)--The name Cybele is derived, by some, from
the cymbals (kvu6oc, KvuSaXa) used in the worship of
the goddess.
the cymbals (kvu6oc, KvuSaXa) used in the worship of
the goddess.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, c.
2. --Compare, Cic, Phil. , 2, 2. ) Cicero speaks very
favourably of his natural qualifications as an orator,
but denies hirn the praise of application. (Cic, Brut. ,
81. ) On the hreaking out of the civil war, Casar,
after having possessed himself of Rome, sent Curio to
take charge of Sicily. The latter subsequently crossed
over from this island into Africa, with an armed force,
against Julia and the followers of Pompey, but was de-
feated and slain. (Appian, Bell. Civ. , 2, 41, *eqq. )
Curiosolita, a people of Gaul, forming part of the
Armoric states. Their territory lay to the northeast
of the Vcneti, and answers to what is now the territory
cf St. Malo, between Dtnanl and Lamballe, in the de-
partment its C6te*-da-Nord. (Lemaire, Ind. Geogr
ad Co:* , p. 244. )
? ? Curium, a city of Cyprus, on the southern coast,
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? CUT
live been aided in this by a natural tunne1 gradually
lormed through the basin of the lake itself. (Compare
Arnold's History of Home, vol. 1, p. 511. )--II. Quin-
tu>> Rufue, a Latin historian. (V'lii. Quintua I. )
Cukulis Magistratus, the name given to a class
of magistracies which conferred the privilege of using
the sella curulis or chair of state. This was anciently
made of ivory, or, at least, adorned with it. The ma-
gistrate* wh>*enjoyed this privilege were the dictator,
consuls, prsstir, censors, and curule adiles. They
ait on this chair in their tribunals on ail solemn occa-
sions. Those commanders who triumphed had it with
them in their chariot. Persons whose ancestors, or
themselves, had borne any curule office, were called
nobiies, and had the jus imaginum. They who were
the first of the family that had raised themselves
to any curule office, were called homines novi, new
men. --As regards the origin of the term curulis,
Festus deduces it from tun us, "a chariot," and says,
that "curule magistrates" were so called because
they were accustomed to be borne along in chariots
{"quia curru tehebartlur"). Aulus Golliua (3, 18)
also remarks, quoting, at the same time, Uabius Bas-
sus, that those senators who had borne any curule ma-
gistracy were accustomed, as a mm', of honour, to be
conveyed to the senate in chariots, and that the seat in
the chariot {sella in curru) was hence denominated
"curule" {sella curulis). He may be correct as re-
gards the mere derivation of the term, but he is cer-
tainly wrong in the explanation which he gives, since
Pliny expressly states (7, 43), that L. Metcllus, who
had enjoyed the highest honours in the state, having
become deprived of sight, had the privilege allowed
him of being conveyed to the senate in a chariot, a
favour granted to no one before his time. --The com-
own derivation of the word-is from Cures, a town of
the Salur. es, whence this official badge is said by some
to have been borrowed. Lipsius favours this latter
etymology. (Dc Magistr. Vet. P. JR. , c. 12. )
Cussf l orCoss. *:, a nation occupying the southern
declivity of the mountains which separated Susiana
from Media. The Ely man possessed the northern de-
clivities. The Cusssei or Gossan were a brave peo-
ple, and the kings of Persia were frequently compelled
to purchase a passage over these mountains from them.
Alexander effected one by taking them by surprise.
Antigonus lost a large portion of his army in crossing
over. According to IManncrt, this people, together
with the Carduchi and some other neighbouring tribes,
were the ancestors of the modern Curds. (Manncrt,
Gcogr. , vol. 5, p. 493. )
Cosue, a river of Hungary, falling into the Danube;
now the Vag, according to D'Anville. Mannert, how-
ever, makes it the same with the Granna or Gran.
(Man-nal, Gcogr. , vol. 3, p. 380, in notis. )
Comix, a town of the Sabines, cast of Reate, and
mi the right bank of the Velinus, famed as an aborigi-
nal city of great antiquity {Dton. Hal. , 1, 14 and 2,
49), and celebrated for its lake, now Pozao Ratignano,
and the floating island on its surface. (Senec, Nat.
quasi. , 3, 25 -- Plin. , 2, 95. ) This lake was farther
oistinguished by the appellation of the Umbilicus, or
"Navel" (i. e. , centre) of Italy. (Voire, ap. Plin. ,
3, U. ) This statement is found by D'Anville {Anal.
Gap. , p. 165) to be correct, when referred to the
breadth of Italy; the distance from Ostia to Cutiliaa,
the rains of which are to be seen close to Paterno, a
* siftage near Cicila Ducale, being seventy-six miles,
? ? vyi he same from thence to Castrum Truentinum on
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? CYANEjE.
CYANE. C.
roclts; and near them the vast wave of the dark Am-
ohitrite resounds: the blessed gods call them the
Wanderers. Here neither birds pass by, nor do fear-
ful doves which carry ambrosia to father Jove; but
the smooth rock always takes away some one of
them, while the father supplies another to make up
their number. From this not yet has any ship of men
escaped, whichever has come to it, but the waves of
the sea, and the storms of pernicious fire take away
Clanks of ships and bodies of men together. That ship,
indeed, only, which passes over the sea, has sailed be-
yond, the Arg], a ca:e to all, which sailed from /Eta. . .
