 412, the patricians allowed only
six plebeians to arrive at the consulship.
[153] Titus Livius, X. 23.
[154] Titus Livius, X. 9.
[155] “Who does not see clearly that the vice of the dictator
(Marcellus) in the eyes of the augurs was that he was a plebeian? ”
(Titus Livius, VIII. 23. --Cicero, _De Divinatione_, II. 35, 37; _De
Legibus_, II. 13. )
[156] The consuls and prætors could only assemble the comitia, command
the armies, or give final judgment in civil affairs, after having been
invested with the _imperium_ and with the right of taking the auspices
(_jus auspiciorum_) by a curiate law.
[157] _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 9.
[158] Titus Livius, IV. 3.
[159] If a citizen refused to give his name for the recruitment, his
goods were confiscated; if he did not pay his creditors, he was sold for
a slave. Women were forbidden the use of wine. (Polybius, VI. 2. )--The
number of guests who could be admitted to feasts was limited. (Athenæus,
VI. p. 274. )--The magistrates also, on entering on office, could not
accept invitations to dinner, except from certain persons who were
named. (Aulus Gellius, II. 24. --Macrobius, II. 13. )--“Marriage with a
plebeian or a stranger was surrounded with restrictive measures; it was
forbidden with a slave or with a freedman. Celibacy, at a certain age,
was punished with a fine. ” (Valerius Maximus, II. ix. 1. )--There were
regulations also for mourning and funerals. (Cicero, _De Legibus_, II.
24. )
[160] Aulus Gellius, IV. 12.
[161] Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 23.
[162] Historians have always assigned as the northern frontier of Italy,
under the Republic, the River Macra, in Etruria; but that the limit was
farther south is proved by the fact that Cæsar went to Lucca to take his
winter quarters; this town, therefore, must have been in his command and
made part of Cisalpine Gaul. Under Augustus, the northern frontier of
Italy extended to the Macra.
[163] Speech of Cæsar to the Senate, reported by Sallust. (_Conspiracy
of Catilina_, li. )
[164] This paragraph, expressing with great clearness the policy of the
Roman Senate, is extracted from the excellent _Hist. Romaine_ of M.
Duruy, t. I. , c. xi.
[165] As, for example, to put the wife in complete obedience to her
husband; to give the father absolute authority over his children, etc.
[166] In the origin, the municipia were the allied towns preserving
their autonomy, but engaging to render to Rome certain services
(_munus_); whence the name of municipia. (_Aulus Gellius_, XVI. 13. )
[167] To be able to enjoy the right of city, it was necessary to be
domiciliated at Rome, to have left a son in his majority in the
municipium, or to have exercised there a magistracy.
[168] Aul. Gellius, XVI. xiii. --Paulus Diaconus, on the word
_Municipium_, p. 127.
[169] In this category were sometimes found municipia of the third
degree, such as Cære. (See Festus, under the word _Præfecturæ_, p.
233. )--Several of these towns, such as Fundi, Formiæ, and Arpinum,
obtained in the sequel the right of suffrage; they continued, however,
by an ancient usage, to be called by the name of _præfecturæ_, which was
also applied by abuse to the colonies.
[170] _Socius et amicus_ (Titus Livius, XXXI. 11). --Compare Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, VI. 95; X. 21.
[171] With Carthage, for example. (Polybius, III. 22. --Titus Livius,
VII. 27; IX. 19, 43. )
[172] Thus with the Latins. “Ut eosdem quos populus Romanus amicos atque
hostes habeant. ” (Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 8. )
[173] Cicero, _Oration for Balbus_, xvi.
