Achaia and Gracia,
especially
the latter
article.
article.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
--Anal, da Carte*,
p. 31) makes two places of this name to have existed,
one on the Strymonicus, the other on the Singiticus
Sinus Probably Enssaa is the site of Ancient Acan-
thus. Ptolemy speaks of a. harbour named Panonnus,
probably its haven (p. 82. Cramer's AM. Greece, 1,
teS -- Wa/polc's Collect. 1, 2585). The Persian fleet
despatched under Mardonius, suffered severely in
doubting the promontory of Athos ; and Xerxes, to
nurd against a similar accident, caused a canal to be
aag through the neck of land on which Acanthus was
situated; through this his fleet was conducted. (//-? -
to4. 7, 22. ) From the language of Juvenal (10,173),
and the general sarcasm of Pliny (5, 1, "portentoia
Grfcuf mtrutacid"), many regard this account of the
canal as a fable, invented by the Greeks to magnify the
expedition of Xerxes, and thus increase their own re-
nown. But vestiges of the canal were visible in the
time of . Elian (//. A. 13, 20); modem travellers also
discover traces of it (Ghoiscul-Gmiflier, Voy. Pilto-
rerfa* 2, 2, 148. \Valpole, I. <<. ). -- ! ! . A city of
Egypt, the southernmost in the Memphitic Nome.
Ptolemy gives it a plural form, probably from the
Uerny thickets in its vicinity, HnavBai; Strabo (809)
adopts the singular form, as does also Diodorus Sicu-
lu> (1, 97). Ptolemy places this city 15 minutes dis-
tant from Memphis. It is the modern Daskur.
AciBN\>- Vid. Supplement.
AcinsiNix, a country of Greece Proper, along the
western coast, having -'Etolia on the east. The natu-
ral boundary on the . "Etolian side was the Acheioiis,
bat it was not definitely regarded as the dividing limit
until the period of the Roman dominion. (Strab. 450. )
Aeamania was for the most part a productive country,
with good harbours (Scylaz 13). The inhabitants,
however, were but little inclined to commercial inter-
course with their neighbours; they were almost con-
ttantly engaged, in war against the . Etolians, and con-
sequently remained far behind the rest of the Greeks
in culture. Hence, too, we find scarcely any city of
importance within their territories; for Anactorium
and Leucas were founded by Corinthian colonies, and
Jbtmed no part of the nation, though they engrossed
? early all its traffic. Not only Leucadia, indeed, but
dso Cephalenia, Ithaca, and other adjacent islands,
? ere commonly regarded as a geographical portion of
Aeamajiia, though, politically considered, they did not
belong to it, being inhabited by a different race. (Man-
<<rf, 8, 33. ) The Acarnanians and /Etolians were de-
scended from the same parent-stock of the I/eleges or
Coretes, though almost constantly at variance. The
moat important event for the Acarnanians was the ar-
rival among them of Alcmfflon, son of Amphiaraus,
? ? who came with a band of Argivc settlers a short time
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? ACE
ACE
(Hcins. ad Ovid. Fail. 3, 55), the wife of Faustulus,
shepherd of king Numitor's flocks. She became fos-
ter-mother of Komulus and Remus, who had been
found by her husband while exposed on the banks of
the Tiber and suckled by a she-wolf. Some explain
the tradition by making Lupa(" she-wolf") to have been
, a name given by the shepherds to Larentia, from her
immodest character (Plut. Kom. 4); a most improba-
ble solution. We have here, in truth, an old poetic
legend, in which the name Larentia (Lar), and the an-
imals said to have supplied the princes with sustenance
(ml. Romulus), point to an Etrurian origin for the fa-
hle. When the milk of the wolf failed, the wood-
pecker, a bird sacred to Mars, brought other food; oth-
er birds, too, consecrated to auguries by the Etrurians,
hovered over the babes to drivo away the insects.
(Nicbuhr's Rum. Hist. 1, 185. )--II. The Romans
yearly celebrated certain festivals, called Larentalia,
a foolish account of the origin of which is given by
Plutarch (ifutztt. Kom. 272). There i3 some resem-
blance between Plutarch's story and that told by He-
rodotus (2, 122) of Rhampsinitus, king of Egypt, and
the goddess Ceres; and it may, therefore, like the lat-
ter, have for its basis some agricultural or astronom-
ical legend. (Consult Baehr, ad Herod. I. c. )
Accia, or, more correctly, Atia, the sister of Julius
Cesar, and mother of Augustus. Cicero (Phil. 3, 6)
gives her a high character. She was the daughter of
M. Atius Balbus. (Cic. I. c. --Suet. Aug. 4. )
Accios, I. ( Vid. Supplement. ) -- II. Aucius T. ,
a native of Pisaurum in Linbria, and a Roman knight,
was the accuser of A. Cluentius, whom Cicero defend-
ed, B. C. 66. He was a pupil of Hcrmagoras, and is
praised by Cicero for accuracy and fluency. (Brut.
23. )
Acco, a general of the Gauls, at the head of the
confederacy formed against the Romans by the Sc-
nones, Carnutes, and Treviri. Cssar (B. G. 6,4,44),
by the rapidity of his march, prevented the execution
of Acco's plans; and ordered a general assembly of
the Gauls to inquire into the conduct of these nations.