But as to the twj rocks, the one reaches the wide
heaven with its sharp top, and a dark cloud surrounds
it: this, indeed, never goes away, nor does clearness
ever hold possession of its top, either in summer or in
autumn; nor could a mortal man ascend it, or de-
scend, not if he had twenty hands and feet; for the
rock is smooth like one polished around. "--It is not
difficult, from the accounts here given, adorned though
they be with the garb of poetry, to deduce the inference
tln-t the Cyanean isles were originally volcanic. The
"storms of pernicious fire" (jrvpdf bXooio QveXXai)
and the dark cloud (Kvavin veifii/. ! /) point at once to
this. Hence, in the discussions which have arisen
relative to the formation of the Thracian Bosporus,
and the enlargement of the Mediterranean Sea (rid.
Medilerrancum Mare), the agency of volcanoes is gen-
erally asserted by the one party. (Compare Oliricr,
Voyage, &c. , vol. 1, p. 62. --Geographic Physique de
U Mere Noire, par Dureau de la Malle, p. 355, teqq. )
Their opponents, on the other hand, maintain, that the
only probable change in the region of the Bosporus
must have been produced by a gradual sinking of a
carrier of rocks, and that even this must have occurred
? t a period antecedent to all historical and geographi-
cal records. They add, that the pretended volcanic
substances brought from the Bosporus have been
proved to be merely fragments of ordinary rocks.
\Malte-Brun, Geogr. , vol. 3, p. 397, Brussels ed. ) It
ic difficult, however, to reconcile this assertion with
the strong and decided language of Dr. Clarke, rela-
tive t > the structure of the rock of which the Cyanean
isles consist, as well as to the general appearance of
the shore along the line of the Bosporus. "The Cy-
anesB," he remarks, "are each joined to the main land
by a kind of isthmus, and appear as islands when this
is inundated; which always happens in stormy
weather. But it is not certain that the isthmus, con-
necting either of them with the continent, was for-
merly visible. The disclosure has been probably
owing to that gradual sinking of the level of the Black
Sea before noticed. The same cause continuing to
operate, may hereafter lead posterity to marvel what
is become of the Cyaneo? ; and this may also account
for their multiplied appearance in ages anterior to the
time of Strabo. For some time before we reached
the entrance to the Canal, steering close along its Eu-
ropean side, we observed in the cliffs and hills, even
to their summits, a remarkable aggregate of hetero-
geneous stony substances, rounded by attrition in wa-
ter, imbedded in a hard natural cement, yet differing
from the usual appearance of breccia rocks; for, upon
& nearer examination, the whole mass appears to have
undergone, first, a violent action of fire; and, secondly,
that degree of friction in water to which their forms
must be ascribed. Breccia rocks do not commonly
? ? consist o; substances so modified. The stratum form-
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? yb
C YB
! , 10J), that Cyaxares was superior in valour to his
ancestors; that he was the first who regularly trained
the Asiatics to military service; dividing the troops,
which had been imbodied promiscuously before his
lime, into distinct companies of lancers, archers, and
cavalry. The historian then adds parenthetically,
(" this was he who waged war with the Lydians;
when, during a battle, the day became night"). This
parenthetical remark evidently refers to the foregoing
jeeount of the eclipse. We are next informed, that,
having subdued all Asia above the river Halys, he
marched with all that were under his command against
Nineveh, resolving to avenge the death of his father
by the destruction of that city. After he had defeat-
ed the Assyrians, he laid siege to the city; but was
forced to raise it by a sudden invasion of his territories.
For a numerous army of Scythians, headed by Ma-
Jva<<, made an irruption into Media, defeated him in a
pitched battle, and reduced him and all Upper Asia,
under subjection to them, for eight-and-twenty years.
(Herodot. , 1, 103, seqq. ) Then, in revenge for their
galling impositions and exactions, he slew their chief-
tains, when intoxicated, at a banquet to which he had
invited them, and, expelling the rest, recovered his for-
mer power and possessions. (Herodot. , 1, 196. ) After
this, the Medes took Nineveh and subdued the Assy-
rian provinces, all except the Babylonians, their con-
federates in the war. Cyaxares died after having
reitmed forty years, including twenty-eight years of
the Scythian dominion. --Hale fixes the time of the
eclipse that was predicted by Thales, as above stated,
on the 18th of May, B. C. 603, at 9 hours and 30 min-
utes in the morning'- He makes this eclipse to have
been a total one, and the moon's shadow to have trav-
ersed the earth's disk, near the mouth of the river Ha-
lys, the boundary of the two contending kingdoms at
a later day. (Hale'a Analysis of Chronology, vol. 4,
p. 84, "d ed. ) The same learned writer makes Cyax-
ares I. to have been the same with Kai Kobad, whom
Mirkhond. and other Persian historians give as the
m mder of the second or Kaianian dynasty. He iden-
tifies him also with the Ahasucrus of Scripture.
(Halt's Analysts, vol. 4, p. 76, 81. ) According, how-
ever, to another modem writer, Cyaxares is the same
with the monarch styled Gustasp. (Hblty, Djemtchid,
Feriiun, Ac, p. 63, seqq. , Hanov. , 1829. )--II. Son
of Astyages, succeeded his father at the age of 49
years. Being naturally of an easy, indolent disposi-
tion, and fond of his amusements, he left the burden
of military affairs and the care of the government to Cy-
rus, his nephew and son-in-law, who married his only
daughter, and was, therefore, doubly entitled to suc-
ceed him. Xenophon notices this marriage as taking
place after the conquest of Babylon. (Cyrop. , 8,28. )
But to this Sir Isaac Newton justly objects: "This
daughter, saith Xenophon, was reported to be very
handsome, and used to play with Cyrus when they
were both children, and to say that she would marry
him; and, therefore, they were much of the same age.
