In Dactylic, Choriambic, and Ionic verse, a metre
consists of one foot only ; but in Anapaestic, Iambic, and
Trochaic verse, a metre contains tivo feet ; -- thus, in the
three former, a Monometer consists of one foot ; -- a Di-
meter, of two feet ; -- a Trimeter, of three ; -- a Tetrameter,
of four : -- a Pentameter, of five ; -- an Hexameter, of six ;
and an Heptameter, of seven feet, while in the three latter,
a Monometer contains two feet ; -- a Dimeter contains four
feet ; -- a Trimeter, six; -- a Tetrameter, eight ; -- a Penta-
meter, ten ; -- an Hexameter, twelve ; -- and an Heptameter,
fourteen*
6.
consists of one foot only ; but in Anapaestic, Iambic, and
Trochaic verse, a metre contains tivo feet ; -- thus, in the
three former, a Monometer consists of one foot ; -- a Di-
meter, of two feet ; -- a Trimeter, of three ; -- a Tetrameter,
of four : -- a Pentameter, of five ; -- an Hexameter, of six ;
and an Heptameter, of seven feet, while in the three latter,
a Monometer contains two feet ; -- a Dimeter contains four
feet ; -- a Trimeter, six; -- a Tetrameter, eight ; -- a Penta-
meter, ten ; -- an Hexameter, twelve ; -- and an Heptameter,
fourteen*
6.
Latin - Casserly - Complete System of Latin Prosody
The AntibacchiusI!
(fJrnflaMffUe) consists of two
long syllables followed by a short one ; as, pe/luntur.
7. The AmphimacerU (^/uqitftuxgog) consists of one
short syllable between two long ones ; as, castitas.
8. The Amphibrach** (Amphibrachys) consists of one
long syllable between two short ones ; as, amare.
COMPOUND FEET.
1. The Dispondjeus, or Double Spondee, is composed
of four long syllables, or two spondees ; as, infinltis.
2. The PROcELEusMATicustt is composed of two pyr-
rhichs, or four short syllables ; as, hominibus.
* From rpets, "three" and Ppaxvs, "short. " It is also called Choreus, and
by Quintilian, Trochaus.
t From 6&ktv\os, "a finger;" which has one long joint and two short ones.
Some derive it ab Idais Dactylis, by whom this metre was used in the songs and
music played and sung to drown the cries of the infant Jupiter, while being con-
cealed on Ida from the child-devouring Saturn. By others it was called Herous,
from its use in describing heroic achievements.
t From avanaioi, " I strike or beat in reverse order ;" because those who danced
aecor ling to the cadence of this foot, used to beat the ground in a manner differ-
ent from those observing the dactylic movement. Hence it was also called ' Avti-
d&KTvXos (Antidactylus) by the Greeks, and Retroaclus by the Latins.
5 So called from its frequent use in hymns to Bacchus.
|j From its being used in opposition to the Bacchius ; in the same way probably
as the Anapast and the Dactyl
IT From d/i^f, "on both sides," and pmp6g, "long. " 03*- This foot is also
called Crbtic ; (Creticus) and is then derived from the fancied similarity be-
tween this measure and the time observed by the Corybantes of Crete when
striking on their shields or cymbals to drown the cries of the infant Jupiter; as
Already mentioned in the note on the Dactyl.
** From dficpi, "on both sides," and /3pa\v^, "short. "
? ft From Kl\ev(Tpa, " the word of command " given by the leader of a choir or
dance, which was performed in double quick time. Others derive it from the
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? 84
VERSIFICATION.
3. The Diiambus, or Double Iambus, consists of two
iambi ; as, severitas.
4. The Ditrochjeus, or Dichorseus, consists of two
trochees ; as, pcrmanere.
5. The IonIcus Major (or a Major e) consists of a
spondee and a pyrrhic -- two long and two short ; as,
calcaribus.
6. The IonIcus Minor (or a Minore) consists of a
pyrrhich and a spondee -- two short and two long ; as,
proper ab ant . ^
7. The Choriambus consists of a choraeus or trochaeus,
and an iambus -- two short between two long ; as, riobi-
Utas.
8. The AntispastI (Antispastus) consists of an iambus
and a trochee -- two long between two short ; as, secundaria
9. The Epitritus Primus, or First Epitrit, consists of
an iambus and a spondee -- one short and three long ; as,
salutantes.
10. The Epitritus Secundus, or Second Epitrit, con-
sists of a trochee and a spondee -- a long, a short, and two
long ; as, concitatu
11. The Epitritus Tertius, or Third Epitrit, consists
of a spondee and an iambus -- two long with a short and
a long ; as, communicant.
12. The Epitritus Quartus,J or Fourth Epitrit, con-
word given out by the master or captain of a vessel to encourage his crew to
greater exertion and celerity.
* These two are called Ionic, from their use among the Ionians. One is called
a majore, because it begins with the greater quantity -- two long : the other is
called a minore, because it begins with the less, that is, with two short syllables.