Sentence of death was pronounced on Acco, and ho
was instantly executed.
Aci, a seaport town of Phoenicia, a considerable
distance south of Tyre. On the gold and silver coins
of Alexander the Great, struck in this place with
Phoenician characters, it is called Aco. The Hebrew
Scriptures (Judges, 1, 31) term it Accho, signifying
? 'straitened" or "confined. " Strabo calls it 'Akjj
(758). It was afterward styled Ptolcmais, in honour
of Ptolemy, son of Lagus, who long held part of south-
ern Syria under his sway. The Romans, in a later
age, appear to have transformed the Greek accusative
Plolcmaula into a Latin nominative, and to have des-
ignated the city by this name; at least it is so writ-
ten in the Itin. Antoniu. and Hierosoi. The Greeks,
having changed the original name before this into
'A/ti? , connected with it the fabulous legend of Her-
cules having been bitten here by a serpent, and of his
having cured (unto/tat) the wound by a certain leaf.
(Stcph. B. v. UroM/iaic. ) The compiler of the Etym.
Magn. limits the name of 'A/o? to the citadel, but as
signs a similar reason for its origin. (Compare the
learned remarks of Reland, on tho name of this city,
in his Palest. , p. 535, seq. ) Accho was one of the
cities of Palestine, which the Israelites were unable
to take (Judges, 1. 31). The city is now called Acre,
? ? more properly Acca, and lies at the northern angle of
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? ACH
ACH
in it to the Oms or Ochus, both of which rivers have
undergone considerable changes in their courses.
. 'i'. "(. m\iiii: Vid. Supplement.
Actsis. Vid. Supplement.
Acesus. Vid. Supplement.
AcesTjtks, a large and rapid river of India, falling
into the Indus. It is commonly supposed to lie the
Rarei, but Kennel! makes it, more correctly, the Jc-
naut. ( Vincent's C? omm. and A'ac. of the Anc. )
Acksils, I. a surname of Apollo, under which he
was worshipped in Klis. where he had a splendid tem-
ple in the agora. This surname is the same as 'A? . c? i-
Koxoc, and means the averter of evil. --II. (Vid. Sup-
plement. )
Acestes. Vid. . . ^gestes.
Acestodoeds. Vitl. Supplement.
Acestor, I. an ancient statuary mentioned hy Pausa-
nias (6, 7. 2). He was a native of Cnossus, or at least
exercised his art there for some time, and was the fa-
ther of that Amphion who was the pupil of Ptolichus
of Corcyra. Ptolichus lived about Olymp. 80, 82,
and Acestor must have been his contemporary. (Silhg,
Diet- of A. ne. Artists. ) II. Vid. Supplement.
Ach,k. >>, 'Axctia, a surname of Pallas. Her temple
among the Daunians, in Apulia, contained the arms of
Diomerie and his followers. It was defended by dogs,
which fawned on the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all
other persons (Aristot. dc Mirab. ). --II. Ceres was
also called Achsa, from her grief (d;f or) at the loss of
Proserpina (Flat, tn Is. et Os). Other explanations are
given by the scholiast {ad Ansiofh. Acliarn. 674). Con-
sult also ICuslcr and jirunck, ad luc. , and Suidas, s. v.
AcHii, one of the main branches of the great ,Eo-
lic race. ( Vid.
Achaia and Gracia, especially the latter
article. }
A' 11 >'m e n es, the . founder of the Persian monarchy,
according to some -writers, who identify him with the
Gum SchieL, or Djcmschid, of the Oriental historians
(rtd. Persia). Trie genealogy of the royal line is giv-
en by Herodotus (7, 1 1) from Achremenes to Xerxes.
The earlier descent, as given by the Grecian writers,
and according to -which, Perses, son of Perseus and
Andromeda, was the first of the line, and the individual
from whom the Persians derived their national appella-
tion, is purely fabulous. -Eschylus (Vers. 762) makes
the Persians to have been first governed by a Mede,
who was succeeded by his son; then came Cyrus,
succeeded by one of his sons; next Merdis, Marapliis,
Artaphemes, and Darius; the last not being, howev-
er, a lineal descendant. For a discussion on this sub-
ject, consult Stanley, ad loc. : Larcher, ad Herod. 7,
11, and Schutas, Excurs. 2, ad &sch. Pcrs. I. c.
AcHjEMENides, I. a branch of the Persian tribe of
Pasargadae, named from Achsemencs, the founder of
the line. From this family the kings of Persia were
descended (Herod. 1, 126). Cambyses, on his death-
bed entreated the Achounenides not to suffer the king-
dom to pass into the hands of the Medcs (3, 65). --II.
^ Persian of the royal line, whom Ctcsias (32) makes
the brother, but Herodotus (7, 7) and Diodorus Sicu-
lns (11, 74) call the uncle of Artaxcrxes I. The lat-
ter stvles him Achemeno. (Bachr, ad Cles. I. c. --
Wessel. ad Herod. I- c. )
Ai-H. -E5*c* statIo, J. a place on the coast of the
Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyxcna was sacrificed
to the shade of Achilles, and where Hecuba killed
Polvmncstor, who had murdered her son Polydorus. --
? ? [I The name of Achseorum Portus was given to the
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? ACHAIA.
