The general rules guiding
contraction
of the longer form were the same as those described previously in connection with the A-S scale.
Adorno-T-Authoritarian-Personality-Harper-Bros-1950
(P: always war)
34. (N: overbearing)
Means: Total scale Subscale N Subscale . M
Subscale P
Number: T otal H. Q. L. Q.
group
=
144
Range of scores:
Total group= 1. 2-5. 6 H. Q. =4. 2-5. 6 L. Q. =1. 2-2. 2
= 36 = 36
High Quartile
3. 72 6. 17 6. 48 5. 08 3. 10 4. 50 3. 67 5. 08 5 . 8 6 5. 06
D. P.
1. 55 4. 20 2. 62 3. 47 3. 19 2. 81 2. 42 3. 83 2. 11 2. 59 4. 36 3. 64 3. 20 4. 61 2. 73 3. 64 3. 94 3. 67
. 86 2. 89 3. 58 3. 45 3; 78 1. 08
. 81 2. 63 4. 42 . 83 4. 19 2. 91 2. 55 1. 69 3. 25 3. 69
2. 97 3. 00 2. 87 3. 07
5. 22 5. 86 4. 75 1. 86 6. 39 5. 39 4. 53 5. 28 3. 11 1. 81
Mean
Mean for Total Group
2. 85 4. 04' 5. 21 3. 26 3. 19 3. 02 2. 54 2. 77 4. 76 3. 83 3. 99 3. 13 2. 90 4. 08 3. 71 3. 17 3. 87
2. 80 1. 26 5. 28 5. 70 2. 51 3. 07 2. 71 1. 32 2. 15 3. 68 1. 30 3. 62 2. 42 2. 42 2. 20 4. 37 2. 67
3. 17 2. 72 3. 32 3. 53
? II6 THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
in the Negro items. The mean for the low quartile is invariably below 2. 0, indicating that the low scorers seldom agree with these items and usually disagree strongly. The high scorers are not so outspoken in their stand; their most frequent responses are in the range of -I to +2; but the fre- quency of the agreements overshadows the slight disagreements.
The means are somewhat higher on the Minorities subscale but once again, despite the great variety of groups represented, the highs and lows are clearly differentiated on most items. Three Minorities items (I, 24, 32) had group means below 3. 0 and Discriminatory Powers between I. I and 1. 7. These D. P. 's indicate statistically significant trends but do not establish clear-cut differentiations. The high scorers apparently did not fall for the suggestions in these items that minority political parties be suppressed- perhaps because these parties were not described as immoral or threatening (suppression of religious sects was accepted in Item 4)-that undesirables be sterilized, and that less money be spent on criminals, the insane and the "in- herently incapable. " The idea that "woman's place is in the home" is appar- ently accepted by most women (Item 9; mean =4. 76). While the low quartile is almost equally divided on this issue, the high scorers are definitely in favor of it; the D. P. of 2. 1 is clearly significant. One wonders whether this item would be better correlated with ethnocentrism in men. The most discriminating items in this subscale deal with a variety of groups: religious sects (Item 4), foreign ideas (Item 12), Japanese (Item I7), Oklahomans in California (Item 2I), Filipinos (Item 27), and zootsuiters (Item 29).
The Patriotism subscale differentiates high and low scorers as well as do the other subscales and on as great a variety of groups. The Discriminatory Powers range from 2. 42 to 3. 78, with an average D. P. of 3. 07. Again the major hypotheses underlying the items are substantiated. Other nations
(Japanese, Mexicans, refugees, and "inferior nations" generally) are re- garded as backward, immoral, and threatening. The superiority of the Amer- ican nation justifies a policy of destruction and subordination of others. Submissiveness and obedience to the ingroup are regarded as primary vir- tues, and a punitive attitude-so characteristically taken toward extranational and intranational outgroups-is taken toward conscientious objectors. It is also interesting that Item 33, concerning the inevitability of war, is highly differentiating (D. P. = 3. 25). It is as if the ingroup-outgroup distinction, and the intergroup hostility underlying it, are woven into the fabric of ethnocentric thinking; given a conflict with no conceivable possibility of resolution, there is nothing to do but make sure that the ingroup is on top and prepared to maintain itself.