Xenophon saith, that Cyrus married her after the ta-
king of Babylon; but she was then an old woman. It is
more probable that he married her while she was young
and handsome, and he a young man. " (Citron. , p.
310. ) Newton supposes that Darius the Mede was
the son of Cyaxares, and cousin of Cyrus; and that
Cyrus rebelled against, and dethroned him two years
after the capture of Babylon. But this is unfounded:
? ? for Darius the Mede was sixteen years older than Cy-
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? CYC
O If c
-In works of art Cybele exhibits the matronly air and
composed dignity, which distinguish Juno and Ceres.
Sometimes she is veiled, and seated on a throne with
lions at her side; at other times riding in a chariot
drawn by lions. Her head is always crowned with
towers. She frequently beats on a drum, and bears a
>>ceptre in her hand. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 223,
seqq.
)--The name Cybele is derived, by some, from
the cymbals (kvu6oc, KvuSaXa) used in the worship of
the goddess. It is better, however, to suppose her so
called, because represented usually in her more mys-
terious character, under a globular or else square form:
(iiycrai Si not KvCe/. n utto roi kvCikov ox^uaroc,
naru ycuuerpiav, i) yf). --Lex. Antiq. , Frag, in Hcrm.
Grumm. --Knight's Inquiry, y 42, Class. Journ. , vol.
23, p. 233. --For an explanation of the myth of Cybele,
which cannot, of course, be given here, consult Guig-
niaul, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 67, seqq. )
Cvbistra, a town of Cappadocia, in the district of
Cataonia, and at the foot of Mount Taurus. (Ci'c,
Ep. ad Fam. , 15, 2 et i. --Ep. ad. Alt. , 5, 20. ) Ci-
cero made it his headquarters during his command in
Cilicia. I. cake is inclined to place Cybistra at Kara-
hiisar, near Mazaca, but this position does not agree
with Strata's account. D'Anvillc had imagined, from
a similarity of name, that Cybistra might be represented
by Buslcreh, a small place near the source of one of
the branches of the Halys; but it is not said whether
there are any remains of antiquity at Buslcreh, and,
besides, Leake affirms, that, according to the Arabian
geographer Hadji Khalfa, the true name of the place
is Kostcre. (Asia Minor, p. 63. ) Cybistra is men-
tioned by Hierocles among the Episcopal cities of
Cappadocia. (Hicrocl. , p. 700. --Manner! , Geogr. ,
vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 236, 262. )
CrcLAOes, a name applied by the ancient Greeks
to that cluster (kvkXoc) of islands which encircled
Dclos. Strabo (485) says, that the Cyclades were
nt first only twelve in number, but were afterward in-
creased to fifteen. These, as we learn from Artemi-
dorus, were Ceos, Cythnos, Seriphos, Melos, Siphnos,
Cimolos, Prepesinthos, Olearos, Paros, Naxos, Syros,
Myconos, Tcnos, Andros, and Gyaros, which last, how-
ever, Strabo himself was desirous of excluding, from
its being a mere rock, as also Prepesinthos and Olea-
ros. --It appears from the Greek historians, that the
Cyclades were first inhabited by the Phoenicians, Cari-
ans, and Leleges, whose piratical habits rendered them
formidable to the cities on the continent, till they were
conquered and finally extirpated by Minos. (Thucyd. ,
1, 4. --Hcrodot. , 1, 171. ) These islands were subse-
quently occupied for a short time by Polvcrates, ty-
rant of Samoa, and the Persians. (Hcrodot. , 5, 28. )
But, after the battle of Mycale, they became dependant
on the Athenians. (Thucyd. , I, 94. )
CyclIci pacta, a name given by the ancient gram-
marians to a class of minor bards, who selected, for the
subjects of their productions, things transacted as well
during the Trojan war, as before and after; and who,
in treating of these subjects, confined themselves with-
in a certain round or cycle of fable (kvk? . oc, circulus).
In order to understand the subject more fully, we must
observe, that there was both a Mythic and a Trojan
cycle. The former of these embr ced the whole se-
ries of fable, from the genealogies of the gods down to
the time of the Trojan war. The latter comprised the
fables that had reference to, or were in any way con-
? ? nected with, the Trojan wax. Of the first class were
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? CYCLOPES.