[174] The freedmen were, in fact, either Roman citizens, or Latins, or
ranged in the number of the _dediticii_; slaves who had, while they were
in servitude, undergone a grave chastisement, if they arrived at
freedom, obtained only the assimilation to the _dediticii_. If, on the
contrary, the slave had undergone no punishment, if he was more than
thirty years of age, if, at the same time, he belonged to his master
according to the law of the quirites, and if the formalities of
manumission or affranchisement exacted by the Roman law had been
observed, he was a Roman citizen. He was only Latin if one of these
circumstances failed. (_Institutes_ of Gaius, I. § 12, 13, 15, 16, 17. )
[175] “Valerius sent upon the lands conquered from the Volsci a colony
of a certain number of citizens chosen from among the poor, both to
serve as a garrison against the enemies, and to diminish at Rome the
party of the seditious. ” (Year of Rome 260. ) (Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, VI. 43. )--This great number of colonies, by clearing the
population of Rome of a multitude of indigent citizens, had maintained
tranquillity (452). (Titus Livius, X. 6. )
[176] Modern authors are not agreed on this point, which would require a
long discussion; but we may consider the question as solved in the sense
of our text by Madvig, _Opuscula_, I. pp. 244-254.
[177] “There the people (_populus_) named their magistrates; the
_duumviri_ performed the functions of consuls or prætors, whose title
they sometimes took (_Corpus Inscriptionum Latin. _, _passim_); the
_quinquennales_ corresponded to the censors. Finally, there were
_questors_ and _ediles_. The Senate, as at Rome, was composed of
members, elected for life, to the number of a hundred; the number was
filled up every five years (_lectio senatus_). ” (_Tabula Heracleensis_,
cap. x. _et seq. _)
[178] A certain number of colonies figure in the list given by Dionysius
of Halicarnassus of the members of the confederacy (V. 61).
[179] Pliny, _Natural History_, III. iv. § 7.
[180] Because it named its magistrates, struck money (Mommsen,
_Münzwesen_, p. 317), privileges refused to the Roman colonies, and
preserved its own peculiar laws according to the principle: “Nulla
populi Romani lege adstricti, nisi in quam populus eorum fundus factus
est. ” (Aulus Gellius, XVI. xiii. 6. --Compare Cicero, _Oration for
Balbus_, viii. 21. )
[181] Cicero, _Oration on the Agrarian Law_, ii. 27.
[182] Titus Livius, XXVII. 9.
[183] Florus, I. 16.
[184] Titus Livius, VIII. 13, 14.
[185] Titus Livius, VIII. 14. These towns had the right of city without
suffrage; of this number were Capua (in consideration of its knights,
who had refused to take part in the revolt), Cumæ, Fundi, and Formiæ.
[186] Velleius Paterculus, I. 15.
[187] Titus Livius, VIII. 14.
[188] Titus Livius, VIII. 14, _et seq. _--Valerius Maximus, VI. ii. 1.
[189] Florus, I. 16.
[190] Titus Livius, VIII. 26; XXI. 49; XXII. 11.
[191] “Eam solam gentem restare. ” (Titus Livius, VIII. 27. )
[192] Cicero, _de Officiis_, iii. 30.
[193] Titus Livius, IX. 24, 28.
[194] Diodorus Siculus, XX. 36. --Titus Livius, IX. 29.
[195] Diodorus Siculus, XIX. 101.
[196] Titus Livius, IX. 31.
[197] Diodorus Siculus, XX. 35.
[198] Now _Lago di Vadimone_ or _Bagnaccio_, situated on the right bank
and three miles from the Tiber, between that river and the Lake
Ciminius, about the latitude of _Narni_.
[199] Titus Livius, IX. 43. --Cicero, _Oration for Balbus_, 13. --Festus,
under the word _Præfecturæ_, p. 233.
[200] Titus Livius, IX. 45. --Diodorus Siculus, XX. 101.
[201] Titus Livius, IX. 45; X. 3, 10.
[202] Appian, _Samnite Wars_, § vii. , p. 56, edit. Schweighæuser.
[203] Diodorus Siculus, XIX. 10.
[204] Titus Livius, X. 11, _et seq. _
[205] Titus Livius, X. 22, _et seq. _--Polybius, II. 19. --Florus, I. 17.