4. SECOND FORM OF THE E SCALE (FORM 7s)
In line with the general policy of contracting proven techniques in order to include new ones which might broaden the framework of the research,
? Old New No. No. "
29.
12.
14. 9? 5?
11.
23.
15.
22.
17.
7?
18.
25.
29. 34? 37? 41. 45?
48. 51. 54?
Zootsuiters demonstrate that inferior groups, when they are given too much freedom and money, just misuse their privileges and create dis- turbances.
The main threat to basic American institutions during this century has come from foreign ideas, doctrines, and agitators.
If and when a new world organization is set up, America must be sure that she loses none of her independence and full sovereignty as a sep- arate nation.
Negroes have their rights, but it is best to keep them in their own districts and schools and to prevent too much contact with whites. Women, if they work at all, should take the most feminine positions, such as nursing, secretarial work, or child care.
If Negroes live poorly, it's because they are just naturally lazy, ignorant, and without self-control.
America may not be perfect, but the American Way has brought us about as close as human beings can get to a perfect society.
It would be a mistake to have Negroes for foremen and leaders over whites.
The only full guarantee of future peace is to wipe out as many as pos- sible of the Germans and Japs, and to keep the rest under strict control. Most of our social problems would be solved if the immoral, corrupt, and defective people could somehow be removed from the scene. One main difficulty with allowing the entire population to participate fully in government affairs is that such a large percentage is innately deficient and incapable.
THE STUDY OF ETHNOCENTRIC IDEOLOGY 117
the original 34-item E scale was shortened to 14 items in the next version of the questionnaire, Form 78. This questionnaire, described more fully in Chapter III, included four separate scales whose items, 78 in all, were inter- spersed randomly in a single series. The revised E scale is presented in Table 8(1V).
TABLE 8 (IV)
THE SECOND FoRM oF THEE ScALE (FoRM 78)
4? All forms of racial and religious discrimination should be made illegal and punishable.
57? The people who raise all the talk about putting Negroes on the same level as whites are mostly radical agitators trying to stir up conflicts.
64. Citizen or not, no Jap should be allowed to return to California.
? "New number" refers to the numbering of the items in Form 78. "Old number" refers to numbering in the initial form discussed previously. Slight revisions will be noted in the wording of several items.
The general rules guiding contraction of the longer form were the same as those described previously in connection with the A-S scale. Statistical adequacy was again a necessary but not sufficient condition for retention of an item. It was deemed necessary to maintain broadness of coverage and to ensure nonduplication as well as significance of ideas. Revisions in the word-
? rrS THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
ing of some items were made, especially in the direction of brevity and sim- plification. Item 9 of the initial form, suggesting that "woman's place is in the home," was entirely revised (present Item 34) in an attempt to improve its discriminability. In view of changing issues, former Item 17, which op- posed the entrance of Japanese-Americans into the army, was changed in the new form to Item 64, which opposes their return to California.
There are four new items in the short form. Item 4 proposes legislation against discrimination; it is the first and only positive E item, that is, one in case of which agreement is given a low score. Number 25, a "patriotism" item, was intended to appeal both to the open isolationist and to the kind of pseudointernationalist who, . while more or less accepting the idea of a world organization, wanted nevertheless to maintain complete American sover- eignty and control. Item 41, which replaces several previous items, was intended to express an uncritically idealizing relation to America as a national ingroup. Finally, Item 5r refers to moral outgroups; it suggests that im- morality is a cause of our social problems (rather than a concurrent symp- tom), and it contains implicitly a punitive attitude against such people, al- though punitive action is not explicitly proposed. Also worth noting is this item's stereotypic distinction between "good" people and "bad" people- the latter being the cause of the misfortunes of the former. This way of thinking often includes the "contempt for the masses" expressed in Item 54?