When the Thunder, the Lightning, and the rapid
Flame had been converted by poetry into one-eyed
giants, and localized in the neighbourhood of volca-
noes, it was an easy process to convert them into
smiths, the assistants of Vulcan. (Callim. H. in
Dun. , 46, seqq. -- Virg. , Georg. , 4, 173. --Mn. , 8,
416, seqq. ) As they were now artists in one line, it
gate no surprise to find them engaged in a task adapt-
ed to their huge strength, namely, that of rearing the
a assive walls of Tiryns, for which purpose they were
Drought hv Proetus from Lycia. (Sckol. ad Eurip. ,
Ore si , 955. --Keightley's Mythology, p. 259, seqq. )
Hence, too, the name Cyclopian, is applied to this spe-
cies of architecture, respecting which we will give
some explanation at the close of this article. --This last-
mentioned circumstance has led some to imagine, that
the Cyclopes were nothing more than a caste or race of
miners, or, rather, workers in quarries, who descended
into, and came forth from, the bowels of the earth, with
a lamp attached to their foreheads, to light them on
their way, and which at a distance would appear like a
laroe, flaming eye: an explanation more ingenious than
satisfactory. (. Hire, Gesckiehle der Baukunst, vol. 1,
p. 198. --Agatharch. , ap. Phot. , Cod. , 250. ) Another
solution is that which refers the name Cyclops to the
circular buildings constructed by the Pelasgi, of which
we have so remarkable a specimen in what is called
the Treasury of Atreus, at Mycen>>. From the form
of these buildings, resembling within a hollow cone or
beehive, and the round opening at the top, the individ-
uals who constructed them are thought to have derived
their ippe-iation. (Kruse, Hellas, vol. 1, p. 440. --
Compare GcU's Argclis, p. 34. )--As regards the
country occupied by the Homeric Cyclopes, it may be
remarked, that this is usually supposed to have been
the island of Sicily. But it would be very inconsistent
in '. he poet to place the Cyclopes, a race contemning
the gods, in an island sacred to, and in which were
pastured the herds of, the Sun. The distance, too,
between the land of the Lotophagi and that of the Cy-
clopes, could not have been very considerable; since,
as has already been remarked, it is not given in days
and nights, a mode of measurement always adopted by
Homer when the distance mentioned is a great one.
Everything conspires, therefore, to induce the belief,
that the Cyclopes of Homer were placed by him on the
coast of Africa, a little to the north of the Syrtis Mi-
nor. (Compare Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 4, p. 9, seqq. )
They who make them to have dwelt in Sicily blend an
old tradition with one of more recent date. This last
probably took its rise when . 'Etna and the Lipari isl-
ands were assigned to Vulcan, by the popular belief
of the day, as his workshops; which could only have
happened when -Etna had become better known, and
Mount Moschylus, in the isle of Lemnos, had ceased
to be volcanic. --Before we conclude this article, a few
remarks will be made on the subject of Cyclopian
architecture. This style of building is frequently al-
luded to by the ancient writers. In fact, every archi-
tectural work of extraordinary magnitude, to the exe-
cution of which human labour appeared inadequate,
was ascribed to the Cyclopes. (Eunp. , Iph. in Aid. ,
SH--Id. , Here. Fur. , 15. --Id. , Troad. , 108. --Stra-
in, 373. --Senec. , Here. Fur. , 99G. --Stalius, Theb,
1,151. --Pausan. , 2, 25. ) The general character of
-he Cyclopian style is immense blocks of stone, with-
out cement, placed upon each other, sometimes irreg-
oUrly, and with jmallcT stones filling up the interstices,
? ? sometimes in regular and horizontal rows. The Cy-
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? c ym
CYN
K>) Capt. Beaul^rt observes, that the sea must have
retired considerably fsom the mouth of the Cydnus;
since, in the time of the crusades, it is reported to
hare been six miles from Tarsus, and now that dis-
tance is more than doubled. {Karamania, p. 275. --
Cramer's Asia. Minor, vol. 2, p. 344. )
Cydonia, the most ancie. U city in the island of
Crete. {Strabo, 476. ) It is said to have been found-
ed by the Cydones of Homer (0<! . , 3, 292), whom
Strabo considered as indigenous. But Herodotus as-
cnbi's its origin to a party of Samians, who, having
been exiled by Polycrates, settled in Crete when they
had expelled the Zacynthians. Six years afterward,
the Samians were conquered in a naval engagement
by the ^Eginetaj and Cretans, and reduced to captivi-
ty: the town then probably reverted to its ancient
possessors the Cydonians. {Herodol. , 3, 59. ) It
stood on tho northern coast of the northwestern part
of Crete, and was the most powerful and wealthy city
of the whole island, since, in the civil wars, it with-
stood the united forces of Cnosus and Gortyna after
they had reduced the greater part of Crete. From
Cydonia the quince tree was first brought into Italy,
and thence the fruit was called malum Cydonium, or
Cydouian apple. Its inhabitants were the best of the
Cretan archers. The ruins of this ancient city are to
be seen on the site of Jerami. {Cramer's Ancient
Greece, vol. 3, p. 365, scq. )
Cviikaba. a city of Phrygia. Mannert supposes it
to have been the same with Laodicea, on the confineB
of three provinces, Caria, Phrygia, and f. vdia, and
situate on the Lycus, which flows into the Maunder.
{Geogr. , vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 131. ) Herodotus speaks of
a pillar erected in Cydrara by Croesus, with an inscrip-
tion defining the boundaries of Phrygia and Lydia; so
that it must have been on the confines of these two
countries at /east. (Hcrodot. , 7, 30. )
Cyllarus, a celebrated horse of Castor, according to
Seneca, Valerius Flaccus, Claudian, and Martial, but,
according to Virgil, of Pollux. {Virg. , G. , 3,90. )
The point is gravely discussed by La Cerda and Mar-
tyn, in their respective commentaries, and the conclu-
sion to which both come is, what might'have easily
been surmised, that the steed in question was the com-
mon property of the two Dioscuri. Statius, in his
poem on Domitian's horse, mentions Cyllarus as serv-
ing the two brothers alternately. {Sylv. , 1, 1,54. ) Ste-
? ichorus also, according to Suidas, says that Mercury
gave Phlogeus, and Harpagus, and Cyllarus to both
Castor and Pollux. (Suid. ,s. v. KvAAapor. ) In the
Etyiiiol. Mag. it is stated, that Mercury gave them
Phlogeus and Harpagus, but Juno, Exalilhus and Cyl-
larus. {Elymol. Mag.
