Because samddhi is the foundation (pdda =
pratisthd)
of rddhi, that is to say, of the "success" of all spiritual qualities.
Abhidharmakosabhasyam-Vol-3-Vasubandhu-Poussin-Pruden-1991-PDF-Search-Engine
Why is this?
61d-62b. Because the Saiksa who increases his faculties by
398 abandoning his state and his progress, obtains the state.
When the Saiksa perfects his faculties, he loses a state (=Sakrdagamiphala), a state that he had acquired by the path of weak faculties; he loses his visesa, that is, the progress that he had made--preparatory paths, Irresistible Path, Path of Deliverance, and Path of Excellence,--in the detachment of the Dhyanas, a
399
progress realized with his weak faculties. He obtains only a state
belonging to the family of sharp faculties, a state forming part of
the detachment of Kamadhatu, not the state of Anagamin which is
400 of Arupyadhatu.
*#*
The Arhats, by reason of their difference of faculties, are nine in number.
62c-d. Two Buddhas and seven Sravakas, the Arhats have
401 nine classes of faculties.
The Sravakas are seven in number, the five the first of which is the Parihanadharman, plus the Immovable One (=the Akopyad- harman) which is divided into two, depending on whether he was from his beginnings of the immovable family, or whether he has
402 obtained this family through the perfecting of his faculties.
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The two Buddhas,--the Pratyekabuddha and the Buddha,--are varieties of Immovable Ones.
These make nine persons whose faculties are respectively
403 weak-weak, etc.
***
In general, the Aryans are seven in number: 1. the Sraddhanu- sarin, 2. the Dharmanusarin, 3. the Sraddhadhimukta, 4. the Drstiprapta, 5. the Kayasaksin, 6. the Prajnavimukta, and 7. the
404 Ubhayatobhagavimukta.
63a-c. Seven pudgalas, by reason of their cultivation, their 405
faculties, absorption, deliverance, of two.
1. By reason of their cultivation (prayoga), there exists the Sraddhanusarin and the Dharmanusarin (vi. 29a-b). In the beginning, in the state of Prthagjana, it is by reason of faith {fraddhd) that the first, under the impulse of another [that is, learning the foundations of mindfulness, etc. , from another]
406
applied himself (prayoga) to things, that is, he devoted himself
to reflection and meditation. The second applied himself in the same way, but by following (anusara) the dharmas, that is, the twelvefold Scriptures, and by pursuing (anusarati) the dharmas, that is, the parts of Bodhi (bodhipaksikas) by himself.
2. By reason of their faculties, there exists the Sraddhadhi- mukta and the Drstiprapta (vi. 31c-d). Their faculties are respec- tively weak and sharp by reason of the predominance, among the first, of intention proceeding from faith (fraddaya adhimoksah), and, among the second, of wisdom (prajnd).
3. By reason of absorption (samapatti), there exists the Kayasaksin (vi. 43c-d), because he has realized the Absorption of Extinction (vi. 43c, viii. 33a).
? 4. By reason of deliverance, there exists the Prajnavimukta (vi. 64a-b).
5. By reason of absorption and deliverance, there exists the Ubhayatobhagavimukta (vi. 64a-b).
Thus, from the point of view of their enumeration, there are seven.
63c. They are six.
These seven, from the point of view of substantial entities, are six.
63d. Two exist in each of the three paths.
In the Path of Seeing, there exists two pudgalas or persons, the Sraddhanusarin and the Dharmanusarin; who, in the Path of Meditation, become a Sraddhadhimukta and a Drstiprapta, and, in the Path of the Arhat (=the Asaiksamarga), a Samayavimukta and an Asamayavimukta.
The Sraddhanusarin, (1) from the point of view of his faculties, is of three types: his faculties are weak by definition; but they can be either weak-weak, weak-medium, or weak-strong; (2) from the point of view of his family, of five types: of the family of the Parihanadharman, etc. (vi. 56); (3) from the point of view of the Path, of fifteen types: accordingly as he is in one of the eight Patiences or in one of the seven Knowledges (vi. 26-27); (4) from the point of view of detachment, of seventy-three types: 1. bound by all of the bonds of Kamadhatu, 2-10. detached from one . . . from nine categories of bonds of Kamadhatu; 11-19. detached from one . . . from nine categories of bonds of the First Dhyana, and so on up to and including Akincanyayatana. Eight times nine--det- achment from Kamadhatu, from the Four Dhyanas, and from three Arupyas,--make seventy-two, plus all the bonds of Kamadhatu,
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seventy-three; (5) from the point of view of the physical person (d/raya), of nine types: born in one of the three Dvlpas. [with the exception of Uttarakuru], born in one of the six heavens of Kamadhatu. Higher, the Path of Seeing is absent.
By taking into account all of these differences, there are some 147,825 types of Sraddhanusarin. The calculation relative to other saints is established according to the same elements, with the
407 differences of title.
***
Who is the saint that is called an Ubhayatobhagavimukta, ("one who is doubly delivered")? Who is the saint that is called a Prajnavimukta ("one who is delivered through prajna')?
64a-b. He who possesses extinction is doubly delivered; the
40 other is delivered through prajna. *
One who has entered the Absorption of Extinction (vi. 43c-d), that is to say, one who is endowed with extinction, is called "doubly delivered", because, by the power of prajna and absorption, he is delivered from the hindrance of the defilements and from the
409 hindrance that opposes the arising of the eight liberations.
The other is "one who is delivered through prajfia," because, by the power of prajna, he is delivered from the hindrance of the defilements.
***
The Blessed One said, "One who has abandoned the five
defilements here below and who is not subject to falling away is a
410
complete Saiksa. " How is a Saiksa completed?
? 64c-d. It is from the point of view of absorption, of
411 faculties, and of result that a Saiksa is said to be complete.
The complete Saiksa is of three types, complete by his result, his faculties, and his absorption. The Anagamin of the Sraddhad- himukta class (vi. 31c) who is not a Kayasaksin (vi. 43) is complete from the point of view of only his result.
The saint of the Drstiprapta class (vi. 32) who is not detached from Kamadhatu is complete from the point of view of only his faculties.
The Anagamin of the Drstiprapta class who is not a Kayasak- sin is complete from the point of view of his result and his faculties.
The Anagamin of the Sraddhadhimukta class who is a Kayasaksin is complete from the point of view of his result and his absorption.
The Anagamin of the Drstiprapta class who is a Kayasaksin is complete from the point of view of his result, his faculties, and his absorption.
A Saiksa cannot be complete from the point of view of only his absorption, for the Absorption of Extinction supposes the state of Anagamin, and consequently fullness or perfection from the point of view of result. In the same way a Saiksa cannot be complete only from the point of view of his faculties and his absorption.
65a. The Asaiksa is complete from two points of view.
