No More Learning

Some
divines of great fame were in prison. Among these was Richard Baxter.
Others, who had, during a quarter of a century, borne up against
oppression, now lost heart, and quitted the kingdom. Among these was
John Howe. Great numbers of persons who had been accustomed to frequent
conventicles repaired to the parish churches. It was remarked that the
schismatics who had been terrified into this show of conformity might
easily be distinguished by the difficulty which they had in finding out
the collect, and by the awkward manner in which they bowed at the name
of Jesus. [473]

Through many years the autumn of 1685 was remembered by the
Nonconformists as a time of misery and terror. Yet in that autumn might
be discerned the first faint indications of a great turn of fortune;
and before eighteen months had elapsed, the intolerant King and the
intolerant Church were eagerly bidding against each other for the
support of the party which both had so deeply injured.

END OF VOL. I.

*****



[Footnote 1: In this, and in the next chapter, I have very seldom
thought it necessary to cite authorities: for, in these chapters, I have
not detailed events minutely, or used recondite materials; and the facts
which I mention are for the most part such that a person tolerably well
read in English history, if not already apprised of them, will at least
know where to look for evidence of them. In the subsequent chapters I
shall carefully indicate the sources of my information. ]

[Footnote 2: This is excellently put by Mr. Hallam in the first chapter
of his Constitutional History. ]

[Footnote 3: See a very curious paper which Strype believed to be in
Gardiner's handwriting. Ecclesiastical Memorials, Book 1. , Chap. xvii. ]

[Footnote 4: These are Cranmer's own words. See the Appendix to Burnet's
History of the Reformation, Part 1. Book III. No. 21. Question 9. ]

[Footnote 5: The Puritan historian, Neal, after censuring the cruelty
with which she treated the sect to which he belonged, concludes thus:
"However, notwithstanding all these blemishes, Queen Elizabeth stands
upon record as a wise and politic princess, for delivering her kingdom
from the difficulties in which it was involved at her accession, for
preserving the Protestant reformation against the potent attempts of the
Pope, the Emperor, and King of Spain abroad, and the Queen of Scots and
her Popish subjects at home. . . . She was the glory of the age in which
she lived, and will be the admiration of posterity. "--History of the
Puritans, Part I. Chap. viii. ]

[Footnote 6: On this subject, Bishop Cooper's language is remarkably
clear and strong. He maintains, in his Answer to Martin Marprelate,
printed in 1589, "that no form of church government is divinely
ordained; that Protestant communities, in establishing different forms,
have only made a legitimate use of their Christian liberty; and
that episcopacy is peculiarly suited to England, because the English
constitution is monarchical. " All those Churches," says the Bishop,
"in which the Gospell, in these daies, after great darknesse, was first
renewed, and the learned men whom God sent to instruct them, I doubt not
but have been directed by the Spirite of God to retaine this liberty,
that, in external government and other outward orders; they might choose
such as they thought in wisedome and godlinesse to be most convenient
for the state of their countrey and disposition of their people. Why
then should this liberty that other countreys have used under anie
colour be wrested from us? I think it therefore great presumption and
boldnesse that some of our nation, and those, whatever they may think
of themselves, not of the greatest wisedome and skill, should take upon
them to controlle the whole realme, and to binde both prince and people
in respect of conscience to alter the present state, and tie themselves
to a certain platforme devised by some of our neighbours, which, in the
judgment of many wise and godly persons, is most unfit for the state of
a Kingdome. "]

[Footnote 7: Strype's Life of Grindal, Appendix to Book II. No. xvii. ]

[Footnote 8: Canon 55, of 1603. ]

[Footnote 9: Joseph Hall, then dean of Worcester, and afterwards bishop
of Norwich, was one of the commissioners. In his life of himself, he
says: "My unworthiness was named for one of the assistants of that
honourable, grave, and reverend meeting. " To high churchmen this
humility will seem not a little out of place. ]

[Footnote 10: It was by the Act of Uniformity, passed after the
Restoration, that persons not episcopally ordained were, for the first
time, made incapable of holding benefices. No man was more zealous for
this law than Clarendon. Yet he says: "This was new; for there had been
many, and at present there were some, who possessed benefices with cure
of souls and other ecclesiastical promotions, who had never received
orders but in France or Holland; and these men must now receive new
ordination, which had been always held unlawful in the Church, or by
this act of parliament must be deprived of their livelihood which they
enjoyed in the most flourishing and peaceable time of the Church. "]