2. --Compare, Cic, Phil. , 2, 2. ) Cicero speaks very
favourably of his natural qualifications as an orator,
but denies hirn the praise of application. (Cic, Brut. ,
81. ) On the hreaking out of the civil war, Casar,
after having possessed himself of Rome, sent Curio to
take charge of Sicily. The latter subsequently crossed
over from this island into Africa, with an armed force,
against Julia and the followers of Pompey, but was de-
feated and slain. (Appian, Bell. Civ. , 2, 41, *eqq. )
Curiosolita, a people of Gaul, forming part of the
Armoric states. Their territory lay to the northeast
of the Vcneti, and answers to what is now the territory
cf St. Malo, between Dtnanl and Lamballe, in the de-
partment its C6te*-da-Nord. (Lemaire, Ind. Geogr
ad Co:* , p. 244. )
? ? Curium, a city of Cyprus, on the southern coast,
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? CUT
live been aided in this by a natural tunne1 gradually
lormed through the basin of the lake itself. (Compare
Arnold's History of Home, vol. 1, p. 511. )--II. Quin-
tu>> Rufue, a Latin historian. (V'lii. Quintua I. )
Cukulis Magistratus, the name given to a class
of magistracies which conferred the privilege of using
the sella curulis or chair of state. This was anciently
made of ivory, or, at least, adorned with it. The ma-
gistrate* wh>*enjoyed this privilege were the dictator,
consuls, prsstir, censors, and curule adiles. They
ait on this chair in their tribunals on ail solemn occa-
sions. Those commanders who triumphed had it with
them in their chariot. Persons whose ancestors, or
themselves, had borne any curule office, were called
nobiies, and had the jus imaginum. They who were
the first of the family that had raised themselves
to any curule office, were called homines novi, new
men. --As regards the origin of the term curulis,
Festus deduces it from tun us, "a chariot," and says,
that "curule magistrates" were so called because
they were accustomed to be borne along in chariots
{"quia curru tehebartlur"). Aulus Golliua (3, 18)
also remarks, quoting, at the same time, Uabius Bas-
sus, that those senators who had borne any curule ma-
gistracy were accustomed, as a mm', of honour, to be
conveyed to the senate in chariots, and that the seat in
the chariot {sella in curru) was hence denominated
"curule" {sella curulis). He may be correct as re-
gards the mere derivation of the term, but he is cer-
tainly wrong in the explanation which he gives, since
Pliny expressly states (7, 43), that L. Metcllus, who
had enjoyed the highest honours in the state, having
become deprived of sight, had the privilege allowed
him of being conveyed to the senate in a chariot, a
favour granted to no one before his time. --The com-
own derivation of the word-is from Cures, a town of
the Salur. es, whence this official badge is said by some
to have been borrowed. Lipsius favours this latter
etymology. (Dc Magistr. Vet. P. JR. , c. 12. )
Cussf l orCoss. *:, a nation occupying the southern
declivity of the mountains which separated Susiana
from Media. The Ely man possessed the northern de-
clivities. The Cusssei or Gossan were a brave peo-
ple, and the kings of Persia were frequently compelled
to purchase a passage over these mountains from them.
Alexander effected one by taking them by surprise.
Antigonus lost a large portion of his army in crossing
over. According to IManncrt, this people, together
with the Carduchi and some other neighbouring tribes,
were the ancestors of the modern Curds. (Manncrt,
Gcogr. , vol. 5, p. 493. )
Cosue, a river of Hungary, falling into the Danube;
now the Vag, according to D'Anville. Mannert, how-
ever, makes it the same with the Granna or Gran.
(Man-nal, Gcogr. , vol. 3, p. 380, in notis. )
Comix, a town of the Sabines, cast of Reate, and
mi the right bank of the Velinus, famed as an aborigi-
nal city of great antiquity {Dton. Hal. , 1, 14 and 2,
49), and celebrated for its lake, now Pozao Ratignano,
and the floating island on its surface. (Senec, Nat.
quasi. , 3, 25 -- Plin. , 2, 95. ) This lake was farther
oistinguished by the appellation of the Umbilicus, or
"Navel" (i. e. , centre) of Italy. (Voire, ap. Plin. ,
3, U. ) This statement is found by D'Anville {Anal.
Gap. , p. 165) to be correct, when referred to the
breadth of Italy; the distance from Ostia to Cutiliaa,
the rains of which are to be seen close to Paterno, a
* siftage near Cicila Ducale, being seventy-six miles,
? ? vyi he same from thence to Castrum Truentinum on
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? CYANEjE.
CYANE. C.
roclts; and near them the vast wave of the dark Am-
ohitrite resounds: the blessed gods call them the
Wanderers. Here neither birds pass by, nor do fear-
ful doves which carry ambrosia to father Jove; but
the smooth rock always takes away some one of
them, while the father supplies another to make up
their number. From this not yet has any ship of men
escaped, whichever has come to it, but the waves of
the sea, and the storms of pernicious fire take away
Clanks of ships and bodies of men together. That ship,
indeed, only, which passes over the sea, has sailed be-
yond, the Arg], a ca:e to all, which sailed from /Eta. . .