Some authors think these measures were so called from Ion, their inventor.
t From avTiciracdai, "to be drawn asunder;" two long syllables being sepa-
rated or drawn asunder by two short ones.
t These four derive their name from ini," beyond," and rpiros, "the third;"
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? VERSIFICATION. 85
sists of a spondee and a trochee -- three long and one short;
as, incantdre.
13. The PjEon Primus, or First Paeon, consists of a
trochee and a pyrrhich -- one long and three short ; as,
conficere.
14. The P^on Secundus, or Second Paeon, consists of
an iambus and a pyrrhich -- a short, a long, and two short;
as, resolvere. >>
15. The PjEon Tertius, or Third Paeon, consists of a
pyrrhich and a trochee -- two short, a long and a short ;
as, sociare.
16. The PjEon Quartus,* or Fourth Paeon, consists of
a pyrrhich and an iambus -- three short and one long ; as,
celeritas.
1. The DocHMiust (46xt*iog) consists of an Antispast
and a long syllable -- a short, two long, a short and a long ;
as, aberr aver ant.
2. The Mesomacer$ (Meadfiocxgog) consists of a pyrrhich
and a dactyl -- two short, a long, and two short ; as, dvi-
dissimus.
because they have three measures and something more ; then they are called first,
second, third, and fourth, from the relative situation of the short syllable.
* The name of these four is, by some authors, derived from P&on, its inventor.
Others, however, with more plausibility, derive it from Apollo; to whose honour,
hymns were composed and sung in this measure. Similar to other metres, the
Paeon is the opposite to the Epitrit ; whereas in the latter there is one short with
three long, but in the former there is one long with three short. Thus, also, the
first, second, third, and fourth Paeons are so named from the relative position of
the long syllable in each.
t From ddxniog, "oblique or irregular," on account of its irregularity and devi-
ation from the customary laws of metre.
% From fjieao-g, "middle," and ftaKpos, "from the position of the long in the
midst of two short on each side.
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? 2222 . ? 2213 SiSS! 8SS8 88
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? 88 VERSIFICATION.
OF FEET CALLED ISOCHRONOUS.
1. Feet that are in metre, considered interchangeable
or convertible, have been called Isochronous* For in-
stance, as a long syllable contains two times, while a short
syllable contains but one time, the Spondee consisting of
two long syllables is Isochronous, or of equal-time, with
the Anapaest consisting of two short and one long ; -- with
the Dactyl consisting of one long and two short ; -- or with
the Proceleusmatic consisting of four short syllables : and
vice versa : as in the following scheme : --
The Spondee -
The Anapaest ^ ^
The Dactyl
The Proceleusmatic *-* -
thus the long or double time of the first member or first
half of the Spondee, is equivalent to, or convertible into
the two single times of the Anapaest, while the double
time of the second member or second half, is equivalent
to, or convertible into, the two single times of the Dactyl :
-- and the double time of either member of the Spondee,
answers a similar purpose for either half of the Proceleus-
matic : and so again the times of each of the three, are
resolvable into those of the Spondee. t But of the other
feet, the Iambus is not substituteable for the Trochee ;
nor is the Spondee for the Amphibrach.
* That is, even or equal-timed; from "cog, "equal ; " and xP^og, "time. "
t The young Prosodian must beware of misconception on this subject 5 because,
critically speaking, no feet are Isochronous, unless they are so in their separate
members, as the four above compared: whose first and second members consist
of equal times. Therefore neither a Trochee nor an Amphibrach is Isochronous
with any of the four just mentioned. Of this any one may be convinced by pro-
nouncing the words reclude, resume, repclle, -- three Amphibrachic feet -- and
comparing them with three Dactyls, tludere, sitmere, pellere; the voice requiring
more time for the distinct enunciation of the three former than of the three latter ;
because the voice dwells longer on each of the short syllables when separate, than
when following each other consecutively.
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? METRE. 89
2. The arsis* is naturally assigned to the long syllable
of every foot : in the iambus to the second syllable ; in
the trochee to the first, while on the spondee and tribrach,
the position of the arsis must depend on circumstances :
because as the predominant foot and metre always deter-
mine the position for the subordinate feet, the spondee
when intoduced into iambic or anapaestic verse, has the
arsis on the second syllable, but in trochaic or dactylic
verse on the first : so the tribrach introduced in iambic
verse, has the arsis on the third, and when in trochaic,
on \\\e first.
SECTION VII.
OF METRE.
1. Metre is most commonly used to signify a combi-
nation of verses succeeding each other in regular order :
thus Dactylic metre. Iambic metre, Trochaic metre, are
synonymous with Dactylic, Iambic, Trochaic verse.
2. Metre is also used in a more restricted sense to
signify either a single foot or a combination of feet in
poetry, and in this sense, it is technically called " a
metre. 19
3. The metres employed in Latin poetry, are six :
viz. , -- 1. the Dactylic; 2. the Anapcestic ; 3. the Iambic;
4. the Trochaic ; 5. the Choriambic ; 6. the Ionic :t to
which may be added another, irreducible to any of these
six, under the head of Compound Verses, as the 7th kind.
