His daring and
sudden assault, laid waste without opposition the rapid movements disconcerted all the plans of his
rich plains of Elis, and then advancing into Tri- enemies; and the boldness of his conceptions was
phylia, made himself master of the whole of that accompanied with a vigour and skill in the execu-
region, though abounding in strongholds, within tion of them, which might have done credit to the
six days.
sudden assault, laid waste without opposition the rapid movements disconcerted all the plans of his
rich plains of Elis, and then advancing into Tri- enemies; and the boldness of his conceptions was
phylia, made himself master of the whole of that accompanied with a vigour and skill in the execu-
region, though abounding in strongholds, within tion of them, which might have done credit to the
six days.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
26) the praise of having been " always
a
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PHILIPPUS.
279
PHILIPPUS.
0x<=
:
grent,” and which he seems to have practised quite
as much from choice as from policy, we may well
admit that he does not appear to disadvantage, even
morally speaking, by the side of his fellow-con-
querors of mankind. (Demosth. Olynth. , Phil. , de
Fals. Leg. , de Cor. , de Chers. , de Pac. ; Aesch. de
Fals. Leg. , c. Ctes. ; Isocr. Phil. , Ep. ad Phil. ;
Diod. xvi. ; Just. vii. -ix. ; Plut. Demosth. , Phoc. ,
Aler. , Reg. et Imp. Apoph. ; Ath. xi. p. 476, xiii.
COIN OF PHILIPPUS IV, KING OF MACEDONIA.
p. 557, xiv. p. 614 ; Strab. vii. pp. 307, 320, 323,
viii. pp. 361, 374, ix. p. 437 ; Ael. V. 11. iv. 19, PHILIPPUS V. (/A1TTOS), king of MACE-
vi. I, viii. 12, 15, xii. 53, 54, xiii. 7, 11 ; Gell. ix. DONIA, son of Demetrius II. , was one of the ablest
3 ; Cic. de Off. ii. 14, 15, Tusc. Quaest. v. 14, aut and most eminent of the Macedonian monarchs.
Att. i. 16; Polyb. ii. 48, iii. 6, v. 10, viii. 11–13, It appears that he was born in the year B. C. 237,
ix. 28, &c. xvii. 14; Leland, Life of Philip; and he was thus only eight years old at the death of
Winiewski, Comm. Hist. et Chronol. in Dem. Orat. his father Demetrius. The sovereign power was con-
de Cor. ; Drumann, Gesch, des Verfulls der Griech- sequently assumed by his uncle Antigonus Doson,
ischen Staaten ; Wachsmuth, Hist. Ant. vol. ii. Eng. who, though he certainly ruled as king rather than
transl. ; Weiske, de Hyperb. Errorum in Hist. merely as guardian of his nephew, was faithful to
Phil. Genitrice ; Thirlwall's History of Greece, the interests of Philip, whom he regarded as his
vol. v. vi. )
(E. E. ] natural successor, and to whom he transferred the
sovereignty at his death, in B. c. 220, to the ex-
clusion of his own children. (Polyb. ii. 45, 70,
iv. 2 ; Paus, viii. 8. & 9; Justin. xxviii. 4; Porphyr.
ap. Euseb. Arm. p. 158. ) He was careful however to
appoint friends of his own to all the more important
offices of the state ; one of whom, Apelles, bore the
Ukinroy
title of guardian of the young king (Polyb. iv. 87),
though the latter seems to have in fact assumed the
administration of affairs into his own hands from
COIN OF PHILIPPUS II. , KING OF MACEDONIA.
the very beginning of his reign. The prudent and
DONIA. The name of Philip was bestowed by the of Philip, who was only seventeen years old at the
PHILIPPUS III. (BINTTOS), king of Mace- vigorous administration of Antigonus had greatly
strengthened the Macedonian empire ; but the youth
Macedonian army upon Arrhidaeus, the bastard time of his accession (Polyb. iv. 5; Justin makes
son of Philip II. , when he was raised to the throne him only fourteen), was regarded with contempt by
after the death of Alexander III. , and is the only his enemies, and the Aetolians seized the oppor-
appellation which appears upon his coins. He
returned to Macedonia, where he and his wife tunity to commit acts of aggression and hostility in
Eurydice were put to death by order of Olympias, diately applied to the young king for assistance ;
the Peloponnese. Aratus and the Achaeans imme-
B. c. 317. For his life and reign, see ARRHI- but Philip, though not unmindful of his allies, was
DAEUS.
[E. H. B. ]
at first unwilling to engage in open war with the
Aetolians on account of what he regarded as mere
plundering expeditions. Soon, however, the defeat
of the Achaeans at Caphyae, and the daring out-
rage of the Aetolians in seizing and burning Cy-
naetha, aroused him to the necessity of immediate
action, and he proceeded in person to Corinth at the
head of a considerable force. He arrived too late
to act against the Aetolians, who had already
quitted the Peloponnese, but by advancing to
Tegea he succeeded in overawing the Lacedaemo-
COIN OF PHILIPPUS IIL KING OF MACEDONIA.
nians, who were secretly disposed to favour the
Aetolians, and for a time prevented them from
PHILIPPUS IV. (víAITTOS), king of Mace- quitting the cause of their allies. He next pre-
DONIA, was the eldest son of Cassander, whom he sided at a general assembly of the Achaeans and
succeeded on the throne, B. c. 297, or, according to other allied states at Corinth, at which war was
Clinton, early in 296. The exact period of his declared against the Aetolians by the common
reign is uncertain, but it appears to have lasted consent of all present, including besides Philip
only a few months, when he was carried off by a himself and the Achaeans, the Boeotians, Phocians,
consumptive disorder, B. C. 296. No events are Epeirots, Acarnanians, and Messenians. Few of
recorded to us of this short interval ; but it appears these, however, were either disposed or ready to
that he maintained the friendly relations with take an active part in immediate hostilities, while
Athens which had been established by his father, the Lacedaemonians and Eleans openly espoused
and he was probably advancing into Greece to the cause of the Aetolians. It was evident there-
support his partisans in that country, when his fore that the chief burden of the war would de-
death took place at Elateia in Phocis. (Paus. ix. volve upon Philip and the Achaeans, and the young
7. $ 3; Justin, xv. 4, xvi. 1; Porphyr. ap. Euseb. king returned to Macedonia to prepare for the con-
Arm. p. 155; Dexipp. ap Syncell
. p. 50+, ed. test. (Polyb. iv. 5, 9, 16, 19, 22—29, 31—36 ; Plut.