But as to the twj rocks, the one reaches the wide
heaven with its sharp top, and a dark cloud surrounds
it: this, indeed, never goes away, nor does clearness
ever hold possession of its top, either in summer or in
autumn; nor could a mortal man ascend it, or de-
scend, not if he had twenty hands and feet; for the
rock is smooth like one polished around. "--It is not
difficult, from the accounts here given, adorned though
they be with the garb of poetry, to deduce the inference
tln-t the Cyanean isles were originally volcanic. The
"storms of pernicious fire" (jrvpdf bXooio QveXXai)
and the dark cloud (Kvavin veifii/. ! /) point at once to
this. Hence, in the discussions which have arisen
relative to the formation of the Thracian Bosporus,
and the enlargement of the Mediterranean Sea (rid.
Medilerrancum Mare), the agency of volcanoes is gen-
erally asserted by the one party. (Compare Oliricr,
Voyage, &c. , vol. 1, p. 62. --Geographic Physique de
U Mere Noire, par Dureau de la Malle, p. 355, teqq. )
Their opponents, on the other hand, maintain, that the
only probable change in the region of the Bosporus
must have been produced by a gradual sinking of a
carrier of rocks, and that even this must have occurred
? t a period antecedent to all historical and geographi-
cal records. They add, that the pretended volcanic
substances brought from the Bosporus have been
proved to be merely fragments of ordinary rocks.
\Malte-Brun, Geogr. , vol. 3, p. 397, Brussels ed. ) It
ic difficult, however, to reconcile this assertion with
the strong and decided language of Dr. Clarke, rela-
tive t > the structure of the rock of which the Cyanean
isles consist, as well as to the general appearance of
the shore along the line of the Bosporus. "The Cy-
anesB," he remarks, "are each joined to the main land
by a kind of isthmus, and appear as islands when this
is inundated; which always happens in stormy
weather. But it is not certain that the isthmus, con-
necting either of them with the continent, was for-
merly visible. The disclosure has been probably
owing to that gradual sinking of the level of the Black
Sea before noticed. The same cause continuing to
operate, may hereafter lead posterity to marvel what
is become of the Cyaneo? ; and this may also account
for their multiplied appearance in ages anterior to the
time of Strabo. For some time before we reached
the entrance to the Canal, steering close along its Eu-
ropean side, we observed in the cliffs and hills, even
to their summits, a remarkable aggregate of hetero-
geneous stony substances, rounded by attrition in wa-
ter, imbedded in a hard natural cement, yet differing
from the usual appearance of breccia rocks; for, upon
& nearer examination, the whole mass appears to have
undergone, first, a violent action of fire; and, secondly,
that degree of friction in water to which their forms
must be ascribed. Breccia rocks do not commonly
? ? consist o; substances so modified. The stratum form-
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? yb
C YB
! , 10J), that Cyaxares was superior in valour to his
ancestors; that he was the first who regularly trained
the Asiatics to military service; dividing the troops,
which had been imbodied promiscuously before his
lime, into distinct companies of lancers, archers, and
cavalry. The historian then adds parenthetically,
(" this was he who waged war with the Lydians;
when, during a battle, the day became night"). This
parenthetical remark evidently refers to the foregoing
jeeount of the eclipse. We are next informed, that,
having subdued all Asia above the river Halys, he
marched with all that were under his command against
Nineveh, resolving to avenge the death of his father
by the destruction of that city. After he had defeat-
ed the Assyrians, he laid siege to the city; but was
forced to raise it by a sudden invasion of his territories.
For a numerous army of Scythians, headed by Ma-
Jva<<, made an irruption into Media, defeated him in a
pitched battle, and reduced him and all Upper Asia,
under subjection to them, for eight-and-twenty years.
(Herodot. , 1, 103, seqq. ) Then, in revenge for their
galling impositions and exactions, he slew their chief-
tains, when intoxicated, at a banquet to which he had
invited them, and, expelling the rest, recovered his for-
mer power and possessions. (Herodot. , 1, 196. ) After
this, the Medes took Nineveh and subdued the Assy-
rian provinces, all except the Babylonians, their con-
federates in the war. Cyaxares died after having
reitmed forty years, including twenty-eight years of
the Scythian dominion. --Hale fixes the time of the
eclipse that was predicted by Thales, as above stated,
on the 18th of May, B. C. 603, at 9 hours and 30 min-
utes in the morning'- He makes this eclipse to have
been a total one, and the moon's shadow to have trav-
ersed the earth's disk, near the mouth of the river Ha-
lys, the boundary of the two contending kingdoms at
a later day. (Hale'a Analysis of Chronology, vol. 4,
p. 84, "d ed. ) The same learned writer makes Cyax-
ares I. to have been the same with Kai Kobad, whom
Mirkhond. and other Persian historians give as the
m mder of the second or Kaianian dynasty. He iden-
tifies him also with the Ahasucrus of Scripture.
(Halt's Analysts, vol. 4, p. 76, 81. ) According, how-
ever, to another modem writer, Cyaxares is the same
with the monarch styled Gustasp. (Hblty, Djemtchid,
Feriiun, Ac, p. 63, seqq. , Hanov. , 1829. )--II. Son
of Astyages, succeeded his father at the age of 49
years. Being naturally of an easy, indolent disposi-
tion, and fond of his amusements, he left the burden
of military affairs and the care of the government to Cy-
rus, his nephew and son-in-law, who married his only
daughter, and was, therefore, doubly entitled to suc-
ceed him. Xenophon notices this marriage as taking
place after the conquest of Babylon. (Cyrop. , 8,28. )
But to this Sir Isaac Newton justly objects: "This
daughter, saith Xenophon, was reported to be very
handsome, and used to play with Cyrus when they
were both children, and to say that she would marry
him; and, therefore, they were much of the same age.
