main cause of our immeasurable
suffering
and unhappiness.
Kalu Rinpoche
Here, the mind is constantly wandering in different directions and can't stay on any virtuous object.
There are many dif- ferent kinds of distraction that are distinguished-internal, external and so forth.
Q. . Sometimes we speak simply of good and bad deeds, while at other times we hear that dualism is a wrong view. How does one reconcile this apparent contradiction?
A. If dualistic distinctions are made with a clear understanding of the law of interdependent origination, they can be useful, as when we differentiate good and bad on the relative level. It is essential, however, to ground these distinctions in the truth of emptiness. Once you lose your basic understanding of relativity and begin to hold the distinctions as real, you've fallen into a wrong view.
Q. . If negative states of mind seem to become stronger in the course of our practice, and even become overwhelming, is that the result of an error in practice, or is it a sign that the practice is taking effect? A. The practice of meditation is difficult. There are many things that occur in the mind. Sometimes negative aspects of mind seem to increase. This is simply a sign that your negativity is becoming clear to you. Tremendous upheaval occurs in the mind when you begin to meditate, and propensities that were previously latent become
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manifest. This doesn't mean that those propensities are increasing, but rather that you are becoming more aware of them.
Medz"tat'ion Pract'ice
Now we'll leave the discussion of the skandhas for a while and return to the meditation instructions given in the teachings of Kar- ma Chamay Rinpoche.
His third meditation is on the law of cause and effect; it is par- ticularly relevant to our discussion of the virtuous and unvirtuous occurrences of mind. His method is traced to the Indian Siddha Shawaripa, one of the eighty-four Mahasiddhas.
Imagine that in front of you is a huge mirror, like a vast televi- sion screen. In this mirror you can see distinctly the six realms of samsara. Think about the fact that after you die and enter the bar- do of Becoming, the force of your previous actions will determine the realm in which you must take rebirth.
Next, visualize Yama, the great Dharma King, on a large throne. Here Dharma refers particularly to laws-rules of conduct. Into his presence is brought someone who has committed many evil acts. From the right and left sides of Yama appear two people who are personifications of karma. One is white, the other black. The white figure speaks on behalf of the defendant, recalling all the vir- tuous things he or she has done: Dharma practice, and so forth. The black figure speaks to accuse the defendant of evil actions. The two argue like lawyers before a judge in a courtroom.
Meanwhile, Yama and the jury are scrutinizing a mirror which shows the actual truth of what the defendant has done in the past; they read a record of all previous deeds. They weigh these on a scale to determine which is heavier, virtue or evil.
Since the jury has authoritative records ? and can judge clearly, it's not possible to lie or to cover up the defenda:iif! > faults. And so the jury decides that this person has committed grave? misdeeds and will now have to go to the deepest hell.
Next a second defendant, a good person, is brought before Yama. Again the evidence is presented: the jury looks into the mir- ror, reads the records, weighs all the deeds; and again, there is no ly- ing or concealing. In this case, when all the evidence has been con-
sidered, even though there has been arguing on both sides, it seems clear that this person who has done virtuous actions is going to be reborn in the higher realms.
If one has a record of virtuous actions, a peaceful disposition, and accomplishment in developing the mind, no accuser can prove the person to be evil. Such a person cannot suffer the ill effects or obscurations that result from wrong deeds. All these appearances in the bardo are only manifestations of previous activity.
Meditate on these two scenes and apply them to yourself. How would you fare in such a situation? Contemplate the results of vir- tuous and evil deeds. Consider the fact that in this situation there is no posssibility of lying about any evil actions you have ever done. There is no one you can ask to help you at this point. Meditate on the certainty of the ripening of your karmic seeds and the inevitable appearance of their fruits. Resolve that when you meet the Dharma King, you won't be in the position of having to be ashamed of previous evil actions. If your activity in this life is virtuous, at the time of death there won't be any need to be ashamed or afraid, because you won't have any feeling of guilt.
This is a meditation from Shawaripa on the events that will oc- cur during the bardo of Becoming.
In Tibet, knowing about this was easy. Among us there were certain unusual people, such as one woman who was famous in my country. After being dead for about seven days, such people could, if nothing had been done to the corpse, come back to life. During those seven days these individuals might see the states of existence, the pure realms, and also the bardo, where they might witness the fates of many people. When they return to life they are able to relate what they have seen. These people are not like Western psychics; this is a somewhat different phenomenon-it's actual experience. Such people have related their experiences to great Lamas such as the Gyalwa Karmapa or Dudjom Rinpoche, and these Lamas have confirmed that their stories were authentic.
I have met one of them, and I can tell the difference between some foolish people I've met in America who claim all sorts of things, and someone who has actually had this kind of experience. You must practice much virtuous activity to be this sort of in- dividual. The person I knew was the mother of Tarjay Gyamtso, my
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root Lama. When my teacher was young, he knew a man who wasn't really much of a practitioner but had posed as a great Lama. My teacher asked his mother how this man had fared after death, in the bardo. My teacher's mother answered, "Oh, him? He wasn't a real Lama, was he? He wasn't a real monk, nor was he even an ethical and virtuous person. Right now, he's trying to communicate with his relatives, telling them that they should do good deeds so that they can avoid the trouble he is having. " In another case she told my teacher about a great Lama of that region, truly a great monk and practitioner, who died and had reached the Pure Realm of Sangdok Palri [zangs mdog dpal ri]. Both of these people in life had seemed to be Dharma people, but when they died the truth was known. When my teacher's mother herself died, her teacher, a great Lama named Garchen Tulku, performed the ritual of transference for her. Through the excellence of her intention and the power of this Lama, she was reborn in the eastern part of the country as a young boy who later became a monk.
In general, the result of practicing the Dharma is that one's future lives do not become worse, but naturally improve in accord- ance with one's practice.
Formation: The Fourth Skandha Continued
Now we return to the fifty-one formations constituting the fourth skandha. We have discussed the five omnipresent ones, the five that determine the object, the eleven virtuous ones, the six root emotional afflictions, and the twenty subsidiary emotional afflic- tions: altogether, forty-seven have been considered.
The remaining four are the four variable states, which can be virtuous or unvirtuous. First is sleep, classified as stupidity, where all the sense fields are drawn inside. Whether it is meritorious or non- meritorious is determined by your state of mind as you are falling asleep. This can affect the dreams that follow. If one has trained well in virtue, then these tendencies will appear in the dream state. Similarly, if one mostly indulges in the emotional afflictions, one's dreams will reflect this.
Second is remorse. This is unhappiness about what you've done before. Because it breaks your concentration, it is an obstacle to
resting the mind. However, remorse is an element of confession. In order for confession to be an effective means of purifying unvirtuous activity, there must be remorse for previous actions. Here it func-
tions as a virtuous tendency.
Third is investigation. Relying on intention and wisdom, it is
the mind's descriptive process as it seeks an object. When form is dis- tant in the range of the senses, you are able to determine the identity of it roughly. Seeing a sentient being at a great distance you speculate, "It's a cow," "It's a horse," but you can't distinguish.
Finally, there is examination. Depending on intention and wisdom, you are able to discriminate the differences in a particular object. It is a fine mental analysis. For example you would not only understand an object to be a vase, but also that it was new, without cracks, etc.
Because these four are dependent upon whether the specific thoughts or conceptions involved are themselves virtuous, unvir- tuous or neutral, they are called the Four Variables.
This completes our discussion of the fifty-one mental states of the fourth skandha.