Ponn; Droysen, Hellenism. vol. i. pp. 565, 566 ; Arat. 47). His first care was to fortify his own
Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. pp. 180, 236. ) (E. H. B. } frontiers against the neighbouring barbarians, and
lainno
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280
PHILIPPUS.
PHILIPPUS.
ܪ
he was able to conclude a treaty with Scerdilaïdas, Paeonia, which was well calculated to check the
king of Illyria, who undertook to assail the Aeto inroads of the Dardanians, and afterwards in vaded
lians by sea. Early in the ensuing spring (B. C. Thessaly, where he reduced the Phthiotic Thebes.
219) Philip entered Epeirus with an army of 15,000 The Achacans, on their side, had raised large
font and 800 horse, and was quickly joined by the forces, and carried on the war with much success
whole forces of the Epeirots and Acarnanians; but in the Peloponnese. Meanwhile, events of far
Jiis successes were limited to the reduction of some greater importance had been passing in Italy, and
forts and towns on the frontiers of Aetolia and the news of the battle of Thrasymene, which reached
Acarnania, pod to the ravage of the adjoining Philip while he was celebrating the Nemean games
country, when he was recalled to Macedonia by at Argos, determined him to listen to the overtures
the news of an invasion of the Dardanians. The for peace which had been renewed by the neutral
barbarians, indeed, retired on hearing of his return, powers, the Chians, Rhodians, and Piolemy, king
but Philip spent the remainder of the summer and of Egypt. A treaty was soon brought about, by
autumn in Thessaly, and it was not until the which it was agreed that both parties should re-
winter had already set in, and his Achaean allies tain what they then possessed, and thus ended,
had begun to despair of his arrival, that he sud- after a duration of three years, the contest com-
denly presented himself at Corinth at the head of monly known as the Social War. (Polyb. v. 24,
a small but select army. This unexpected ma- 29, 30, 97—105. )
nouvre was completely successful ; he surprised During the course of these events it is certain
and totally defeated a force of Aetolian and Eleian that the character of Philip appears in the most fa-
troops under Euripidas, and following up his ad- rourable light. Throughout the military operations
vantage, took the strong fortress of Psophis by a he displayed uncommon abilities.
His daring and
sudden assault, laid waste without opposition the rapid movements disconcerted all the plans of his
rich plains of Elis, and then advancing into Tri- enemies; and the boldness of his conceptions was
phylia, made himself master of the whole of that accompanied with a vigour and skill in the execu-
region, though abounding in strongholds, within tion of them, which might have done credit to the
six days. After this brilliant campaign, he took oldest and most practised general. But his military
up his quarters at Argos for the remainder of the talents were accompanied with merits of a still
winter. (Polyb. iv. 37, 57, 61--82. )
higher order. His policy inclined always to the
The ensuing spring (B. C. 218) he first turned side of clemency and moderation, and he had esta-
his attention to the reduction of the important blished a well-earned popularity throughout Greece,
island of Cephallenia, but failed in an attack on by repeated proofs of generosity and good faith.
the city of Palae in consequence of the treachery So high, indeed, was his character in these respects,
and misconduct of one of his own officers, Leontius, that all the cities of Crete are said to have volunta-
who purposely prevented the troops under his rily united in placing themselves under his protection
command from carrying the breach by assault. and patronage (Polyb. vii. 12 ; Plut. Arut. 48).
Hereupon Philip abandoned the enterprise ; but Unfortunately these favourable dispositions were
landing suddenly at the head of the Ambracian not destined to last long ; and the change that
gulf, he penetrated unexpectedly into the heart of subsequently came over his character appears to
Aetolia where he surprised the capital city of have commenced almost immediately after the close
Thermus, in which all the wealth and treasures of of the Social War. It is scarcely probable, as suge
the Aetolian leaders were deposited. The whole gested by Plutarch, that his naturally evil disposition
of these fell into the hands of the king, and were had been hitherto restrained by fear, and that he
either carried off or destroyed, together with a now first begun to show himself in his true colours;
vast quantity of arms and armour ; but not content Polybius niore plausibly ascribes the change in his
with this, Philip set fire to the sacred buildings, character to the influence of evil counsellors ;
and destroyed all the statues and other works of though these very probably did no more than ac-
art with which they were adorned. The Aetolians celerate the natural etfects too often produced by
in vain attacked his army on his retreat, and he the intoxication of success and the possession of
succeeded in carrying off the spoils in safety to his arbitrary power at an early age. It is certain at
fleet. (Polyb. v. 2-9, 13, 14. ) Having by this least that the evil counsellors were not wanting.
sudden blow struck terror into the Aetolians them- | A pelles and the other officers to whom the chief
selves, he next turned his arms against their Pelo posts in the administration had been confided by
ponnesian allies, and returning in all haste to Corinth, Antigonus Doson, had hoped to hold the uncon-
assembled the Achaean forces, and invaded Laconia trolled direction of affairs, under the reign of the
before the Spartans had heard of his having quitted young king, and could ill brook to see their power
Aetolia. Descending the valley of the Eurotas he supplanted by the growing influence of Aratus,
passed close to Sparta itself, laid waste the whole who at this period chietly swayed the counsels of
country as far as Taenarus and Malea, and on his Philip. Having failed in repeated attempts to un-
return totally defeated the forces with which Ly- dermine the power of the Achaean leader, by
curgus had occupied the heights near Sparta, in calumnies and intrigues, they went so far as to
order to intercept his retreat. (Id. v. 17—24. ) engage in the most treasonable schemes for frus-
An attempt was now made by the Chians and trating all the designs of Philip himself, and
Rhodians to effect a peace by their mediation ; but thwariing the success of his military enterprizes.
though Philip consented to a truce for the purpose Their machinations were at length discovered,
of carrying on the negotiations, these proved abor- and Apelles himself, together with Leontius and
tive, and the war was still continued. The opera-Megaleas, the partners of his guilt, were severally
tions of the next year (B. c. 217) were less brilliant, put to death. (Polyb. iv. 76, 82–87, v. 2, 4, 14
but fortune still favoured the arms of Philip and -16, 25-28; Plut. Arat. 48. )
his allies; the king, who had returned to Mace But the removal of these adversaries was fir
dunia, took the important fortress of Bylazora, in from giving to Aratus the increased power and in-
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PHILIPPUS.