Xenophon saith, that Cyrus married her after the ta-
king of Babylon; but she was then an old woman. It is
more probable that he married her while she was young
and handsome, and he a young man. " (Citron. , p.
310. ) Newton supposes that Darius the Mede was
the son of Cyaxares, and cousin of Cyrus; and that
Cyrus rebelled against, and dethroned him two years
after the capture of Babylon. But this is unfounded:
? ? for Darius the Mede was sixteen years older than Cy-
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? CYC
O If c
-In works of art Cybele exhibits the matronly air and
composed dignity, which distinguish Juno and Ceres.
Sometimes she is veiled, and seated on a throne with
lions at her side; at other times riding in a chariot
drawn by lions. Her head is always crowned with
towers. She frequently beats on a drum, and bears a
>>ceptre in her hand. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 223,
seqq.
)--The name Cybele is derived, by some, from
the cymbals (kvu6oc, KvuSaXa) used in the worship of
the goddess. It is better, however, to suppose her so
called, because represented usually in her more mys-
terious character, under a globular or else square form:
(iiycrai Si not KvCe/. n utto roi kvCikov ox^uaroc,
naru ycuuerpiav, i) yf). --Lex. Antiq. , Frag, in Hcrm.
Grumm. --Knight's Inquiry, y 42, Class. Journ. , vol.
23, p. 233. --For an explanation of the myth of Cybele,
which cannot, of course, be given here, consult Guig-
niaul, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 67, seqq. )
Cvbistra, a town of Cappadocia, in the district of
Cataonia, and at the foot of Mount Taurus. (Ci'c,
Ep. ad Fam. , 15, 2 et i. --Ep. ad. Alt. , 5, 20. ) Ci-
cero made it his headquarters during his command in
Cilicia. I. cake is inclined to place Cybistra at Kara-
hiisar, near Mazaca, but this position does not agree
with Strata's account. D'Anvillc had imagined, from
a similarity of name, that Cybistra might be represented
by Buslcreh, a small place near the source of one of
the branches of the Halys; but it is not said whether
there are any remains of antiquity at Buslcreh, and,
besides, Leake affirms, that, according to the Arabian
geographer Hadji Khalfa, the true name of the place
is Kostcre. (Asia Minor, p. 63. ) Cybistra is men-
tioned by Hierocles among the Episcopal cities of
Cappadocia. (Hicrocl. , p. 700. --Manner! , Geogr. ,
vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 236, 262. )
CrcLAOes, a name applied by the ancient Greeks
to that cluster (kvkXoc) of islands which encircled
Dclos. Strabo (485) says, that the Cyclades were
nt first only twelve in number, but were afterward in-
creased to fifteen. These, as we learn from Artemi-
dorus, were Ceos, Cythnos, Seriphos, Melos, Siphnos,
Cimolos, Prepesinthos, Olearos, Paros, Naxos, Syros,
Myconos, Tcnos, Andros, and Gyaros, which last, how-
ever, Strabo himself was desirous of excluding, from
its being a mere rock, as also Prepesinthos and Olea-
ros. --It appears from the Greek historians, that the
Cyclades were first inhabited by the Phoenicians, Cari-
ans, and Leleges, whose piratical habits rendered them
formidable to the cities on the continent, till they were
conquered and finally extirpated by Minos. (Thucyd. ,
1, 4. --Hcrodot. , 1, 171. ) These islands were subse-
quently occupied for a short time by Polvcrates, ty-
rant of Samoa, and the Persians. (Hcrodot. , 5, 28. )
But, after the battle of Mycale, they became dependant
on the Athenians. (Thucyd. , I, 94. )
CyclIci pacta, a name given by the ancient gram-
marians to a class of minor bards, who selected, for the
subjects of their productions, things transacted as well
during the Trojan war, as before and after; and who,
in treating of these subjects, confined themselves with-
in a certain round or cycle of fable (kvk? . oc, circulus).
In order to understand the subject more fully, we must
observe, that there was both a Mythic and a Trojan
cycle. The former of these embr ced the whole se-
ries of fable, from the genealogies of the gods down to
the time of the Trojan war. The latter comprised the
fables that had reference to, or were in any way con-
? ? nected with, the Trojan wax. Of the first class were
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? CYCLOPES.