Consciousness (nam shay [mam shes])
The fifth skandha, consciousness, has as its characteristics clari- ty and knowing. Consciousness is divided into six types correspon- ding to the six sense faculties. Thus there is eye consciousness, nose consciousness, ear consciousness, tongue consciousness, body con- sciousness, and mind consciousness. Here we conceive of the mind as a sense faculty because it can recall past events and perceive various mental objects. Through all six types of consciousness, one can know distinctly the nature and characteristics of phenomena.
With the support of the sense faculty, the corresponding in- telligence arises. In the first instant of contact the faculty ap- prehends the object, yet the faculty itself is not capable of knowing its object. That is the function of consciousness: to hold onto the object in the second instant of contact that occurs. Without the faculty there can be no consciousness. But it is consciousness that does the actual work. That is why it is called, for example, "eye- consciousness. " By eye-consciousness we mean that basic intelligence
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which knows an object perceived by the eye. Each consciousness responds only to the corresponding faculty and object. It is not an unimpeded process. For example, when eye-consciousness knows its object in that second instant, ear consciousness is blocked, and so on. After the first moment of contact between a sound and the ear, the ear-consciousness knows about the perceptions of the sound, whether it is good or bad, whatever, in the second moment. When by means of the nose, contact takes place with an odor, basic in- telligence takes hold of the object and knows it in the second mo? ment; that is olfactory consciousness. Similarly, after contact be- tween the tongue and a tasteable object, consciousness in the next moment will hold and know the event. So also with the body: after there is contact with the body, consciousness can know in the second moment whether the sensation was pleasant or unpleasant, and so on. Finally, after the mind faculty perceives a mental phenomenon, basic intelligence is able to take hold and understand it. It can know any situation in the mind-happiness, suffering, and so on.
In the Hinayana tradition, just these six consciousnesses are counted. According to the sutras and commentaries of the Mind? Only school of the Mahayana, there are eight types of consciousness. Supported by Basic Consciousness, confused mind posits the View of a Self, Pride (thinking "1"), Attachent to a Self, and Ignorance. The mind with these four emotional afflictions is known as the "Emotionally afflicted mind" and is the seventh con- sciousness. Except for those who have actualized the stages of a Bodhisattva or the Truth of Cessation or the Path of No More Lear? ning, all beings have this kind of consciousness.
Finally, the eighth consciousness is the Basic Consciousness (kun shi nam she [kun gzhi rnam shes]). It is called this because it is the basis, the ground that holds the seeds-the skandhas, ayatanas, dhatus, and so forth. In clear awareness, the basis of the mind, oc- cur all the places in the six realms, external objects, the bodies we inhabit in each. All the karmic seeds for taking birth in these realms are held by Basic Consciousness and so it is called the "taking con? sciousness. " All these different places, bodies, and objects are like appearances in a dream, or images in a mirror. Although they are "mere appearance," without any ultimate reality, they are planted through habit and sustained by Basic Consciousness. Thus it is also called the "ripening consciousness. "
By and large, the different terms sem [sems], yi [yid] and nam she [rnam shes] have the same referent. But more specifically, sem connotes the basic consciousness and yi the emotionally afflicted consciousness, while nam she refers to the collection of the six con- sciousnesses.
This concludes our discussion of the five skandhas, under which are subsumed all composite phenomena. The reason for studying the five skandhas is to destroy our powerful attachment to a self in these skandhas. We tend to identify one or another of the five skan- dhas as what we are-"my physical form," "my sensations," and so on. To help eradicate this, all the constituents of the skandhas are enumerated. In the Mahayana path of training one works to eliminate clinging to the body, speech and mind. Although we think, "This is my body, my speech, my mind," it is not so: such thoughts are only obscurations. Understanding this, one examines also the emotional afflictions and the workings of all fifty-one men- tal occurrences. Here one actually observes the mind to see what sort of virtuous thoughts and what sort of unvirtuous thoughts occur. Because an understanding of the workings of consciousness is crucial for the practice of meditation, it is imponant to learn the ter- minology of the skandhas.
In the Vajrayana, the path of method, there is a funher development of the concept of the five skandhas, namely, their transformation. Here, once you have understood the skandhas, you can begin to consider how those factors can appear in either impure form or pure form. Since this is the path of method, one's concern is how to transform them. If you can recognize the five skandhas, it makes transformation easier. The impure skandhas become equivalent in their pure aspect to the Buddhas of the Five Families. But it is imponant to understand what the five skandhas are and how they really work, in order to see how they can manifest as the Five Buddhas. For example, some of the ornaments worn by the deities correspond to the fifty-one formations. If you don't know what these formations are, you cannot understand what the pure symbols adorning yidams and Buddhas represent. Thus by in- vestigating the five skandhas, one's understanding of Dharma, epecially the Secret Mantrayana, will gradually improve.
Q. . You said that one of the values of the teaching on the skandhas is to eliminate the view that there is a self. It seems to me that the
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Mind Only view which posits an eighth consciousness as the basis of all the different aspects of mind, karma and its effects, is moving back towards an affirmation of some kind of concrete individual.
A. What we have been talking about is the functioning of the mind of a sentient being. When the person becomes enlightened and becomes a Buddha, the distinction between the Mind only school and the Madhyamaka school dissolves, since the Basic Consciousness (the eight consciousness) is transformed into the Dhannakaya. With regard to unliberated consciousness, there seems to be a slight dif- ference between the schools. With regard to liberated mind, there is no distinction.
There are many different philosophical positions, and it's not necessarily the case that one is right and one is wrong. What is im- portant is that a teaching further your understanding and benefit your mind. There are many ways of explaining reality at different levels of understanding.
Q. . How can we use the description of the skandhas to look into our minds? Is it just a system of classification, or can we actually use it as a tool so that it will help us on the Vajrayana path?
A. There are many ways to use this teaching. The five skandhas are taught in a general sense to eliminate ignorance. The more you understand, the less ignorance you have. There are different meditative methods by which you can observe each of the skandhas. Kalu Rinpoche has also taught a special Vajrayana method of meditation on the five skandhas.
Q. . Are the five skandhas related to the concept of mandala?
A. There is a very close relationship. The skandhas represent the im? pure aspects of things. When the skandhas are purified they manifest as a mandala, which is based on the five Buddhas and the five wisdoms. A famous teaching by Milarepa says that in its impure aspect, the world is the five skandhas; in its pure aspect, it's the five Buddhas; in its impure aspect, it's the five emotional afflictions; in its pure aspect, it's the five wisdoms.
Important to the Secret Mantra Vajrayana are the elements of symbol and meaning. Symbol is example-like mandalas and tanka
[thang ka] paintings. Meaning is what is actually experienced in one's
practice. The attainment of the stage of Buddhahood really has to do with one's own stream of being when it is purified, not when it is impure. Following the example of symbolic transformation, one brings about liberation through the meaning of one's practice.
Principally, the teaching of the five skandhas destroys ego? clinging, which is synonymous with the emotionally afflicted con? sciousness. All Dharma is taught as a remedy to ego-clinging. As at? tachment to the self becomes stronger and stronger, it becomes the?
main cause of our immeasurable suffering and unhappiness. On the other hand, you experience peace and happiness to the extent to which your clinging has lessened.
Tilopa* was not a man of many words. He would say very little to his student Naropa. But he did tell him that appearances are not the cause of our bondage to samsara. What binds us to samsara is our attachment to those things, and it is . that which we must cut. At? tachment to external sense impressions and an internal ego only binds one more and more to existence, and especially to the lower realms. To the degree that we can reduce our attachment, life im- proves: we are able to meditate and practice the Dharma more easi? ly, and gradually extricate ourselves from the cycle of existence and suffering.