PHILIPPUS.
281
fnence which might have been anticipated. A made himself master of the strong fortress of Lissus,
more dangerous rival had already made his appear the capture of which was followed by the submis-
ance in Demetrius of Pharos, who, after his expul- sion of great part of Illyria (Polyb. viii. 15): but
sion from his own dominions by the Romans [DE- this decisive blow was not followed up; and the
METRIUS, p. 966, a. ), had taken reſuge at the court apparent inaction of the king during the two fol-
of Philip, and soon acquired unbounded influence lowing years is the more remarkable, because the
over the mind of the young king. It was the Pha- occupation of Tarentum by Hannibal would have
rian exile who first gave a new turn to the foreign scemed likely, at this juncture, to facilitate his
policy of Philip, by directing his attention to the communications with Italy.
state of affairs beyond the Ionian sen ; and per- Meanwhile, the proceedings of Philip in Greece
suaded him to conclude peace with the Aetolians, were but too well calculated to alienate all the
in order to watch the contest which was going on favourable dispositions previously entertained to-
in Italy. (Polyb. iv. 66, v. 12, 101, 105 ; Justin. wards him. in B. c. 215, he had interposed in
xxix. 2, 3). The ambition of the young king was the affairs of Messenia, in a manner that led to a
Aattered by the prospect thus held out to him, but fearful massacre of the oligarchical party in that
he did not deem the time yet corne openly to take state : the reproaches of Aratus on this occasion
part in the contest, and in the meanwhile his at- were bitter and vehement, and from henceforth all
iention was turned to the side of Illyria. Scer- friendship was at an end between them. Philip
dilaïdas, king of that country, had abandoned the was, howerer, still so far swayed by his influence
alliance of the Macedonian monarch, by whom he as to refrain at that time from the design of seizing
deemed himself aggrieved ; and had taken advan- by treachery on the fortress of Ithome: but after
tnge of Philip's absence in Greece to occupy some his return from his unsuccessful expedition to Il-
towns and fortresses on the frontiers of the two lyria (B. c. 214) he returned to this project, and
countries. The recovery of these occupied Philip sent Demetrius of Pharos to carry it into execu-
during the remainder of the summer of 217, and the tion. The latter was killed in the attempt ; but
winter was spent principally in the preparation and his death produced no change in the counsels of
equipment of a fleet with which he designed to Philip, who now invaded Messenia bimself, and
atunck the coasts of Illyria. But scarcely had he en- laid waste the open country with fire and sword.
tered the Adriatic in the following summer (B. C. Meanwhile, the breach between him and Aratus had
216), when the rumour that a Roman fleet was become daily more complete, and was still farther
coming to the assistance of Scerdilaidas inspired bim widened by the discovery that the king was car-
with such alarm that he made a hasty retreat to rying on a criminal intercourse with the wife of
Cephallenia, and afterwards withdrew to Macedonia, the younger Aratus. At length the king was
without attempting anything farther (Polyb. v. 108 induced to listen to the insidious proposal of Tau-
-110). But the news of the great disaster sus- rion, and to rid himself of his former friend and
tained by the Roman arms at Cannae soon after counsellor by means of a slow and secret poison,
decided Philip openly to espouse the cause of Car- B. C. 213. (Polyb. vii. 10–14, viii. 10, 14; Plut.
thage, and he despatched Xenophanes to Italy to Arat. 49–52. )
conclude a treaty of alliance with Hannibal. Unfor- The war between Philip and the Romans had
tunately the ambassador, after having successfully been carried on, for some time, with unaccountable
accomplished his mission, on his return fell into the slackness on both sides, when it all at once assumed
hands of the Romans, who thus became aware of the a new character in consequence of the alliance en-
projects of Philip, and immediately stationed a fleet tered into by the latter with the Aetolians. In the
at Brundusium, to prevent him from crossing into treaty concluded by the Roman praetor, M. Valerius
Italy ; while the king himself, on the coutrary, re Laevinus, with that people (before the end of
mained for a long time in ignorance of the result of B. c. 211), provision was also made for comprising
his negotiations, and it was not till late in the fol- in the alliance Scerdilaïdas, king of Illyria, and
lowing year (B. c. 215) that he sent a second Attalus, king of Pergamus, and the king of Ma-
embassy, and a treaty of alliance was defini- cedonia thus found himself threatened on all sides
tively concluded between him and the Cartha- by a powerful confederacy. (Liv. xxvi. 24 ; Justin.
ginian general. (Liv. xxiii. 33, 34, 38, 39 ; xxix. 4. ) This news at length roused him from
Polyb. iii. 2, vii. 9; Appian, Mac. 1; Justin, xxix. his apathy. Though it was then midwinter, he
4. )
hastened to provide for the safety of his frontiers,
Whether Philip really meditated at this time both on the side of Illyria and that of Thrace, and
the invasion of Italy, or was merely desirous of then marched south wards, with an army, to the
establishing his power over all the countries east succour of the Acarnanians, whu were attacked by
of the Adriatic, it is certain that his proceedings the Aetolians, but the latter withdrew on learning
were marked by an unaccountable degree of hesita- the approach of Philip, and the king returned to
tion and delay. He suffered the remainder of the Macedonia. Hostilities were renewed in the
season of 215 to pass away without any active mea- spring (B. c. 210), and the Romans opened the
sures, and though in the following year (B. C. 214), campaign by the capture of Anticyra ; but after
he at length appeared in the Adriatic with a fleet, this, instead of supporting their allies with rigour,
with which he took the town of Oricus, and laid they withdrew the greater part of their forces,
siege to the important city of Apollonia, his arms and P. Sulpicius Galba, who had succeeded Lae-
were soon paralysed by the arrival of a small Ro- vinus in the command, found himself unable to
man force under M. Laevinus, and he was not effect anything more than the conquest of Aegina,
only compelled to raise the siege of Apollonia, but while Philip succeeded in reducing the strong
destroyed his own ships to prevent their falling fortress of Echinus in Thessaly, notwithstand-
into the hands of the enemy, and effected his retreat ing all the efforts of the Romans and Aetolians to
to Macedonia by land. (Liv. xxiv. 40. ) The fol. relieve it. (Liv. xxvi. 25, 26, 28 ; Polyb. ix. 11,
lowing year (213), he was more successful, having 42. )
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282
PIILIPPUS.