[Footnote 11: Peckard's Life of Ferrar; The Arminian Nunnery, or a Brief
Description of the late erected monastical Place called the Arminian
Nunnery, at Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire, 1641. ]

[Footnote 12: The correspondence of Wentworth seems to me fully to bear
out what I have said in the text. To transcribe all the passages
which have led me to the conclusion at which I have arrived, would be
impossible, nor would it be easy to make a better selection than has
already been made by Mr. Hallam. I may, however direct the attention of
the reader particularly to the very able paper which Wentworth drew up
respecting the affairs of the Palatinate. The date is March 31, 1637. ]

[Footnote 13: These are Wentworth's own words. See his letter to Laud,
dated Dec. 16, 1634. ]

[Footnote 14: See his report to Charles for the year 1639. ]

[Footnote 15: See his letter to the Earl of Northumberland, dated July
30, 1638. ]

[Footnote 16: How little compassion for the bear had to do with the
matter is sufficiently proved by the following extract from a paper
entitled A perfect Diurnal of some Passages of Parliament, and from
other Parts of the Kingdom, from Monday July 24th, to Monday July 31st,
1643. "Upon the Queen's coming from Holland, she brought with her,
besides a company of savage-like ruffians, a company of savage bears,
to what purpose you may judge by the sequel. Those bears were left about
Newark, and were brought into country towns constantly on the Lord's
day to be baited, such is the religion those here related would settle
amongst us; and, if any went about to hinder or but speak against their
damnable profanations, they were presently noted as Roundheads
and Puritans, and sure to be plundered for it. But some of Colonel
Cromwell's forces coming by accident into Uppingham town, in Rutland,
on the Lord's day, found these bears playing there in the usual manner,
and, in the height of their sport, caused them to be seized upon, tied
to a tree and shot. " This was by no means a solitary instance. Colonel
Pride, when Sheriff of Surrey, ordered the beasts in the bear garden
of Southwark to be killed. He is represented by a loyal satirist as
defending the act thus: "The first thing that is upon my spirits is the
killing of the bears, for which the people hate me, and call me all the
names in the rainbow. But did not David kill a bear? Did not the Lord
Deputy Ireton kill a bear? Did not another lord of ours kill five
bears? "-Last Speech and Dying Words of Thomas pride. ]

[Footnote 17: See Penn's New Witnesses proved Old Heretics, and
Muggleton's works, passim. ]

[Footnote 18: I am happy to say, that, since this passage was written,
the territories both of the Rajah of Nagpore and of the King of Oude
have been added to the British dominions. (1857. )]

[Footnote 19: The most sensible thing said in the House of Commons, on
this subject, came from Sir William Coventry: "Our ancestors never did
draw a line to circumscribe prerogative and liberty. "]

[Footnote 20: Halifax was undoubtedly the real author of the Character
of a Trimmer, which, for a time, went under the name of his kinsman, Sir
William Coventry. ]

[Footnote 21: North's Examen, 231, 574. ]

[Footnote 22: A peer who was present has described the effect of
Halifax's oratory in words which I will quote, because, though they
have been long in print, they are probably known to few even of the
most curious and diligent readers of history. "Of powerful eloquence and
great parts were the Duke's enemies who did assert the Bill; but a noble
Lord appeared against it who, that day, in all the force of speech, in
reason, in arguments of what could concern the public or the private
interests of men, in honour, in conscience, in estate, did outdo himself
and every other man; and in fine his conduct and his parts were
both victorious, and by him all the wit and malice of that party was
overthrown. " This passage is taken from a memoir of Henry Earl of
Peterborough, in a volume entitled "Succinct Genealogies, by Robert
Halstead," fol. 1685. The name of Halstead is fictitious. The real
authors were the Earl of Peterborough himself and his chaplain. The book
is extremely rare. Only twenty-four copies were printed, two of which
are now in the British Museum. Of these two one belonged to George the
Fourth, and the other to Mr. Grenville. ]