Kalu Rinpoche teaches that one should eat inferior food, wear tattered clothing, and so forth. In that way, one will be much hap? pier and have less suffering. Rinpoche himself has no need for fine things, and whenever he sees his students with fancy clothes or possessions he is displeased. He doesn't say too much about this, but he really doesn't approve of vanity.
It is really true that if you want to be a good Dharma practi? cioner, you shouldn't have many activities and be very busy with all sorts of plans and things to remember all the time. When I was lit? de, I was very happy because I didn't have anything to worry about; all I owned were some texts. I had no money, and just maintained a very simple practice of Dharma and meditation. Later on, I became
*The Indian Mahasiddha, teacher of Naropa. Naropa"s quest for, and discipleship to. Tilopa are rich sources for stories about the difficulties that the Lama con? trives in order to train his student.
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busy and had much work to do, so I now know how difficult activity can be.
Medz. tatz"on Practz"ce
Let us complete our study with a short period of meditation on the shortcomings of samsara. This is an unhappy subject, so while you are meditating on this, you should sit in the position that I am in now, with one knee bent, elbow resting on knee, and head in hand- the posture of sorrow.
The six realms of samsara are completely filled with suffering, without even a hair's tip of happiness, like a pit of blazing fire. Wherever one might be reborn, there is only suffering. Reflect in detail on the sufferings of the each of the realms. For example, think of the fact that those in the god realm have to foresee their rebirth in the lower realm of suffering; that human beings suffer birth, illness, old age, and death; that animals are forced into service, or kill and eat each other; that hungry ghosts endure intense hunger and thirst; that hell-beings undergo unbelievable heat and cold. There is no en- during happiness whatsoever in any part of Samsara, whether it be the lower realms or even the higher realms.
Although suffering plagues all the realms, beings in the three lower realms are completely engulfed in it. There, through the cause of powerful hatred, desire and stupidity, suffering is unavoidable; it cannot be circumvented by any means. In our pres- ent lives we feel a great deal of pain if our skin is pierced by a needle or if we are out in the cold for a day; but those in the hells undergo kalpas of extreme heat and cold and excruciating pain.
If we go for a day or two without food and water, we know how difficult this is. But in the hungry ghost realm, beings have no con- trol over their environment, and they have to go for unimaginable lengths of time without even a drop of water. We should reflect deeply upon such suffering.
As for animals, they are either constantly fighting with each other or hunting, killing and eating each other. Human beings force some of them to work; their state is one of perpetual fear and unhappiness.
In the human realm, even here in America, one of the best places a human being can be, there is suffering of all kinds. There
are many luxuries which may give us some physical comfort, but mental happiness is really very hard to find, and there isn't a single person who doesn't have some kind of suffering or problem. Con- sider this, and then think of humans living right now in other coun- tries and situations, people who are very poor, who don't have all the things that they need, and who have much more suffering. Finally, all humans, no matter what their situation, have sickness, old age and death.
In their realm, the Asuras continually fight with the gods; they are embroiled in jealousy and constantly suffer the pains of making war. The gods in the lower pan of the sixth, highest, realm are those who fight the Asuras, and so they also suffer this combat. In the up- per pan of the gods' realm, there are tremendous luxuries and a feeling of happiness. Yet there is also latent suffering, because once the god's stock of merit has been exhausted, he must fall back into one of the other five realms of suffering. Thus, suffering is pervasive even in the higher realms.
Think about these various realms of samsara. Feeling fear at the prospect of being born in one or another of them, you begin to wonder, "How can I possibly get out of this cycle? What method can prevent me from experiencing this suffering? " Reflect that this is not your problem alone: all beings face this situation, including your mother and father and every other sentient being. Generate great compassion for their situation.
Now visualize that in the space in front of you, your own Root Lama appears in the form of Chenrezi. He says, "The nature of samsara is like a hot, burning fire. You need to bathe away the suf- fering of the lower realms by means of compassion. " You then pray, "I have been wandering in samsara for a very long time. Now that I am practicing your teaching, with your great kindness please help me to enter the Buddha's Pure Realm. " Promise that you will help all sentient beings to enter the Pure Realm also, and will not just save yourself.
Then imagine that light rays emanate from Chenrezi's bean, touch your bean, and guide you to the Pure Realm of Dewachen. Next, light rays come from your heart and touch all sentient beings in the universe, leading them to Dewachen. In this way meditate un- distractedly on great compassion.
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Now, sit in good meditation posture. From among the five skandhas, concentrate on the skandha of consciousness. Meditate undistractedly on mind's lucid awareness. Its essence is empty, its aspect is clear, and its nature is unimpeded.
Now that we have finished, we should dedicate the merit. When one meditates or explains the Dharma, it is imponant to share whatever roots of vinue one has accumulated with all living beings. In addition we should also make prayers of aspiration for the ultimate attainment of Buddhahood for everyone; for the world to be free of sickness, war, and famine; that the precious teaching of the Buddha endure and those who promulgate it live long.
OUTLINE OF THE FIVE SKANDHAS
I. FORM (zuk chi pung po [gzugs kyi phung po]) rupaskandha (Skt. )
A. Four Types of Causal Form (ju yi zuk [rgyu'i gzugs]) 1. Earth (sa [sa])
2. Water (chu [chu]) S. Fire (me [me])
4. Wind (lung [rlung])
B. Eleven Types ofResultant Form (dray bu zuk ['bras bu'i gzugs]), divided into three main categories:
1. The Five Sense Faculties (wang po nga [dbang po lnga]) 2. The Five Sense Objects (ton nga [don lnga])
S. The Eleventh Form (zuk chu chik pa [gzugs bcu gcig pa])
a) The Five Sense Faculties
(1) Eye Faculty (mik ki wang po [mig gi dbang po]) (2) Ear Faculty (na way wang po [rna ba'i dbang po]) (S) Nose Faculty (na yi wang po [sna'i dbang po])
(4) Tongue Faculty (che yi wang po [Ice'i dbang po]) (5) Body Faculty (lu chi wang po [Ius kyi dbang po])
b) The Five Sense Objects
(1) Sights (zuk [gzugs]) (a) Classified by color (b) Classified by shape
(2) Sounds (dra [sgra]) (a) Sentient sounds (b) Unsentient sounds (c) Venerable sounds
(3) Smells (tri [dri]) (4) Tastes (ro [ro])
(a) Sweet (b) Sour (c) Bitter (d) Salty
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(e) Acid
(f) Astringent
(5) Tactiles (rek ja [reg bya])
c) Eleventh Form
Some examples of the Eleventh Form:
(1) Atomic Form (dul tra rab chi zuk [rdul phra rab kyi gzugs])
(2) Imagined Form (kun tak chi zuk [kun btags kyi gzugs])
(3) Form Seen Through Meditation (wang jor way zuk [dbang 'byor ba'i gzugs])
(4) Unapparent Form, e. g. , the form of vows (rik che rna yin pay zuk [rig byed rna yin pa'i gzugs])
II. SENSATION (tsor way pung po [tshor ba'i phung po] vedan- askandha (Skt. )
A. Bodily Sensations (lu chi tsor wa [Ius kyi tshor ba]) 1. Pleasurable
2. Painful 3. Neutral
B. Mental Sen. sation. s (yi chi tsor wa [yid kyi tshor ba]) 1. Pleasurable
2. Painful
III. RECOGNITION (du she chi pung po ['du shes kyi phung po]) samjnaskandha (Skt. )
A. Two Aspects:
1. Identification (ton Ia tsen mar dzin pa [don Ia mtshan
mar 'dzin pa])
2. Differentiation (ta nyay Ia tsen mar dzin pa [tha snyad Ia
mtshan mar 'dzin pa])
B. Three Scopes
1. Small (Objects within the Desire Realm) (chung ngu
[chung ngu])
2. Extensive (Objects within all the Realms of Samsara) (ja che wa [rgya che ba])
3. Immeasurable (Only accessible to beings of the Formless Realm and beyond, i. e. , Buddhas) (tsay me (mtshad med])
IV. FORMATION (du che chi pung po ['du byed kyi phung po]) samskaraskandha (Skt. )
These 51 states may be: virtuous, unvirtuous, neither, or variable.