ACH
The origin of the -Egialii appears to connect them
with the great Ionic race. Ion, son of Xuthus, came
from Attica, according to the received accounts, set-
tled in this quarter (Pain. 7, 1. --Strabo, 383), obtain-
ed in marriage the daughter of King Sclinus, and from
this period the inhabitants were denominated -Egia-
lean Ionians. Pausanias, however, probably from other
sources of information, makes Xuthus, not Ion, to
have settled here. The Pelasgi appear also to have
spread over this region, and to have gradually blended
with the primitive inhabitants into one community,
under the name of Pelasgic -Egialcans (Herod. 7,94).
Twelve cities now arose, the capital being Helice,
founded by Ion. At the period of the Trojan war,
these cities were subject to the Achsans, and ac-
knowledged the sway of Agamemnon as the head of
that race. Matters continued in this state until the
Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus. The Aehieaiis,
driven by the Dorians from Argos and Lacedsmon,
took refuge in -Egialea, under the guidance of Tisa-
menos, son of Orestes. The Ionians gavo their new
visiters an unwelcome reception; a battle ensued, the
Ionians were defeated, and shut up in Helice; and at
last were allowed by treaty to leave this city unmolest-
ed, on condition of removing entirely from their former
settlements. They migrated, therefore, into Attica
(Pans. 7, 1), but soon after left this latter country for
Asia Minor (vid. Iones and Ionia). The Achsans now
took possession of the vacated territory, and changed
its name to Achaia. Tisamenos having fallen in the
war with the Ionians, his sons and the other leaders
divided the land among themselves by lot, and hence
the old division of twelve cantons or districts, as well
as the regal form of government, continued until the
time of Ogygus or Gygus. (Strabo, 3Si. --Paus. 7,
6. --Polyb. 2, 41. ) After this monarch's decease,
each city assumed a republican government. The
Dorians, from the very first, had made several attempts
to drivo the Achsans from their newly-acquired pos-
sessions, and had so far succeeded as to wrest from
them Sicyon, with its territory, which was ever after
regarded as a Dorian state. All farther attempts at
conquest were unsuccessful, from the defence made
by the Achteans, and the aid afforded to them by their
Pelasgic neighbours in Arcadia. The result of this
was an aversion on the part of the Achteans to every-
thing Dorian. Hence they took no part with the rest
of the Greeks against Xerxes; hence, too, we find
them, even before the Peloponncsian war, in alliance
with the Athenians; though, in the course of that war,
they were forced to remain neutral, or else at times,
from a consciousness of their weakness, to admit the
Dorian fleets into their harbours. (Thucyd. 1, 111
and 115-- Id. 2, 9--Id. 8, 3-- Id. 2, 84. ) The
Acheans preserved their neutrality also in the wars
raised by the ambition of Macedon: but the result
proved most unfortunate. The successors of Alex-
ander seemed to consider the cities of Achaia as
fair booty, and what they spared became the prey of
domestic tyrants. Even after the Peloponnesus had
Ceased to be the theatre of war, and a Macedonian
garrison was merely kept at the Isthmus, the public
troubles seemed only on the increase. The whole
country, too, began to be infested by predatory bands,
whose numbers were daily augmented by the starving
cultivators of the soil. At length, four of the princi-
pal cities of Achaia, viz. , Patras, Dyme, Triteja, and
? ? Phar<<, formed a mutual league for their common safe-
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? ACH
who pretend to see in history an explanation of this le
pad, make the ri%-er Aehelous to have laid waste, by
its frequent inundations, the plains of Calydon This
raitoduciiyg confusion among the landmarks, became
the occasion of continual wars between the -Etolians
and Acarnanians, whose territories the river divided
u above stated, until Hercules, by means of dikes, re-
trained its ravages, and made the course of the stream
uniform Hence, according to this explanation, the
serpent denoted the windings of the stream, and the
bull its sweUings and impetuosity, while the tearing off
of the horn refers to the turning away of a part of the
waters of the river, by means of a canal, the result of
which draining; was shown in tho fertility that succeed-
ed (Diod. Sic. 4, 35. ) The Achelous must have
been considered a river of great antiquity as well as
celebrity, since it is often introduced as a general rep-
resentative of rivers, ami is likewise frequently used
for the element of water. (Euilatk ad II. 21, 194. --
Earip. Batch. 625. Id. . Androm. 167. --Ansloph.
Lynstr. 381--Hcyne, ari II. 21, 194) The reason
of this peculiar use of the term will be found in the
remarks of the scholiast. The Achelous was the lar-
gest river in Epirus and . Ut oli;i, in which quarter were
the early settlements of the Pclasgic race, from whom
the Greeks derived so much of their religion and my-
tholoTv. Hence the frequent directions of the Oracle
at Dodona, "to sacrifice to the Achelous," and hence
the name of the stream became associated with some
of their oldest religious rites, and was eventually used
in the language of poetry as an appellation, HOT't&xiv,
for the element of ? water and formers, as stated above
(*A? t? . uoy --uv trriyaiov vAup)--II. There was an-
other river of the same name, of which nothing farther
is known, than that, according to Pausanias (8,38), it
flowed from "Mount Sipylus. Home;-, in relating the
story of Niobe (7Z. 24, 615), speaks of the desert
mountains in Sipylus, where are the beds of the god-
dess-nvmphs, who dance around the Acheloiis. --III.