* See pp. 2, 74, and 81, for an account of the arsis.
t These metres are thus designated from their predominance in some particu-
lar foot; as each species had been originally composed of those feet only, whence
the name was given: but other feet of equal time, were afterwards occasionally
substituted, according as the taste of the poet or the necessity of the verse re-
quired. Metres are not unfrequently denominated after some celebrated poet
who composed in this particular species : as the Alcaic, the Anacreontic, the
Happhic, &c. , &c.
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? 90
METRE.
4. Metres are likewise divided into eight classes, cor-
responding to the number of feet or measures which they
contain ; thus, a verse of eight metres or feet, is called
Octameter ; -- a verse of seven metres is called Heptame-
ter ; -- a verse of six, Hexameter ; -- a verse of five, Penta-
meter ; -- of four, Tetrameter ; -- of three, Trimeter ; -- of
two, Dimeter ; -- of one, Monometer.
5.
In Dactylic, Choriambic, and Ionic verse, a metre
consists of one foot only ; but in Anapaestic, Iambic, and
Trochaic verse, a metre contains tivo feet ; -- thus, in the
three former, a Monometer consists of one foot ; -- a Di-
meter, of two feet ; -- a Trimeter, of three ; -- a Tetrameter,
of four : -- a Pentameter, of five ; -- an Hexameter, of six ;
and an Heptameter, of seven feet, while in the three latter,
a Monometer contains two feet ; -- a Dimeter contains four
feet ; -- a Trimeter, six; -- a Tetrameter, eight ; -- a Penta-
meter, ten ; -- an Hexameter, twelve ; -- and an Heptameter,
fourteen*
6. Scanning! is the technical division of a line or verse
into its component feet. It also assigns to each of these
component feet its proper quantity.
Directions for scanning. A vowel, or a diphthong,
or a syllable composed of a vowel and M, is cut off from
the end of a word, when the next word begins with a
vowel. This is called Elision. Thus,
Quidve moror? si omnes uno ordine habetis Achivos. Vir.
Gentis Iuleae, et rapti secreta Quirini. Lucan.
Monstrumhorrendum,informe,ingens,cui lumen ademtum.
Virg.
* Two consecutive feet are sometimes called a dipodia, (SnroSta) or Syzygy,
(fju^vyia): in general, however, two dissyllabic feet are termed a dipodia, while
two trisyllabic feet, or a dissyllabic and trisyllabic together, is called a syzygy.
The combination of two feet is also called a base.
X Or "Scanding" from Scandere, "to climb"; as if mounting, climbing, or
advancing through the poem, step by step. Among the polished nations of anti-
quity, more attention was paid to scanning, as indispensable to the elegant read-
ing or verse, than among the moderns; who do not seem conscious of the poet's
rebuke --
Scandere qui nescis, versiculos laceras.
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? METRE. 91
must be read in scanning
Quidve moror ? s' omnes un' ordin' habetis Achivos.
Gentis Iule\ et rapti secreta Quirini
Monstr' horrend', inform', ingens, cui lumen ademtum.
The elision of a vowel or diphthong is called Synalcepha ;
that of m and the vowel before it, Ecthlipsis. The ear-
lier poets frequently elided s final before a consonant, to
preserve the vowel from becoming long by position ; as,
. . . Sive foras fertur, non est ea^rci' profecto. Lucret.
Sceptra potitus, eadem aliis sopitu 1 quiete est Id.
And when the next word begins with a vowel, the s is
sometimes cut off to expose the vowel before it to Elision ;
as,
Etenim ille quoin? hue jussu venio Jupiter [Iambic Trim. ]
Plautus.
To be sounded " quo' hue" And in Lucretius, III. 1048,
we ought to read
Ossa dedit terrse, proinde ncfamulu' infimus esset.
instead oifamul, as it is commonly printed.
Exc. The interjections o, heu, ah, proh, never suffer
elision.
7. Verses are called Acalalectic* Catalectic,^ Brachy-
catalectic, Hyper catalectic, (or Hyper meter,) and Acepha-
lous. X A line or verse that contains an exact number of
feet without deficiency or excess, is called Acatalectic ;
a line or verse that wants one syllable of a certain regu-
lar number of feet, is called Catalectic, or deficient by one;
a verse wanting two, is called Brachy catalectic, or deficient
* From aicara\iiKTiK6{, (fr. a priv. and KaraMjyw, " I stop, or cease. '')
t From Kara\ tiktik6<, denoting verses that stop short before completion;
wanting one syllable. Hence the derivation of the next two kinds is evident.
X From axtyaXos. (fr. a prixu and Kcdxxfoi, ? ? head") without a head.
9*
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? 92
METRE.
by tioo ; and if a verse have one or two syllables super-
fluous, after the regular number of feet is complete, it is
called Hyper cataleptic or Hypermeter ; i. e. , redundant ;
while a verse that wants a syllable at the beginning, is
called Acephalous or headless.
COMBINATIONS OF VERSE.
( two 'J ( Distrophos* or Distrophon.