A. The Five Pervasive Mental States (kun dro nga [kun 'gro lnga]) 1. Intention (sem pa [sems pa])
2. Concentration (yi Ia che pa [yid Ia byed pa])
3. Contact (rek pa [reg pa])
B.
4. Sensation (tsor wa [tshor ba]) 5. Recognition (du she ('du shes])
The Five Determinative States (yul nge che nga [yul nges byed lnga])
6. Resolution (dun pa ('dun pa])
7. Interest (mo pa [mos pa])
8. Recollection (dren pa [dran pa])
9. Samadhi (ting nge dzin [ting nge 'dzin])
10. Wisdom (she rap [shes rab])
C. The Eleven Virtuous Mental Occurrances 11. Faith (tay pa [dad pa])
a) Faith of Yearning (do pay tay pa ('dod pa'i dad pa]) b) Trusting Faith (yi che pay tay pa (yid ches pa'i dad pa]) c) Clear faith (dang way tay pa [dang ba'i dad pa])
12. Carefulness (pa yo pa [bag yod pa])
13. ThoroughTraining(shintujangwa[shintusbyangba]) 14. Equanimity (tang nyom [btang snyoms])
15. Sense of Propriety (ngo tsa she pa [ngo tsha shes pa]) 16. Considerateness (trel yo pa (khrel yod pa])
17. Non-attachment (rna chak pa (rna chags pa])
18. Lack of Hatred (she dang me pa (zhe sdang med pa]) 19. Lack of Stupidity (ti muk me pa (gti mug med pa])
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20. Complete Harmlessness (nam parmi tse wa [rnam par mi 'tshe ba])
21. Diligence (tson dru [brtson 'grus])
D. The Twenty-Six Unvirtuous Mental Occurences
The Six Root Defilements (tsa way nyon mong druk [rtsa ba'i nyon mongs drug])
22. Ignorance (rna rik pa [rna rig pa]) 23. Desire (do chak [dod chags])
a. Desire of Desire (in Desire Realm) (do pay do chak ['dod pa'i 'dod chags])
b. Desire for Existence (in Upper Realms) (si pay do chak [srid pa'i 'dod chags])
24. Hatred (she dang [zhe sdang]) 25. Pride (nga jal [nga rgyal])
26. Doubt (te tsom [the tshom]) 27. View (ta wa [Ita ba])
a) View based on the perishable aggregates. i. e. , a belief in a self (jig tsok Ia ta wa ['jig tshogs Ia Ita ba])
b) View of holding to extremes (eternalism or nihilism) (tar dzin pay ta wa [mthar 'dzin pa'i Ita ba])
c) Opposite view (lok par ta wa [log par Ita ba])
d) Holding one's own views as supreme (ta wa chok dzin
[Ita ba mchog 'dzin])
e) Holding one's morality and discipline as supreme (tsul
trim tang tul shuk chok dzin [tshul khrims dang bnul
zhugs mchog 'dzin])
Views are further distinguished as:
(1) Innate (len chay [lhan skyes]) (2) Acquired (kun tak [kun btags])
The Twenty Subsidiary Emotional Afflictions (nye way nyon mong nyi shu [nye ba'i nyon mongs nyi shu])
28. Wrath (tro wa [khro ba])
29. Malice (kon du dzin pa [khon du 'dzin pa])
30. Rage (tsik pa ['tshig pa])
31. Vindictiveness (nam par tse wa [rnam par 'tshe ba]) 32. jealousy (trak dok [phrag dog])
33. Deceitfulness (yo [gyo])
34. Hypocrisy (ju [sgyu])
35. Shamelessness (ngo tsa me pa [ngo tsha med pa])
36. Inconsiderateness (trel me pa [khrel med pa])
37. Concealment (chap pa ['chab pa])
38. Greed (ser na [ser sna])
39. Vanity (jak pa [rgyags pa])
40. Lack of faith (rna tay pa [rna dad pa])
41. Laziness (le lo [le lo])
42. Carelessness (pa me pa [bag med pa])
43. Forgetfulness (je ngay [brjed ngas])
44. Lack of conscience (shay shin min pa [shes bzhin min
pa])
45. Fogginess (muk pa [rmugs pa])
46. Wildness (go pa [rgod pa])
47. Distraction (nam par yeng wa [mam par gyeng ba])
E. The Four Van"able Occurrences (shen jur shi [gzhan gyur bzhi])
48. Sleep (nyi [gnyid])
49. Remorse (jo pa ['gyod pa])
50. Investigation (tok pa [rtog pa]) 51. Examination (cho pa [dpyod pa])
V. CONSCIOUSNESS(namshechipungpo[mamssheskyiphung po] vijnanaskandha (Skt. )
A. The Eight Types:
1. Eye consciousness (mik ki nam she [mig gi mam shes])
2. Nose consciousness (na yi nam she [sna'i mam shes])
3. Ear consciousness (na way nam she [rna ba'i rnam shes])
4. Tongueconsciousness(cheyinamshe[lche'imamshes])
5. Body consciousness (lu chi nam she [Ius kyi mam shes])
6. Mind consciousness (yi chi nam she [yid kyi mam shes])
7. Afflicted consciousness (nyon mong yi chi nam she [nyon
mongs yid kyi mam shes])
8. Basic consciousness (kun shi nam she [kun gzhi mam
shes])
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Appendix 2
Glossary
It is important to note that the definitions in this glossary are zntended to z"dentify and clanfy technical terms only as they are used in this book. They are in no way comprehensive deftnitz"ons applying to all Buddhist usages. Many of the terms have significantly dif-
ferent senses zn other contexts and other Buddhist tradz"tions. Dz"rect quotatz"ons, unless otherwise noted, are drawn from the chapters ofthis book and are zntroduced here to serve as reminders
offuller discussions zn the text.
Abhidharma (Skt. ) cho ngon pa (chos mngon pa] (Tib. ) The sec- tion of Buddhist scriptures concerned with philosophical, cosmological, and psychological analysis.
Alayavijiiina see Kiin shi nam she
Anuttarayogatantra (Skt. ) naljor Ia name pay jii [mal'byor bla na med pa'i rgyud] (Tib. ) "The highest of the four levels of Vajrayana teachings. "
Arhat (Skt. ) dra chom pa (dgra bcom pa] (Tib. ) One who has "con- quered the enemy," that is, the "emotions and ignorance that keep one locked in Samsara. " The Arhat represents the Hinayana ideal, one who has experienced the cessation of suffering.
186 The Dharma
Asuras (Skt. ) lha min [lha min] (Tib. ) Envious gods who occupy a realm adjacent to the human realm in Samsara. "They live in con- tinual strife," beset by possessiveness, paranoia, and jealousy of the gods.