PHILIPPUS.
The next summer (B. C. 209)', the arms of Phi- , and the Romans, whose attention was directed
lip were directed to the support of his allies, the wholly towards affairs in Spain and Africa, lent
Achaeans, who were unable to make head against no support to their Grecian allies. Meanwhile,
the Lacedaemonians, Messenians, and Eleans the Achaeans, under Philopoemen, were victorions
Marching through Thessaly, he defeated the Aeto- in the Peloponnese over Machanidas, and the
lian general Pyrrhias, though supported by some Aetolians, finding themselves abandoned by their
Roman troops furnished him by Galba, in two l'allies, and unable to cope single-handed with the
successive actions, forced the pass of Thermopylae, Power of Philip, who had a second time carried
and made his way successfully to the Peloponnese, his ravages into the heart of their country, and
where he celebrated the Heraean games at Argos. plundered their capital city of Thermus, at length
The Rhodinns and Chians, as well as the Athenians i consented to peace upon the conditions dictated
and Ptolemy, king of Egypt, now again interposed by the conqueror. What these were we know
their good offices, to bring about a peace between not, but the treaty had hardly been concluded,
the contending parties, and negotiations were | when a Roman fleet and army, under P. Sem.
opened at Aegium, but these proved abortive in pronius Tuditanus, arrived at Dyrrhachium. Philip
consequence of the arrogant demands of the Aeto- hastened to oppose him, and offered him battle,
lians, in whom the arrival of Attalus at this junc. but the Roman general shut himself up within
ture had excited fresh hopes. Philip now invaded the walls of Apollonia ; and mean while the Epei-
Elis in conjunction with the Achaean practor rots, by their intervention, succeeded in bringing
Cycliadas, but was worsted in an engngement about a peace between the two parties. A pre-
under the walls of the city, in which, however, liininary treaty was concluded between Philip and
the king greatly distinguished himself by his per- Sempronius at Phoenice in Epeirus, B. C. 205, and
sonal bravery ; and the inroads of the Dardanians, was readily ratified by the Roman people, who
and other Barbarian tribes now compelled him to were desirous to give their undivided attention to
return to Macedonia. (Liv. xxvii. 29—33; Justin. the war in Africa. (Liv. xxix. 12; Polyb. xi. 4,
xxix. 4. )
7 ; Appian. Muc. Exc. 2. )
At the opening of the campaign of 208, Philip It is probable that both parties looked upon the
found himself assailed on all sides by the formidable peace thus concluded as little more than a sus-
confederacy now organized against him. Sulpicius pension of hostilities. Such was clearly the view
with the Roman fleet, in conjunction with the king with which the Romans had accepted it, and
Attalus, commenced their attacks by sea, while Philip was eridently well aware of their senti-
the Illyrian princes, Scerdilaïdas and Pleuratus, ments in this respect
. Hence he not only pro-
and the Thracian tribe of the Maedi threatened ceeded to carry out his views for his own aggran-
his northern frontiers, and his allies, the Achaeans, dizement and the humiliation of his rivals in Greece,
Acarnanians, and Boeotians, were clamorous for without any regard to the Roman alliances in that
support and assistance against the Aetolians and country, but he even went so far as to send a
Lacedaemonians. The energy and activity dis- strong body of auxiliaries to the Carthaginians in
played by the kirg under these trying circum- Africa, who fought at Zama under the standard
stances, is justly praised by Polybius: while he of Hannibal. (Liv. XXI. 26, 33, 4, xxxi. 1. )
sent such support as his means enabled him to his Meanwhile, his proceedings in Greece were stained
various allies, he himself took up his post at De by acts of the darkest pertidy and the most wanton
metrias in Thessaly, to watch the proceedings of aggression. The death of Ptolemy Philopator,
Sulpicius and Attalus ; and though he was unable king of Egypt (B. C. 205), and the infancy of his
to prevent the fall of Oreus, which was betrayed successor, at this time opened a new field to the
into their hands (Plator), he not only saved ambition of Philip, who concluded a league with
Chalcis from a similar fate, but narrowly missed Antiochus against the Egyptian monarch, accord-
surprising Attalus himself in the neighbourhood of ing to which the Cyclades, as well as the cities
Opus. The king of Pergamus was soon after re- and islands in lonia subject to Ptolemy, were to
called to the defence of his own dominions against fall to the share of the Macedonian king. (Polyb.
Prusias, king of Bithynia, and Sulpicius, unable to iii. 2, xv. 20; Appian. Mac. Exc. 3 ; Justin. xxx. 2. )
keep the sea single-handed, withdrew to Aegina. In order to carry out this scheme, it was neces-
Philip was thus left at liberty to act against the sary for Philip to establish his naval power firmly
Aetolians, and to support his own allies in the in the Aegaean, and to humble that of Attalus and
Peloponnese, where Machanidas, the Lacedaemo- the Rhodians, and the latter object he endeavoured
nian tyrant, retired on his approach. The king to effect by the most nefarious means, for which
was content with this success; and after taking he found ready instruments in Dicaearchus, an
part in the general assembly of the Achaeans at Aetolian pirate, and Heracleides, an exile from
Aegium, and ravaging the coasts of Aetolia, re- Tarentum, who seems at this period to have held
turned once more into his own dominions. (Polyb. the same place in the king's confidence previously
x. 41, 42; Liv. xxviii. 5—8 ; Justin. xxix. 4. ) enjoyed by Demetrius of Pharos. While Dicae
The events of the succeeding years of the war archus, with a squadron of twenty ships, cruised
are very imperfectly known to us, but it is evident in the Aegaean, and made himself master of the
that matters took a turn decidedly favourable to principal islands of the Cyclades, Heracleides con-
Philip and his allies. Attalus continued in Asia, trived to ingratiate himself with the Rhodians,
and then took an opportunity to set fire to their
Concerning the chronology of these events, arsenal, and burn great part of their fleet. (Polyb.
and the error committed by Livy, who assigns xiii. 4, 5, xv. 20, xviii. 37 ; Diod. xxviii. Exc
this campaign to the year 208, see Schorn (Gesch.
a
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PHILIPPUS.