A poem written J three I lines I Tristrbphos or Tristrophon.
in stanzas of ] four j is called ] Tetrastrophos or Tetrastroption.
I five J i. Pentastrbplws or Pentastrdpfton.
A nopm ( one kind ) nf -ppi-sp ( MonocoM or Monocolon.
wJS! << >><< S tw0 kinds J ? * ? I? L i < ^icoZo5 or Z? /cd/ow.
written in } ^ kindg J is called ( T/ . . . ^ or jy*^
Hence poetic composition is distinguished and denomi-
nated after two different ways ; viz. -- 1st, according to the
variety [or kinds] of verse used ; -- 2dly, from the number
of verses, of which it consists, previous to the completion
of each strophe ; i. e. , before the poem returns to the same
kind of verse, with which it had commenced.
First, according to the variety [or kinds] of verse used :
-- a poem written in one kind or sort of verse, is called
Monocolos, or Monocolon ;t a poem written in two kinds
or sorts of verse, is called Dicolos, or Dicolon ;? a poem
written in three kinds or sorts of verse, is called Tricolos,
or Tricolon. II
Secondly, according to the number of verses in each
strophe. When the same kind of verse with which a
poem commenced, recurs after the second line, the poem
is denominated Distrophos or Distrophon ;1f when the
same kind of verse recurs after the third line, the poem
* From Sis, "twice or double," and rrrpo^f], "a stanza :"' and so of the rest.
t From nofog, "single," and KcoAoiy"a member;" -- and so of tne others.
t As the Eclogues, Georgics, and ^neis of Virgil, the Satires of Horace, and
Ovid's Metamorphosis, -- all consisting of hexameters.
? As Ovid's Epistles, the Elegies of Tibullus, &c, Sec, composed in hexameters
and pentameters alternately.
II As the Alcaics of Horace.
tf As iii Ode, Lib. i. of Horace.
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? DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE. 93
is denominated Tristrophos or Tristrophon ;* when the
same kind recurs after the fourth line, it is denominated
Tetrastrophos or Tetrastrophon ;t and so of the rest.
Then by a combination of the preceding terms, a poem
written in stanzas, consisting of two verses of different
kinds, is called Dicolon-Distrophon jt when the stanza
consists of three verses, but of two sorts only, (one sort
being twice repeated,) it is called Dicolon-tristrophon ;?
when the stanza consists of four verses, -- still of two sorts
only, (one being thrice repeated,) it is called Dicolon-tetra-
strophon. W When the poem is written in stanzas consist-
ing of three lines, each of a different kind, it is called
Tricolon-tristrophon ;1T when a stanza consists of four
verses, but of three kinds only, (one being repeated,) it is
called Tricolon-tetrastropkon ;** and so of the rest.
SECTION VIII.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE.
GENUS I. DACTYLIC VERSES.
1. General Canon. These have their last foot always
a spondee,tt and the last but one always a dactyl, while
the rest may indiscriminately be either dactyles or spon-
dees. The penultimate foot is very seldom a spondee,
but when it is so, a dactyl most generally precedes it.
2. Species 1. -- Dactylic Hexameter or Heroic Verse
* As Ode xi. lib. Epod. of Horace, and the Preface to the Hymns of Pruden-
tius.
t As Ode ii. lib. i. of Horace.
X As the Elegiacs of Ovid, Catullus, Propertius, Tibullus, and many of Horace'i
Odes.
5 As Ode xii. lib. iii. of Horace.
f| As Ode ii. lib. i. of Horace, already quoted.
IT As Ode xi. and xiii. lib. Epod. of Horace.
** As Ode ix. lib. i. of Horace.
tt Because a dactyl at the end, would become an amphimacer.
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? 94
DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE.
consists of six feet,* varied and limited as above : i. e. ,
five dactyls and one spondee ; admitting a spondee instead
of a dactyl, on any of the first four places, but on the fifth,
rarely : according to the following scale --
l
2
3
45 6
-- ~~
---1 --
Raditi|terltqui|dum,cele-|resneque | commovet| alas. "for.
oil! j respon|d! t rex | Alba|i lon|gai. Ennius.
Ludere | quae vel-|lem cala-|mo per-jmlsit a|gresti. V*rg.
Marglne | terra-|rum por-|rexerat | Amphi-|trite. Ovid,
The fifth foot should never be a spondee, unless for the
purpose of expressing slow or difficult motion, in solemn,
majestic, or mournful descriptions, or in those expressive
of dignity, gravity, astonishment, consternation, vastness
of extent, &c, &c.
3. Species 2. -- Dactylic Tetrameter a priore consists
of the first four feet of the ordinary hexameter varied and
limited as in Art. 1 ; with this difference, that the fourth
or last foot is always a dactyl.
Lumini-|bus que pri-|6r redi-|it vigor. Boethius.
Garrula | per ra-|mos avis | obstrepit. Seneca.