Q. . Sometimes we speak simply of good and bad deeds, while at other times we hear that dualism is a wrong view. How does one reconcile this apparent contradiction?
A. If dualistic distinctions are made with a clear understanding of the law of interdependent origination, they can be useful, as when we differentiate good and bad on the relative level. It is essential, however, to ground these distinctions in the truth of emptiness. Once you lose your basic understanding of relativity and begin to hold the distinctions as real, you've fallen into a wrong view.
Q. . If negative states of mind seem to become stronger in the course of our practice, and even become overwhelming, is that the result of an error in practice, or is it a sign that the practice is taking effect? A. The practice of meditation is difficult. There are many things that occur in the mind. Sometimes negative aspects of mind seem to increase. This is simply a sign that your negativity is becoming clear to you. Tremendous upheaval occurs in the mind when you begin to meditate, and propensities that were previously latent become
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manifest. This doesn't mean that those propensities are increasing, but rather that you are becoming more aware of them.
Medz"tat'ion Pract'ice
Now we'll leave the discussion of the skandhas for a while and return to the meditation instructions given in the teachings of Kar- ma Chamay Rinpoche.
His third meditation is on the law of cause and effect; it is par- ticularly relevant to our discussion of the virtuous and unvirtuous occurrences of mind. His method is traced to the Indian Siddha Shawaripa, one of the eighty-four Mahasiddhas.
Imagine that in front of you is a huge mirror, like a vast televi- sion screen. In this mirror you can see distinctly the six realms of samsara. Think about the fact that after you die and enter the bar- do of Becoming, the force of your previous actions will determine the realm in which you must take rebirth.
Next, visualize Yama, the great Dharma King, on a large throne. Here Dharma refers particularly to laws-rules of conduct. Into his presence is brought someone who has committed many evil acts. From the right and left sides of Yama appear two people who are personifications of karma. One is white, the other black. The white figure speaks on behalf of the defendant, recalling all the vir- tuous things he or she has done: Dharma practice, and so forth. The black figure speaks to accuse the defendant of evil actions. The two argue like lawyers before a judge in a courtroom.
Meanwhile, Yama and the jury are scrutinizing a mirror which shows the actual truth of what the defendant has done in the past; they read a record of all previous deeds. They weigh these on a scale to determine which is heavier, virtue or evil.
Since the jury has authoritative records ? and can judge clearly, it's not possible to lie or to cover up the defenda:iif! > faults. And so the jury decides that this person has committed grave? misdeeds and will now have to go to the deepest hell.
Next a second defendant, a good person, is brought before Yama. Again the evidence is presented: the jury looks into the mir- ror, reads the records, weighs all the deeds; and again, there is no ly- ing or concealing. In this case, when all the evidence has been con-
sidered, even though there has been arguing on both sides, it seems clear that this person who has done virtuous actions is going to be reborn in the higher realms.
If one has a record of virtuous actions, a peaceful disposition, and accomplishment in developing the mind, no accuser can prove the person to be evil. Such a person cannot suffer the ill effects or obscurations that result from wrong deeds. All these appearances in the bardo are only manifestations of previous activity.
Meditate on these two scenes and apply them to yourself. How would you fare in such a situation? Contemplate the results of vir- tuous and evil deeds. Consider the fact that in this situation there is no posssibility of lying about any evil actions you have ever done. There is no one you can ask to help you at this point. Meditate on the certainty of the ripening of your karmic seeds and the inevitable appearance of their fruits. Resolve that when you meet the Dharma King, you won't be in the position of having to be ashamed of previous evil actions. If your activity in this life is virtuous, at the time of death there won't be any need to be ashamed or afraid, because you won't have any feeling of guilt.
This is a meditation from Shawaripa on the events that will oc- cur during the bardo of Becoming.
In Tibet, knowing about this was easy. Among us there were certain unusual people, such as one woman who was famous in my country. After being dead for about seven days, such people could, if nothing had been done to the corpse, come back to life. During those seven days these individuals might see the states of existence, the pure realms, and also the bardo, where they might witness the fates of many people. When they return to life they are able to relate what they have seen. These people are not like Western psychics; this is a somewhat different phenomenon-it's actual experience. Such people have related their experiences to great Lamas such as the Gyalwa Karmapa or Dudjom Rinpoche, and these Lamas have confirmed that their stories were authentic.
I have met one of them, and I can tell the difference between some foolish people I've met in America who claim all sorts of things, and someone who has actually had this kind of experience. You must practice much virtuous activity to be this sort of in- dividual. The person I knew was the mother of Tarjay Gyamtso, my
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root Lama. When my teacher was young, he knew a man who wasn't really much of a practitioner but had posed as a great Lama. My teacher asked his mother how this man had fared after death, in the bardo. My teacher's mother answered, "Oh, him? He wasn't a real Lama, was he? He wasn't a real monk, nor was he even an ethical and virtuous person. Right now, he's trying to communicate with his relatives, telling them that they should do good deeds so that they can avoid the trouble he is having. " In another case she told my teacher about a great Lama of that region, truly a great monk and practitioner, who died and had reached the Pure Realm of Sangdok Palri [zangs mdog dpal ri]. Both of these people in life had seemed to be Dharma people, but when they died the truth was known. When my teacher's mother herself died, her teacher, a great Lama named Garchen Tulku, performed the ritual of transference for her. Through the excellence of her intention and the power of this Lama, she was reborn in the eastern part of the country as a young boy who later became a monk.
In general, the result of practicing the Dharma is that one's future lives do not become worse, but naturally improve in accord- ance with one's practice.
Formation: The Fourth Skandha Continued
Now we return to the fifty-one formations constituting the fourth skandha. We have discussed the five omnipresent ones, the five that determine the object, the eleven virtuous ones, the six root emotional afflictions, and the twenty subsidiary emotional afflic- tions: altogether, forty-seven have been considered.
The remaining four are the four variable states, which can be virtuous or unvirtuous. First is sleep, classified as stupidity, where all the sense fields are drawn inside. Whether it is meritorious or non- meritorious is determined by your state of mind as you are falling asleep. This can affect the dreams that follow. If one has trained well in virtue, then these tendencies will appear in the dream state. Similarly, if one mostly indulges in the emotional afflictions, one's dreams will reflect this.
Second is remorse. This is unhappiness about what you've done before. Because it breaks your concentration, it is an obstacle to
resting the mind. However, remorse is an element of confession. In order for confession to be an effective means of purifying unvirtuous activity, there must be remorse for previous actions. Here it func-
tions as a virtuous tendency.
Third is investigation. Relying on intention and wisdom, it is
the mind's descriptive process as it seeks an object. When form is dis- tant in the range of the senses, you are able to determine the identity of it roughly. Seeing a sentient being at a great distance you speculate, "It's a cow," "It's a horse," but you can't distinguish.
Finally, there is examination. Depending on intention and wisdom, you are able to discriminate the differences in a particular object. It is a fine mental analysis. For example you would not only understand an object to be a vase, but also that it was new, without cracks, etc.
Because these four are dependent upon whether the specific thoughts or conceptions involved are themselves virtuous, unvir- tuous or neutral, they are called the Four Variables.
This completes our discussion of the fifty-one mental states of the fourth skandha.