From the point of view of his faculties and his absorption. There is no Asaiksa in fact who is not complete from the point of view of his state: consequently perfection from the point of view of state is counted as a perfection.
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The Prajfiavimukta (vi. 64) who is an Asamayavimukta (vi. 56) is complete from the point of view of his faculties.
The Ubhayatobhagavimukta who is a Samayavimukta is complete from the point of view of his absorption. The Ubhaya- tobhagavimukta who is an Asamayavimukta is complete from the point of view of his faculties and his absorption.
***
Numerous types of paths have been named: the worldly path and the transworldly path; the Paths of Seeing, Meditation and of the ASaiksa; the Preparatory Path, the Irresistible Path, the Path of Deliverance, and the Path of Excellence. In short, how many types of paths are there?
65b-d. In short, the path is of four types, Prepararory, Irresistible, Deliverance, and Excellence.
Prayogamdrga, the Path of Application or of Preparatory Cultivation, is the path by which and following upon which there
412 arises the Irresistible Path.
Anantaryamdrga, the Irresistible Path (vi. 28b), is the path by
413
Vimuktimdrga, the Path of Deliverance, is the first path which arises free from the obstacle abandoned by means of the Irresisti-
414 ble Path.
Visesamdrga, the Path of Excellence, is the path differing from 415
***
4 What is the meaning of the word mdrga, path?
which an obstacle is abandoned (vi. 64a-b, 77).
the preceding paths.
? The path is the path to Nirvana because it goes from here; or
417 rather, because it is through it that Nirvana is searched out.
But how are the Path of Deliverance and the Path of Excellence paths? In fact, it is on the Preparatory Path and the Irresistible Path that the acquisition of Nirvana depends.
Because the Path of Deliverance and the Path of Excellence are parallel to the paths of abandoning (Prahanamarga = the Irresistible Path par excellence) from the point of view of their object (the Truths), their aspects (sixteen aspects, impermanence, etc. ), and their purity; they are distinguished by being superior, for they have for their causes all the causes of the paths of abandoning plus the paths of abandoning themselves. And moreover because, by means of these two paths, one obtains higher and higher paths: (the Path of Deliverance is necessary for the acquisition of a new Irresistible Path). Or rather because, by these two paths, one enters
418 into nirupadhiiesa Nirvana, Nirvana without remnant.
#*#
The path is also called pratipad, route, because, by it, one 419
There are four routes: routes difficult for slow and quick
420 intelligences, and routes easy for slow and quick intelligences.
66a. The path belonging to the Dhyanas is the easy route.
The path (the Preparatory Path, etc. ), cultivated in the
Dhyanas, that is to say, while one is in Dhyana, is the easy route.
For the Dhyanas are endowed with parts (viii. 1,10) and present a
perfect balance of calm {samatha) and insight (vipasyana): it
results from this that, in the Dhyanas, the route flows on
421 effortlessly.
arrives at Nirvana.
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66b. The difficult routes belong to other spheres.
The path in anagamya, dhydndntara, and the Arupyas, is the difficult route, for these absorptions are not endowed with parts, and calm and insight are not in balance. In anagamya and dhydndntara, the power of insight, which is great, outweighs calm, which is small. But the opposite holds true in the Arupyas.
***
These two routes,
66c-d. When intelligence is weak, a route for slow intelli- gence; in the contrary case, a route for a quick intelligence.
Whether the route is easy or difficult, when the faculties are weak, the route is for slow intelligences {dhandhdbhijna)\ when the faculties are sharp, the route is for quick intelligences.
The route is termed for slow intelligences when intelligence {abhijnd) is slow {dhandha) in it. Abhijnd is the equivalent of prajna, and dhandha the equivalent of manda. So too, the route is for quick intelligences when abhijnd is rapid in it, that is to say, when prajfld is sharp in it. Or rather one can explain: the abhijnd
of a person of weak mind, is slow . . . ; the abhijnd of a person with a sharp mind, is quick.
***
The Path receives the name of bodhipdksika, "containing the 422
adjutants of Bodhi. " There are thirty-seven adjutants of Bodhi,
namely the four foundations of mindfulness, the four right
423
exertions, the four supernormal powers {rddhipddas)9 the five
? faculties, the five powers, the seven parts of Bodhi {bodhyangas)y 424
67a-b. The Knowledge of Destruction with the Knowledge
425 of Non-Arising is Bodhi.
The Knowledge of Destruction and the Knowledge of Non-Ar- ising are Bodhi which, by reason of the differences of the saints who obtain it, is threefold: Sravaka Bodhi, Pratyekabuddha Bodhi, and Unsurpassed, Perfect Bodhi. In fact, by these two Knowledges,
426
one completely abandons ignorance; by the first, one knows in
all truth that the task is accomplished; and by the second, that
427 there is nothing more to be accomplished in the task.
67b-c. Because they are favorable to it, thirty-seven dharmas are its adjutants.
and the Noble Eightfold Path.
Because they are favorable (anuloma) to Bodhi, thirty-seven 428
dharmas are adjutants of Bodhi (bodhipaksya).
67d. Thirty-seven from the point of view of name, but ten
429 substantial entities.
What are these ten entities?
68a-c. Faith, energy, mindfulness, prajnd, absorption, joy, 430
indifference, resolution, morality, and aptitude.
How is that?
68d-69b. Foundation of mindfulness is prajnd; energy receives the name of right exertion; the supernormal
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powers are samddhis.
The foundations of mindfulness, the right exertions (samyak- pradhanas), and the supernormal powers are, by their nature, prajna, energy, and samddhi.
i. We have therefore at first five items, faith, energy, mindfulness, samddhi, and prajna, which, under their own names, make up five faculties and five powers.
Among these five items, prajna is made up of: a. the four 431
foundations of mindfulness, b. one of the parts of Bodhi, the investigation into the dharmas (dharmapravicaya), and c. one of the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path, Right Views.
Energy is made up of: a. the four right exertions; b. one of the parts of Bodhi, energy; and c. one of the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path, Right Effort.
Samddhi is made up of: a. the four supernormal powers; b. one of the parts of Bodhi, samddhi; and c. one of the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path, Right Concentration.
Mindfulness is made up of: a. one of the parts of Bodhi, mindfulness; b. one of the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path, Right Mindfulness.
ii. What do we have in addition that are not these first five items? Among the parts of Bodhi, joy, resolution (ii. 25, English translation, p. 192), indifference; among the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path, Right Thoughts and the three parts of morality- Right Speech, Right Action, and Right Livelihood--which are counted as being one item, morality,
We have five plus five items; therefore the adjutants of Bodhi are made up of ten items.
According to the Vaibha? ikas, there are eleven items; Right Speech and Right Actions together form one item, and Right
? Livelihood is another item (see iv. 85c-d). Therefore morality {slid) 432
counts for two items added to the nine preceding items.