The three subscales of the initial E scale are represented proportionately in the new form. There are four Negro items (29, 37, 45, 57), four Patriotism items (rs, 25, 41, 48), and six Minority items (4, 7, 34, 51, 54, 64).
It will be recalled from the preceding chapter that Form 78 was adminis- tered in the spring of 1945 to four groups: Public Speaking Class Women (N = r4o), Public Speaking Class Men (N = sz), Extension Psychology Class Women (N =40), all from the University of California; and the Pro-
fessional Women (nurses, social workers, teachers; N = 63).
The reliability data for the E scale (Form 78) are presented in Table 9(IV). The average reliability of . So is at the lower level of significance in terms of precise measurement of the individual, but it is quite satisfactory for the group comparisons and correlations for which it was used. 7 This is perhaps all that could be expected of so short and diversified a scale. Hope of improvement is held out, however, by the possibility of eliminating or revising poorly discriminating items, and by the fact that the absence of
7 There are no absolute standards concerning what is an adequate reliability, as this varies with the variables measured, the uses to which the instrument will be put, and so forth. In the present study the following approximate standards of reliability have been used. (a) Above . 85: permits relatively precise measurement of the individual. (b) From ? 75 to . 85: permits rough ordering of individuals into, say, a quartile series of "low," "low middle," "high middle," and "high. " Quite satisfactory for statistical analysis of group data. (c) From . 6o to ? 75= lower level of adequacy, but sufficient for determining general relationships and for comparing extreme scorers.
? THE STUDY OF ETHNOCENTRIC IDEOLOGY 119 TABLE 9 (IV)
RELIABILITY OF THE E-SCALE (FORM 7 8 )
Propertya Groupb Over-allc ABcD
Reliability . 80
. 74 3. 33
3. 11 3. 52
1. 04 1. 12 1. 18
. 80
3. 68 3. 68 3. 68
1. 13. 1. 29 1. 25
. 88
2. 72 2. 56 2. 87
1. 21 1. 22 1. 37
. 80
3. 29
3. 18 3. 40
1. 11 1. 20 1. 24
295 1. 0-6. 1
Mean (total) Mean (odd half) Mean (even half)
S. D. (total)
S. D. (odd half) S. D. (even half)
3. 44 3. 36 3. 55
1. 07 1. 16 1. 15
N 14052
40 63 1. 2-6. 1 1. 0-5. 9
Range 1. 4-5. 9
1. 2-5. 9
arhe values of the means, s. o. ? ~ and ranges are given in terms of mean per item. If multiplied by 14 (the number of items), they are converted into values representing total scale score per person.
bThe four groups on which these data are based are: Group A: u. c. Public Speaking Class Women
Group B: u. C. Public Speaking Class Men
Group C; U. C. Extension Psychology Class Women Group D: Professional Women
cln obtaining the over-all means, the individual group means were not weighted by N.
extremely high scorers (restriction of "range of talent") in these groups tends to depress the reliabilities somewhat. As in the case of the A-S scale, the Professional Women obtained the lowest mean and the highest reliabil- ity, being thus the least prejudiced and the most consistent group on both scales. The E scale means and ranges of all four groups indicate, on the average, slight disagreement with ethnocentric ideology, a sizable minority being strongly opposed and relatively few expressing strong support.
The item analysis of the scale is presented in Table w(IV). The average D. P. of 2. 90 is quite satisfactory for a scale of this length. Only one D. P. is below 2. 1, and even this one (Item 4) is well above the minimum level of statistical significance. As in the initial, longer E scale, the items dealing with segregation and suppression of Negroes, opposition to "foreign infiltration" and zootsuiters, desire to "wipe out the Germans and Japs," and so on, were highly discriminating. Two of the four new items also worked very well: Item 2 5, placing American sovereignty above world organization, had an over-all rank D. P. of 4; and Item 41, an expression of ethnocentric con- servatism in idealizing the "American Way," ranked 7 in terms of over-all D. P.
