No More Learning

66 he was made
but which in all probability belongs to B. c. 401. tribune of the plebs, and moved that the command
[CAMILLUS, No. 1. ]
of the war against the pirates should be given to
2. Agrippa Furius Fusus, consular tribune Pompey. The proposed law did not name Pompey,
in B. C. 391, the year before the taking of Rome but it plainly pointed to him, and was calculated
by the Gauls. (Liv. v. 32 ; Fasti Capitol. ) to make him almost an absolute monarch. Among
other provisions, it directed that the people should
elect a commander whose imperium should extend
orer the whole of the Mediterranean, and to a dis-
G.
tance of fifty miles inland from its coasts, who
should take such sums of money as he might think
GABAEUS (Tabalos), ruler of the Lesser or fit out of the public treasures, and should have a
Hellespontine Phrygia, is mentioned by Xenophon fleet of 200 sail, with unlimited powers of raising
(Cyrop. ii. I. $ 5) as one of the allies of the Assy- soldiers and seamen. This proposition was very
rians against Cyrus and (the supposed) Cyaxares pleasing to the people, on account of the scarcity of
II. (Cyrus. ) On the defeat of the Assyrians, provisions, which the interruption of commerce by
Gabaeus made the best of his way back to his own the pirates had occasioned ; but it was equally dis-
country. (Cyrop. iv. 2. & 30. )
(E. E. ) pleasing to the senators, who distrusted the am-
GABI'NIA GENS, plebeian. The name does bition of Pompey. Party-spirit was carried to such
not occur earlier than the second century B. C. a height that serious riots ensued. Gabinius was
There were no real family names in this gens, but in danger of his life from an attack of the senators.
only a few surnames, namely, Capito (CIMBER), The senators, in turn, were assailed by the popu-
Sisenna, which are accordingly given under GA- lace, who would perhaps have sacrificed the consul,
[J. T. G. ] Calpurnius Piso, to their fury, had not Gabinius
GABINIA'NUS, SEX. JUʻLIUS, a celebrated effected his rescue, dreading the odium and severe
Roman rhetorician, who taught rhetoric in Gaul in re-action which such a catastrophe would have oc-
the time of Vespasian. All further information casioned. When the day of the comitia for put-
concerning him is lost, but we know that he was ting the rogatio to the vote arrived, Gabinius macie
spoken of by Suetonius, in his work de Claris | himself remarkable by his answers to the affected
BINIUS.


## p. 193 (#209) ############################################

GABINIUS.
193
GABINIUS.
GABINIUS.
. (Tac. de Orat. 26; Euseb. Care est
KR. 8. )
(LS1
NIUS. 1. A. ? GABINICS
, IR LC
d br L. Anicius in the command o a
Scodra in Illyricum, after the sale
ing Gentius. (Lir, xlr. 26. )
IBINIUS, was tribune of the ples, in
nd introduced the first La Tabelarsh
ituted the ballot for open voting (Diz
Tabellariae Leges. ) Porcius Latre Low
itiling th, c. 19) mentions a ler le
ch clandestine assemblies in the air
ble with death, but it is bet kur
jis law lelongs, and even iis eris.
doubted. (Heince. Anteq. ker. .
Dicck, l'ersuche über das Chat
; Halle, 1822, pp. 73, 74. )
1
INIUS, was legatus in the Scal
. C. 89, after a successful camera
si and Lucini, lost his life its
enemy's camp. (Liv. Epile 10;
Oros. v. 18, calls him Cajuk
'S, fought at Chaeropeia in the
is military tribune, ard in the
81, was despaiched by Sala :3
ions to Murena to end the Tu
He was a moderate and br
16. Sall. 16, 17; Appian, Mur.
Manil. 3. )
of uncertain parentage, 538
expensive pleasures, and are
os of dice, wine, and rece.
hair was fragrant sich e
ks were coloured with more
n the dance, and his . .