Consciousness (nam shay [mam shes])
The fifth skandha, consciousness, has as its characteristics clari- ty and knowing. Consciousness is divided into six types correspon- ding to the six sense faculties. Thus there is eye consciousness, nose consciousness, ear consciousness, tongue consciousness, body con- sciousness, and mind consciousness. Here we conceive of the mind as a sense faculty because it can recall past events and perceive various mental objects. Through all six types of consciousness, one can know distinctly the nature and characteristics of phenomena.
With the support of the sense faculty, the corresponding in- telligence arises. In the first instant of contact the faculty ap- prehends the object, yet the faculty itself is not capable of knowing its object. That is the function of consciousness: to hold onto the object in the second instant of contact that occurs. Without the faculty there can be no consciousness. But it is consciousness that does the actual work. That is why it is called, for example, "eye- consciousness. " By eye-consciousness we mean that basic intelligence
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which knows an object perceived by the eye. Each consciousness responds only to the corresponding faculty and object. It is not an unimpeded process. For example, when eye-consciousness knows its object in that second instant, ear consciousness is blocked, and so on. After the first moment of contact between a sound and the ear, the ear-consciousness knows about the perceptions of the sound, whether it is good or bad, whatever, in the second moment. When by means of the nose, contact takes place with an odor, basic in- telligence takes hold of the object and knows it in the second mo? ment; that is olfactory consciousness. Similarly, after contact be- tween the tongue and a tasteable object, consciousness in the next moment will hold and know the event. So also with the body: after there is contact with the body, consciousness can know in the second moment whether the sensation was pleasant or unpleasant, and so on. Finally, after the mind faculty perceives a mental phenomenon, basic intelligence is able to take hold and understand it. It can know any situation in the mind-happiness, suffering, and so on.
In the Hinayana tradition, just these six consciousnesses are counted. According to the sutras and commentaries of the Mind? Only school of the Mahayana, there are eight types of consciousness. Supported by Basic Consciousness, confused mind posits the View of a Self, Pride (thinking "1"), Attachent to a Self, and Ignorance. The mind with these four emotional afflictions is known as the "Emotionally afflicted mind" and is the seventh con- sciousness. Except for those who have actualized the stages of a Bodhisattva or the Truth of Cessation or the Path of No More Lear? ning, all beings have this kind of consciousness.
Finally, the eighth consciousness is the Basic Consciousness (kun shi nam she [kun gzhi rnam shes]). It is called this because it is the basis, the ground that holds the seeds-the skandhas, ayatanas, dhatus, and so forth. In clear awareness, the basis of the mind, oc- cur all the places in the six realms, external objects, the bodies we inhabit in each. All the karmic seeds for taking birth in these realms are held by Basic Consciousness and so it is called the "taking con? sciousness. " All these different places, bodies, and objects are like appearances in a dream, or images in a mirror. Although they are "mere appearance," without any ultimate reality, they are planted through habit and sustained by Basic Consciousness. Thus it is also called the "ripening consciousness. "
By and large, the different terms sem [sems], yi [yid] and nam she [rnam shes] have the same referent. But more specifically, sem connotes the basic consciousness and yi the emotionally afflicted consciousness, while nam she refers to the collection of the six con- sciousnesses.
This concludes our discussion of the five skandhas, under which are subsumed all composite phenomena. The reason for studying the five skandhas is to destroy our powerful attachment to a self in these skandhas. We tend to identify one or another of the five skan- dhas as what we are-"my physical form," "my sensations," and so on. To help eradicate this, all the constituents of the skandhas are enumerated. In the Mahayana path of training one works to eliminate clinging to the body, speech and mind. Although we think, "This is my body, my speech, my mind," it is not so: such thoughts are only obscurations. Understanding this, one examines also the emotional afflictions and the workings of all fifty-one men- tal occurrences. Here one actually observes the mind to see what sort of virtuous thoughts and what sort of unvirtuous thoughts occur. Because an understanding of the workings of consciousness is crucial for the practice of meditation, it is imponant to learn the ter- minology of the skandhas.
In the Vajrayana, the path of method, there is a funher development of the concept of the five skandhas, namely, their transformation. Here, once you have understood the skandhas, you can begin to consider how those factors can appear in either impure form or pure form. Since this is the path of method, one's concern is how to transform them. If you can recognize the five skandhas, it makes transformation easier. The impure skandhas become equivalent in their pure aspect to the Buddhas of the Five Families. But it is imponant to understand what the five skandhas are and how they really work, in order to see how they can manifest as the Five Buddhas. For example, some of the ornaments worn by the deities correspond to the fifty-one formations. If you don't know what these formations are, you cannot understand what the pure symbols adorning yidams and Buddhas represent. Thus by in- vestigating the five skandhas, one's understanding of Dharma, epecially the Secret Mantrayana, will gradually improve.
Q. . You said that one of the values of the teaching on the skandhas is to eliminate the view that there is a self. It seems to me that the
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Mind Only view which posits an eighth consciousness as the basis of all the different aspects of mind, karma and its effects, is moving back towards an affirmation of some kind of concrete individual.
A. What we have been talking about is the functioning of the mind of a sentient being. When the person becomes enlightened and becomes a Buddha, the distinction between the Mind only school and the Madhyamaka school dissolves, since the Basic Consciousness (the eight consciousness) is transformed into the Dhannakaya. With regard to unliberated consciousness, there seems to be a slight dif- ference between the schools. With regard to liberated mind, there is no distinction.
There are many different philosophical positions, and it's not necessarily the case that one is right and one is wrong. What is im- portant is that a teaching further your understanding and benefit your mind. There are many ways of explaining reality at different levels of understanding.
Q. . How can we use the description of the skandhas to look into our minds? Is it just a system of classification, or can we actually use it as a tool so that it will help us on the Vajrayana path?
A. There are many ways to use this teaching. The five skandhas are taught in a general sense to eliminate ignorance. The more you understand, the less ignorance you have. There are different meditative methods by which you can observe each of the skandhas. Kalu Rinpoche has also taught a special Vajrayana method of meditation on the five skandhas.
Q. . Are the five skandhas related to the concept of mandala?
A. There is a very close relationship. The skandhas represent the im? pure aspects of things. When the skandhas are purified they manifest as a mandala, which is based on the five Buddhas and the five wisdoms. A famous teaching by Milarepa says that in its impure aspect, the world is the five skandhas; in its pure aspect, it's the five Buddhas; in its impure aspect, it's the five emotional afflictions; in its pure aspect, it's the five wisdoms.
Important to the Secret Mantra Vajrayana are the elements of symbol and meaning. Symbol is example-like mandalas and tanka
[thang ka] paintings. Meaning is what is actually experienced in one's
practice. The attainment of the stage of Buddhahood really has to do with one's own stream of being when it is purified, not when it is impure. Following the example of symbolic transformation, one brings about liberation through the meaning of one's practice.
Principally, the teaching of the five skandhas destroys ego? clinging, which is synonymous with the emotionally afflicted con? sciousness. All Dharma is taught as a remedy to ego-clinging. As at? tachment to the self becomes stronger and stronger, it becomes the?
main cause of our immeasurable suffering and unhappiness. On the other hand, you experience peace and happiness to the extent to which your clinging has lessened.
Tilopa* was not a man of many words. He would say very little to his student Naropa. But he did tell him that appearances are not the cause of our bondage to samsara. What binds us to samsara is our attachment to those things, and it is . that which we must cut. At? tachment to external sense impressions and an internal ego only binds one more and more to existence, and especially to the lower realms. To the degree that we can reduce our attachment, life im- proves: we are able to meditate and practice the Dharma more easi? ly, and gradually extricate ourselves from the cycle of existence and suffering.