4. Species 3. -- Dactylic Tetrameter a posteriore, has
the last four feet of an hexameter ; as,
* As each of these feet -- whether dactyls or spondees-- contains fonr times,
there are consequently in every line or verse -- prosodially speaking-- twenty-four
times. So also in every other species of verse, must the number of times, in pro-
portion to the number of its feet, be inviolably preserved. Hence appears the
absurdity of attempting to read Latin verse, according to the rules of English
accent and quantity; by which the twenty-four times of an hexameter line are
often extended to twenty-nine times ! ! -- not unfrequently to thirty-one ! ! ! &3* It
may be useful to the young Prosodian to bear in mind, that every regular Hexa-
meter verse or line must contain not fewer than thirteen, and not more than
seventeen, syllables; i. e. , the line or verse may consist of five spondees and on<
dactyl (the penultimate foot), making thirteen syllables ; or of five dactyls an<
one spondee, making seventeen syllables.
IT
i
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? DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE.
long syllables followed by a short one ; as, pe/luntur.
7. The AmphimacerU (^/uqitftuxgog) consists of one
short syllable between two long ones ; as, castitas.
8. The Amphibrach** (Amphibrachys) consists of one
long syllable between two short ones ; as, amare.
COMPOUND FEET.
1. The Dispondjeus, or Double Spondee, is composed
of four long syllables, or two spondees ; as, infinltis.
2. The PROcELEusMATicustt is composed of two pyr-
rhichs, or four short syllables ; as, hominibus.
* From rpets, "three" and Ppaxvs, "short. " It is also called Choreus, and
by Quintilian, Trochaus.
t From 6&ktv\os, "a finger;" which has one long joint and two short ones.
Some derive it ab Idais Dactylis, by whom this metre was used in the songs and
music played and sung to drown the cries of the infant Jupiter, while being con-
cealed on Ida from the child-devouring Saturn. By others it was called Herous,
from its use in describing heroic achievements.
t From avanaioi, " I strike or beat in reverse order ;" because those who danced
aecor ling to the cadence of this foot, used to beat the ground in a manner differ-
ent from those observing the dactylic movement. Hence it was also called ' Avti-
d&KTvXos (Antidactylus) by the Greeks, and Retroaclus by the Latins.
5 So called from its frequent use in hymns to Bacchus.
|j From its being used in opposition to the Bacchius ; in the same way probably
as the Anapast and the Dactyl
IT From d/i^f, "on both sides," and pmp6g, "long. " 03*- This foot is also
called Crbtic ; (Creticus) and is then derived from the fancied similarity be-
tween this measure and the time observed by the Corybantes of Crete when
striking on their shields or cymbals to drown the cries of the infant Jupiter; as
Already mentioned in the note on the Dactyl.
** From dficpi, "on both sides," and /3pa\v^, "short. "
? ft From Kl\ev(Tpa, " the word of command " given by the leader of a choir or
dance, which was performed in double quick time. Others derive it from the
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? 84
VERSIFICATION.
3. The Diiambus, or Double Iambus, consists of two
iambi ; as, severitas.
4. The Ditrochjeus, or Dichorseus, consists of two
trochees ; as, pcrmanere.
5. The IonIcus Major (or a Major e) consists of a
spondee and a pyrrhic -- two long and two short ; as,
calcaribus.
6. The IonIcus Minor (or a Minore) consists of a
pyrrhich and a spondee -- two short and two long ; as,
proper ab ant . ^
7. The Choriambus consists of a choraeus or trochaeus,
and an iambus -- two short between two long ; as, riobi-
Utas.
8. The AntispastI (Antispastus) consists of an iambus
and a trochee -- two long between two short ; as, secundaria
9. The Epitritus Primus, or First Epitrit, consists of
an iambus and a spondee -- one short and three long ; as,
salutantes.
10. The Epitritus Secundus, or Second Epitrit, con-
sists of a trochee and a spondee -- a long, a short, and two
long ; as, concitatu
11. The Epitritus Tertius, or Third Epitrit, consists
of a spondee and an iambus -- two long with a short and
a long ; as, communicant.
12. The Epitritus Quartus,J or Fourth Epitrit, con-
word given out by the master or captain of a vessel to encourage his crew to
greater exertion and celerity.
* These two are called Ionic, from their use among the Ionians. One is called
a majore, because it begins with the greater quantity -- two long : the other is
called a minore, because it begins with the less, that is, with two short syllables.
Some authors think these measures were so called from Ion, their inventor.
t From avTiciracdai, "to be drawn asunder;" two long syllables being sepa-
rated or drawn asunder by two short ones.
t These four derive their name from ini," beyond," and rpiros, "the third;"
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? VERSIFICATION. 85
sists of a spondee and a trochee -- three long and one short;
as, incantdre.
13. The PjEon Primus, or First Paeon, consists of a
trochee and a pyrrhich -- one long and three short ; as,
conficere.
14. The P^on Secundus, or Second Paeon, consists of
an iambus and a pyrrhich -- a short, a long, and two short;
as, resolvere. >>
15. The PjEon Tertius, or Third Paeon, consists of a
pyrrhich and a trochee -- two short, a long and a short ;
as, sociare.