[206] Volsiniæ, Perusia, and Arretium. (Titus Livius, X. 37. )
[207] Orosius, III. 22. --Zonaras, VII. 2. --Eutropius, II. 9.
[208] Velleius Paterculus, I. 14. --Festus, under the word _Præfecturæ_,
p. 233.
[209] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, _Excerpta_, p. 2335, edit.
Schweighæuser.
[210] Polybius, II. 19, 24.
[211] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XII. , XIII. , XIV. --Plutarch, _Pyrrhus, et
seq. _--Florus, I. 18. --Eutropius, II. 11, _et seq. _--Zonaras, VIII. 2.
[212] Valerius Maximus, III. vii. 10.
[213] Appian (_Samnite Wars_, X. iii. , p. 65) says that Pyrrhus advanced
as far as Anagnia.
[214] Cicero, _Oration for Balbus_, xxii.
[215] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIV. --Orosius, IV. 3.
[216] Florus, I. 20.
[217] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XV. --_Fasti Capitolini_, an. 487.
[218] ROMAN COLONIES. --Third period: 416-488.
_Antium_ (416). A maritime colony (Volsci). _Torre d’Anzo_ or
_Porto d’Anzo_.
_Terracina_ (425). A maritime colony (Aurunci). (_Via Appia. _)
_Terracina. _
_Minturnæ_ (459). A maritime colony (Aurunci). (_Via Appia. _) Ruins
near _Trajetta_.
_Sinuessa_ (459). A maritime colony (Campania). (_Via Appia. _) Near
_Rocca di Mondragone_.
_Sena Gallica_ (465). A maritime colony (Umbria, _in agro
Gallico_). (_Via Valeria. _) _Sinigaglia. _
_Castrum Novum_ (465). A maritime colony (Picenum). (_Via
Valeria. _) _Giulia Nuova. _
LATIN COLONIES.
_Cales_ (420). Campania. (_Via Appia. _) _Calvi. _
_Fregellæ_ (426). Volsci. In the valley of the Liris. _Ceprano_(? ).
Destroyed in 629.
_Luceria_ (440). Apulia. _Lucera. _
_Suessa Aurunca_ (441). Aurunci. (_Via Appia. _) _Sessa. _
_Pontiæ_ (441). Island opposite Circeii. _Ponza. _
_Saticula_ (441). On the boundary between Samnium and Campania.
_Prestia_, near _Santa Agata de’ Goti_. Disappeared early.
_Interamna_ (Lirinas) (442). Volsci. _Terame. _ Not inhabited.
_Sora_ (451). On the boundary between the Volsci and the Samnites.
_Sora. _ Already colonised in a previous period.
_Alba Fucensis_ (451). Marsi. (_Via Valeria. _) _Alba_, a village
near _Avezzano_.
_Narnia_ (455). Umbria. (_Via Flaminia. _) _Narni. _ Strengthened in
555.
_Carseoli_ (456). Æqui. (_Via Valeria. _) _Cerita_, _Osteria del
Cavaliere_, near _Carsoli_.
_Venusia_ (463). Frontier between Lucania and Apulia. (_Via
Appia. _) _Venosa. _ Re-fortified in 554.
_Adria_ (or _Hatria_) (465). Picenum. (_Via Valeria_ and
_Salaria_). _Adri. _
_Cosa_ (481). Etruria or Campania. _Ansedonia_(? ), near
_Orbitello_. Re-fortified in 557.
_Pæstum_ (481). Lucania, _Pesto_. Ruins.
_Ariminum_ (486). Umbria, _in agro Gallico_. (_Via Flaminia. _)
_Rimini. _
_Beneventum_ (486). Samnium. (_Via Appia. _) _Benevento. _
[219] Campanians: _Stellatina_. Etruscans: _Tromentina_, _Sabatina_,
_Arniensis_, in 367 (Titus Livius, VI. 5). Latins: _Mœcia_, and
_Scaptia_, in 422 (Titus Livius, VIII. 17). Volsci: _Pomptina_, and
_Publilia_, in 396 (Titus Livius, VII. 15). Ausones: _Ufentina_ and
_Falerna_, in 436 (Titus Livius, IX. 20). Æqui: _Aniensis_ and
_Terentina_, in 455 (Titus Livius, X. 9). Sabines: _Velina_ and
_Quirina_, in 513 (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIX. ).