***
We have said that the foundations of mindfulness, the right exertions, and the supernormal powers are by their nature prajnd, energy, and samddhi.
69c-d. A definition according to their essentials; they are also all the qualities that arise from cultivation.
The preceding definitions refer to the principal elements of the
foundations of mindfulness, etc. ; but all these adjutants of Bodhi
are also a collection of qualities, pure or impure, which have arisen
from preparatory cultivation (prdyogika, iiJlb), from hearing, 433
***
Why is energy termed rignt exertion?
Because the body, speech, and mind are, through energy, correctly placed into action.
4H Why is samddhi termed a supernormal power (rddhipdda)?
Because samddhi is the foundation (pdda = pratisthd) of rddhi, that is to say, of the "success" of all spiritual qualities.
But certain masters, [the Vaibhasikas], maintain that super- normal power is samddhi, and that the four,--desire, mind, energy, and examination,--are the "feet", padas, of this supernormal power: they should therefore say that the adjutants of Bodhi are thirteen in number by adding desire and mind to their list of
reflection, or meditation.
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eleven. Furthermore, to affirm that supernormal power is samddhi is to contradict the Sutra which defines supernormal power, "What is supernormal power? The ascetic accomplishes different works
435
of miraculous power; being one, he becomes many,"
436 on.
and so
Why are faith, energy, etc. , termed faculties and powers? Accordingly as they are weak or strong, for the faculties and the
437
powers cannot be broken or crushed. 726bl6).
(Vibhdsd, TD 27, p.
How is the order of the faculties explained?
In order to obtain the result in which one believes (sraddhd), one makes an effort (yiryam arabhate). When one forces onself, there is a setting up of mindfulness {smrtyupasthiti). When mindfulness is set up, one fixes the mind {samddhi) in order to avoid distraction. When the mind is fixed, there arises a conscious- ness which conforms to the object (prajnd).
***
In which stages are the different adjutants of Bodhi placed? In which are they the important factors?
The Vaibhasikas say,
70. They form seven groups which are distributed, in order,
between the beginning stage, the nirvedhabhdgiyas, 438
In the beginning stage, there are the foundations of mindful-
439 ness, because, in this stage, one examines the body, etc.
In the Heats (Usmagata), there are the right exertions (samyakpradhdna), for, in this stage one increases his energy, an increase which is the principle of progress.
Meditation, and Seeing.
? In the Summits (Murdhan), there are the supernormal powers,
for, due to them, one obtains the condition in which the roots of
440 good cannot be lost.
The faculties are in the Patiences, for faith, energy, etc. , become predominant {ddhipatyaprdpta, see ii. 2a-b) in this stage from the fact that, in the Patiences, one is no longer capable of falling away (vi. 23b).
The powers are in the Supreme Worldly Dharmas, for, in this stage, faith, energy, etc. , can no longer be crushed either by the defilements--for these are not activated--nor by any other worldly dharmas.
The parts of Bodhi are in the Path of Meditation, for this Path is close to Bodhi, that is to say, to the Knowledge of Destruction and the Knowledge of Non-Arising in which the Path of Seeing is separated by the Path of Meditation.
The parts of the Noble Eightfold Path are in the Path of
Seeing, for this Path is characterized by progress: for one goes
441 quickly.
[But, one would say, the Path of Seeing proceeds from out of the Path of Meditation. Why not respect this order? ] The Sutra lists the parts of Bodhi (=the Path of Meditation) first, and the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path (=the Path of Seeing) second, with an end to having an order corresponding to the number of parts, at first seven, and then eight. Investigation into the dharmas (dharmapravicaya) is at one and the same time Bodhi and a part of Bodhi, and Right Views is both the Path and a part of the Noble Eightfold Path. (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 726c4. )
Such is the doctrine of the Vaibhasikas. ***
Other masters justify the order of the adjutants of Bodhi without disturbing the regular succession, by placing, as it suits
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them, the Path of Seeing first, and then the Path of Meditation.
There is first 1. the foundations of mindfulness, which exist
with a view to curbing thoughts (buddhi) which disperse
themselves naturally, distracted as they are by the variety of
objects. The four foundations of mindfulness bind the mind, for it
is said in the Sutra, ". . . with a view to expelling the idea of
2. Energy (vtrya) increases through the power of the founda- tions of mindfulness, through the control and the exertion (pradhana) of the mind through the accomplishment of the fourfold tasks: abandoning the bad dharmas which have been produced, the non-production of bad dharmas which have not been produced . . . : these are the four right exertions.
3. Then, by reason of the purification of absorption (samddhi), the supernormal powers arise and are cultivated.
4. Supported by absorption, there arise faith, energy, etc. , which are predominant among the transworldly dharmas (lokotta- ra-dharmas) since they lead to them: they are the faculties, indriyas.
5. The same faith, energy, etc. , when they triumph over the growth of their opponents, are the powers, balas.
6. The parts of Bodhi arise in the Path of Seeing, because, for the first time, the ascetic understands the true nature of the dharmas. [Bodhi signifies pure prajnd. ]
7. The parts of Bodhi arise in the Path of Seeing and in the Path of Meditation. In fact, it is said, "The Noble Eightfold Path goes thus to fullness through meditation, the four foundations of mindfulness go to their fullness through meditation . . . the seven
444
parts of Bodhi go to their fullness through meditation/' [Therefore the Noble Eightfold Path also exists in the Path of Meditation, for this Path, in the Path of Seeing, does not obtain its fullness through meditation. ]
442
1, p. 758b5).
desire
which have their support in thirst. . . " (Madhyama, TD 443
? It is further said, "Oh Bhiksus, to say 'words conforming to the truth' is an expression that says the Four Truths; Oh Bhiksus, to say 'to advance by the Path* is an expression that speaks of the Noble Eightfold Path. "
Therefore, since the Noble Eightfold Patn exists both in the Path of Seeing and in the Path of Meditation, the order which places the parts of Bodhi first, and the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path second, is justified.
***
Among the adjutants of Bodhi, how many are impure, and how many are pure?
71a-b. The parts of Bodhi and the parts of the Path are pure.
They are only pure, for they are placed in the Path of Seeing and the Path of Meditation. Without doubt, there are worldly right
71b. The others are of two types.
The other adjutants of Bodhi are either impure or pure.
***
How many exist in the different spheres? (Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 497b26. )
445 Eightfold Path.
views,
etc. , but they are not called the parts of the Noble
71c. All exist in the First Dhyana.
446
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In all, thirty-seven.
447 7 Id. In anagamya, with the exception of joy.
Why is joy (a part of Bodhi) absent from anagamya?
Because the thresholds of absorption (sdmantakas) are realized
448
only through force, and again, because they include the fear of
falling into a lower sphere.