Kalu Rinpoche teaches that one should eat inferior food, wear tattered clothing, and so forth. In that way, one will be much hap? pier and have less suffering. Rinpoche himself has no need for fine things, and whenever he sees his students with fancy clothes or possessions he is displeased. He doesn't say too much about this, but he really doesn't approve of vanity.
It is really true that if you want to be a good Dharma practi? cioner, you shouldn't have many activities and be very busy with all sorts of plans and things to remember all the time. When I was lit? de, I was very happy because I didn't have anything to worry about; all I owned were some texts. I had no money, and just maintained a very simple practice of Dharma and meditation. Later on, I became
*The Indian Mahasiddha, teacher of Naropa. Naropa"s quest for, and discipleship to. Tilopa are rich sources for stories about the difficulties that the Lama con? trives in order to train his student.
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busy and had much work to do, so I now know how difficult activity can be.
Medz. tatz"on Practz"ce
Let us complete our study with a short period of meditation on the shortcomings of samsara. This is an unhappy subject, so while you are meditating on this, you should sit in the position that I am in now, with one knee bent, elbow resting on knee, and head in hand- the posture of sorrow.
The six realms of samsara are completely filled with suffering, without even a hair's tip of happiness, like a pit of blazing fire. Wherever one might be reborn, there is only suffering. Reflect in detail on the sufferings of the each of the realms. For example, think of the fact that those in the god realm have to foresee their rebirth in the lower realm of suffering; that human beings suffer birth, illness, old age, and death; that animals are forced into service, or kill and eat each other; that hungry ghosts endure intense hunger and thirst; that hell-beings undergo unbelievable heat and cold. There is no en- during happiness whatsoever in any part of Samsara, whether it be the lower realms or even the higher realms.
Although suffering plagues all the realms, beings in the three lower realms are completely engulfed in it. There, through the cause of powerful hatred, desire and stupidity, suffering is unavoidable; it cannot be circumvented by any means. In our pres- ent lives we feel a great deal of pain if our skin is pierced by a needle or if we are out in the cold for a day; but those in the hells undergo kalpas of extreme heat and cold and excruciating pain.
If we go for a day or two without food and water, we know how difficult this is. But in the hungry ghost realm, beings have no con- trol over their environment, and they have to go for unimaginable lengths of time without even a drop of water. We should reflect deeply upon such suffering.
As for animals, they are either constantly fighting with each other or hunting, killing and eating each other. Human beings force some of them to work; their state is one of perpetual fear and unhappiness.
In the human realm, even here in America, one of the best places a human being can be, there is suffering of all kinds. There
are many luxuries which may give us some physical comfort, but mental happiness is really very hard to find, and there isn't a single person who doesn't have some kind of suffering or problem. Con- sider this, and then think of humans living right now in other coun- tries and situations, people who are very poor, who don't have all the things that they need, and who have much more suffering. Finally, all humans, no matter what their situation, have sickness, old age and death.
In their realm, the Asuras continually fight with the gods; they are embroiled in jealousy and constantly suffer the pains of making war. The gods in the lower pan of the sixth, highest, realm are those who fight the Asuras, and so they also suffer this combat. In the up- per pan of the gods' realm, there are tremendous luxuries and a feeling of happiness. Yet there is also latent suffering, because once the god's stock of merit has been exhausted, he must fall back into one of the other five realms of suffering. Thus, suffering is pervasive even in the higher realms.
Think about these various realms of samsara. Feeling fear at the prospect of being born in one or another of them, you begin to wonder, "How can I possibly get out of this cycle? What method can prevent me from experiencing this suffering? " Reflect that this is not your problem alone: all beings face this situation, including your mother and father and every other sentient being. Generate great compassion for their situation.
Now visualize that in the space in front of you, your own Root Lama appears in the form of Chenrezi. He says, "The nature of samsara is like a hot, burning fire. You need to bathe away the suf- fering of the lower realms by means of compassion. " You then pray, "I have been wandering in samsara for a very long time. Now that I am practicing your teaching, with your great kindness please help me to enter the Buddha's Pure Realm. " Promise that you will help all sentient beings to enter the Pure Realm also, and will not just save yourself.
Then imagine that light rays emanate from Chenrezi's bean, touch your bean, and guide you to the Pure Realm of Dewachen. Next, light rays come from your heart and touch all sentient beings in the universe, leading them to Dewachen. In this way meditate un- distractedly on great compassion.
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Now, sit in good meditation posture. From among the five skandhas, concentrate on the skandha of consciousness. Meditate undistractedly on mind's lucid awareness. Its essence is empty, its aspect is clear, and its nature is unimpeded.
Now that we have finished, we should dedicate the merit. When one meditates or explains the Dharma, it is imponant to share whatever roots of vinue one has accumulated with all living beings. In addition we should also make prayers of aspiration for the ultimate attainment of Buddhahood for everyone; for the world to be free of sickness, war, and famine; that the precious teaching of the Buddha endure and those who promulgate it live long.
OUTLINE OF THE FIVE SKANDHAS
I. FORM (zuk chi pung po [gzugs kyi phung po]) rupaskandha (Skt. )
A. Four Types of Causal Form (ju yi zuk [rgyu'i gzugs]) 1. Earth (sa [sa])
2. Water (chu [chu]) S. Fire (me [me])
4. Wind (lung [rlung])
B. Eleven Types ofResultant Form (dray bu zuk ['bras bu'i gzugs]), divided into three main categories:
1. The Five Sense Faculties (wang po nga [dbang po lnga]) 2. The Five Sense Objects (ton nga [don lnga])
S. The Eleventh Form (zuk chu chik pa [gzugs bcu gcig pa])
a) The Five Sense Faculties
(1) Eye Faculty (mik ki wang po [mig gi dbang po]) (2) Ear Faculty (na way wang po [rna ba'i dbang po]) (S) Nose Faculty (na yi wang po [sna'i dbang po])
(4) Tongue Faculty (che yi wang po [Ice'i dbang po]) (5) Body Faculty (lu chi wang po [Ius kyi dbang po])
b) The Five Sense Objects
(1) Sights (zuk [gzugs]) (a) Classified by color (b) Classified by shape
(2) Sounds (dra [sgra]) (a) Sentient sounds (b) Unsentient sounds (c) Venerable sounds
(3) Smells (tri [dri]) (4) Tastes (ro [ro])
(a) Sweet (b) Sour (c) Bitter (d) Salty
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(e) Acid
(f) Astringent
(5) Tactiles (rek ja [reg bya])
c) Eleventh Form
Some examples of the Eleventh Form:
(1) Atomic Form (dul tra rab chi zuk [rdul phra rab kyi gzugs])
(2) Imagined Form (kun tak chi zuk [kun btags kyi gzugs])
(3) Form Seen Through Meditation (wang jor way zuk [dbang 'byor ba'i gzugs])
(4) Unapparent Form, e. g. , the form of vows (rik che rna yin pay zuk [rig byed rna yin pa'i gzugs])
II. SENSATION (tsor way pung po [tshor ba'i phung po] vedan- askandha (Skt. )
A. Bodily Sensations (lu chi tsor wa [Ius kyi tshor ba]) 1. Pleasurable
2. Painful 3. Neutral
B. Mental Sen. sation. s (yi chi tsor wa [yid kyi tshor ba]) 1. Pleasurable
2. Painful
III. RECOGNITION (du she chi pung po ['du shes kyi phung po]) samjnaskandha (Skt. )
A. Two Aspects:
1. Identification (ton Ia tsen mar dzin pa [don Ia mtshan
mar 'dzin pa])
2. Differentiation (ta nyay Ia tsen mar dzin pa [tha snyad Ia
mtshan mar 'dzin pa])
B. Three Scopes
1. Small (Objects within the Desire Realm) (chung ngu
[chung ngu])
2. Extensive (Objects within all the Realms of Samsara) (ja che wa [rgya che ba])
3. Immeasurable (Only accessible to beings of the Formless Realm and beyond, i. e. , Buddhas) (tsay me (mtshad med])
IV. FORMATION (du che chi pung po ['du byed kyi phung po]) samskaraskandha (Skt. )
These 51 states may be: virtuous, unvirtuous, neither, or variable.