Among the poorest items are several which, only fairly successful in the initial form, were revised for Form 78 in an attempt at improvement. Thus,
? No.
4.
7.
18? 25. 29. 34. 37. 41. 45. 48. 51. 54. 57. 64.
Item
(Discrimination illegal) (Zootsuiters)
(Foreign ideas)
(World organization) (Negroes have rights) (Feminine positions) (Negroes lazy)
(American Way)
(Negro foremen) (Germans - Japs) (Remove corrupt people) (Population incapable) (Radicals pro-Negro) (No Japs in California)
Mean per i tern
Group A Mean D. P.
Group B Mean D. P. .
Group C Mean D. P.
Group D Mean D. P.
Over-allb Mean D. P.
3. 95 1. 51 3. 38 4. 02 3. 17 3. 26 4. 60 3. 28 3. 41 4. 00 2. 74 2. 18 1. 92 2. 16 4. 34 3. 05 4. 09 3. 48 2. 50 3. 08 3. 15 2. 34 3. 97 2. 66 2. 60 2. 86 2. 24 2. 69
3. 29 2. 90
Rank D. P. (14)
TABLE 10 (IV)
MEANS AND DISCRIMINATORY POWERS OF THE E-SCALE ITEMS (FORM 78) a
. . . . . N 0
aThe four groups on which these data are based are: Group Group 8, U,C, Public Speaking Class Men (N =52). Group Group D, Professional Women (N = 63).
Public Speaking Class Women (N =140). Extension Psychology Class Women (N =40).
3. 99 3. 73 3. 36 4. 89 3. 69 2. 66 2. 06 4. 11 4. 26 2. 49 3. 59 4. 44 2. 51 2. 52
3. 45
0. 17 3.
34. (N: overbearing)
Means: Total scale Subscale N Subscale . M
Subscale P
Number: T otal H. Q. L. Q.
group
=
144
Range of scores:
Total group= 1. 2-5. 6 H. Q. =4. 2-5. 6 L. Q. =1. 2-2. 2
= 36 = 36
High Quartile
3. 72 6. 17 6. 48 5. 08 3. 10 4. 50 3. 67 5. 08 5 . 8 6 5. 06
D. P.
1. 55 4. 20 2. 62 3. 47 3. 19 2. 81 2. 42 3. 83 2. 11 2. 59 4. 36 3. 64 3. 20 4. 61 2. 73 3. 64 3. 94 3. 67
. 86 2. 89 3. 58 3. 45 3; 78 1. 08
. 81 2. 63 4. 42 . 83 4. 19 2. 91 2. 55 1. 69 3. 25 3. 69
2. 97 3. 00 2. 87 3. 07
5. 22 5. 86 4. 75 1. 86 6. 39 5. 39 4. 53 5. 28 3. 11 1. 81
Mean
Mean for Total Group
2. 85 4. 04' 5. 21 3. 26 3. 19 3. 02 2. 54 2. 77 4. 76 3. 83 3. 99 3. 13 2. 90 4. 08 3. 71 3. 17 3. 87
2. 80 1. 26 5. 28 5. 70 2. 51 3. 07 2. 71 1. 32 2. 15 3. 68 1. 30 3. 62 2. 42 2. 42 2. 20 4. 37 2. 67
3. 17 2. 72 3. 32 3. 53
? II6 THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
in the Negro items. The mean for the low quartile is invariably below 2. 0, indicating that the low scorers seldom agree with these items and usually disagree strongly. The high scorers are not so outspoken in their stand; their most frequent responses are in the range of -I to +2; but the fre- quency of the agreements overshadows the slight disagreements.