A river of Thesaaly, flowing near I^amia. (Sirab. 434. )
AI-HERDCS, a borough of the tribe Hippothoontis, in
Attica. (Slepfi B. Anstoph. Eceles. 360. )
ACHERON, I. a river of Epirus, rising in the mount-
ains to the west of the chain of Pindus. and falling
into the Ionian sea near Gtyky>> Litncn (FAi<<ct)f \ift7Jv)
In the early part of its course, it forms the Pains
Achenam ('A,t? pow<Tia Aifivt;). and, after emerging
from this sheet of water, disappears under ground,
from which it again rises and pursues its course to the
sea. Strabo (324) makes mention of this stream only
after its leaving the Palus Acherusia, and appears to
have been unacquainted with the previous part of its
coarse. Thucydides, on the other hand (1. 46), would
seem to have misunderstood the information which he
had received respecting it. His account is certainly a
confused one, and has given rise to an inaccuracy in
D'Anville's map. The error of D'Anville and others
consists in placing the Palus Acherusia directly on the
coast, and the city of Ephyre at its northeastern ex-
tremitv; in the position of the latter contradicting the
very words of the writer on whom they rely. No
other ancient authority places the Palus Acherusia on,
the coast. Pausanias (1, 17) makes the marsh, tho
river, and the city, to have been situated in the interior
of Tbesprotis; and he mentions also the stream Co-
rytus (which he styles vdup uTip-xevrarov), as being in
the same quarter. He likewise states it as his opin-
ion, that Homer, having visited these rivers in tho
? ? coarse of his wanderings, assigned them, on account
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? ACHILLES.
ACHILLES
apud Photrum, Bibliolh. . vol. i. . p 152, ed. Hckker. )
--II. The preceptor of Chiron (Id. ). --III. The invent-
or of the ostracism {Id. ). --IV. A son of Jupiter and
Lamia. His beauty was so perfect, that, in the judg-
ment of Pan, he bore away the prize from every com-
petitor. Venus was so offended at this decision, that
she inspired Pan with a fruitless passion for the nymph
Echo, and also wrought a hideous change in his own
person {Id. ). --V. A son of Galatus, remarkable for
his light coloured, or, rather, whitish hair {Id. ). --VI.
The son of Pclcus, king of Phthiotis in Thessaly.
His mother's name appears to have been a matter of
some dispute among the ancient expounders of my-
thology {Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. 1, 558), although the
more numerous authorities are in favour of Thetis,
one of the sea-deities. According to Lycophron {v.
178), Thetis became the mother of seven male chil-
dren by Pclcus, six of whom she threw into the fire,
because, as Tzetzes informs us in his scholia, they
were not of the same nature with herself, and the
treatment she had received was unworthy of her rank
as a goddess. The scholiast on Homer, however (II.
16, 37), states, that Thetis threw her children into the
fire in order to ascertain whether they were mortal or
not, the goddess supposing that the fire would consume
what was mortal in their natures, while she would
preserve what was immortal. The scholiast adds,
that six of her children perished by this harsh experi-
ment, and thafc she had, in like manner, thrown (he
seventh, afterward named Achilles, into the flames,
when Peleus, having beheld the deed, rescued his off-
spring from this perilous situation. Tzetzes (ubi su-
pra) assigns a different motive to Thetis in the case
of Achilles. He makes her to have been desirous of
conferring immortality upon him, and states that ti ith
this view she anointed him (Ixpttv) with ambrosia
during the day, and threw him into fire at evening.
Peleus, having discovered the goddess in the act of
consigning his child to the flames, cried out with
alarm, whereupon Thetis, abandoning the object she
had in view, left the court of Pclcus and rejoined the
nymphs of the ocean. Dictys Crctensis makes Peleus
to have rescued Achilles from the fire before any part
of his body had been injured but the heel. Tzetzes,
following the authority of Apollodorus, gives his first
name as Ligyron (Aiyvpav), but the account of Aga-
mestor, cited by the same scholiast, is more in ac-
cordance with the current tradition mentioned above.
Agamestor says, that the first name given to Achilles
was Pyrisous (Uvpioooc), i. e. , " saved from the fire. "
What has thus far been stated in relation to Achilles,
with the single exception of the names of his parents,
Peleus and Thetis, is directly at variance with the nu-
thority of Homer, and must therefore be regarded as
a mere posthomeric fable. The poet makes Achilles
say, that Thetis had no other child but himself: and
though a daughter of Peleus, named Polydora, is men-
tioned in a part of the Iliad (16, 175), she must have
been, according to the best commentators, only a half
sister of the hero. (Compare Hey ne, ad loe. ) Equally
at variance with the account given by the bard, is the
more popular fiction, that Thetis plunged her son into
the waters of the Styx, and by that immersion render-
ed the whole of his body invulnerable, except the heel
by which she held him. On this subject Homer is al-
together silent; and, indeed, such a protection from
danger would have derogated too much from the char-
? ? acter of his favourite hero. There are several passa-
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? ACHILLES.