16. The PjEon Quartus,* or Fourth Paeon, consists of
a pyrrhich and an iambus -- three short and one long ; as,
celeritas.
1. The DocHMiust (46xt*iog) consists of an Antispast
and a long syllable -- a short, two long, a short and a long ;
as, aberr aver ant.
2. The Mesomacer$ (Meadfiocxgog) consists of a pyrrhich
and a dactyl -- two short, a long, and two short ; as, dvi-
dissimus.
because they have three measures and something more ; then they are called first,
second, third, and fourth, from the relative situation of the short syllable.
* The name of these four is, by some authors, derived from P&on, its inventor.
Others, however, with more plausibility, derive it from Apollo; to whose honour,
hymns were composed and sung in this measure. Similar to other metres, the
Paeon is the opposite to the Epitrit ; whereas in the latter there is one short with
three long, but in the former there is one long with three short. Thus, also, the
first, second, third, and fourth Paeons are so named from the relative position of
the long syllable in each.
t From ddxniog, "oblique or irregular," on account of its irregularity and devi-
ation from the customary laws of metre.
% From fjieao-g, "middle," and ftaKpos, "from the position of the long in the
midst of two short on each side.
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? 2222 . ? 2213 SiSS! 8SS8 88
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? 88 VERSIFICATION.
OF FEET CALLED ISOCHRONOUS.
1. Feet that are in metre, considered interchangeable
or convertible, have been called Isochronous* For in-
stance, as a long syllable contains two times, while a short
syllable contains but one time, the Spondee consisting of
two long syllables is Isochronous, or of equal-time, with
the Anapaest consisting of two short and one long ; -- with
the Dactyl consisting of one long and two short ; -- or with
the Proceleusmatic consisting of four short syllables : and
vice versa : as in the following scheme : --
The Spondee -
The Anapaest ^ ^
The Dactyl
The Proceleusmatic *-* -
thus the long or double time of the first member or first
half of the Spondee, is equivalent to, or convertible into
the two single times of the Anapaest, while the double
time of the second member or second half, is equivalent
to, or convertible into, the two single times of the Dactyl :
-- and the double time of either member of the Spondee,
answers a similar purpose for either half of the Proceleus-
matic : and so again the times of each of the three, are
resolvable into those of the Spondee. t But of the other
feet, the Iambus is not substituteable for the Trochee ;
nor is the Spondee for the Amphibrach.
* That is, even or equal-timed; from "cog, "equal ; " and xP^og, "time. "
t The young Prosodian must beware of misconception on this subject 5 because,
critically speaking, no feet are Isochronous, unless they are so in their separate
members, as the four above compared: whose first and second members consist
of equal times. Therefore neither a Trochee nor an Amphibrach is Isochronous
with any of the four just mentioned. Of this any one may be convinced by pro-
nouncing the words reclude, resume, repclle, -- three Amphibrachic feet -- and
comparing them with three Dactyls, tludere, sitmere, pellere; the voice requiring
more time for the distinct enunciation of the three former than of the three latter ;
because the voice dwells longer on each of the short syllables when separate, than
when following each other consecutively.
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? METRE. 89
2. The arsis* is naturally assigned to the long syllable
of every foot : in the iambus to the second syllable ; in
the trochee to the first, while on the spondee and tribrach,
the position of the arsis must depend on circumstances :
because as the predominant foot and metre always deter-
mine the position for the subordinate feet, the spondee
when intoduced into iambic or anapaestic verse, has the
arsis on the second syllable, but in trochaic or dactylic
verse on the first : so the tribrach introduced in iambic
verse, has the arsis on the third, and when in trochaic,
on \\\e first.
SECTION VII.
OF METRE.
1. Metre is most commonly used to signify a combi-
nation of verses succeeding each other in regular order :
thus Dactylic metre. Iambic metre, Trochaic metre, are
synonymous with Dactylic, Iambic, Trochaic verse.
2. Metre is also used in a more restricted sense to
signify either a single foot or a combination of feet in
poetry, and in this sense, it is technically called " a
metre. 19
3. The metres employed in Latin poetry, are six :
viz. , -- 1. the Dactylic; 2. the Anapcestic ; 3. the Iambic;
4. the Trochaic ; 5. the Choriambic ; 6. the Ionic :t to
which may be added another, irreducible to any of these
six, under the head of Compound Verses, as the 7th kind.
* See pp. 2, 74, and 81, for an account of the arsis.
t These metres are thus designated from their predominance in some particu-
lar foot; as each species had been originally composed of those feet only, whence
the name was given: but other feet of equal time, were afterwards occasionally
substituted, according as the taste of the poet or the necessity of the verse re-
quired. Metres are not unfrequently denominated after some celebrated poet
who composed in this particular species : as the Alcaic, the Anacreontic, the
Happhic, &c. , &c.
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? 90
METRE.
4. Metres are likewise divided into eight classes, cor-
responding to the number of feet or measures which they
contain ; thus, a verse of eight metres or feet, is called
Octameter ; -- a verse of seven metres is called Heptame-
ter ; -- a verse of six, Hexameter ; -- a verse of five, Penta-
meter ; -- of four, Tetrameter ; -- of three, Trimeter ; -- of
two, Dimeter ; -- of one, Monometer.