279
PHILIPPUS.
0x<=
:
grent,” and which he seems to have practised quite
as much from choice as from policy, we may well
admit that he does not appear to disadvantage, even
morally speaking, by the side of his fellow-con-
querors of mankind. (Demosth. Olynth. , Phil. , de
Fals. Leg. , de Cor. , de Chers. , de Pac. ; Aesch. de
Fals. Leg. , c. Ctes. ; Isocr. Phil. , Ep. ad Phil. ;
Diod. xvi. ; Just. vii. -ix. ; Plut. Demosth. , Phoc. ,
Aler. , Reg. et Imp. Apoph. ; Ath. xi. p. 476, xiii.
COIN OF PHILIPPUS IV, KING OF MACEDONIA.
p. 557, xiv. p. 614 ; Strab. vii. pp. 307, 320, 323,
viii. pp. 361, 374, ix. p. 437 ; Ael. V. 11. iv. 19, PHILIPPUS V. (/A1TTOS), king of MACE-
vi. I, viii. 12, 15, xii. 53, 54, xiii. 7, 11 ; Gell. ix. DONIA, son of Demetrius II. , was one of the ablest
3 ; Cic. de Off. ii. 14, 15, Tusc. Quaest. v. 14, aut and most eminent of the Macedonian monarchs.
Att. i. 16; Polyb. ii. 48, iii. 6, v. 10, viii. 11–13, It appears that he was born in the year B. C. 237,
ix. 28, &c. xvii. 14; Leland, Life of Philip; and he was thus only eight years old at the death of
Winiewski, Comm. Hist. et Chronol. in Dem. Orat. his father Demetrius. The sovereign power was con-
de Cor. ; Drumann, Gesch, des Verfulls der Griech- sequently assumed by his uncle Antigonus Doson,
ischen Staaten ; Wachsmuth, Hist. Ant. vol. ii. Eng. who, though he certainly ruled as king rather than
transl. ; Weiske, de Hyperb. Errorum in Hist. merely as guardian of his nephew, was faithful to
Phil. Genitrice ; Thirlwall's History of Greece, the interests of Philip, whom he regarded as his
vol. v. vi. )
(E. E. ] natural successor, and to whom he transferred the
sovereignty at his death, in B. c. 220, to the ex-
clusion of his own children. (Polyb. ii. 45, 70,
iv. 2 ; Paus, viii. 8. & 9; Justin. xxviii. 4; Porphyr.
ap. Euseb. Arm. p. 158. ) He was careful however to
appoint friends of his own to all the more important
offices of the state ; one of whom, Apelles, bore the
Ukinroy
title of guardian of the young king (Polyb. iv. 87),
though the latter seems to have in fact assumed the
administration of affairs into his own hands from
COIN OF PHILIPPUS II. , KING OF MACEDONIA.
the very beginning of his reign. The prudent and
DONIA. The name of Philip was bestowed by the of Philip, who was only seventeen years old at the
PHILIPPUS III. (BINTTOS), king of Mace- vigorous administration of Antigonus had greatly
strengthened the Macedonian empire ; but the youth
Macedonian army upon Arrhidaeus, the bastard time of his accession (Polyb. iv. 5; Justin makes
son of Philip II. , when he was raised to the throne him only fourteen), was regarded with contempt by
after the death of Alexander III. , and is the only his enemies, and the Aetolians seized the oppor-
appellation which appears upon his coins. He
returned to Macedonia, where he and his wife tunity to commit acts of aggression and hostility in
Eurydice were put to death by order of Olympias, diately applied to the young king for assistance ;
the Peloponnese. Aratus and the Achaeans imme-
B. c. 317. For his life and reign, see ARRHI- but Philip, though not unmindful of his allies, was
DAEUS.
[E. H. B. ]
at first unwilling to engage in open war with the
Aetolians on account of what he regarded as mere
plundering expeditions. Soon, however, the defeat
of the Achaeans at Caphyae, and the daring out-
rage of the Aetolians in seizing and burning Cy-
naetha, aroused him to the necessity of immediate
action, and he proceeded in person to Corinth at the
head of a considerable force. He arrived too late
to act against the Aetolians, who had already
quitted the Peloponnese, but by advancing to
Tegea he succeeded in overawing the Lacedaemo-
COIN OF PHILIPPUS IIL KING OF MACEDONIA.
nians, who were secretly disposed to favour the
Aetolians, and for a time prevented them from
PHILIPPUS IV. (víAITTOS), king of Mace- quitting the cause of their allies. He next pre-
DONIA, was the eldest son of Cassander, whom he sided at a general assembly of the Achaeans and
succeeded on the throne, B. c. 297, or, according to other allied states at Corinth, at which war was
Clinton, early in 296. The exact period of his declared against the Aetolians by the common
reign is uncertain, but it appears to have lasted consent of all present, including besides Philip
only a few months, when he was carried off by a himself and the Achaeans, the Boeotians, Phocians,
consumptive disorder, B. C. 296. No events are Epeirots, Acarnanians, and Messenians. Few of
recorded to us of this short interval ; but it appears these, however, were either disposed or ready to
that he maintained the friendly relations with take an active part in immediate hostilities, while
Athens which had been established by his father, the Lacedaemonians and Eleans openly espoused
and he was probably advancing into Greece to the cause of the Aetolians. It was evident there-
support his partisans in that country, when his fore that the chief burden of the war would de-
death took place at Elateia in Phocis. (Paus. ix. volve upon Philip and the Achaeans, and the young
7. $ 3; Justin, xv. 4, xvi. 1; Porphyr. ap. Euseb. king returned to Macedonia to prepare for the con-
Arm. p. 155; Dexipp. ap Syncell
. p. 50+, ed. test. (Polyb. iv. 5, 9, 16, 19, 22—29, 31—36 ; Plut.