The means are somewhat higher on the Minorities subscale but once again, despite the great variety of groups represented, the highs and lows are clearly differentiated on most items. Three Minorities items (I, 24, 32) had group means below 3. 0 and Discriminatory Powers between I. I and 1. 7. These D. P. 's indicate statistically significant trends but do not establish clear-cut differentiations. The high scorers apparently did not fall for the suggestions in these items that minority political parties be suppressed- perhaps because these parties were not described as immoral or threatening (suppression of religious sects was accepted in Item 4)-that undesirables be sterilized, and that less money be spent on criminals, the insane and the "in- herently incapable. " The idea that "woman's place is in the home" is appar- ently accepted by most women (Item 9; mean =4. 76). While the low quartile is almost equally divided on this issue, the high scorers are definitely in favor of it; the D. P. of 2. 1 is clearly significant. One wonders whether this item would be better correlated with ethnocentrism in men. The most discriminating items in this subscale deal with a variety of groups: religious sects (Item 4), foreign ideas (Item 12), Japanese (Item I7), Oklahomans in California (Item 2I), Filipinos (Item 27), and zootsuiters (Item 29).
The Patriotism subscale differentiates high and low scorers as well as do the other subscales and on as great a variety of groups. The Discriminatory Powers range from 2. 42 to 3. 78, with an average D. P. of 3. 07. Again the major hypotheses underlying the items are substantiated. Other nations
(Japanese, Mexicans, refugees, and "inferior nations" generally) are re- garded as backward, immoral, and threatening. The superiority of the Amer- ican nation justifies a policy of destruction and subordination of others. Submissiveness and obedience to the ingroup are regarded as primary vir- tues, and a punitive attitude-so characteristically taken toward extranational and intranational outgroups-is taken toward conscientious objectors. It is also interesting that Item 33, concerning the inevitability of war, is highly differentiating (D. P. = 3. 25). It is as if the ingroup-outgroup distinction, and the intergroup hostility underlying it, are woven into the fabric of ethnocentric thinking; given a conflict with no conceivable possibility of resolution, there is nothing to do but make sure that the ingroup is on top and prepared to maintain itself.
4. SECOND FORM OF THE E SCALE (FORM 7s)
In line with the general policy of contracting proven techniques in order to include new ones which might broaden the framework of the research,
? Old New No. No. "
29.
12.
14. 9? 5?
11.
23.
15.
22.
17.
7?
18.
25.
29. 34? 37? 41. 45?
48. 51. 54?
Zootsuiters demonstrate that inferior groups, when they are given too much freedom and money, just misuse their privileges and create dis- turbances.
The main threat to basic American institutions during this century has come from foreign ideas, doctrines, and agitators.
If and when a new world organization is set up, America must be sure that she loses none of her independence and full sovereignty as a sep- arate nation.
Negroes have their rights, but it is best to keep them in their own districts and schools and to prevent too much contact with whites. Women, if they work at all, should take the most feminine positions, such as nursing, secretarial work, or child care.
If Negroes live poorly, it's because they are just naturally lazy, ignorant, and without self-control.
America may not be perfect, but the American Way has brought us about as close as human beings can get to a perfect society.
It would be a mistake to have Negroes for foremen and leaders over whites.
The only full guarantee of future peace is to wipe out as many as pos- sible of the Germans and Japs, and to keep the rest under strict control. Most of our social problems would be solved if the immoral, corrupt, and defective people could somehow be removed from the scene. One main difficulty with allowing the entire population to participate fully in government affairs is that such a large percentage is innately deficient and incapable.
THE STUDY OF ETHNOCENTRIC IDEOLOGY 117
the original 34-item E scale was shortened to 14 items in the next version of the questionnaire, Form 78. This questionnaire, described more fully in Chapter III, included four separate scales whose items, 78 in all, were inter- spersed randomly in a single series. The revised E scale is presented in Table 8(1V).