[220] At the beginning of each consular year, the magistrates or
deputies of the towns were obliged to repair to Rome, and the consuls
there fixed the contingent which each of them was to furnish according
to the list of the census. These lists were drawn up by the local
magistrates, who sent them to the Senate, and were renewed every five
years, except in the Latin colonies, where they seem to have taken for a
constant basis the number of primitive colonists.
[221] The country of the Samnites, among others, was completely cut up
by these domains.
[222] Titus Livius places in the mouth of the consul Decius, in 452,
these remarkable words: “Jam ne _nobilitatis_ quidem suæ plebeios
pœnitere” (Titus Livius, X. 7); and later still, towards 538, a tribune
expresses himself thus: “Nam _plebeios nobiles_ jam eisdem initiatos
esse sacris, et contemnere plebem, ex quo contemni desierint a patribus,
cœpisse. ” (Titus Livius, XXII. 34. )
[223] Titus Livius, XIV. 48.
[224] We have the proof of this in the condemnation of those who
transgressed the law of Stolo. (Titus Livius, X. 13. )
[225] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 5.
[143] “Marcus Valerius demonstrated to them that prudence did not permit
them to refuse a thing of small importance to citizens who, under the
government of the kings, had distinguished themselves in so many battles
for the defence of the Republic. ” (Year of Rome 256. ) (Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, V. 65. )--“On one hand, the plebeians pretended not to be
in a condition to pay their debts; they complained that, during so many
years of war, their lands had produced nothing, that their cattle had
perished, that their slaves had escaped or had been carried away in the
different incursions of the enemies, and that all they possessed at Rome
was expended for the cost of the war. On the other hand, the creditors
said that the losses were common to everybody; that they had suffered no
less than their debtors; that they could not consent to lose what they
had lent in time of peace to some indigent citizens in addition to what
the enemies had taken from them in time of war. ” (Year of Rome 258. )
(Dionysius of Halicarnassus, VI. 22. )
[144] Those who pleaded the causes of individuals were nearly all
senators, and exacted for this service very heavy sums under the title
of fees. (Titus Livius, XXXIV. 4. )
[145] “The days following, Servius Tullius caused a report to be drawn
up of the insolvent debtors, of their creditors, and of the respective
amount of their debts. When this was prepared, he caused counters to be
established in the Forum, and, in public view, repaid the lenders
whatever was due to them. ” (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IV. 10. )
[146] “Servilius caused a herald to proclaim that all persons were
forbidden to seize, sell, or retain in pledge the goods of Romans who
served against the Volsci, or to take away their children, or any one of
their family, for any contract whatever. ”--“An old man complains that
his creditor has reduced him to slavery: he declares loudly that he was
born free, that he had served in all the campaigns as long as his age
permitted, that he was in twenty-eight battles, where he had several
times gained the prize of valour; but that, since the times had become
bad, and the Republic was reduced to the last extremity, he had been
constrained to borrow money to pay the taxes. After that, he added,
having no longer wherewith to pay my debts, my merciless creditor has
reduced me to slavery with my two children, and, because I expostulated
slightly when he ordered me to do things which were too difficult,
caused me to be disgracefully beaten with several blows. ” (Year of Rome
259. ) (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, VI. 29. )--“The creditors contributed
to the insurrection of the populace, they cast aside all moderation, but
threw their debtors into prison, and treated them like the slaves whom
they would have bought for money. ” (Year of Rome 254. ) (Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, V. 53. )
[147] “The poor, especially those who were not in condition to pay their
debts, who formed the greatest number, refused to take arms, and would
hold no communication with the patricians, until the Senate should pass
a law for the abolition of debts. ” (Year of Rome 256. ) (Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, V. 63. )
[148] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, V. 64.