5.
In Dactylic, Choriambic, and Ionic verse, a metre
consists of one foot only ; but in Anapaestic, Iambic, and
Trochaic verse, a metre contains tivo feet ; -- thus, in the
three former, a Monometer consists of one foot ; -- a Di-
meter, of two feet ; -- a Trimeter, of three ; -- a Tetrameter,
of four : -- a Pentameter, of five ; -- an Hexameter, of six ;
and an Heptameter, of seven feet, while in the three latter,
a Monometer contains two feet ; -- a Dimeter contains four
feet ; -- a Trimeter, six; -- a Tetrameter, eight ; -- a Penta-
meter, ten ; -- an Hexameter, twelve ; -- and an Heptameter,
fourteen*
6. Scanning! is the technical division of a line or verse
into its component feet. It also assigns to each of these
component feet its proper quantity.
Directions for scanning. A vowel, or a diphthong,
or a syllable composed of a vowel and M, is cut off from
the end of a word, when the next word begins with a
vowel. This is called Elision. Thus,
Quidve moror? si omnes uno ordine habetis Achivos. Vir.
Gentis Iuleae, et rapti secreta Quirini. Lucan.
Monstrumhorrendum,informe,ingens,cui lumen ademtum.
Virg.
* Two consecutive feet are sometimes called a dipodia, (SnroSta) or Syzygy,
(fju^vyia): in general, however, two dissyllabic feet are termed a dipodia, while
two trisyllabic feet, or a dissyllabic and trisyllabic together, is called a syzygy.
The combination of two feet is also called a base.
X Or "Scanding" from Scandere, "to climb"; as if mounting, climbing, or
advancing through the poem, step by step. Among the polished nations of anti-
quity, more attention was paid to scanning, as indispensable to the elegant read-
ing or verse, than among the moderns; who do not seem conscious of the poet's
rebuke --
Scandere qui nescis, versiculos laceras.
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? METRE. 91
must be read in scanning
Quidve moror ? s' omnes un' ordin' habetis Achivos.
Gentis Iule\ et rapti secreta Quirini
Monstr' horrend', inform', ingens, cui lumen ademtum.
The elision of a vowel or diphthong is called Synalcepha ;
that of m and the vowel before it, Ecthlipsis. The ear-
lier poets frequently elided s final before a consonant, to
preserve the vowel from becoming long by position ; as,
. . . Sive foras fertur, non est ea^rci' profecto. Lucret.
Sceptra potitus, eadem aliis sopitu 1 quiete est Id.
And when the next word begins with a vowel, the s is
sometimes cut off to expose the vowel before it to Elision ;
as,
Etenim ille quoin? hue jussu venio Jupiter [Iambic Trim. ]
Plautus.
To be sounded " quo' hue" And in Lucretius, III. 1048,
we ought to read
Ossa dedit terrse, proinde ncfamulu' infimus esset.
instead oifamul, as it is commonly printed.
Exc. The interjections o, heu, ah, proh, never suffer
elision.
7. Verses are called Acalalectic* Catalectic,^ Brachy-
catalectic, Hyper catalectic, (or Hyper meter,) and Acepha-
lous. X A line or verse that contains an exact number of
feet without deficiency or excess, is called Acatalectic ;
a line or verse that wants one syllable of a certain regu-
lar number of feet, is called Catalectic, or deficient by one;
a verse wanting two, is called Brachy catalectic, or deficient
* From aicara\iiKTiK6{, (fr. a priv. and KaraMjyw, " I stop, or cease. '')
t From Kara\ tiktik6<, denoting verses that stop short before completion;
wanting one syllable. Hence the derivation of the next two kinds is evident.
X From axtyaXos. (fr. a prixu and Kcdxxfoi, ? ? head") without a head.
9*
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? 92
METRE.
by tioo ; and if a verse have one or two syllables super-
fluous, after the regular number of feet is complete, it is
called Hyper cataleptic or Hypermeter ; i. e. , redundant ;
while a verse that wants a syllable at the beginning, is
called Acephalous or headless.
COMBINATIONS OF VERSE.
( two 'J ( Distrophos* or Distrophon.
A poem written J three I lines I Tristrbphos or Tristrophon.
in stanzas of ] four j is called ] Tetrastrophos or Tetrastroption.
I five J i. Pentastrbplws or Pentastrdpfton.
A nopm ( one kind ) nf -ppi-sp ( MonocoM or Monocolon.
wJS! << >><< S tw0 kinds J ? * ? I? L i < ^icoZo5 or Z? /cd/ow.
written in } ^ kindg J is called ( T/ . . . ^ or jy*^
Hence poetic composition is distinguished and denomi-
nated after two different ways ; viz. -- 1st, according to the
variety [or kinds] of verse used ; -- 2dly, from the number
of verses, of which it consists, previous to the completion
of each strophe ; i. e. , before the poem returns to the same
kind of verse, with which it had commenced.