ACHILLES.
of Priam by the reduction of the tributary cities of
Asia Minor. ^Vitri a. fleet of eleven vessels he rav-
aged the coasts of Mysia, made frequent discmbarca-
tions of his forces, and succeeded eventually in de-
stroying eleven cities, among which, according to
Strabo (584), were Hypoplacian Thebe, Lyrnessus,
and Pedasus, ami in laying waste the island of Lesbos.
p. 31) makes two places of this name to have existed,
one on the Strymonicus, the other on the Singiticus
Sinus Probably Enssaa is the site of Ancient Acan-
thus. Ptolemy speaks of a. harbour named Panonnus,
probably its haven (p. 82. Cramer's AM. Greece, 1,
teS -- Wa/polc's Collect. 1, 2585). The Persian fleet
despatched under Mardonius, suffered severely in
doubting the promontory of Athos ; and Xerxes, to
nurd against a similar accident, caused a canal to be
aag through the neck of land on which Acanthus was
situated; through this his fleet was conducted. (//-? -
to4. 7, 22. ) From the language of Juvenal (10,173),
and the general sarcasm of Pliny (5, 1, "portentoia
Grfcuf mtrutacid"), many regard this account of the
canal as a fable, invented by the Greeks to magnify the
expedition of Xerxes, and thus increase their own re-
nown. But vestiges of the canal were visible in the
time of . Elian (//. A. 13, 20); modem travellers also
discover traces of it (Ghoiscul-Gmiflier, Voy. Pilto-
rerfa* 2, 2, 148. \Valpole, I. <<. ). -- ! ! . A city of
Egypt, the southernmost in the Memphitic Nome.
Ptolemy gives it a plural form, probably from the
Uerny thickets in its vicinity, HnavBai; Strabo (809)
adopts the singular form, as does also Diodorus Sicu-
lu> (1, 97). Ptolemy places this city 15 minutes dis-
tant from Memphis. It is the modern Daskur.
AciBN\>- Vid. Supplement.
AcinsiNix, a country of Greece Proper, along the
western coast, having -'Etolia on the east. The natu-
ral boundary on the . "Etolian side was the Acheioiis,
bat it was not definitely regarded as the dividing limit
until the period of the Roman dominion. (Strab. 450. )
Aeamania was for the most part a productive country,
with good harbours (Scylaz 13). The inhabitants,
however, were but little inclined to commercial inter-
course with their neighbours; they were almost con-
ttantly engaged, in war against the . Etolians, and con-
sequently remained far behind the rest of the Greeks
in culture. Hence, too, we find scarcely any city of
importance within their territories; for Anactorium
and Leucas were founded by Corinthian colonies, and
Jbtmed no part of the nation, though they engrossed
? early all its traffic. Not only Leucadia, indeed, but
dso Cephalenia, Ithaca, and other adjacent islands,
? ere commonly regarded as a geographical portion of
Aeamajiia, though, politically considered, they did not
belong to it, being inhabited by a different race. (Man-
<<rf, 8, 33. ) The Acarnanians and /Etolians were de-
scended from the same parent-stock of the I/eleges or
Coretes, though almost constantly at variance. The
moat important event for the Acarnanians was the ar-
rival among them of Alcmfflon, son of Amphiaraus,
? ? who came with a band of Argivc settlers a short time
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? ACE
ACE
(Hcins. ad Ovid. Fail. 3, 55), the wife of Faustulus,
shepherd of king Numitor's flocks. She became fos-
ter-mother of Komulus and Remus, who had been
found by her husband while exposed on the banks of
the Tiber and suckled by a she-wolf. Some explain
the tradition by making Lupa(" she-wolf") to have been
, a name given by the shepherds to Larentia, from her
immodest character (Plut. Kom. 4); a most improba-
ble solution. We have here, in truth, an old poetic
legend, in which the name Larentia (Lar), and the an-
imals said to have supplied the princes with sustenance
(ml. Romulus), point to an Etrurian origin for the fa-
hle. When the milk of the wolf failed, the wood-
pecker, a bird sacred to Mars, brought other food; oth-
er birds, too, consecrated to auguries by the Etrurians,
hovered over the babes to drivo away the insects.
(Nicbuhr's Rum. Hist. 1, 185. )--II. The Romans
yearly celebrated certain festivals, called Larentalia,
a foolish account of the origin of which is given by
Plutarch (ifutztt. Kom. 272). There i3 some resem-
blance between Plutarch's story and that told by He-
rodotus (2, 122) of Rhampsinitus, king of Egypt, and
the goddess Ceres; and it may, therefore, like the lat-
ter, have for its basis some agricultural or astronom-
ical legend. (Consult Baehr, ad Herod. I. c. )
Accia, or, more correctly, Atia, the sister of Julius
Cesar, and mother of Augustus. Cicero (Phil. 3, 6)
gives her a high character. She was the daughter of
M. Atius Balbus. (Cic. I. c. --Suet. Aug. 4. )
Accios, I. ( Vid. Supplement. ) -- II. Aucius T. ,
a native of Pisaurum in Linbria, and a Roman knight,
was the accuser of A. Cluentius, whom Cicero defend-
ed, B. C. 66. He was a pupil of Hcrmagoras, and is
praised by Cicero for accuracy and fluency. (Brut.
23. )
Acco, a general of the Gauls, at the head of the
confederacy formed against the Romans by the Sc-
nones, Carnutes, and Treviri. Cssar (B. G. 6,4,44),
by the rapidity of his march, prevented the execution
of Acco's plans; and ordered a general assembly of
the Gauls to inquire into the conduct of these nations.
Sentence of death was pronounced on Acco, and ho
was instantly executed.