[149] Appius Claudius Sabinus expressed an opinion quite contrary to
that of Marcus Valerius: he said that “there could be no doubt that the
rich, who were not less citizens than the poor, and who held the first
rank in the Republic, occupied the public offices, and had served in all
the wars, would take it very ill if they discharged their debtors from
the obligation of paying what was due. ” (Year of Rome 256. ) (Dionysius
of Halicarnassus, V. 66. )
[150] It results from the testimony of Polybius, Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, Livy, Florus, and Eutropius, that at the moment of the
fall of Tarquinius Superbus, the domination of Rome extended over all
Latium, over the greater part of the country of the Sabines, and even as
far as Ocriculum (_Otricoli_) in Umbria; that Etruria, the country of
the Hernici, and the territory of Cære (_Cervetri_), were united with
the Romans by alliances which placed them, with regard to these, in a
state of subjection.
The establishment of the consular government was, for the peoples
subject to Rome, the signal of revolt. In 253, all the peoples of Latium
were leagued against Rome; with the victory of Lake Regillus, in 258,
that is, fourteen years after the overthrow of the Tarquins, the
submission of Latium began, and it was finished by the treaty concluded
by Spurius Cassius with the Latins in the year of Rome 268. The Sabines
were only finally reduced by the consul Horatius in 305. Fidenæ, which
had acknowledged the supremacy of Tarquin, was taken in the year 319,
then taken again, after an insurrection, in 328. Anxur (_Terracina_) was
only finally subjected after the defeat of the Volsci; and Veii and
Falerium only fell under the power of the Romans in the year 358 and
359. Circci, where a Latin colony had been established in the times of
the kings, only received a new one in the year 360. Cære was reunited to
the Roman territory in the year 364, and it was only at the time of the
Gallic invasion that Antium and Ecetra were finally annexed to the Roman
territory. In 408, the capture of Satricum, at the entrance of the
country of the Volscians, prevented that people from supporting an
insurrection which had already begun among the Latins. In 411, the whole
plain of Latium was occupied by Roman citizens or allies, but in the
mountains there remained Volscian and Latin cities which were
independent and secretly enemies. Nevertheless it may be said that,
towards that period, the Republic had re-conquered the territory which
it possessed under the kings, although Rome had again, in 416, to
suppress a last insurrection of the Latins.
[151] Mommsen, _Roman History_, I. , p. 241, 2nd edit.
[152] In fourteen years, from 399 to 412, the patricians allowed only
six plebeians to arrive at the consulship.
[153] Titus Livius, X. 23.
[154] Titus Livius, X. 9.
[155] “Who does not see clearly that the vice of the dictator
(Marcellus) in the eyes of the augurs was that he was a plebeian? ”
(Titus Livius, VIII. 23. --Cicero, _De Divinatione_, II. 35, 37; _De
Legibus_, II. 13. )
[156] The consuls and prætors could only assemble the comitia, command
the armies, or give final judgment in civil affairs, after having been
invested with the _imperium_ and with the right of taking the auspices
(_jus auspiciorum_) by a curiate law.
[157] _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 9.
[158] Titus Livius, IV. 3.
[159] If a citizen refused to give his name for the recruitment, his
goods were confiscated; if he did not pay his creditors, he was sold for
a slave. Women were forbidden the use of wine. (Polybius, VI. 2. )--The
number of guests who could be admitted to feasts was limited. (Athenæus,
VI. p. 274. )--The magistrates also, on entering on office, could not
accept invitations to dinner, except from certain persons who were
named. (Aulus Gellius, II. 24. --Macrobius, II. 13. )--“Marriage with a
plebeian or a stranger was surrounded with restrictive measures; it was
forbidden with a slave or with a freedman. Celibacy, at a certain age,
was punished with a fine. ” (Valerius Maximus, II. ix. 1. )--There were
regulations also for mourning and funerals. (Cicero, _De Legibus_, II.