449 72a. In the Second, with the exception of thoughts.
In the Second Dhyana, thoughts (a part of the Eightfold Path) are absent, but the other thirty-six adjutants of Bodhi remain. Thought is absent since vicara is also absent.
72b. In two, with the exception of the one and the other.
In the Third and the Fourth Dhyanas, there is absent both joy and thought, but the other thirty-five adjutants of Bodhi remain.
72c. Also, in dhyanantara.
There one finds thirty-five adjutants of Bodhi with the exception of these same two.
72c-d. In three Arupyas, with the exception of the preced-
450 ing and the parts of morality.
In the three Arupyas there is also absent Rignt Speech, Right actions, and Right Livelihood, but thirty-two adjutants of Bodhi
? remain.
73a-c In Kamadhatu and in Bhavagra, the parts of Bodhi
451 and the parts of the Path are absent.
In fact, the Pure Path is absent from these two places.
452 Therefore some twenty-two adjutants of Bodhi remain.
###
At what moment does the person who cultivates the adjutants
of Bodhi obtain the avetyaprasddas, that is, the four types of faith 453
[and purity] which accompany intelligence?
73c-74. When one sees three Truths, one obtains the
morality and the avetyaprasdda relating to the Dharma:
when one comprehends the Path, also the avetyaprasdda 454
relating to the Buddha and his Sahgha.
At the comprehension {abhisamaya) of the first three Truths (vi. 27), there is acquisition of the avetyaprasdda relating to the
455 Dharma, and to the pure precepts, dear to the Aryans.
At the comprehension of the Truth of the Path, dear to the
Aryans, there is an acquisition of the avetyaprasdda relating to the 456
Buddha and to his Sravaka-Sangha.
The word "also" {apt) is there in order to mark that there is also an acquisition of the avetyaprasdda relating to the Dharma and the precepts.
The prasdda relating to the Buddha is a prasdda relating to the ASaiksa dharmas which make up a Buddha; so too one should understand by Sangha the Saiksa and ASaiksa dharmas which make up the Sahgha (iv. 32).
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What is understood by Dharma in the expression "avetyapra- sada relating to the Dharma"?
74c-75a. The Dharma is the three Truths and the Path of
457 the Pratyekabuddha and the Bodhisattva.
Consequently, when one understands the Four Noble Truths,
458
Therefore we have, seen from the differences of the object of prasdda, iont prasddas distinguished from the point of view of their names.
75a-c. From the point of view of substantial entities, these four are two things, faith and morality.
The avetyaprasdda relating to the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha, are, by their nature, faith {sraddhd). The precepts dear to the Aryans, are, by their nature, morality {sila). Therefore they are two things.
***
Are these two things pure or impure? The avetyaprasddas are exclusively
one obtains the avetyaprasdda relating to the Dharma. ***
? 75b. Immaculate.
***
What is the meaning of the term avetyaprasdda?
A faith consecutive to the exact comprehension of the Truths.
The avetyaprasadas are arranged in the order in which, upon leaving the contemplation of the Truths, they are actualized.
How does one actualize them upon leaving this contem- plation?
"Oh! the Blessed One is a perfect Buddha! Well preached is his Dharma-Vinaya! Well cultivating is his Sravaka-Sahgha! ": it is thus that one actualizes them, for the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sahgha are, in this order, the doctor, the remedy, and the patient.
459
results from the prasdda of the it is placed fourth, at the end: it is when the mind is thus believing (prasanna) that one acquires the precepts dear to the Aryans. Or rather, the prasdda of the precepts is placed at the end, because the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sahgha are the doctor, the remedy, and the patient, and the prasdda of the precepts corresponds to health (drogya). Or rather because the Buddha is the guide, the Dharma is the path, the Sahgha is one's travelling companions, and the precepts dear to the Aryans are the vehicle
(ydna).
***
According to the Sutra, a Saiksa has eight parts (or "limbs", angas), namely the eight parts of the Noble Eightfold Path (mdrgdnga) termed "pertaining to the Saiksa": saiksi samyagdrspi.
. . saiksa samyaksamddhi (above, p. 1022); an Asaiksa has ten parts,
mind,
460
As the prasdda of morality
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namely the same eight parts of the Noble Eightfold Path termed "pertaining to the Asaiksa": asaikst samyagdrsfi. . . , plus asaikst samyagvimukti and asaiksa sarnyagjndna, the perfect deliverance proper to Arhats and the knowledge of the acquisition of this
461 deliverance (on samyagvimuktijridna, see vi. 76d).
Why does not the Sutra attribute both perfect deliverance and the knowledge of this perfect deliverance to the Saiksa?
75c-d. Because he is bound, deliverance is not said to be a part of a Saiksa.
A Saiksa is bound by the bonds of the defilements. How could one consider him delivered? The person who is partially bound is not called released. Deliverance is absent from him, and he cannot possess the knowledge of the acquisition of deliverance (vim- ukto 'srniti jnanadarsanam, Mahdvyutpatti, 81. 9).
An Asaiksa, on the contrary, is completely liberated from all the bonds: he is thus characterized, magnified both by his deliverance from the defilements and by the direct knowledge of his deliverance: therefore it is of the Asaiksa alone that one can say that perfect deliverance and the knowledge of this perfect deliverance are his parts.
***
What is deliverance?
462 75d. Deliverance is twofold.
It is conditioned and unconditioned. (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 147a6. )
? 76a-c. Victory over the defilements is unconditioned deliverance; adhimoksa is conditioned deliverance.
The abandoning (prahdna, that is, pratisamkhydnirodha, ii.
English translation, p. 280-281) of the defilements is uncon-
ditioned deliverance. The intention of the Asaiksa is conditioned
463 deliverance.
76b-c. This last is a part.
It is conditioned deliverance which is called a "part pertaining to an Asaik? a"; for the other parts, Right Views, etc. , are conditioned.
464 76c. It is two deliverances.
This same conditioned deliverance is described, in the Sutra
{Samyukta, TD 2, p. 16c24), as being double, mental deliverance
and deliverance through prajnd. [Mental deliverance comes about
through the liberation from desire, and deliverance through prajnd
comes about through liberation from ignorance;] it therefore
constitutes what is called the skandha of deliverance, the 46
466
if the skandha of deliverance is only intention, how do we explain the Sutra? The
467
Sutra says, "Oh Vyaghrabodhayanas! What is the essential factor
of the purification of deliverance? The mind of a Bhiksu is detached, delivered from craving; the mind of this Bhiksu is detached, delivered from hatred and ignorance. In this way, either with a view to the fullness of the skandha of deliverance which is not complete, or with a view to maintaining the skandha of deliverance which is complete, all desire, all energy . . . this is the essential factor. "
vimuktiskandha. *
But, according to another opinion,
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It results from this Sutra that intention does not constitute deliverance: this is the purity of the mind resulting from the abandoning of the defilements, craving, etc.