When the Thunder, the Lightning, and the rapid
Flame had been converted by poetry into one-eyed
giants, and localized in the neighbourhood of volca-
noes, it was an easy process to convert them into
smiths, the assistants of Vulcan. (Callim. H. in
Dun. , 46, seqq. -- Virg. , Georg. , 4, 173. --Mn. , 8,
416, seqq. ) As they were now artists in one line, it
gate no surprise to find them engaged in a task adapt-
ed to their huge strength, namely, that of rearing the
a assive walls of Tiryns, for which purpose they were
Drought hv Proetus from Lycia. (Sckol. ad Eurip. ,
Ore si , 955. --Keightley's Mythology, p. 259, seqq. )
Hence, too, the name Cyclopian, is applied to this spe-
cies of architecture, respecting which we will give
some explanation at the close of this article. --This last-
mentioned circumstance has led some to imagine, that
the Cyclopes were nothing more than a caste or race of
miners, or, rather, workers in quarries, who descended
into, and came forth from, the bowels of the earth, with
a lamp attached to their foreheads, to light them on
their way, and which at a distance would appear like a
laroe, flaming eye: an explanation more ingenious than
satisfactory. (. Hire, Gesckiehle der Baukunst, vol. 1,
p. 198. --Agatharch. , ap. Phot. , Cod. , 250. ) Another
solution is that which refers the name Cyclops to the
circular buildings constructed by the Pelasgi, of which
we have so remarkable a specimen in what is called
the Treasury of Atreus, at Mycen>>. From the form
of these buildings, resembling within a hollow cone or
beehive, and the round opening at the top, the individ-
uals who constructed them are thought to have derived
their ippe-iation. (Kruse, Hellas, vol. 1, p. 440. --
Compare GcU's Argclis, p. 34. )--As regards the
country occupied by the Homeric Cyclopes, it may be
remarked, that this is usually supposed to have been
the island of Sicily. But it would be very inconsistent
in '. he poet to place the Cyclopes, a race contemning
the gods, in an island sacred to, and in which were
pastured the herds of, the Sun. The distance, too,
between the land of the Lotophagi and that of the Cy-
clopes, could not have been very considerable; since,
as has already been remarked, it is not given in days
and nights, a mode of measurement always adopted by
Homer when the distance mentioned is a great one.
Everything conspires, therefore, to induce the belief,
that the Cyclopes of Homer were placed by him on the
coast of Africa, a little to the north of the Syrtis Mi-
nor. (Compare Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 4, p. 9, seqq. )
They who make them to have dwelt in Sicily blend an
old tradition with one of more recent date. This last
probably took its rise when . 'Etna and the Lipari isl-
ands were assigned to Vulcan, by the popular belief
of the day, as his workshops; which could only have
happened when -Etna had become better known, and
Mount Moschylus, in the isle of Lemnos, had ceased
to be volcanic. --Before we conclude this article, a few
remarks will be made on the subject of Cyclopian
architecture. This style of building is frequently al-
luded to by the ancient writers. In fact, every archi-
tectural work of extraordinary magnitude, to the exe-
cution of which human labour appeared inadequate,
was ascribed to the Cyclopes. (Eunp. , Iph. in Aid. ,
SH--Id. , Here. Fur. , 15. --Id. , Troad. , 108. --Stra-
in, 373. --Senec. , Here. Fur. , 99G. --Stalius, Theb,
1,151. --Pausan. , 2, 25. ) The general character of
-he Cyclopian style is immense blocks of stone, with-
out cement, placed upon each other, sometimes irreg-
oUrly, and with jmallcT stones filling up the interstices,
? ? sometimes in regular and horizontal rows. The Cy-
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? c ym
CYN
K>) Capt. Beaul^rt observes, that the sea must have
retired considerably fsom the mouth of the Cydnus;
since, in the time of the crusades, it is reported to
hare been six miles from Tarsus, and now that dis-
tance is more than doubled. {Karamania, p. 275. --
Cramer's Asia. Minor, vol. 2, p. 344. )
Cydonia, the most ancie. U city in the island of
Crete. {Strabo, 476. ) It is said to have been found-
ed by the Cydones of Homer (0<! . , 3, 292), whom
Strabo considered as indigenous. But Herodotus as-
cnbi's its origin to a party of Samians, who, having
been exiled by Polycrates, settled in Crete when they
had expelled the Zacynthians. Six years afterward,
the Samians were conquered in a naval engagement
by the ^Eginetaj and Cretans, and reduced to captivi-
ty: the town then probably reverted to its ancient
possessors the Cydonians. {Herodol. , 3, 59. ) It
stood on tho northern coast of the northwestern part
of Crete, and was the most powerful and wealthy city
of the whole island, since, in the civil wars, it with-
stood the united forces of Cnosus and Gortyna after
they had reduced the greater part of Crete. From
Cydonia the quince tree was first brought into Italy,
and thence the fruit was called malum Cydonium, or
Cydouian apple. Its inhabitants were the best of the
Cretan archers. The ruins of this ancient city are to
be seen on the site of Jerami. {Cramer's Ancient
Greece, vol. 3, p. 365, scq. )
Cviikaba. a city of Phrygia. Mannert supposes it
to have been the same with Laodicea, on the confineB
of three provinces, Caria, Phrygia, and f. vdia, and
situate on the Lycus, which flows into the Maunder.
{Geogr. , vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 131. ) Herodotus speaks of
a pillar erected in Cydrara by Croesus, with an inscrip-
tion defining the boundaries of Phrygia and Lydia; so
that it must have been on the confines of these two
countries at /east. (Hcrodot. , 7, 30. )
Cyllarus, a celebrated horse of Castor, according to
Seneca, Valerius Flaccus, Claudian, and Martial, but,
according to Virgil, of Pollux. {Virg. , G. , 3,90. )
The point is gravely discussed by La Cerda and Mar-
tyn, in their respective commentaries, and the conclu-
sion to which both come is, what might'have easily
been surmised, that the steed in question was the com-
mon property of the two Dioscuri. Statius, in his
poem on Domitian's horse, mentions Cyllarus as serv-
ing the two brothers alternately. {Sylv. , 1, 1,54. ) Ste-
? ichorus also, according to Suidas, says that Mercury
gave Phlogeus, and Harpagus, and Cyllarus to both
Castor and Pollux. (Suid. ,s. v. KvAAapor. ) In the
Etyiiiol. Mag. it is stated, that Mercury gave them
Phlogeus and Harpagus, but Juno, Exalilhus and Cyl-
larus. {Elymol. Mag.