Aci, a seaport town of Phoenicia, a considerable
distance south of Tyre. On the gold and silver coins
of Alexander the Great, struck in this place with
Phoenician characters, it is called Aco. The Hebrew
Scriptures (Judges, 1, 31) term it Accho, signifying
? 'straitened" or "confined. " Strabo calls it 'Akjj
(758). It was afterward styled Ptolcmais, in honour
of Ptolemy, son of Lagus, who long held part of south-
ern Syria under his sway. The Romans, in a later
age, appear to have transformed the Greek accusative
Plolcmaula into a Latin nominative, and to have des-
ignated the city by this name; at least it is so writ-
ten in the Itin. Antoniu. and Hierosoi. The Greeks,
having changed the original name before this into
'A/ti? , connected with it the fabulous legend of Her-
cules having been bitten here by a serpent, and of his
having cured (unto/tat) the wound by a certain leaf.
(Stcph. B. v. UroM/iaic. ) The compiler of the Etym.
Magn. limits the name of 'A/o? to the citadel, but as
signs a similar reason for its origin. (Compare the
learned remarks of Reland, on tho name of this city,
in his Palest. , p. 535, seq. ) Accho was one of the
cities of Palestine, which the Israelites were unable
to take (Judges, 1. 31). The city is now called Acre,
? ? more properly Acca, and lies at the northern angle of
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? ACH
ACH
in it to the Oms or Ochus, both of which rivers have
undergone considerable changes in their courses.
. 'i'. "(. m\iiii: Vid. Supplement.
Actsis. Vid. Supplement.
Acesus. Vid. Supplement.
AcesTjtks, a large and rapid river of India, falling
into the Indus. It is commonly supposed to lie the
Rarei, but Kennel! makes it, more correctly, the Jc-
naut. ( Vincent's C? omm. and A'ac. of the Anc. )
Acksils, I. a surname of Apollo, under which he
was worshipped in Klis. where he had a splendid tem-
ple in the agora. This surname is the same as 'A? . c? i-
Koxoc, and means the averter of evil. --II. (Vid. Sup-
plement. )
Acestes. Vid. . . ^gestes.
Acestodoeds. Vitl. Supplement.
Acestor, I. an ancient statuary mentioned hy Pausa-
nias (6, 7. 2). He was a native of Cnossus, or at least
exercised his art there for some time, and was the fa-
ther of that Amphion who was the pupil of Ptolichus
of Corcyra. Ptolichus lived about Olymp. 80, 82,
and Acestor must have been his contemporary. (Silhg,
Diet- of A. ne. Artists. ) II. Vid. Supplement.
Ach,k. >>, 'Axctia, a surname of Pallas. Her temple
among the Daunians, in Apulia, contained the arms of
Diomerie and his followers. It was defended by dogs,
which fawned on the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all
other persons (Aristot. dc Mirab. ). --II. Ceres was
also called Achsa, from her grief (d;f or) at the loss of
Proserpina (Flat, tn Is. et Os). Other explanations are
given by the scholiast {ad Ansiofh. Acliarn. 674). Con-
sult also ICuslcr and jirunck, ad luc. , and Suidas, s. v.
AcHii, one of the main branches of the great ,Eo-
lic race. ( Vid.
Achaia and Gracia, especially the latter
article. }
A' 11 >'m e n es, the . founder of the Persian monarchy,
according to some -writers, who identify him with the
Gum SchieL, or Djcmschid, of the Oriental historians
(rtd. Persia). Trie genealogy of the royal line is giv-
en by Herodotus (7, 1 1) from Achremenes to Xerxes.
The earlier descent, as given by the Grecian writers,
and according to -which, Perses, son of Perseus and
Andromeda, was the first of the line, and the individual
from whom the Persians derived their national appella-
tion, is purely fabulous. -Eschylus (Vers. 762) makes
the Persians to have been first governed by a Mede,
who was succeeded by his son; then came Cyrus,
succeeded by one of his sons; next Merdis, Marapliis,
Artaphemes, and Darius; the last not being, howev-
er, a lineal descendant. For a discussion on this sub-
ject, consult Stanley, ad loc. : Larcher, ad Herod. 7,
11, and Schutas, Excurs. 2, ad &sch. Pcrs. I. c.
AcHjEMENides, I. a branch of the Persian tribe of
Pasargadae, named from Achsemencs, the founder of
the line. From this family the kings of Persia were
descended (Herod. 1, 126). Cambyses, on his death-
bed entreated the Achounenides not to suffer the king-
dom to pass into the hands of the Medcs (3, 65). --II.
^ Persian of the royal line, whom Ctcsias (32) makes
the brother, but Herodotus (7, 7) and Diodorus Sicu-
lns (11, 74) call the uncle of Artaxcrxes I. The lat-
ter stvles him Achemeno. (Bachr, ad Cles. I. c. --
Wessel. ad Herod. I- c. )
Ai-H. -E5*c* statIo, J. a place on the coast of the
Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyxcna was sacrificed
to the shade of Achilles, and where Hecuba killed
Polvmncstor, who had murdered her son Polydorus. --
? ? [I The name of Achseorum Portus was given to the
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? ACHAIA.