Ponn; Droysen, Hellenism. vol. i. pp. 565, 566 ; Arat. 47). His first care was to fortify his own
Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. pp. 180, 236. ) (E. H. B. } frontiers against the neighbouring barbarians, and
lainno
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280
PHILIPPUS.
PHILIPPUS.
ܪ
he was able to conclude a treaty with Scerdilaïdas, Paeonia, which was well calculated to check the
king of Illyria, who undertook to assail the Aeto inroads of the Dardanians, and afterwards in vaded
lians by sea. Early in the ensuing spring (B. C. Thessaly, where he reduced the Phthiotic Thebes.
219) Philip entered Epeirus with an army of 15,000 The Achacans, on their side, had raised large
font and 800 horse, and was quickly joined by the forces, and carried on the war with much success
whole forces of the Epeirots and Acarnanians; but in the Peloponnese. Meanwhile, events of far
Jiis successes were limited to the reduction of some greater importance had been passing in Italy, and
forts and towns on the frontiers of Aetolia and the news of the battle of Thrasymene, which reached
Acarnania, pod to the ravage of the adjoining Philip while he was celebrating the Nemean games
country, when he was recalled to Macedonia by at Argos, determined him to listen to the overtures
the news of an invasion of the Dardanians. The for peace which had been renewed by the neutral
barbarians, indeed, retired on hearing of his return, powers, the Chians, Rhodians, and Piolemy, king
but Philip spent the remainder of the summer and of Egypt. A treaty was soon brought about, by
autumn in Thessaly, and it was not until the which it was agreed that both parties should re-
winter had already set in, and his Achaean allies tain what they then possessed, and thus ended,
had begun to despair of his arrival, that he sud- after a duration of three years, the contest com-
denly presented himself at Corinth at the head of monly known as the Social War. (Polyb. v. 24,
a small but select army. This unexpected ma- 29, 30, 97—105. )
nouvre was completely successful ; he surprised During the course of these events it is certain
and totally defeated a force of Aetolian and Eleian that the character of Philip appears in the most fa-
troops under Euripidas, and following up his ad- rourable light. Throughout the military operations
vantage, took the strong fortress of Psophis by a he displayed uncommon abilities.
His daring and
sudden assault, laid waste without opposition the rapid movements disconcerted all the plans of his
rich plains of Elis, and then advancing into Tri- enemies; and the boldness of his conceptions was
phylia, made himself master of the whole of that accompanied with a vigour and skill in the execu-
region, though abounding in strongholds, within tion of them, which might have done credit to the
six days. After this brilliant campaign, he took oldest and most practised general. But his military
up his quarters at Argos for the remainder of the talents were accompanied with merits of a still
winter. (Polyb. iv. 37, 57, 61--82. )
higher order. His policy inclined always to the
The ensuing spring (B. C. 218) he first turned side of clemency and moderation, and he had esta-
his attention to the reduction of the important blished a well-earned popularity throughout Greece,
island of Cephallenia, but failed in an attack on by repeated proofs of generosity and good faith.
the city of Palae in consequence of the treachery So high, indeed, was his character in these respects,
and misconduct of one of his own officers, Leontius, that all the cities of Crete are said to have volunta-
who purposely prevented the troops under his rily united in placing themselves under his protection
command from carrying the breach by assault. and patronage (Polyb. vii. 12 ; Plut. Arut. 48).
Hereupon Philip abandoned the enterprise ; but Unfortunately these favourable dispositions were
landing suddenly at the head of the Ambracian not destined to last long ; and the change that
gulf, he penetrated unexpectedly into the heart of subsequently came over his character appears to
Aetolia where he surprised the capital city of have commenced almost immediately after the close
Thermus, in which all the wealth and treasures of of the Social War. It is scarcely probable, as suge
the Aetolian leaders were deposited. The whole gested by Plutarch, that his naturally evil disposition
of these fell into the hands of the king, and were had been hitherto restrained by fear, and that he
either carried off or destroyed, together with a now first begun to show himself in his true colours;
vast quantity of arms and armour ; but not content Polybius niore plausibly ascribes the change in his
with this, Philip set fire to the sacred buildings, character to the influence of evil counsellors ;
and destroyed all the statues and other works of though these very probably did no more than ac-
art with which they were adorned. The Aetolians celerate the natural etfects too often produced by
in vain attacked his army on his retreat, and he the intoxication of success and the possession of
succeeded in carrying off the spoils in safety to his arbitrary power at an early age. It is certain at
fleet. (Polyb. v. 2-9, 13, 14. ) Having by this least that the evil counsellors were not wanting.
sudden blow struck terror into the Aetolians them- | A pelles and the other officers to whom the chief
selves, he next turned his arms against their Pelo posts in the administration had been confided by
ponnesian allies, and returning in all haste to Corinth, Antigonus Doson, had hoped to hold the uncon-
assembled the Achaean forces, and invaded Laconia trolled direction of affairs, under the reign of the
before the Spartans had heard of his having quitted young king, and could ill brook to see their power
Aetolia. Descending the valley of the Eurotas he supplanted by the growing influence of Aratus,
passed close to Sparta itself, laid waste the whole who at this period chietly swayed the counsels of
country as far as Taenarus and Malea, and on his Philip. Having failed in repeated attempts to un-
return totally defeated the forces with which Ly- dermine the power of the Achaean leader, by
curgus had occupied the heights near Sparta, in calumnies and intrigues, they went so far as to
order to intercept his retreat. (Id. v. 17—24. ) engage in the most treasonable schemes for frus-
An attempt was now made by the Chians and trating all the designs of Philip himself, and
Rhodians to effect a peace by their mediation ; but thwariing the success of his military enterprizes.
though Philip consented to a truce for the purpose Their machinations were at length discovered,
of carrying on the negotiations, these proved abor- and Apelles himself, together with Leontius and
tive, and the war was still continued. The opera-Megaleas, the partners of his guilt, were severally
tions of the next year (B. c. 217) were less brilliant, put to death. (Polyb. iv. 76, 82–87, v. 2, 4, 14
but fortune still favoured the arms of Philip and -16, 25-28; Plut. Arat. 48. )
his allies; the king, who had returned to Mace But the removal of these adversaries was fir
dunia, took the important fortress of Bylazora, in from giving to Aratus the increased power and in-
## p. 281 (#297) ############################################
PHILIPPUS.