61d-62b. Because the Saiksa who increases his faculties by
398 abandoning his state and his progress, obtains the state.
When the Saiksa perfects his faculties, he loses a state (=Sakrdagamiphala), a state that he had acquired by the path of weak faculties; he loses his visesa, that is, the progress that he had made--preparatory paths, Irresistible Path, Path of Deliverance, and Path of Excellence,--in the detachment of the Dhyanas, a
399
progress realized with his weak faculties. He obtains only a state
belonging to the family of sharp faculties, a state forming part of
the detachment of Kamadhatu, not the state of Anagamin which is
400 of Arupyadhatu.
*#*
The Arhats, by reason of their difference of faculties, are nine in number.
62c-d. Two Buddhas and seven Sravakas, the Arhats have
401 nine classes of faculties.
The Sravakas are seven in number, the five the first of which is the Parihanadharman, plus the Immovable One (=the Akopyad- harman) which is divided into two, depending on whether he was from his beginnings of the immovable family, or whether he has
402 obtained this family through the perfecting of his faculties.
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The two Buddhas,--the Pratyekabuddha and the Buddha,--are varieties of Immovable Ones.
These make nine persons whose faculties are respectively
403 weak-weak, etc.
***
In general, the Aryans are seven in number: 1. the Sraddhanu- sarin, 2. the Dharmanusarin, 3. the Sraddhadhimukta, 4. the Drstiprapta, 5. the Kayasaksin, 6. the Prajnavimukta, and 7. the
404 Ubhayatobhagavimukta.
63a-c. Seven pudgalas, by reason of their cultivation, their 405
faculties, absorption, deliverance, of two.
1. By reason of their cultivation (prayoga), there exists the Sraddhanusarin and the Dharmanusarin (vi. 29a-b). In the beginning, in the state of Prthagjana, it is by reason of faith {fraddhd) that the first, under the impulse of another [that is, learning the foundations of mindfulness, etc. , from another]
406
applied himself (prayoga) to things, that is, he devoted himself
to reflection and meditation. The second applied himself in the same way, but by following (anusara) the dharmas, that is, the twelvefold Scriptures, and by pursuing (anusarati) the dharmas, that is, the parts of Bodhi (bodhipaksikas) by himself.
2. By reason of their faculties, there exists the Sraddhadhi- mukta and the Drstiprapta (vi. 31c-d). Their faculties are respec- tively weak and sharp by reason of the predominance, among the first, of intention proceeding from faith (fraddaya adhimoksah), and, among the second, of wisdom (prajnd).
3. By reason of absorption (samapatti), there exists the Kayasaksin (vi. 43c-d), because he has realized the Absorption of Extinction (vi. 43c, viii. 33a).
? 4. By reason of deliverance, there exists the Prajnavimukta (vi. 64a-b).
5. By reason of absorption and deliverance, there exists the Ubhayatobhagavimukta (vi. 64a-b).
Thus, from the point of view of their enumeration, there are seven.
63c. They are six.
These seven, from the point of view of substantial entities, are six.
63d. Two exist in each of the three paths.
In the Path of Seeing, there exists two pudgalas or persons, the Sraddhanusarin and the Dharmanusarin; who, in the Path of Meditation, become a Sraddhadhimukta and a Drstiprapta, and, in the Path of the Arhat (=the Asaiksamarga), a Samayavimukta and an Asamayavimukta.
The Sraddhanusarin, (1) from the point of view of his faculties, is of three types: his faculties are weak by definition; but they can be either weak-weak, weak-medium, or weak-strong; (2) from the point of view of his family, of five types: of the family of the Parihanadharman, etc. (vi. 56); (3) from the point of view of the Path, of fifteen types: accordingly as he is in one of the eight Patiences or in one of the seven Knowledges (vi. 26-27); (4) from the point of view of detachment, of seventy-three types: 1. bound by all of the bonds of Kamadhatu, 2-10. detached from one . . . from nine categories of bonds of Kamadhatu; 11-19. detached from one . . . from nine categories of bonds of the First Dhyana, and so on up to and including Akincanyayatana. Eight times nine--det- achment from Kamadhatu, from the Four Dhyanas, and from three Arupyas,--make seventy-two, plus all the bonds of Kamadhatu,
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seventy-three; (5) from the point of view of the physical person (d/raya), of nine types: born in one of the three Dvlpas. [with the exception of Uttarakuru], born in one of the six heavens of Kamadhatu. Higher, the Path of Seeing is absent.
By taking into account all of these differences, there are some 147,825 types of Sraddhanusarin. The calculation relative to other saints is established according to the same elements, with the
407 differences of title.
***
Who is the saint that is called an Ubhayatobhagavimukta, ("one who is doubly delivered")? Who is the saint that is called a Prajnavimukta ("one who is delivered through prajna')?
64a-b. He who possesses extinction is doubly delivered; the
40 other is delivered through prajna. *
One who has entered the Absorption of Extinction (vi. 43c-d), that is to say, one who is endowed with extinction, is called "doubly delivered", because, by the power of prajna and absorption, he is delivered from the hindrance of the defilements and from the
409 hindrance that opposes the arising of the eight liberations.
The other is "one who is delivered through prajfia," because, by the power of prajna, he is delivered from the hindrance of the defilements.
***
The Blessed One said, "One who has abandoned the five
defilements here below and who is not subject to falling away is a
410
complete Saiksa. " How is a Saiksa completed?
? 64c-d. It is from the point of view of absorption, of
411 faculties, and of result that a Saiksa is said to be complete.
The complete Saiksa is of three types, complete by his result, his faculties, and his absorption. The Anagamin of the Sraddhad- himukta class (vi. 31c) who is not a Kayasaksin (vi. 43) is complete from the point of view of only his result.
The saint of the Drstiprapta class (vi. 32) who is not detached from Kamadhatu is complete from the point of view of only his faculties.
The Anagamin of the Drstiprapta class who is not a Kayasak- sin is complete from the point of view of his result and his faculties.
The Anagamin of the Sraddhadhimukta class who is a Kayasaksin is complete from the point of view of his result and his absorption.
The Anagamin of the Drstiprapta class who is a Kayasaksin is complete from the point of view of his result, his faculties, and his absorption.
A Saiksa cannot be complete from the point of view of only his absorption, for the Absorption of Extinction supposes the state of Anagamin, and consequently fullness or perfection from the point of view of result. In the same way a Saiksa cannot be complete only from the point of view of his faculties and his absorption.
65a. The Asaiksa is complete from two points of view.
From the point of view of his faculties and his absorption. There is no Asaiksa in fact who is not complete from the point of view of his state: consequently perfection from the point of view of state is counted as a perfection.