ACH
The origin of the -Egialii appears to connect them
with the great Ionic race. Ion, son of Xuthus, came
from Attica, according to the received accounts, set-
tled in this quarter (Pain. 7, 1. --Strabo, 383), obtain-
ed in marriage the daughter of King Sclinus, and from
this period the inhabitants were denominated -Egia-
lean Ionians. Pausanias, however, probably from other
sources of information, makes Xuthus, not Ion, to
have settled here. The Pelasgi appear also to have
spread over this region, and to have gradually blended
with the primitive inhabitants into one community,
under the name of Pelasgic -Egialcans (Herod. 7,94).
Twelve cities now arose, the capital being Helice,
founded by Ion. At the period of the Trojan war,
these cities were subject to the Achsans, and ac-
knowledged the sway of Agamemnon as the head of
that race. Matters continued in this state until the
Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus. The Aehieaiis,
driven by the Dorians from Argos and Lacedsmon,
took refuge in -Egialea, under the guidance of Tisa-
menos, son of Orestes. The Ionians gavo their new
visiters an unwelcome reception; a battle ensued, the
Ionians were defeated, and shut up in Helice; and at
last were allowed by treaty to leave this city unmolest-
ed, on condition of removing entirely from their former
settlements. They migrated, therefore, into Attica
(Pans. 7, 1), but soon after left this latter country for
Asia Minor (vid. Iones and Ionia). The Achsans now
took possession of the vacated territory, and changed
its name to Achaia. Tisamenos having fallen in the
war with the Ionians, his sons and the other leaders
divided the land among themselves by lot, and hence
the old division of twelve cantons or districts, as well
as the regal form of government, continued until the
time of Ogygus or Gygus. (Strabo, 3Si. --Paus. 7,
6. --Polyb. 2, 41. ) After this monarch's decease,
each city assumed a republican government. The
Dorians, from the very first, had made several attempts
to drivo the Achsans from their newly-acquired pos-
sessions, and had so far succeeded as to wrest from
them Sicyon, with its territory, which was ever after
regarded as a Dorian state. All farther attempts at
conquest were unsuccessful, from the defence made
by the Achteans, and the aid afforded to them by their
Pelasgic neighbours in Arcadia. The result of this
was an aversion on the part of the Achteans to every-
thing Dorian. Hence they took no part with the rest
of the Greeks against Xerxes; hence, too, we find
them, even before the Peloponncsian war, in alliance
with the Athenians; though, in the course of that war,
they were forced to remain neutral, or else at times,
from a consciousness of their weakness, to admit the
Dorian fleets into their harbours. (Thucyd. 1, 111
and 115-- Id. 2, 9--Id. 8, 3-- Id. 2, 84. ) The
Acheans preserved their neutrality also in the wars
raised by the ambition of Macedon: but the result
proved most unfortunate. The successors of Alex-
ander seemed to consider the cities of Achaia as
fair booty, and what they spared became the prey of
domestic tyrants. Even after the Peloponnesus had
Ceased to be the theatre of war, and a Macedonian
garrison was merely kept at the Isthmus, the public
troubles seemed only on the increase. The whole
country, too, began to be infested by predatory bands,
whose numbers were daily augmented by the starving
cultivators of the soil. At length, four of the princi-
pal cities of Achaia, viz. , Patras, Dyme, Triteja, and
? ? Phar<<, formed a mutual league for their common safe-
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? ACH
who pretend to see in history an explanation of this le
pad, make the ri%-er Aehelous to have laid waste, by
its frequent inundations, the plains of Calydon This
raitoduciiyg confusion among the landmarks, became
the occasion of continual wars between the -Etolians
and Acarnanians, whose territories the river divided
u above stated, until Hercules, by means of dikes, re-
trained its ravages, and made the course of the stream
uniform Hence, according to this explanation, the
serpent denoted the windings of the stream, and the
bull its sweUings and impetuosity, while the tearing off
of the horn refers to the turning away of a part of the
waters of the river, by means of a canal, the result of
which draining; was shown in tho fertility that succeed-
ed (Diod. Sic. 4, 35. ) The Achelous must have
been considered a river of great antiquity as well as
celebrity, since it is often introduced as a general rep-
resentative of rivers, ami is likewise frequently used
for the element of water. (Euilatk ad II. 21, 194. --
Earip. Batch. 625. Id. . Androm. 167. --Ansloph.
Lynstr. 381--Hcyne, ari II. 21, 194) The reason
of this peculiar use of the term will be found in the
remarks of the scholiast. The Achelous was the lar-
gest river in Epirus and . Ut oli;i, in which quarter were
the early settlements of the Pclasgic race, from whom
the Greeks derived so much of their religion and my-
tholoTv. Hence the frequent directions of the Oracle
at Dodona, "to sacrifice to the Achelous," and hence
the name of the stream became associated with some
of their oldest religious rites, and was eventually used
in the language of poetry as an appellation, HOT't&xiv,
for the element of ? water and formers, as stated above
(*A? t? . uoy --uv trriyaiov vAup)--II. There was an-
other river of the same name, of which nothing farther
is known, than that, according to Pausanias (8,38), it
flowed from "Mount Sipylus. Home;-, in relating the
story of Niobe (7Z. 24, 615), speaks of the desert
mountains in Sipylus, where are the beds of the god-
dess-nvmphs, who dance around the Acheloiis. --III.