24. )
[160] Aulus Gellius, IV. 12.
[161] Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 23.
[162] Historians have always assigned as the northern frontier of Italy,
under the Republic, the River Macra, in Etruria; but that the limit was
farther south is proved by the fact that Cæsar went to Lucca to take his
winter quarters; this town, therefore, must have been in his command and
made part of Cisalpine Gaul. Under Augustus, the northern frontier of
Italy extended to the Macra.
[163] Speech of Cæsar to the Senate, reported by Sallust. (_Conspiracy
of Catilina_, li. )
[164] This paragraph, expressing with great clearness the policy of the
Roman Senate, is extracted from the excellent _Hist. Romaine_ of M.
Duruy, t. I. , c. xi.
[165] As, for example, to put the wife in complete obedience to her
husband; to give the father absolute authority over his children, etc.
[166] In the origin, the municipia were the allied towns preserving
their autonomy, but engaging to render to Rome certain services
(_munus_); whence the name of municipia. (_Aulus Gellius_, XVI. 13. )
[167] To be able to enjoy the right of city, it was necessary to be
domiciliated at Rome, to have left a son in his majority in the
municipium, or to have exercised there a magistracy.
[168] Aul. Gellius, XVI. xiii. --Paulus Diaconus, on the word
_Municipium_, p. 127.
[169] In this category were sometimes found municipia of the third
degree, such as Cære. (See Festus, under the word _Præfecturæ_, p.
233. )--Several of these towns, such as Fundi, Formiæ, and Arpinum,
obtained in the sequel the right of suffrage; they continued, however,
by an ancient usage, to be called by the name of _præfecturæ_, which was
also applied by abuse to the colonies.
[170] _Socius et amicus_ (Titus Livius, XXXI. 11). --Compare Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, VI. 95; X. 21.
[171] With Carthage, for example. (Polybius, III. 22. --Titus Livius,
VII. 27; IX. 19, 43. )
[172] Thus with the Latins. “Ut eosdem quos populus Romanus amicos atque
hostes habeant. ” (Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 8. )
[173] Cicero, _Oration for Balbus_, xvi.
[174] The freedmen were, in fact, either Roman citizens, or Latins, or
ranged in the number of the _dediticii_; slaves who had, while they were
in servitude, undergone a grave chastisement, if they arrived at
freedom, obtained only the assimilation to the _dediticii_. If, on the
contrary, the slave had undergone no punishment, if he was more than
thirty years of age, if, at the same time, he belonged to his master
according to the law of the quirites, and if the formalities of
manumission or affranchisement exacted by the Roman law had been
observed, he was a Roman citizen. He was only Latin if one of these
circumstances failed. (_Institutes_ of Gaius, I. § 12, 13, 15, 16, 17. )
[175] “Valerius sent upon the lands conquered from the Volsci a colony
of a certain number of citizens chosen from among the poor, both to
serve as a garrison against the enemies, and to diminish at Rome the
party of the seditious. ” (Year of Rome 260. ) (Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, VI. 43. )--This great number of colonies, by clearing the
population of Rome of a multitude of indigent citizens, had maintained
tranquillity (452). (Titus Livius, X. 6. )
[176] Modern authors are not agreed on this point, which would require a
long discussion; but we may consider the question as solved in the sense
of our text by Madvig, _Opuscula_, I. pp. 244-254.
[177] “There the people (_populus_) named their magistrates; the
_duumviri_ performed the functions of consuls or prætors, whose title
they sometimes took (_Corpus Inscriptionum Latin. _, _passim_); the
_quinquennales_ corresponded to the censors. Finally, there were
_questors_ and _ediles_. The Senate, as at Rome, was composed of
members, elected for life, to the number of a hundred; the number was
filled up every five years (_lectio senatus_). ” (_Tabula Heracleensis_,
cap. x. _et seq. _)
[178] A certain number of colonies figure in the list given by Dionysius
of Halicarnassus of the members of the confederacy (V. 61).