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The Prajfiavimukta (vi. 64) who is an Asamayavimukta (vi. 56) is complete from the point of view of his faculties.
The Ubhayatobhagavimukta who is a Samayavimukta is complete from the point of view of his absorption. The Ubhaya- tobhagavimukta who is an Asamayavimukta is complete from the point of view of his faculties and his absorption.
***
Numerous types of paths have been named: the worldly path and the transworldly path; the Paths of Seeing, Meditation and of the ASaiksa; the Preparatory Path, the Irresistible Path, the Path of Deliverance, and the Path of Excellence. In short, how many types of paths are there?
65b-d. In short, the path is of four types, Prepararory, Irresistible, Deliverance, and Excellence.
Prayogamdrga, the Path of Application or of Preparatory Cultivation, is the path by which and following upon which there
412 arises the Irresistible Path.
Anantaryamdrga, the Irresistible Path (vi. 28b), is the path by
413
Vimuktimdrga, the Path of Deliverance, is the first path which arises free from the obstacle abandoned by means of the Irresisti-
414 ble Path.
Visesamdrga, the Path of Excellence, is the path differing from 415
***
4 What is the meaning of the word mdrga, path?
which an obstacle is abandoned (vi. 64a-b, 77).
the preceding paths.
? The path is the path to Nirvana because it goes from here; or
417 rather, because it is through it that Nirvana is searched out.
But how are the Path of Deliverance and the Path of Excellence paths? In fact, it is on the Preparatory Path and the Irresistible Path that the acquisition of Nirvana depends.
Because the Path of Deliverance and the Path of Excellence are parallel to the paths of abandoning (Prahanamarga = the Irresistible Path par excellence) from the point of view of their object (the Truths), their aspects (sixteen aspects, impermanence, etc. ), and their purity; they are distinguished by being superior, for they have for their causes all the causes of the paths of abandoning plus the paths of abandoning themselves. And moreover because, by means of these two paths, one obtains higher and higher paths: (the Path of Deliverance is necessary for the acquisition of a new Irresistible Path). Or rather because, by these two paths, one enters
418 into nirupadhiiesa Nirvana, Nirvana without remnant.
#*#
The path is also called pratipad, route, because, by it, one 419
There are four routes: routes difficult for slow and quick
420 intelligences, and routes easy for slow and quick intelligences.
66a. The path belonging to the Dhyanas is the easy route.
The path (the Preparatory Path, etc. ), cultivated in the
Dhyanas, that is to say, while one is in Dhyana, is the easy route.
For the Dhyanas are endowed with parts (viii. 1,10) and present a
perfect balance of calm {samatha) and insight (vipasyana): it
results from this that, in the Dhyanas, the route flows on
421 effortlessly.
arrives at Nirvana.
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66b. The difficult routes belong to other spheres.
The path in anagamya, dhydndntara, and the Arupyas, is the difficult route, for these absorptions are not endowed with parts, and calm and insight are not in balance. In anagamya and dhydndntara, the power of insight, which is great, outweighs calm, which is small. But the opposite holds true in the Arupyas.
***
These two routes,
66c-d. When intelligence is weak, a route for slow intelli- gence; in the contrary case, a route for a quick intelligence.
Whether the route is easy or difficult, when the faculties are weak, the route is for slow intelligences {dhandhdbhijna)\ when the faculties are sharp, the route is for quick intelligences.
The route is termed for slow intelligences when intelligence {abhijnd) is slow {dhandha) in it. Abhijnd is the equivalent of prajna, and dhandha the equivalent of manda. So too, the route is for quick intelligences when abhijnd is rapid in it, that is to say, when prajfld is sharp in it. Or rather one can explain: the abhijnd
of a person of weak mind, is slow . . . ; the abhijnd of a person with a sharp mind, is quick.
***
The Path receives the name of bodhipdksika, "containing the 422
adjutants of Bodhi. " There are thirty-seven adjutants of Bodhi,
namely the four foundations of mindfulness, the four right
423
exertions, the four supernormal powers {rddhipddas)9 the five
? faculties, the five powers, the seven parts of Bodhi {bodhyangas)y 424
67a-b. The Knowledge of Destruction with the Knowledge
425 of Non-Arising is Bodhi.
The Knowledge of Destruction and the Knowledge of Non-Ar- ising are Bodhi which, by reason of the differences of the saints who obtain it, is threefold: Sravaka Bodhi, Pratyekabuddha Bodhi, and Unsurpassed, Perfect Bodhi. In fact, by these two Knowledges,
426
one completely abandons ignorance; by the first, one knows in
all truth that the task is accomplished; and by the second, that
427 there is nothing more to be accomplished in the task.
67b-c. Because they are favorable to it, thirty-seven dharmas are its adjutants.
and the Noble Eightfold Path.
Because they are favorable (anuloma) to Bodhi, thirty-seven 428
dharmas are adjutants of Bodhi (bodhipaksya).
67d. Thirty-seven from the point of view of name, but ten
429 substantial entities.
What are these ten entities?
68a-c. Faith, energy, mindfulness, prajnd, absorption, joy, 430
indifference, resolution, morality, and aptitude.
How is that?
68d-69b. Foundation of mindfulness is prajnd; energy receives the name of right exertion; the supernormal
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powers are samddhis.
The foundations of mindfulness, the right exertions (samyak- pradhanas), and the supernormal powers are, by their nature, prajna, energy, and samddhi.
i. We have therefore at first five items, faith, energy, mindfulness, samddhi, and prajna, which, under their own names, make up five faculties and five powers.
Among these five items, prajna is made up of: a. the four 431
foundations of mindfulness, b. one of the parts of Bodhi, the investigation into the dharmas (dharmapravicaya), and c. one of the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path, Right Views.
Energy is made up of: a. the four right exertions; b. one of the parts of Bodhi, energy; and c. one of the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path, Right Effort.
Samddhi is made up of: a. the four supernormal powers; b. one of the parts of Bodhi, samddhi; and c. one of the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path, Right Concentration.
Mindfulness is made up of: a. one of the parts of Bodhi, mindfulness; b. one of the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path, Right Mindfulness.
ii. What do we have in addition that are not these first five items? Among the parts of Bodhi, joy, resolution (ii. 25, English translation, p. 192), indifference; among the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path, Right Thoughts and the three parts of morality- Right Speech, Right Action, and Right Livelihood--which are counted as being one item, morality,
We have five plus five items; therefore the adjutants of Bodhi are made up of ten items.
According to the Vaibha? ikas, there are eleven items; Right Speech and Right Actions together form one item, and Right
? Livelihood is another item (see iv. 85c-d). Therefore morality {slid) 432
counts for two items added to the nine preceding items.
***
We have said that the foundations of mindfulness, the right exertions, and the supernormal powers are by their nature prajnd, energy, and samddhi.