and song. If we mas tras
Cicero pro Sest 8, 4,
Pison. Il, pro Dosa 34,
icious company, ani led te
gate life. Haring dan
Ich a course of conduct be
as the means of repair
In B. C 66 he was
mored that the me
rates should be given to
did not name Parapes
,
aim, and was alread
lute monarch. Adot:
that the people se
reasons of Pompey for declining the proposed com- | the exile of Cicero occurred ; and the conduct of
mand: "You were not born for yourself alone,” | Gabinius in promoting the views of Clodius pro-
he told Pompey, “but for your country. ” Tre duced that extreme resentment in the mind of
bellius attempted to stop the proceedings by his Cicero, which afterwards found vent on many oc-
veto, whereupon Gabinius proposed that he should casions. The consuls, by an edict, prohibited the
be deprived of his tribuneship. It was not until senate from wearing mourning for the banished
seventeen out of the thirty-five tribes had voted orator, and some of the spoils of Cicero's Tusculan
against his continuance in office, that Trebellius villa were transferred to the neighbouring mansion
withdrew his opposition to the measure of his col- of Gabinius. However, when Clodius quarrelled
league. (Ascon. in Cic. pro Cornel. ) If Gabinius with Pompey, Gabinius remained true to his
had not carried his law, says Cicero (post Red. in original patron, and thus exposed hiniself to the
Sen. 51), such were his embarrassments, that he violence of Clodius, who broke his fasces, and, by
must have turned pirate himself. He may have a ler sacrata, dedicated his property to the gods.
been privately rewarded by Pompey for his useful It is not easy to trace with chronological accu-
services, but the senate baffled him in his favourite racy the proceedings of Gabinius in his proconsular
project, by successfully opposing, or, at least, de government of Syria. When be arrived in Judea,
laying, his election as one of the legates of Pompey, he found the country in a state of agitation. The
whom he hoped to follow into Asia. As Pompey dispute between the two brothers, Hyrcanus and
expected to supersede L. Lucullus in the war Aristobulus, had been decided in favour of the
against Mithridates, Gabinius endeavoured to ex- former. Pompey had given to Hyrcanus the office
cite obloquy against the pride and grandeur of of bigh-priest, and had carried away as prisoners
Lucullus, by exhibiting in public a plan of his mag. Aristobulus, with two of his daughters, and his
nificent villa at Tusculum. Yet Gabinius himself two sons, Alexander and Antigonus ; but Alex.
afterwards, out of the profits of his office, built in ander, on his way to Italy, escaped from custody,
the same neighbourhood so splendid and costly a returned to Judea, and dispossessed Hyrcanus.
mansion, that the villa of Lucullus was a mere hut Gabinius soon compelled Alexander to sue for fa-
in comparison.
vour, and effected the restoration of Hyrcanus to
Gabinius was the proposer of a law regulating the high priesthood. He next made an important
loans of money made at Rome to the provincials. change in the constitution of the government of
If more than twelve per cent. were agreed to be Judea, by dividing the country into five districts,
paid as annual interest, the law of Gabinius pre in each of which he created a supreme council
.
vented any action at all from being brought on (Joseph. Ant. iv. 10, de Bell. Jud. I. 6. ) It was
such an agreement. When M. Brutus lent the perhaps on account of some of his successes in
Salaminii a sum of money, at interest of four per Judea that Gabinius made application to the sea
cent monthly, or forty-eight per cent yearly, and nate to be honoured with a supplicatio; but the
obtained a decree of the senate, dispensing with senate, in order to evince their hostility to him and
the law of Gabinius in his case, and directing “ ut his patron Pompey, slighted his letter, and rejected
jus diceretur er ista syngrapha," Cicero held that his suit-an atfront which had never before been
the decree of the senate did not give such force to offered, under similar circumstances, to any pro-
the agreement as to render valid the excess of in- consul (Ad Qu. Fr. ii. 8. ) As the refusal of the
terest above the legal rate. (Ad Atl. vi. 2. $ 5. ) senate occurred in the early part of the year B. C.
We read of another Lex Gabinia, by which the 56, Drumann (Gesch. Roms. vol iii. p. 47, n. 35)
senate was directed to give audience to ambas- thinks that it referred to some successes of Gabi-
sadors from the 1st of February to the 1st of nius over the Arabs, previous to his campaigns in
March. By a previous Lex Pupia the senate was Judea.
prohibited in general terms from assembling on Gabinius now sought for other enemies, against
comitial days. Under these laws arose the ques whom he might profitably turn his arms. Phraates,
tion whether the senate might be legally assembled king of Parthia, had been murdered by his two
on a comitial day, occurring in February, or whe- sons, Orodes and Mithridates, who afterwards
ther such days were not tacitly excepted from the contended between themselves for the crown.