TABLE 8 (IV)
THE SECOND FoRM oF THEE ScALE (FoRM 78)
4? All forms of racial and religious discrimination should be made illegal and punishable.
57? The people who raise all the talk about putting Negroes on the same level as whites are mostly radical agitators trying to stir up conflicts.
64. Citizen or not, no Jap should be allowed to return to California.
? "New number" refers to the numbering of the items in Form 78. "Old number" refers to numbering in the initial form discussed previously. Slight revisions will be noted in the wording of several items.
The general rules guiding contraction of the longer form were the same as those described previously in connection with the A-S scale. Statistical adequacy was again a necessary but not sufficient condition for retention of an item. It was deemed necessary to maintain broadness of coverage and to ensure nonduplication as well as significance of ideas. Revisions in the word-
? rrS THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
ing of some items were made, especially in the direction of brevity and sim- plification. Item 9 of the initial form, suggesting that "woman's place is in the home," was entirely revised (present Item 34) in an attempt to improve its discriminability. In view of changing issues, former Item 17, which op- posed the entrance of Japanese-Americans into the army, was changed in the new form to Item 64, which opposes their return to California.
There are four new items in the short form. Item 4 proposes legislation against discrimination; it is the first and only positive E item, that is, one in case of which agreement is given a low score. Number 25, a "patriotism" item, was intended to appeal both to the open isolationist and to the kind of pseudointernationalist who, . while more or less accepting the idea of a world organization, wanted nevertheless to maintain complete American sover- eignty and control. Item 41, which replaces several previous items, was intended to express an uncritically idealizing relation to America as a national ingroup. Finally, Item 5r refers to moral outgroups; it suggests that im- morality is a cause of our social problems (rather than a concurrent symp- tom), and it contains implicitly a punitive attitude against such people, al- though punitive action is not explicitly proposed. Also worth noting is this item's stereotypic distinction between "good" people and "bad" people- the latter being the cause of the misfortunes of the former. This way of thinking often includes the "contempt for the masses" expressed in Item 54?
The three subscales of the initial E scale are represented proportionately in the new form. There are four Negro items (29, 37, 45, 57), four Patriotism items (rs, 25, 41, 48), and six Minority items (4, 7, 34, 51, 54, 64).
It will be recalled from the preceding chapter that Form 78 was adminis- tered in the spring of 1945 to four groups: Public Speaking Class Women (N = r4o), Public Speaking Class Men (N = sz), Extension Psychology Class Women (N =40), all from the University of California; and the Pro-
fessional Women (nurses, social workers, teachers; N = 63).
The reliability data for the E scale (Form 78) are presented in Table 9(IV). The average reliability of . So is at the lower level of significance in terms of precise measurement of the individual, but it is quite satisfactory for the group comparisons and correlations for which it was used. 7 This is perhaps all that could be expected of so short and diversified a scale. Hope of improvement is held out, however, by the possibility of eliminating or revising poorly discriminating items, and by the fact that the absence of
7 There are no absolute standards concerning what is an adequate reliability, as this varies with the variables measured, the uses to which the instrument will be put, and so forth. In the present study the following approximate standards of reliability have been used. (a) Above . 85: permits relatively precise measurement of the individual. (b) From ? 75 to . 85: permits rough ordering of individuals into, say, a quartile series of "low," "low middle," "high middle," and "high. " Quite satisfactory for statistical analysis of group data. (c) From . 6o to ? 75= lower level of adequacy, but sufficient for determining general relationships and for comparing extreme scorers.