A river of Thesaaly, flowing near I^amia. (Sirab. 434. )
AI-HERDCS, a borough of the tribe Hippothoontis, in
Attica. (Slepfi B. Anstoph. Eceles. 360. )
ACHERON, I. a river of Epirus, rising in the mount-
ains to the west of the chain of Pindus. and falling
into the Ionian sea near Gtyky>> Litncn (FAi<<ct)f \ift7Jv)
In the early part of its course, it forms the Pains
Achenam ('A,t? pow<Tia Aifivt;). and, after emerging
from this sheet of water, disappears under ground,
from which it again rises and pursues its course to the
sea. Strabo (324) makes mention of this stream only
after its leaving the Palus Acherusia, and appears to
have been unacquainted with the previous part of its
coarse. Thucydides, on the other hand (1. 46), would
seem to have misunderstood the information which he
had received respecting it. His account is certainly a
confused one, and has given rise to an inaccuracy in
D'Anville's map. The error of D'Anville and others
consists in placing the Palus Acherusia directly on the
coast, and the city of Ephyre at its northeastern ex-
tremitv; in the position of the latter contradicting the
very words of the writer on whom they rely. No
other ancient authority places the Palus Acherusia on,
the coast. Pausanias (1, 17) makes the marsh, tho
river, and the city, to have been situated in the interior
of Tbesprotis; and he mentions also the stream Co-
rytus (which he styles vdup uTip-xevrarov), as being in
the same quarter. He likewise states it as his opin-
ion, that Homer, having visited these rivers in tho
? ? coarse of his wanderings, assigned them, on account
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? ACHILLES.
ACHILLES
apud Photrum, Bibliolh. . vol. i. . p 152, ed. Hckker. )
--II. The preceptor of Chiron (Id. ). --III. The invent-
or of the ostracism {Id. ). --IV. A son of Jupiter and
Lamia. His beauty was so perfect, that, in the judg-
ment of Pan, he bore away the prize from every com-
petitor. Venus was so offended at this decision, that
she inspired Pan with a fruitless passion for the nymph
Echo, and also wrought a hideous change in his own
person {Id. ). --V. A son of Galatus, remarkable for
his light coloured, or, rather, whitish hair {Id. ). --VI.
The son of Pclcus, king of Phthiotis in Thessaly.
His mother's name appears to have been a matter of
some dispute among the ancient expounders of my-
thology {Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. 1, 558), although the
more numerous authorities are in favour of Thetis,
one of the sea-deities. According to Lycophron {v.
178), Thetis became the mother of seven male chil-
dren by Pclcus, six of whom she threw into the fire,
because, as Tzetzes informs us in his scholia, they
were not of the same nature with herself, and the
treatment she had received was unworthy of her rank
as a goddess. The scholiast on Homer, however (II.
16, 37), states, that Thetis threw her children into the
fire in order to ascertain whether they were mortal or
not, the goddess supposing that the fire would consume
what was mortal in their natures, while she would
preserve what was immortal. The scholiast adds,
that six of her children perished by this harsh experi-
ment, and thafc she had, in like manner, thrown (he
seventh, afterward named Achilles, into the flames,
when Peleus, having beheld the deed, rescued his off-
spring from this perilous situation. Tzetzes (ubi su-
pra) assigns a different motive to Thetis in the case
of Achilles. He makes her to have been desirous of
conferring immortality upon him, and states that ti ith
this view she anointed him (Ixpttv) with ambrosia
during the day, and threw him into fire at evening.
Peleus, having discovered the goddess in the act of
consigning his child to the flames, cried out with
alarm, whereupon Thetis, abandoning the object she
had in view, left the court of Pclcus and rejoined the
nymphs of the ocean. Dictys Crctensis makes Peleus
to have rescued Achilles from the fire before any part
of his body had been injured but the heel. Tzetzes,
following the authority of Apollodorus, gives his first
name as Ligyron (Aiyvpav), but the account of Aga-
mestor, cited by the same scholiast, is more in ac-
cordance with the current tradition mentioned above.
Agamestor says, that the first name given to Achilles
was Pyrisous (Uvpioooc), i. e. , " saved from the fire. "
What has thus far been stated in relation to Achilles,
with the single exception of the names of his parents,
Peleus and Thetis, is directly at variance with the nu-
thority of Homer, and must therefore be regarded as
a mere posthomeric fable. The poet makes Achilles
say, that Thetis had no other child but himself: and
though a daughter of Peleus, named Polydora, is men-
tioned in a part of the Iliad (16, 175), she must have
been, according to the best commentators, only a half
sister of the hero. (Compare Hey ne, ad loe. ) Equally
at variance with the account given by the bard, is the
more popular fiction, that Thetis plunged her son into
the waters of the Styx, and by that immersion render-
ed the whole of his body invulnerable, except the heel
by which she held him. On this subject Homer is al-
together silent; and, indeed, such a protection from
danger would have derogated too much from the char-
? ? acter of his favourite hero. There are several passa-
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? ACHILLES.
ACHILLES.
of Priam by the reduction of the tributary cities of
Asia Minor. ^Vitri a. fleet of eleven vessels he rav-
aged the coasts of Mysia, made frequent discmbarca-
tions of his forces, and succeeded eventually in de-
stroying eleven cities, among which, according to
Strabo (584), were Hypoplacian Thebe, Lyrnessus,
and Pedasus, ami in laying waste the island of Lesbos.