[Footnote 23: This is mentioned in the curious work entitled "Ragguaglio
della solenne Comparsa fatta in Roma gli otto di Gennaio, 1687, dall'
illustrissimo et eccellentissimo signor Conte di Castlemaine. "]

[Footnote 24: North's Examen, 69. ]

[Footnote 25: Lord Preston, who was envoy at Paris, wrote thence to
Halifax as follows: "I find that your Lordship lies still under the same
misfortune of being no favourite to this court; and Monsieur Barillon
dare not do you the honor to shine upon you, since his master frowneth.
They know very well your lordship's qualifications which make them
fear and consequently hate you; and be assured, my lord, if all their
strength can send you to Rufford, it shall be employed for that end. Two
things, I hear, they particularly object against you, your secrecy, and
your being incapable of being corrupted. Against these two things I know
they have declared. " The date of the letter is October 5, N. S. 1683]

[Footnote 26: During the interval which has elapsed since this chapter
was written, England has continued to advance rapidly in material
prosperity, I have left my text nearly as it originally stood; but I
have added a few notes which may enable the reader to form some notion
of the progress which has been made during the last nine years; and,
in general, I would desire him to remember that there is scarcely a
district which is not more populous, or a source of wealth which is not
more productive, at present than in 1848. (1857. )]

[Footnote 27: Observations on the Bills of Mortality, by Captain John
Graunt (Sir William Petty), chap. xi. ]

[Footnote 28:

"She doth comprehend
Full fifteen hundred thousand which do spend
Their days within. "

--Great Britain's Beauty, 1671. ]

[Footnote 29: Isaac Vossius, De Magnitudine Urbium Sinarum, 1685.
Vossius, as we learn from Saint Evremond, talked on this subject oftener
and longer than fashionable circles cared to listen. ]

[Footnote 30: King's Natural and Political Observations, 1696 This
valuable treatise, which ought to be read as the author wrote it, and
not as garbled by Davenant, will be found in some editions of Chalmers's
Estimate. ]

[Footnote 31: Dalrymple's Appendix to Part II. Book I, The practice of
reckoning the population by sects was long fashionable. Gulliver says
of the King of Brobdignag; "He laughed at my odd arithmetic, as he
was pleased to call it, in reckoning the numbers of our people by
a computation drawn from the several sects among us in religion and
politics. "]

[Footnote 32: Preface to the Population Returns of 1831. ]

[Footnote 33: Statutes 14 Car. II. c. 22. ; 18 & 19 Car. II. c. 3. , 29 &
30 Car. II. c. 2. ]

[Footnote 34: Nicholson and Bourne, Discourse on the Ancient State of
the Border, 1777. ]

[Footnote 35: Gray's Journal of a Tour in the Lakes, Oct. 3, 1769. ]

[Footnote 36: North's Life of Guildford; Hutchinson's History of
Cumberland, Parish of Brampton. ]

[Footnote 37: See Sir Walter Scott's Journal, Oct. 7, 1827, in his Life
by Mr. Lockhart. ]

[Footnote 38: Dalrymple, Appendix to Part II. Book I. The returns of
the hearth money lead to nearly the same conclusion. The hearths in the
province of York were not a sixth of the hearths of England. ]

[Footnote 39: I do not, of course, pretend to strict accuracy here; but
I believe that whoever will take the trouble to compare the last returns
of hearth money in the reign of William the Third with the census of
1841, will come to a conclusion not very different from mine. ]

[Footnote 40: There are in the Pepysian Library some ballads of that age
on the chimney money. I will give a specimen or two:

"The good old dames whenever they the chimney man espied,
Unto their nooks they haste away, their pots and pipkins hide.
There is not one old dame in ten, and search the nation through,
But, if you talk of chimney men, will spare a curse or two. "

Again:

"Like plundering soldiers they'd enter the door,
And make a distress on the goods of the poor.
While frighted poor children distractedly cried;
This nothing abated their insolent pride. "

In the British Museum there are doggrel verses composed on the
same subject and in the same spirit:

"Or, if through poverty it be not paid
For cruelty to tear away the single bed,
On which the poor man rests his weary head,
At once deprives him of his rest and bread. "