PHILIPPUS.
281
fnence which might have been anticipated. A made himself master of the strong fortress of Lissus,
more dangerous rival had already made his appear the capture of which was followed by the submis-
ance in Demetrius of Pharos, who, after his expul- sion of great part of Illyria (Polyb. viii. 15): but
sion from his own dominions by the Romans [DE- this decisive blow was not followed up; and the
METRIUS, p. 966, a. ), had taken reſuge at the court apparent inaction of the king during the two fol-
of Philip, and soon acquired unbounded influence lowing years is the more remarkable, because the
over the mind of the young king. It was the Pha- occupation of Tarentum by Hannibal would have
rian exile who first gave a new turn to the foreign scemed likely, at this juncture, to facilitate his
policy of Philip, by directing his attention to the communications with Italy.
state of affairs beyond the Ionian sen ; and per- Meanwhile, the proceedings of Philip in Greece
suaded him to conclude peace with the Aetolians, were but too well calculated to alienate all the
in order to watch the contest which was going on favourable dispositions previously entertained to-
in Italy. (Polyb. iv. 66, v. 12, 101, 105 ; Justin. wards him. in B. c. 215, he had interposed in
xxix. 2, 3). The ambition of the young king was the affairs of Messenia, in a manner that led to a
Aattered by the prospect thus held out to him, but fearful massacre of the oligarchical party in that
he did not deem the time yet corne openly to take state : the reproaches of Aratus on this occasion
part in the contest, and in the meanwhile his at- were bitter and vehement, and from henceforth all
iention was turned to the side of Illyria. Scer- friendship was at an end between them. Philip
dilaïdas, king of that country, had abandoned the was, howerer, still so far swayed by his influence
alliance of the Macedonian monarch, by whom he as to refrain at that time from the design of seizing
deemed himself aggrieved ; and had taken advan- by treachery on the fortress of Ithome: but after
tnge of Philip's absence in Greece to occupy some his return from his unsuccessful expedition to Il-
towns and fortresses on the frontiers of the two lyria (B. c. 214) he returned to this project, and
countries. The recovery of these occupied Philip sent Demetrius of Pharos to carry it into execu-
during the remainder of the summer of 217, and the tion. The latter was killed in the attempt ; but
winter was spent principally in the preparation and his death produced no change in the counsels of
equipment of a fleet with which he designed to Philip, who now invaded Messenia bimself, and
atunck the coasts of Illyria. But scarcely had he en- laid waste the open country with fire and sword.
tered the Adriatic in the following summer (B. C. Meanwhile, the breach between him and Aratus had
216), when the rumour that a Roman fleet was become daily more complete, and was still farther
coming to the assistance of Scerdilaidas inspired bim widened by the discovery that the king was car-
with such alarm that he made a hasty retreat to rying on a criminal intercourse with the wife of
Cephallenia, and afterwards withdrew to Macedonia, the younger Aratus. At length the king was
without attempting anything farther (Polyb. v. 108 induced to listen to the insidious proposal of Tau-
-110). But the news of the great disaster sus- rion, and to rid himself of his former friend and
tained by the Roman arms at Cannae soon after counsellor by means of a slow and secret poison,
decided Philip openly to espouse the cause of Car- B. C. 213. (Polyb. vii. 10–14, viii. 10, 14; Plut.
thage, and he despatched Xenophanes to Italy to Arat. 49–52. )
conclude a treaty of alliance with Hannibal. Unfor- The war between Philip and the Romans had
tunately the ambassador, after having successfully been carried on, for some time, with unaccountable
accomplished his mission, on his return fell into the slackness on both sides, when it all at once assumed
hands of the Romans, who thus became aware of the a new character in consequence of the alliance en-
projects of Philip, and immediately stationed a fleet tered into by the latter with the Aetolians. In the
at Brundusium, to prevent him from crossing into treaty concluded by the Roman praetor, M. Valerius
Italy ; while the king himself, on the coutrary, re Laevinus, with that people (before the end of
mained for a long time in ignorance of the result of B. c. 211), provision was also made for comprising
his negotiations, and it was not till late in the fol- in the alliance Scerdilaïdas, king of Illyria, and
lowing year (B. c. 215) that he sent a second Attalus, king of Pergamus, and the king of Ma-
embassy, and a treaty of alliance was defini- cedonia thus found himself threatened on all sides
tively concluded between him and the Cartha- by a powerful confederacy. (Liv. xxvi. 24 ; Justin.
ginian general. (Liv. xxiii. 33, 34, 38, 39 ; xxix. 4. ) This news at length roused him from
Polyb. iii. 2, vii. 9; Appian, Mac. 1; Justin, xxix. his apathy. Though it was then midwinter, he
4. )
hastened to provide for the safety of his frontiers,
Whether Philip really meditated at this time both on the side of Illyria and that of Thrace, and
the invasion of Italy, or was merely desirous of then marched south wards, with an army, to the
establishing his power over all the countries east succour of the Acarnanians, whu were attacked by
of the Adriatic, it is certain that his proceedings the Aetolians, but the latter withdrew on learning
were marked by an unaccountable degree of hesita- the approach of Philip, and the king returned to
tion and delay. He suffered the remainder of the Macedonia. Hostilities were renewed in the
season of 215 to pass away without any active mea- spring (B. c. 210), and the Romans opened the
sures, and though in the following year (B. C. 214), campaign by the capture of Anticyra ; but after
he at length appeared in the Adriatic with a fleet, this, instead of supporting their allies with rigour,
with which he took the town of Oricus, and laid they withdrew the greater part of their forces,
siege to the important city of Apollonia, his arms and P. Sulpicius Galba, who had succeeded Lae-
were soon paralysed by the arrival of a small Ro- vinus in the command, found himself unable to
man force under M. Laevinus, and he was not effect anything more than the conquest of Aegina,
only compelled to raise the siege of Apollonia, but while Philip succeeded in reducing the strong
destroyed his own ships to prevent their falling fortress of Echinus in Thessaly, notwithstand-
into the hands of the enemy, and effected his retreat ing all the efforts of the Romans and Aetolians to
to Macedonia by land. (Liv. xxiv. 40. ) The fol. relieve it. (Liv. xxvi. 25, 26, 28 ; Polyb. ix. 11,
lowing year (213), he was more successful, having 42. )
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282
PIILIPPUS.