Lex Gabinia. (Ad Qu. Fr. ii. 13. )
Mithridates, feeling bimself the weaker of the
In B. C. 61 Gabinius was praetor, and in B. C. two, by presents and promises engaged Gabinius
59 he and L. Piso were chosen consuls for the en- to undertake his cause, and the Roman general
suing year. In the interval between his tribunate had already crossed the Euphrates with his army,
and his praetorship he appears to have been en- when he was invited to return by the prospect of
gaged in military service in the East, and to have a richer and an easier prey.
accompanied M. Scaurus to Judea, where, in the Ptolemy the Piper (Auletes), having offended
contest between the Maccabees, he received a the Alexandrians by his exactions and pusilla
bribe of 300 talents from Aristobulus. (Joseph. nimity, had been driven from his kingdom. While
Ant. xiv. 2, 3, 4. )
he was absent, soliciting the senate of Rome to
The consuls, Gabinius and Piso, had previously assist in his restoration, the Alexandrians made
been gained over to the party of Clodius, who his daughter Berenice queen, and invited Seleucus
promised to use bis influence in procuring for Cibiosactes to marry her, and share her throne.
them lucrative governments. Piso was to get He accepted the proposal, notwithstanding the op
Macedonia, with Greece and Thessaly, and Ga- position of Gabinius, but was shortly afterwards
binius was to get Cilicia ; but, upon the remon- strangied by order of his wife, who thought him a
strance of Gabinius, Cilicia was exchanged for the mean-spirited man, and soon grew tired of his
richer government of Syria, which was erected into society. After the death of Cibiosactes, Archelaus
a proconsular province, on the ground of the in-(the son of that Archelaus who had commanded
cursions of the Arabs.
the army of Pontus against Sulla in the Mithridatic
I was during the consulship of Gabinius that I war) became ambitious to supply his place. Ar
5
mperium should erzad
erranean, and to su
fron its casts-ube
ney as he migót tas
$ and should have a
zed powers of rus
proposition was to7
int of the scaresse
ion of concer br
i it was equires
distrusted the as
was carried to sact
sed. Gabinis ra
ck of the sensters
siled br tie pat
crifced the need
hard no: Gais
odium and sever
world ise *
comitis far por
, Gabin:
3 to the air
VOL. IL
o


## p. 194 (#210) ############################################

194
GABINIUS.
GABINIUS.
chelaus pretended to be a son of Mithridates the in to sustain their charge. He was now attacked
Great, and had joined the Roman army with the on all sides. Cicero, especially, goaded him so
intention of accompanying Gabinius into Parthia. sharply, that he was unable to contain himself,
Gabinius opposed the ambitious design of Arche- and, with a voice almost choked with passion,
laus, who, nevertheless, made his escape from the called Cicero an exile. An émeute succeeded. The
Roman army, reached Alexandria, married Bere senate to a man rose from their seats, pressed
nice, and was declared king. Dion Cassius thinks round Gabinius, and manifested their indignation
(xxxix. 57) that Gabinius, wishing to enhance the as clamorously as the warmest friend of Cicero
value of his own services by baving a general of could desire. (Ad Qu. Fr. iii. 2. )
some ability to contend against, connived at the Three accusations were brought against Gabi-
escape of Archelaus.
nius The first of these was for majestas, in leaving
Such was the state of affairs in Egypt when his province, and making war in favour of Ptolemy
Ptolemy came to Gabinius with recommendatory Auletes, in defance of the Sibyl, and the authority
letters from Pompey. Moreover, he promised to of the senate. In this accusation Cicero gare
pay Gabinius a large sum of money (10,000 ta evidence, but, at the instance of Pompey, did not
lents) if he were restored to his kingdom by the press severely upon Gabinius. Pompey prevailed
assistance of the proconsul. The enterprise was upon him not to be the prosecutor, but could noh,
displeasing to the greater part of the Roman offi- with the most urgent solicitation, induce him to
cers, since it was forbidden by a decree of the undertake the defence. The prosecutor was L.
senate, and by an oracle of the Sibyl; but Gabinius Lentulus, who was slow and backward. The
was encouraged in his plan of assisting Auletes by judges, by a majority of 38 to 32, acquitted Gabi-
M. Antony, the future triumvir, who commanded nius, on the ground that the words of the Sibyl
the Roman cavalry ; and he was supplied with applied to other times and another king. (Dion
money, arms, and provisions, by Antipater of Idus Cass. xxxix. 55. ) The majority who voted for
mea, who required the friendship of the Romans his acquittal were suspected of corruption, as was
to assist him in the subjugation of the Maccabees. Lentulus of prevarication.