I take this opportunity the first which occurs, of acknowledging most
grateful the kind and liberal manner in which the Master and Vicemaster
of Magdalei College, Cambridge, gave me access to the valuable
collections of Pepys. ]

[Footnote 41: My chief authorities for this financial statement will be
found in the Commons' Journal, March 1, and March 20, 1688-9. ]

[Footnote 42: See, for example, the picture of the mound at Marlborough,
in Stukeley's Dinerarium Curiosum. ]

[Footnote 43: Chamberlayne's State of England, 1684. ]

[Footnote 44: 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 3; 15 Car. II. c. 4. Chamberlayne's
State of England, 1684. ]

[Footnote 45: Dryden, in his Cymon and Iphigenia, expressed, with his
usual keenness and energy, the sentiments which had been fashionable
among the sycophants of James the Second:--

"The country rings around with loud alarms,
And raw in fields the rude militia swarms;
Mouths without hands, maintained at vast expense,
Stout once a month they march, a blustering band,
And ever, but in time of need at hand.
This was the morn when, issuing on the guard,
Drawn up in rank and file, they stood prepared
Of seeming arms to make a short essay.
Then hasten to be drunk, the business of the day. "]

[Footnote 46: Most of the materials which I have used for this
account of the regular army will be found in the Historical Records of
Regiments, published by command of King William the Fourth, and under
the direction of the Adjutant General. See also Chamberlayne's State of
England, 1684; Abridgment of the English Military Discipline, printed by
especial command, 1688; Exercise of Foot, by their Majesties' command,
1690. ]

[Footnote 47: I refer to a despatch of Bonrepaux to Seignelay, dated
Feb. 8/18. 1686. It was transcribed for Mr. Fox from the French
archives, during the peace of Amiens, and, with the other materials
brought together by that great man, was entrusted to me by the kindness
of the late Lady Holland, and of the present Lord Holland. I ought to
add that, even in the midst of the troubles which have lately agitated
Paris, I found no difficulty in obtaining, from the liberality of
the functionaries there, extracts supplying some chasms in Mr. Fox's
collection. (1848. )]

[Footnote 48: My information respecting the condition of the navy,
at this time, is chiefly derived from Pepys. His report, presented to
Charles the Second in May, 1684, has never, I believe, been printed. The
manuscript is at Magdalene College Cambridge. At Magdalene College is
also a valuable manuscript containing a detailed account of the maritime
establishments of the country in December 1684. Pepys's "Memoirs
relating to the State of the Royal Navy for Ten Years determined
December, 1688," and his diary and correspondence during his mission
to Tangier, are in print. I have made large use of them. See also
Sheffield's Memoirs, Teonge's Diary, Aubrey's Life of Monk, the Life of
Sir Cloudesley Shovel, 1708, Commons' Journals, March 1 and March 20.
1688-9. ]

[Footnote 49: Chamberlayne's State of England, 1684; Commons' Journals,
March 1, and March 20, 1688-9. In 1833, it was determined, after full
enquiry, that a hundred and seventy thousand barrels of gunpowder should
constantly be kept in store. ]

[Footnote 50: It appears from the records of the Admiralty, that Flag
officers were allowed half pay in 1668, Captains of first and second
rates not till 1674. ]

[Footnote 51: Warrant in the War Office Records; dated March 26, 1678. ]

[Footnote 52: Evelyn's Diary. Jan. 27, 1682. I have seen a privy seal,
dated May 17. 1683, which confirms Evelyn's testimony. ]

[Footnote 53: James the Second sent Envoys to Spain, Sweden, and
Denmark; yet in his reign the diplomatic expenditure was little more
than 30,000£. a year. See the Commons' Journals, March 20, 1688-9.
Chamberlayne's State of England, 1684. ]

[Footnote 54: Carte's Life of Ormond. ]

[Footnote 55: Pepys's Diary, Feb. 14, 1668-9. ]

[Footnote 56: See the Report of the Bath and Montague case, which was
decided by Lord Keeper Somers, in December, 1693. ]

[Footnote 57: During three quarters of a year, beginning from Christmas,
1689, the revenues of the see of Canterbury were received by an officer
appointed by the crown. That officer's accounts are now in the British
Museum. (Lansdowne MSS. 885. ) The gross revenue for the three quarters
was not quite four thousand pounds; and the difference between the gross
and the net revenue was evidently something considerable. ]