PHILIPPUS.
The next summer (B. C. 209)', the arms of Phi- , and the Romans, whose attention was directed
lip were directed to the support of his allies, the wholly towards affairs in Spain and Africa, lent
Achaeans, who were unable to make head against no support to their Grecian allies. Meanwhile,
the Lacedaemonians, Messenians, and Eleans the Achaeans, under Philopoemen, were victorions
Marching through Thessaly, he defeated the Aeto- in the Peloponnese over Machanidas, and the
lian general Pyrrhias, though supported by some Aetolians, finding themselves abandoned by their
Roman troops furnished him by Galba, in two l'allies, and unable to cope single-handed with the
successive actions, forced the pass of Thermopylae, Power of Philip, who had a second time carried
and made his way successfully to the Peloponnese, his ravages into the heart of their country, and
where he celebrated the Heraean games at Argos. plundered their capital city of Thermus, at length
The Rhodinns and Chians, as well as the Athenians i consented to peace upon the conditions dictated
and Ptolemy, king of Egypt, now again interposed by the conqueror. What these were we know
their good offices, to bring about a peace between not, but the treaty had hardly been concluded,
the contending parties, and negotiations were | when a Roman fleet and army, under P. Sem.
opened at Aegium, but these proved abortive in pronius Tuditanus, arrived at Dyrrhachium. Philip
consequence of the arrogant demands of the Aeto- hastened to oppose him, and offered him battle,
lians, in whom the arrival of Attalus at this junc. but the Roman general shut himself up within
ture had excited fresh hopes. Philip now invaded the walls of Apollonia ; and mean while the Epei-
Elis in conjunction with the Achaean practor rots, by their intervention, succeeded in bringing
Cycliadas, but was worsted in an engngement about a peace between the two parties. A pre-
under the walls of the city, in which, however, liininary treaty was concluded between Philip and
the king greatly distinguished himself by his per- Sempronius at Phoenice in Epeirus, B. C. 205, and
sonal bravery ; and the inroads of the Dardanians, was readily ratified by the Roman people, who
and other Barbarian tribes now compelled him to were desirous to give their undivided attention to
return to Macedonia. (Liv. xxvii. 29—33; Justin. the war in Africa. (Liv. xxix. 12; Polyb. xi. 4,
xxix. 4. )
7 ; Appian. Muc. Exc. 2. )
At the opening of the campaign of 208, Philip It is probable that both parties looked upon the
found himself assailed on all sides by the formidable peace thus concluded as little more than a sus-
confederacy now organized against him. Sulpicius pension of hostilities. Such was clearly the view
with the Roman fleet, in conjunction with the king with which the Romans had accepted it, and
Attalus, commenced their attacks by sea, while Philip was eridently well aware of their senti-
the Illyrian princes, Scerdilaïdas and Pleuratus, ments in this respect
. Hence he not only pro-
and the Thracian tribe of the Maedi threatened ceeded to carry out his views for his own aggran-
his northern frontiers, and his allies, the Achaeans, dizement and the humiliation of his rivals in Greece,
Acarnanians, and Boeotians, were clamorous for without any regard to the Roman alliances in that
support and assistance against the Aetolians and country, but he even went so far as to send a
Lacedaemonians. The energy and activity dis- strong body of auxiliaries to the Carthaginians in
played by the kirg under these trying circum- Africa, who fought at Zama under the standard
stances, is justly praised by Polybius: while he of Hannibal. (Liv. XXI. 26, 33, 4, xxxi. 1. )
sent such support as his means enabled him to his Meanwhile, his proceedings in Greece were stained
various allies, he himself took up his post at De by acts of the darkest pertidy and the most wanton
metrias in Thessaly, to watch the proceedings of aggression. The death of Ptolemy Philopator,
Sulpicius and Attalus ; and though he was unable king of Egypt (B. C. 205), and the infancy of his
to prevent the fall of Oreus, which was betrayed successor, at this time opened a new field to the
into their hands (Plator), he not only saved ambition of Philip, who concluded a league with
Chalcis from a similar fate, but narrowly missed Antiochus against the Egyptian monarch, accord-
surprising Attalus himself in the neighbourhood of ing to which the Cyclades, as well as the cities
Opus. The king of Pergamus was soon after re- and islands in lonia subject to Ptolemy, were to
called to the defence of his own dominions against fall to the share of the Macedonian king. (Polyb.
Prusias, king of Bithynia, and Sulpicius, unable to iii. 2, xv. 20; Appian. Mac. Exc. 3 ; Justin. xxx. 2. )
keep the sea single-handed, withdrew to Aegina. In order to carry out this scheme, it was neces-
Philip was thus left at liberty to act against the sary for Philip to establish his naval power firmly
Aetolians, and to support his own allies in the in the Aegaean, and to humble that of Attalus and
Peloponnese, where Machanidas, the Lacedaemo- the Rhodians, and the latter object he endeavoured
nian tyrant, retired on his approach. The king to effect by the most nefarious means, for which
was content with this success; and after taking he found ready instruments in Dicaearchus, an
part in the general assembly of the Achaeans at Aetolian pirate, and Heracleides, an exile from
Aegium, and ravaging the coasts of Aetolia, re- Tarentum, who seems at this period to have held
turned once more into his own dominions. (Polyb. the same place in the king's confidence previously
x. 41, 42; Liv. xxviii. 5—8 ; Justin. xxix. 4. ) enjoyed by Demetrius of Pharos. While Dicae
The events of the succeeding years of the war archus, with a squadron of twenty ships, cruised
are very imperfectly known to us, but it is evident in the Aegaean, and made himself master of the
that matters took a turn decidedly favourable to principal islands of the Cyclades, Heracleides con-
Philip and his allies. Attalus continued in Asia, trived to ingratiate himself with the Rhodians,
and then took an opportunity to set fire to their
Concerning the chronology of these events, arsenal, and burn great part of their fleet. (Polyb.
and the error committed by Livy, who assigns xiii. 4, 5, xv. 20, xviii. 37 ; Diod. xxviii. Exc
this campaign to the year 208, see Schorn (Gesch.