[179] Pliny, _Natural History_, III. iv. § 7.
[180] Because it named its magistrates, struck money (Mommsen,
_Münzwesen_, p. 317), privileges refused to the Roman colonies, and
preserved its own peculiar laws according to the principle: “Nulla
populi Romani lege adstricti, nisi in quam populus eorum fundus factus
est. ” (Aulus Gellius, XVI. xiii. 6. --Compare Cicero, _Oration for
Balbus_, viii. 21. )
[181] Cicero, _Oration on the Agrarian Law_, ii. 27.
[182] Titus Livius, XXVII. 9.
[183] Florus, I. 16.
[184] Titus Livius, VIII. 13, 14.
[185] Titus Livius, VIII. 14. These towns had the right of city without
suffrage; of this number were Capua (in consideration of its knights,
who had refused to take part in the revolt), Cumæ, Fundi, and Formiæ.
[186] Velleius Paterculus, I. 15.
[187] Titus Livius, VIII. 14.
[188] Titus Livius, VIII. 14, _et seq. _--Valerius Maximus, VI. ii. 1.
[189] Florus, I. 16.
[190] Titus Livius, VIII. 26; XXI. 49; XXII. 11.
[191] “Eam solam gentem restare. ” (Titus Livius, VIII. 27. )
[192] Cicero, _de Officiis_, iii. 30.
[193] Titus Livius, IX. 24, 28.
[194] Diodorus Siculus, XX. 36. --Titus Livius, IX. 29.
[195] Diodorus Siculus, XIX. 101.
[196] Titus Livius, IX. 31.
[197] Diodorus Siculus, XX. 35.
[198] Now _Lago di Vadimone_ or _Bagnaccio_, situated on the right bank
and three miles from the Tiber, between that river and the Lake
Ciminius, about the latitude of _Narni_.
[199] Titus Livius, IX. 43. --Cicero, _Oration for Balbus_, 13. --Festus,
under the word _Præfecturæ_, p. 233.
[200] Titus Livius, IX. 45. --Diodorus Siculus, XX. 101.
[201] Titus Livius, IX. 45; X. 3, 10.
[202] Appian, _Samnite Wars_, § vii. , p. 56, edit. Schweighæuser.
[203] Diodorus Siculus, XIX. 10.
[204] Titus Livius, X. 11, _et seq. _
[205] Titus Livius, X. 22, _et seq. _--Polybius, II. 19. --Florus, I. 17.
[206] Volsiniæ, Perusia, and Arretium. (Titus Livius, X. 37. )
[207] Orosius, III. 22. --Zonaras, VII. 2. --Eutropius, II. 9.
[208] Velleius Paterculus, I. 14. --Festus, under the word _Præfecturæ_,
p. 233.
[209] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, _Excerpta_, p. 2335, edit.
Schweighæuser.
[210] Polybius, II. 19, 24.
[211] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XII. , XIII. , XIV. --Plutarch, _Pyrrhus, et
seq. _--Florus, I. 18. --Eutropius, II. 11, _et seq. _--Zonaras, VIII. 2.
[212] Valerius Maximus, III. vii. 10.
[213] Appian (_Samnite Wars_, X. iii. , p. 65) says that Pyrrhus advanced
as far as Anagnia.
[214] Cicero, _Oration for Balbus_, xxii.
[215] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIV. --Orosius, IV. 3.
[216] Florus, I. 20.
[217] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XV. --_Fasti Capitolini_, an. 487.
[218] ROMAN COLONIES. --Third period: 416-488.
_Antium_ (416). A maritime colony (Volsci). _Torre d’Anzo_ or
_Porto d’Anzo_.
_Terracina_ (425). A maritime colony (Aurunci). (_Via Appia. _)
_Terracina. _
_Minturnæ_ (459). A maritime colony (Aurunci). (_Via Appia. _) Ruins
near _Trajetta_.