A. The Five Pervasive Mental States (kun dro nga [kun 'gro lnga]) 1. Intention (sem pa [sems pa])
2. Concentration (yi Ia che pa [yid Ia byed pa])
3. Contact (rek pa [reg pa])
B.
4. Sensation (tsor wa [tshor ba]) 5. Recognition (du she ('du shes])
The Five Determinative States (yul nge che nga [yul nges byed lnga])
6. Resolution (dun pa ('dun pa])
7. Interest (mo pa [mos pa])
8. Recollection (dren pa [dran pa])
9. Samadhi (ting nge dzin [ting nge 'dzin])
10. Wisdom (she rap [shes rab])
C. The Eleven Virtuous Mental Occurrances 11. Faith (tay pa [dad pa])
a) Faith of Yearning (do pay tay pa ('dod pa'i dad pa]) b) Trusting Faith (yi che pay tay pa (yid ches pa'i dad pa]) c) Clear faith (dang way tay pa [dang ba'i dad pa])
12. Carefulness (pa yo pa [bag yod pa])
13. ThoroughTraining(shintujangwa[shintusbyangba]) 14. Equanimity (tang nyom [btang snyoms])
15. Sense of Propriety (ngo tsa she pa [ngo tsha shes pa]) 16. Considerateness (trel yo pa (khrel yod pa])
17. Non-attachment (rna chak pa (rna chags pa])
18. Lack of Hatred (she dang me pa (zhe sdang med pa]) 19. Lack of Stupidity (ti muk me pa (gti mug med pa])
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20. Complete Harmlessness (nam parmi tse wa [rnam par mi 'tshe ba])
21. Diligence (tson dru [brtson 'grus])
D. The Twenty-Six Unvirtuous Mental Occurences
The Six Root Defilements (tsa way nyon mong druk [rtsa ba'i nyon mongs drug])
22. Ignorance (rna rik pa [rna rig pa]) 23. Desire (do chak [dod chags])
a. Desire of Desire (in Desire Realm) (do pay do chak ['dod pa'i 'dod chags])
b. Desire for Existence (in Upper Realms) (si pay do chak [srid pa'i 'dod chags])
24. Hatred (she dang [zhe sdang]) 25. Pride (nga jal [nga rgyal])
26. Doubt (te tsom [the tshom]) 27. View (ta wa [Ita ba])
a) View based on the perishable aggregates. i. e. , a belief in a self (jig tsok Ia ta wa ['jig tshogs Ia Ita ba])
b) View of holding to extremes (eternalism or nihilism) (tar dzin pay ta wa [mthar 'dzin pa'i Ita ba])
c) Opposite view (lok par ta wa [log par Ita ba])
d) Holding one's own views as supreme (ta wa chok dzin
[Ita ba mchog 'dzin])
e) Holding one's morality and discipline as supreme (tsul
trim tang tul shuk chok dzin [tshul khrims dang bnul
zhugs mchog 'dzin])
Views are further distinguished as:
(1) Innate (len chay [lhan skyes]) (2) Acquired (kun tak [kun btags])
The Twenty Subsidiary Emotional Afflictions (nye way nyon mong nyi shu [nye ba'i nyon mongs nyi shu])
28. Wrath (tro wa [khro ba])
29. Malice (kon du dzin pa [khon du 'dzin pa])
30. Rage (tsik pa ['tshig pa])
31. Vindictiveness (nam par tse wa [rnam par 'tshe ba]) 32. jealousy (trak dok [phrag dog])
33. Deceitfulness (yo [gyo])
34. Hypocrisy (ju [sgyu])
35. Shamelessness (ngo tsa me pa [ngo tsha med pa])
36. Inconsiderateness (trel me pa [khrel med pa])
37. Concealment (chap pa ['chab pa])
38. Greed (ser na [ser sna])
39. Vanity (jak pa [rgyags pa])
40. Lack of faith (rna tay pa [rna dad pa])
41. Laziness (le lo [le lo])
42. Carelessness (pa me pa [bag med pa])
43. Forgetfulness (je ngay [brjed ngas])
44. Lack of conscience (shay shin min pa [shes bzhin min
pa])
45. Fogginess (muk pa [rmugs pa])
46. Wildness (go pa [rgod pa])
47. Distraction (nam par yeng wa [mam par gyeng ba])
E. The Four Van"able Occurrences (shen jur shi [gzhan gyur bzhi])
48. Sleep (nyi [gnyid])
49. Remorse (jo pa ['gyod pa])
50. Investigation (tok pa [rtog pa]) 51. Examination (cho pa [dpyod pa])
V. CONSCIOUSNESS(namshechipungpo[mamssheskyiphung po] vijnanaskandha (Skt. )
A. The Eight Types:
1. Eye consciousness (mik ki nam she [mig gi mam shes])
2. Nose consciousness (na yi nam she [sna'i mam shes])
3. Ear consciousness (na way nam she [rna ba'i rnam shes])
4. Tongueconsciousness(cheyinamshe[lche'imamshes])
5. Body consciousness (lu chi nam she [Ius kyi mam shes])
6. Mind consciousness (yi chi nam she [yid kyi mam shes])
7. Afflicted consciousness (nyon mong yi chi nam she [nyon
mongs yid kyi mam shes])
8. Basic consciousness (kun shi nam she [kun gzhi mam
shes])
The Five Skandhas 183
Appendix 2
Glossary
It is important to note that the definitions in this glossary are zntended to z"dentify and clanfy technical terms only as they are used in this book. They are in no way comprehensive deftnitz"ons applying to all Buddhist usages. Many of the terms have significantly dif-
ferent senses zn other contexts and other Buddhist tradz"tions. Dz"rect quotatz"ons, unless otherwise noted, are drawn from the chapters ofthis book and are zntroduced here to serve as reminders
offuller discussions zn the text.
Abhidharma (Skt. ) cho ngon pa (chos mngon pa] (Tib. ) The sec- tion of Buddhist scriptures concerned with philosophical, cosmological, and psychological analysis.
Alayavijiiina see Kiin shi nam she
Anuttarayogatantra (Skt. ) naljor Ia name pay jii [mal'byor bla na med pa'i rgyud] (Tib. ) "The highest of the four levels of Vajrayana teachings. "
Arhat (Skt. ) dra chom pa (dgra bcom pa] (Tib. ) One who has "con- quered the enemy," that is, the "emotions and ignorance that keep one locked in Samsara. " The Arhat represents the Hinayana ideal, one who has experienced the cessation of suffering.
186 The Dharma
Asuras (Skt. ) lha min [lha min] (Tib. ) Envious gods who occupy a realm adjacent to the human realm in Samsara. "They live in con- tinual strife," beset by possessiveness, paranoia, and jealousy of the gods.