? THE STUDY OF ETHNOCENTRIC IDEOLOGY 119 TABLE 9 (IV)
RELIABILITY OF THE E-SCALE (FORM 7 8 )
Propertya Groupb Over-allc ABcD
Reliability . 80
. 74 3. 33
3. 11 3. 52
1. 04 1. 12 1. 18
. 80
3. 68 3. 68 3. 68
1. 13. 1. 29 1. 25
. 88
2. 72 2. 56 2. 87
1. 21 1. 22 1. 37
. 80
3. 29
3. 18 3. 40
1. 11 1. 20 1. 24
295 1. 0-6. 1
Mean (total) Mean (odd half) Mean (even half)
S. D. (total)
S. D. (odd half) S. D. (even half)
3. 44 3. 36 3. 55
1. 07 1. 16 1. 15
N 14052
40 63 1. 2-6. 1 1. 0-5. 9
Range 1. 4-5. 9
1. 2-5. 9
arhe values of the means, s. o. ? ~ and ranges are given in terms of mean per item. If multiplied by 14 (the number of items), they are converted into values representing total scale score per person.
bThe four groups on which these data are based are: Group A: u. c. Public Speaking Class Women
Group B: u. C. Public Speaking Class Men
Group C; U. C. Extension Psychology Class Women Group D: Professional Women
cln obtaining the over-all means, the individual group means were not weighted by N.
extremely high scorers (restriction of "range of talent") in these groups tends to depress the reliabilities somewhat. As in the case of the A-S scale, the Professional Women obtained the lowest mean and the highest reliabil- ity, being thus the least prejudiced and the most consistent group on both scales. The E scale means and ranges of all four groups indicate, on the average, slight disagreement with ethnocentric ideology, a sizable minority being strongly opposed and relatively few expressing strong support.
The item analysis of the scale is presented in Table w(IV). The average D. P. of 2. 90 is quite satisfactory for a scale of this length. Only one D. P. is below 2. 1, and even this one (Item 4) is well above the minimum level of statistical significance. As in the initial, longer E scale, the items dealing with segregation and suppression of Negroes, opposition to "foreign infiltration" and zootsuiters, desire to "wipe out the Germans and Japs," and so on, were highly discriminating. Two of the four new items also worked very well: Item 2 5, placing American sovereignty above world organization, had an over-all rank D. P. of 4; and Item 41, an expression of ethnocentric con- servatism in idealizing the "American Way," ranked 7 in terms of over-all D. P.
Among the poorest items are several which, only fairly successful in the initial form, were revised for Form 78 in an attempt at improvement. Thus,
? No.
4.
7.
18? 25. 29. 34. 37. 41. 45. 48. 51. 54. 57. 64.
Item
(Discrimination illegal) (Zootsuiters)
(Foreign ideas)
(World organization) (Negroes have rights) (Feminine positions) (Negroes lazy)
(American Way)
(Negro foremen) (Germans - Japs) (Remove corrupt people) (Population incapable) (Radicals pro-Negro) (No Japs in California)
Mean per i tern
Group A Mean D. P.
Group B Mean D. P. .
Group C Mean D. P.
Group D Mean D. P.
Over-allb Mean D. P.
3. 95 1. 51 3. 38 4. 02 3. 17 3. 26 4. 60 3. 28 3. 41 4. 00 2. 74 2. 18 1. 92 2. 16 4. 34 3. 05 4. 09 3. 48 2. 50 3. 08 3. 15 2. 34 3. 97 2. 66 2. 60 2. 86 2. 24 2. 69
3. 29 2. 90
Rank D. P. (14)
TABLE 10 (IV)
MEANS AND DISCRIMINATORY POWERS OF THE E-SCALE ITEMS (FORM 78) a
. . . . . N 0
aThe four groups on which these data are based are: Group Group 8, U,C, Public Speaking Class Men (N =52). Group Group D, Professional Women (N = 63).
Public Speaking Class Women (N =140). Extension Psychology Class Women (N =40).
3. 99 3. 73 3. 36 4. 89 3. 69 2. 66 2. 06 4. 11 4. 26 2. 49 3. 59 4. 44 2. 51 2. 52
3. 45
0. 17 3.