First, according to the variety [or kinds] of verse used :
-- a poem written in one kind or sort of verse, is called
Monocolos, or Monocolon ;t a poem written in two kinds
or sorts of verse, is called Dicolos, or Dicolon ;? a poem
written in three kinds or sorts of verse, is called Tricolos,
or Tricolon. II
Secondly, according to the number of verses in each
strophe. When the same kind of verse with which a
poem commenced, recurs after the second line, the poem
is denominated Distrophos or Distrophon ;1f when the
same kind of verse recurs after the third line, the poem
* From Sis, "twice or double," and rrrpo^f], "a stanza :"' and so of the rest.
t From nofog, "single," and KcoAoiy"a member;" -- and so of tne others.
t As the Eclogues, Georgics, and ^neis of Virgil, the Satires of Horace, and
Ovid's Metamorphosis, -- all consisting of hexameters.
? As Ovid's Epistles, the Elegies of Tibullus, &c, Sec, composed in hexameters
and pentameters alternately.
II As the Alcaics of Horace.
tf As iii Ode, Lib. i. of Horace.
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? DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE. 93
is denominated Tristrophos or Tristrophon ;* when the
same kind recurs after the fourth line, it is denominated
Tetrastrophos or Tetrastrophon ;t and so of the rest.
Then by a combination of the preceding terms, a poem
written in stanzas, consisting of two verses of different
kinds, is called Dicolon-Distrophon jt when the stanza
consists of three verses, but of two sorts only, (one sort
being twice repeated,) it is called Dicolon-tristrophon ;?
when the stanza consists of four verses, -- still of two sorts
only, (one being thrice repeated,) it is called Dicolon-tetra-
strophon. W When the poem is written in stanzas consist-
ing of three lines, each of a different kind, it is called
Tricolon-tristrophon ;1T when a stanza consists of four
verses, but of three kinds only, (one being repeated,) it is
called Tricolon-tetrastropkon ;** and so of the rest.
SECTION VIII.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE.
GENUS I. DACTYLIC VERSES.
1. General Canon. These have their last foot always
a spondee,tt and the last but one always a dactyl, while
the rest may indiscriminately be either dactyles or spon-
dees. The penultimate foot is very seldom a spondee,
but when it is so, a dactyl most generally precedes it.
2. Species 1. -- Dactylic Hexameter or Heroic Verse
* As Ode xi. lib. Epod. of Horace, and the Preface to the Hymns of Pruden-
tius.
t As Ode ii. lib. i. of Horace.
X As the Elegiacs of Ovid, Catullus, Propertius, Tibullus, and many of Horace'i
Odes.
5 As Ode xii. lib. iii. of Horace.
f| As Ode ii. lib. i. of Horace, already quoted.
IT As Ode xi. and xiii. lib. Epod. of Horace.
** As Ode ix. lib. i. of Horace.
tt Because a dactyl at the end, would become an amphimacer.
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? 94
DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE.
consists of six feet,* varied and limited as above : i. e. ,
five dactyls and one spondee ; admitting a spondee instead
of a dactyl, on any of the first four places, but on the fifth,
rarely : according to the following scale --
l
2
3
45 6
-- ~~
---1 --
Raditi|terltqui|dum,cele-|resneque | commovet| alas. "for.
oil! j respon|d! t rex | Alba|i lon|gai. Ennius.
Ludere | quae vel-|lem cala-|mo per-jmlsit a|gresti. V*rg.
Marglne | terra-|rum por-|rexerat | Amphi-|trite. Ovid,
The fifth foot should never be a spondee, unless for the
purpose of expressing slow or difficult motion, in solemn,
majestic, or mournful descriptions, or in those expressive
of dignity, gravity, astonishment, consternation, vastness
of extent, &c, &c.
3. Species 2. -- Dactylic Tetrameter a priore consists
of the first four feet of the ordinary hexameter varied and
limited as in Art. 1 ; with this difference, that the fourth
or last foot is always a dactyl.
Lumini-|bus que pri-|6r redi-|it vigor. Boethius.
Garrula | per ra-|mos avis | obstrepit. Seneca.
4. Species 3. -- Dactylic Tetrameter a posteriore, has
the last four feet of an hexameter ; as,
* As each of these feet -- whether dactyls or spondees-- contains fonr times,
there are consequently in every line or verse -- prosodially speaking-- twenty-four
times. So also in every other species of verse, must the number of times, in pro-
portion to the number of its feet, be inviolably preserved. Hence appears the
absurdity of attempting to read Latin verse, according to the rules of English
accent and quantity; by which the twenty-four times of an hexameter line are
often extended to twenty-nine times ! ! -- not unfrequently to thirty-one ! ! ! &3* It
may be useful to the young Prosodian to bear in mind, that every regular Hexa-
meter verse or line must contain not fewer than thirteen, and not more than
seventeen, syllables; i. e. , the line or verse may consist of five spondees and on<
dactyl (the penultimate foot), making thirteen syllables ; or of five dactyls an<
one spondee, making seventeen syllables.
IT
i
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? DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE.