An inundation of the
M. Antony, who was sent forward with the ca- Tiber, which occurred about this time, was attri-
valry to seize the passes of Egyph was put in pos- buted to the anger of the gods at the escape of
session of Pelusium, the key of the kingdom. Gabinius. (Ad Q2. Fr. ii. 7. )
Archelaus was killed in action, and Gabinius re- The second prosecution was de repetundis ez lege
mained master of Alexandria. He now found the Julia, for the illegal receipt of 10,000 talents from
whole of Egypt at his disposal, and resigned the Ptolemy Auletes. Out of several candidates for
kingdom to Ptolemy, who not only put his daugh- the honour of conducting the accusation, M. Cato,
ter Berenice to death, but ordered the execution of the praetor, selected C. Memmius Cicero now
the richest of the Alexandrians, that with their could no longer resist the importunity of Pom-
spoils he might the better satisfy the engagements pey, and undertook the defence, though he felt
he had entered into with Gabinius.
that the part was sorely derogatory to his self-
Upon the return of Gabinius to Judea, he found respect, and to his reputation for consistency ; for
Alexander, the son of Aristobulus, again in arms, no one had laboured with greater assiduity than
and, after defeating him at Tabor, administered the he had, ever since his return from exile, to blacken
government of the country, in conformity with the the character of Gabinius. A fragment from the
counsels of Antipater. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 6. ) notes of Cicero's speech for Gabinius has been pre-
Meanwhile a storm had been brewing at Rome, served by Hieronymus (Adv. Rufin. , ed. Paris,
where Gabinius knew that he would have to en- vol. iv. p. 351), but his advocacy was unsuccess-
counter not only the hostility of the optimates, but ful, notwithstanding the favourable testimony of
all the unpopularity which his personal enemies the Alexandrine deputies and of Pompey, backed
could excite against him. He had given umbrage by a letter from Caesar. Dion Cassins indeed
to the Romans in Syria, especially to the publicani (xlvi. 8) makes Q. Fufius Calenus hint that the
of the equestrian order, whose profits were dimi- success of the prosecution was due to the mode of
nished by the depredations of the pirates along conducting the defence. Gabinius went into exile,
the Syrian coast, which Gabinius had left un- and his goods were sold, to discharge the amount
guarded during his expedition to Egypt.
at which the damages were estimated. As the
The recal of Gabinius from his province had produce of the sale was not sufficient to cover the
been decreed in B. C. 55, but he did not depart estimated sum, a suit was instituted, under the
until his successor, M. Crassus, had actually made same Les Julia de repetundis, against C. Rabirius
his appearance, in B. c. 54. He lingered on the Postumus, who was liable to make up the defici-
road, and his gold travelled before him, to purchase ency, if it could be proved that the money illegally
favour or silence. To cover his disgrace, he gave received by Gabinius had come to his hands. Thus
out that he intended to demand a triumph, and he the cause of C. Rabirius Postumus (who was
remained some time without the city gates, but, also defended by Cicero) was a supplementary ap
finding delay useless, on the 28th of September, pendage to the cause of Gabinius (RABIRIUS
B. C. 54, he stole into the city by night, to avoid | POSTUMUS]
the insults of the populace. For ten days he did Upon the exile of Gabinius the third accusa-
not dare to present himself before the senate. tion dropped, which charged him with ambitus, or
When at length he came, and had made the usual illegal canvassing, and was entrusted to P. Sulla,
report as to the state of the Roman forces, and as as prosecutor, with the assistance of Caecilius and
to the troops of the enemy, he was about to go Memmius.
away, when he was detained by the consuls, In B. C. 49 he returned from exile, upon the call
L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and App. Claudius, to of Caesar, but he took no part in direct hostilities
answer the accusation of the publicani, who had against Pompey. After the battle of Pharsalia,
been in attendance at the doors, and were called he was despatched to Illyricum with the newly


## p. 195 (#211) ############################################

GADATAS.
195
GAEA.