_Sinuessa_ (459). A maritime colony (Campania). (_Via Appia. _) Near
_Rocca di Mondragone_.
_Sena Gallica_ (465). A maritime colony (Umbria, _in agro
Gallico_). (_Via Valeria. _) _Sinigaglia. _
_Castrum Novum_ (465). A maritime colony (Picenum). (_Via
Valeria. _) _Giulia Nuova. _
LATIN COLONIES.
_Cales_ (420). Campania. (_Via Appia. _) _Calvi. _
_Fregellæ_ (426). Volsci. In the valley of the Liris. _Ceprano_(? ).
Destroyed in 629.
_Luceria_ (440). Apulia. _Lucera. _
_Suessa Aurunca_ (441). Aurunci. (_Via Appia. _) _Sessa. _
_Pontiæ_ (441). Island opposite Circeii. _Ponza. _
_Saticula_ (441). On the boundary between Samnium and Campania.
_Prestia_, near _Santa Agata de’ Goti_. Disappeared early.
_Interamna_ (Lirinas) (442). Volsci. _Terame. _ Not inhabited.
_Sora_ (451). On the boundary between the Volsci and the Samnites.
_Sora. _ Already colonised in a previous period.
_Alba Fucensis_ (451). Marsi. (_Via Valeria. _) _Alba_, a village
near _Avezzano_.
_Narnia_ (455). Umbria. (_Via Flaminia. _) _Narni. _ Strengthened in
555.
_Carseoli_ (456). Æqui. (_Via Valeria. _) _Cerita_, _Osteria del
Cavaliere_, near _Carsoli_.
_Venusia_ (463). Frontier between Lucania and Apulia. (_Via
Appia. _) _Venosa. _ Re-fortified in 554.
_Adria_ (or _Hatria_) (465). Picenum. (_Via Valeria_ and
_Salaria_). _Adri. _
_Cosa_ (481). Etruria or Campania. _Ansedonia_(? ), near
_Orbitello_. Re-fortified in 557.
_Pæstum_ (481). Lucania, _Pesto_. Ruins.
_Ariminum_ (486). Umbria, _in agro Gallico_. (_Via Flaminia. _)
_Rimini. _
_Beneventum_ (486). Samnium. (_Via Appia. _) _Benevento. _
[219] Campanians: _Stellatina_. Etruscans: _Tromentina_, _Sabatina_,
_Arniensis_, in 367 (Titus Livius, VI. 5). Latins: _Mœcia_, and
_Scaptia_, in 422 (Titus Livius, VIII. 17). Volsci: _Pomptina_, and
_Publilia_, in 396 (Titus Livius, VII. 15). Ausones: _Ufentina_ and
_Falerna_, in 436 (Titus Livius, IX. 20). Æqui: _Aniensis_ and
_Terentina_, in 455 (Titus Livius, X. 9). Sabines: _Velina_ and
_Quirina_, in 513 (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIX. ).
[220] At the beginning of each consular year, the magistrates or
deputies of the towns were obliged to repair to Rome, and the consuls
there fixed the contingent which each of them was to furnish according
to the list of the census. These lists were drawn up by the local
magistrates, who sent them to the Senate, and were renewed every five
years, except in the Latin colonies, where they seem to have taken for a
constant basis the number of primitive colonists.
[221] The country of the Samnites, among others, was completely cut up
by these domains.
[222] Titus Livius places in the mouth of the consul Decius, in 452,
these remarkable words: “Jam ne _nobilitatis_ quidem suæ plebeios
pœnitere” (Titus Livius, X. 7); and later still, towards 538, a tribune
expresses himself thus: “Nam _plebeios nobiles_ jam eisdem initiatos
esse sacris, et contemnere plebem, ex quo contemni desierint a patribus,
cœpisse. ” (Titus Livius, XXII. 34. )
[223] Titus Livius, XIV. 48.
[224] We have the proof of this in the condemnation of those who
transgressed the law of Stolo. (Titus Livius, X. 13. )
[225] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 5.