69c-d. A definition according to their essentials; they are also all the qualities that arise from cultivation.
The preceding definitions refer to the principal elements of the
foundations of mindfulness, etc. ; but all these adjutants of Bodhi
are also a collection of qualities, pure or impure, which have arisen
from preparatory cultivation (prdyogika, iiJlb), from hearing, 433
***
Why is energy termed rignt exertion?
Because the body, speech, and mind are, through energy, correctly placed into action.
4H Why is samddhi termed a supernormal power (rddhipdda)?
Because samddhi is the foundation (pdda = pratisthd) of rddhi, that is to say, of the "success" of all spiritual qualities.
But certain masters, [the Vaibhasikas], maintain that super- normal power is samddhi, and that the four,--desire, mind, energy, and examination,--are the "feet", padas, of this supernormal power: they should therefore say that the adjutants of Bodhi are thirteen in number by adding desire and mind to their list of
reflection, or meditation.
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eleven. Furthermore, to affirm that supernormal power is samddhi is to contradict the Sutra which defines supernormal power, "What is supernormal power? The ascetic accomplishes different works
435
of miraculous power; being one, he becomes many,"
436 on.
and so
Why are faith, energy, etc. , termed faculties and powers? Accordingly as they are weak or strong, for the faculties and the
437
powers cannot be broken or crushed. 726bl6).
(Vibhdsd, TD 27, p.
How is the order of the faculties explained?
In order to obtain the result in which one believes (sraddhd), one makes an effort (yiryam arabhate). When one forces onself, there is a setting up of mindfulness {smrtyupasthiti). When mindfulness is set up, one fixes the mind {samddhi) in order to avoid distraction. When the mind is fixed, there arises a conscious- ness which conforms to the object (prajnd).
***
In which stages are the different adjutants of Bodhi placed? In which are they the important factors?
The Vaibhasikas say,
70. They form seven groups which are distributed, in order,
between the beginning stage, the nirvedhabhdgiyas, 438
In the beginning stage, there are the foundations of mindful-
439 ness, because, in this stage, one examines the body, etc.
In the Heats (Usmagata), there are the right exertions (samyakpradhdna), for, in this stage one increases his energy, an increase which is the principle of progress.
Meditation, and Seeing.
? In the Summits (Murdhan), there are the supernormal powers,
for, due to them, one obtains the condition in which the roots of
440 good cannot be lost.
The faculties are in the Patiences, for faith, energy, etc. , become predominant {ddhipatyaprdpta, see ii. 2a-b) in this stage from the fact that, in the Patiences, one is no longer capable of falling away (vi. 23b).
The powers are in the Supreme Worldly Dharmas, for, in this stage, faith, energy, etc. , can no longer be crushed either by the defilements--for these are not activated--nor by any other worldly dharmas.
The parts of Bodhi are in the Path of Meditation, for this Path is close to Bodhi, that is to say, to the Knowledge of Destruction and the Knowledge of Non-Arising in which the Path of Seeing is separated by the Path of Meditation.
The parts of the Noble Eightfold Path are in the Path of
Seeing, for this Path is characterized by progress: for one goes
441 quickly.
[But, one would say, the Path of Seeing proceeds from out of the Path of Meditation. Why not respect this order? ] The Sutra lists the parts of Bodhi (=the Path of Meditation) first, and the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path (=the Path of Seeing) second, with an end to having an order corresponding to the number of parts, at first seven, and then eight. Investigation into the dharmas (dharmapravicaya) is at one and the same time Bodhi and a part of Bodhi, and Right Views is both the Path and a part of the Noble Eightfold Path. (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 726c4. )
Such is the doctrine of the Vaibhasikas. ***
Other masters justify the order of the adjutants of Bodhi without disturbing the regular succession, by placing, as it suits
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them, the Path of Seeing first, and then the Path of Meditation.
There is first 1. the foundations of mindfulness, which exist
with a view to curbing thoughts (buddhi) which disperse
themselves naturally, distracted as they are by the variety of
objects. The four foundations of mindfulness bind the mind, for it
is said in the Sutra, ". . . with a view to expelling the idea of
2. Energy (vtrya) increases through the power of the founda- tions of mindfulness, through the control and the exertion (pradhana) of the mind through the accomplishment of the fourfold tasks: abandoning the bad dharmas which have been produced, the non-production of bad dharmas which have not been produced . . . : these are the four right exertions.
3. Then, by reason of the purification of absorption (samddhi), the supernormal powers arise and are cultivated.
4. Supported by absorption, there arise faith, energy, etc. , which are predominant among the transworldly dharmas (lokotta- ra-dharmas) since they lead to them: they are the faculties, indriyas.
5. The same faith, energy, etc. , when they triumph over the growth of their opponents, are the powers, balas.
6. The parts of Bodhi arise in the Path of Seeing, because, for the first time, the ascetic understands the true nature of the dharmas. [Bodhi signifies pure prajnd. ]
7. The parts of Bodhi arise in the Path of Seeing and in the Path of Meditation. In fact, it is said, "The Noble Eightfold Path goes thus to fullness through meditation, the four foundations of mindfulness go to their fullness through meditation . . . the seven
444
parts of Bodhi go to their fullness through meditation/' [Therefore the Noble Eightfold Path also exists in the Path of Meditation, for this Path, in the Path of Seeing, does not obtain its fullness through meditation. ]
442
1, p. 758b5).
desire
which have their support in thirst. . . " (Madhyama, TD 443
? It is further said, "Oh Bhiksus, to say 'words conforming to the truth' is an expression that says the Four Truths; Oh Bhiksus, to say 'to advance by the Path* is an expression that speaks of the Noble Eightfold Path. "
Therefore, since the Noble Eightfold Patn exists both in the Path of Seeing and in the Path of Meditation, the order which places the parts of Bodhi first, and the parts of the Noble Eightfold Path second, is justified.
***
Among the adjutants of Bodhi, how many are impure, and how many are pure?
71a-b. The parts of Bodhi and the parts of the Path are pure.
They are only pure, for they are placed in the Path of Seeing and the Path of Meditation. Without doubt, there are worldly right
71b. The others are of two types.
The other adjutants of Bodhi are either impure or pure.
***
How many exist in the different spheres? (Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 497b26. )
445 Eightfold Path.
views,
etc. , but they are not called the parts of the Noble
71c. All exist in the First Dhyana.
446
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In all, thirty-seven.
447 7 Id. In anagamya, with the exception of joy.
Why is joy (a part of Bodhi) absent from anagamya?
Because the thresholds of absorption (sdmantakas) are realized
448
only through force, and again, because they include the fear of
falling into a lower sphere.
449 72a. In the Second, with the exception of thoughts.