levied troops, in order to reinforce Q. Corificius | Assyrian king ; but Cyrus hastened to his relief,
Fearing the feet of the Pompeiani, be went by land, and saved him and his forces at a very critical
and, on his march, was much harassed by the Dal moment. After this Gadatas, through fear of the
matians. In the neighbourhood of Salonae, after Assyrians, left his satrapy and joined the army of
having lost more than 2000 men in an engagement Cyrus, to whom he proved of great use, through
with the natives, he threw himself into the town his knowledge of the country. On the capture of
with the remainder of his forces, and for some time Babylon, the king was slain by Gadatas and Go-
defended himself bravely against M. Octavius, BRYAS. (Xen. Cyrop. v. 2. & 28, 3. SS 8—29,
but, in a few months, he was scized with a mortal | 4. SS 1-14, 29—40, vii. 5. SS 24–32. ) (E. E. ]
illness, and died about the end of the year B. C. GAEA or GE (raia or rñ), the personification
48, or the beginning of the following year. (Ap of the earth. She appears in the character of a
pian, Illyr. 12 and 27, Bell. Civ. ii. 59 ; Diou divine being as early as the Homeric poems, for wo
Cass. xlii. 11, 12. )
read in the Iliad (iii. 104) that black sheep were
(A. Rachenstein, Ueber A. Gabinius ein Pro sacrificed to her, and that she was invoked by per-
gramin. 8vo. Aarau. 1826 ; Drumann, Gesch. Roms. sons taking oaths. (iii. 278, xv. 36, xix. 259, od.
vol. iv. pp. 40–62, where all the authorities are col- v. 124. ) She is further called, in the Homeric
lected. )
poems, the mother of Erechtheus and Tithyus. (Il.
6. Á. GABINIUS SISENNA, the son of No. 5, by ii. 548, Od. vii. 324, xi. 576 ; comp. Apollon.
his wife Lollia, accompanied his father to Syria, Rhod. i. 762, iii. 716. ) According to the Thea-
and remained in that province, with a few troops, gony of Hesiod (117, 125, &c. ), she was the first
while his father was engaged in restoring Ptolemy being that sprang from Chaos, and gave birth to
Auletes to the throne of Egypt. When Memmius Uranus and Pontus. By Uranus she then becamo
was exciting the people against his father, he the mother of a series of beings, – Oceanus, Coeus,
fiung himself at the feet of Memmius, who treated Creius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Theia, Rheia, Themis,
him with indignity, and was not softened by his Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Thetys, Cronos, the Cyclopes,
supplicating posture. In classical writers be is Brontes, Steropes, Arges, Cottus, Briareus, and
never spoken of by any other name than Sisenna. Gyges. These children of Ge and Uranus were
(Val. Max. viii. 1. & 3; Dion Cass. xxxix. 56. ) hated by their father, and Ge therefore concealed
7. P. GABINIUS Capito was praetor in B. c. 89, them in the bosom of the earth ; but she made a
and afterwards propraetor in Achaia, where he was large iron sickle, gave it to her sons, and requested
guilty of extortion, for which, upon his return to them to take vengeance upon their father. Cronos
Rome, he was accused by L. Piso (whom the undertook the task, and mutilated Uranus. The
Achaei had selected as their patronus), and con drops of blood which fell from him upon the earth
demned. (Cic. pro Arch. 5, Div. in Caecil
. 20. ) (Ge), became the seeds of the Erinnyes, the Gi-
Lactantius (i. 6) mentions him as one of the three gantes, and the Melian nymphs. Subsequently Ge
deputies who were sent in B. C. 76 to Erythrae to became, by Pontus, the mother of Nereus, Thau-
collect Sibylline prophecies.
mas, Phorcys, Ceto, and Eurybia. (Hes. Theog.
8. P. GABINIUS CAPITO (perhaps a son of No. 7) 232, &c. ; Apollod. i. 1. $ 1, &c. ) Besides these,
was one of the most active of Catiline's accom- however, various other divinities and monsters
plices. When questioned by Cicero, who sent for sprang from her. As Ge was the source from which
him after the arrest of the Allobrogian deputies, he arose the vapours producing divine inspiration, she
at first boldly denied having had any communica- herself also was regarded as an oracular divinity,
tion with them. He was afterwards consigned to and it is well known that the oracle of Delphi was
the custody of M. Crassus, and executed. He believed to have at first been in her possession
seems to be the same as C. Gabinius Cimber. (Sall. (Aeschyl. Eum. 2 ; Paus. x. 5. & 3), and at Olympia,
Bell. Cat. 17, 40, 44, 47, 55 ; Cic. in Cat. iii. 3, 5, too, she had an oracle in early times. (Paus. v. 14.
6, iv. 6. )
(J. T. G. ) $ 8. ) That Ge belonged to the Seol xoiviol, re-
GA'BIUS API'CIUS. (Apicius, No. 2. ) quires no explanation, and hence she is frequently
GA'BIUS BASSUS. [Bassus. )
mentioned where they are invoked. (Philostr. Vit.
GA'BRIAS. [BABRIAS. ]
Apoll. vi. 39 ; Ov. Met.