In the Second Dhyana, thoughts (a part of the Eightfold Path) are absent, but the other thirty-six adjutants of Bodhi remain. Thought is absent since vicara is also absent.
72b. In two, with the exception of the one and the other.
In the Third and the Fourth Dhyanas, there is absent both joy and thought, but the other thirty-five adjutants of Bodhi remain.
72c. Also, in dhyanantara.
There one finds thirty-five adjutants of Bodhi with the exception of these same two.
72c-d. In three Arupyas, with the exception of the preced-
450 ing and the parts of morality.
In the three Arupyas there is also absent Rignt Speech, Right actions, and Right Livelihood, but thirty-two adjutants of Bodhi
? remain.
73a-c In Kamadhatu and in Bhavagra, the parts of Bodhi
451 and the parts of the Path are absent.
In fact, the Pure Path is absent from these two places.
452 Therefore some twenty-two adjutants of Bodhi remain.
###
At what moment does the person who cultivates the adjutants
of Bodhi obtain the avetyaprasddas, that is, the four types of faith 453
[and purity] which accompany intelligence?
73c-74. When one sees three Truths, one obtains the
morality and the avetyaprasdda relating to the Dharma:
when one comprehends the Path, also the avetyaprasdda 454
relating to the Buddha and his Sahgha.
At the comprehension {abhisamaya) of the first three Truths (vi. 27), there is acquisition of the avetyaprasdda relating to the
455 Dharma, and to the pure precepts, dear to the Aryans.
At the comprehension of the Truth of the Path, dear to the
Aryans, there is an acquisition of the avetyaprasdda relating to the 456
Buddha and to his Sravaka-Sangha.
The word "also" {apt) is there in order to mark that there is also an acquisition of the avetyaprasdda relating to the Dharma and the precepts.
The prasdda relating to the Buddha is a prasdda relating to the ASaiksa dharmas which make up a Buddha; so too one should understand by Sangha the Saiksa and ASaiksa dharmas which make up the Sahgha (iv. 32).
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What is understood by Dharma in the expression "avetyapra- sada relating to the Dharma"?
74c-75a. The Dharma is the three Truths and the Path of
457 the Pratyekabuddha and the Bodhisattva.
Consequently, when one understands the Four Noble Truths,
458
Therefore we have, seen from the differences of the object of prasdda, iont prasddas distinguished from the point of view of their names.
75a-c. From the point of view of substantial entities, these four are two things, faith and morality.
The avetyaprasdda relating to the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha, are, by their nature, faith {sraddhd). The precepts dear to the Aryans, are, by their nature, morality {sila). Therefore they are two things.
***
Are these two things pure or impure? The avetyaprasddas are exclusively
one obtains the avetyaprasdda relating to the Dharma. ***
? 75b. Immaculate.
***
What is the meaning of the term avetyaprasdda?
A faith consecutive to the exact comprehension of the Truths.
The avetyaprasadas are arranged in the order in which, upon leaving the contemplation of the Truths, they are actualized.
How does one actualize them upon leaving this contem- plation?
"Oh! the Blessed One is a perfect Buddha! Well preached is his Dharma-Vinaya! Well cultivating is his Sravaka-Sahgha! ": it is thus that one actualizes them, for the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sahgha are, in this order, the doctor, the remedy, and the patient.
459
results from the prasdda of the it is placed fourth, at the end: it is when the mind is thus believing (prasanna) that one acquires the precepts dear to the Aryans. Or rather, the prasdda of the precepts is placed at the end, because the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sahgha are the doctor, the remedy, and the patient, and the prasdda of the precepts corresponds to health (drogya). Or rather because the Buddha is the guide, the Dharma is the path, the Sahgha is one's travelling companions, and the precepts dear to the Aryans are the vehicle
(ydna).
***
According to the Sutra, a Saiksa has eight parts (or "limbs", angas), namely the eight parts of the Noble Eightfold Path (mdrgdnga) termed "pertaining to the Saiksa": saiksi samyagdrspi.
. . saiksa samyaksamddhi (above, p. 1022); an Asaiksa has ten parts,
mind,
460
As the prasdda of morality
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namely the same eight parts of the Noble Eightfold Path termed "pertaining to the Asaiksa": asaikst samyagdrsfi. . . , plus asaikst samyagvimukti and asaiksa sarnyagjndna, the perfect deliverance proper to Arhats and the knowledge of the acquisition of this
461 deliverance (on samyagvimuktijridna, see vi. 76d).
Why does not the Sutra attribute both perfect deliverance and the knowledge of this perfect deliverance to the Saiksa?
75c-d. Because he is bound, deliverance is not said to be a part of a Saiksa.
A Saiksa is bound by the bonds of the defilements. How could one consider him delivered? The person who is partially bound is not called released. Deliverance is absent from him, and he cannot possess the knowledge of the acquisition of deliverance (vim- ukto 'srniti jnanadarsanam, Mahdvyutpatti, 81. 9).
An Asaiksa, on the contrary, is completely liberated from all the bonds: he is thus characterized, magnified both by his deliverance from the defilements and by the direct knowledge of his deliverance: therefore it is of the Asaiksa alone that one can say that perfect deliverance and the knowledge of this perfect deliverance are his parts.
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What is deliverance?
462 75d. Deliverance is twofold.
It is conditioned and unconditioned. (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 147a6. )
? 76a-c. Victory over the defilements is unconditioned deliverance; adhimoksa is conditioned deliverance.
The abandoning (prahdna, that is, pratisamkhydnirodha, ii.
English translation, p. 280-281) of the defilements is uncon-
ditioned deliverance. The intention of the Asaiksa is conditioned
463 deliverance.
76b-c. This last is a part.
It is conditioned deliverance which is called a "part pertaining to an Asaik? a"; for the other parts, Right Views, etc. , are conditioned.
464 76c. It is two deliverances.
This same conditioned deliverance is described, in the Sutra
{Samyukta, TD 2, p. 16c24), as being double, mental deliverance
and deliverance through prajnd. [Mental deliverance comes about
through the liberation from desire, and deliverance through prajnd
comes about through liberation from ignorance;] it therefore
constitutes what is called the skandha of deliverance, the 46
466
if the skandha of deliverance is only intention, how do we explain the Sutra? The
467
Sutra says, "Oh Vyaghrabodhayanas! What is the essential factor
of the purification of deliverance? The mind of a Bhiksu is detached, delivered from craving; the mind of this Bhiksu is detached, delivered from hatred and ignorance. In this way, either with a view to the fullness of the skandha of deliverance which is not complete, or with a view to maintaining the skandha of deliverance which is complete, all desire, all energy . . . this is the essential factor. "
vimuktiskandha. *
But, according to another opinion,
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It results from this Sutra that intention does not constitute deliverance: this is the purity of the mind resulting from the abandoning of the defilements, craving, etc.