[Footnote 58: King's Natural and Political Conclusions. Davenant on
the Balance of Trade. Sir W. Temple says, "The revenues of a House of
Commons have seldom exceeded four hundred thousand pounds. " Memoirs,
Third Part. ]

[Footnote 59: Langton's Conversations with Chief Justice Hale, 1672. ]

[Footnote 60: Commons' Journals, April 27,1689; Chamberlayne's State of
England, 1684. ]

[Footnote 61: See the Travels of the Grand Duke Cosmo. ]

[Footnote 62: King's Natural and Political Conclusions.
Davenant on the
Balance of Trade. ]

[Footnote 63: See the Itinerarium Angliae, 1675, by John Ogilby,
Cosmographer Royal. He describes great part of the land as wood, fen,
heath on both sides, marsh on both sides. In some of his maps the roads
through enclosed country are marked by lines, and the roads through
unenclosed country by dots. The proportion of unenclosed country, which,
if cultivated, must have been wretchedly cultivated, seems to have been
very great. From Abingdon to Gloucester, for example, a distance of
forty or fifty miles, there was not a single enclosure, and scarcely one
enclosure between Biggleswade and Lincoln. ]

[Footnote 64: Large copies of these highly interesting drawings are in
the noble collection bequeathed by Mr. Grenville to the British Museum.
See particularly the drawings of Exeter and Northampton. ]

[Footnote 65: Evelyn's Diary, June 2, 1675. ]

[Footnote 66: See White's Selborne; Bell's History of British
Quadrupeds, Gentleman's Recreation, 1686; Aubrey's Natural History
of Wiltshire, 1685; Morton's History of Northamptonshire, 1712;
Willoughby's Ornithology, by Ray, 1678; Latham's General Synopsis of
Birds; and Sir Thomas Browne's Account of Birds found in Norfolk. ]

[Footnote 67: King's Natural and Political Conclusions. Davenant on the
Balance of Trade. ]

[Footnote 68: See the Almanacks of 1684 and 1685. ]

[Footnote 69: See Mr. M'Culloch's Statistical Account of the British
Empire, Part III. chap. i. sec. 6. ]

[Footnote 70: King and Davenant as before The Duke of Newcastle on
Horsemanship; Gentleman's Recreation, 1686. The "dappled Flanders mares"
were marks of greatness in the time of Pope, and even later. The vulgar
proverb, that the grey mare is the better horse, originated, I suspect,
in the preference generally given to the grey mares of Flanders over the
finest coach horses of England. ]

[Footnote 71: See a curious note by Tonkin, in Lord De Dunstanville's
edition of Carew's Survey of Cornwall. ]

[Footnote 72: Borlase's Natural History of Cornwall, 1758. The quantity
of copper now produced, I have taken from parliamentary returns.
Davenant, in 1700, estimated the annual produce of all the mines of
England at between seven and eight hundred thousand pounds]

[Footnote 73: Philosophical Transactions, No. 53. Nov. 1669, No. 66.
Dec. 1670, No. 103. May 1674, No 156. Feb. 1683-4]

[Footnote 74: Yarranton, England's Improvement by Sea and Land, 1677;
Porter's Progress of the Nation. See also a remarkably perspicnous
history, in small compass of the English iron works, in Mr. M'Culloch's
Statistical Account of the British Empire. ]

[Footnote 75: See Chamberlayne's State of England, 1684, 1687, Angliae,
Metropolis, 1691; M'Culloch's Statistical Account of the British Empire
Part III. chap. ii. (edition of 1847). In 1845 the quantity of coal
brought into London appeared, by the Parliamentary returns, to be
3,460,000 tons. (1848. ) In 1854 the quantity of coal brought into London
amounted to 4,378,000 tons. (1857. )]

[Footnote 76: My notion of the country gentleman of the seventeenth
century has been derived from sources too numerous to be recapitulated.
I must leave my description to the judgment of those who have studied
the history and the lighter literature of that age. ]

[Footnote 77: In the eighteenth century the great increase in the value
of benefices produced a change. The younger sons of the nobility were
allured back to the clerical profession. Warburton in a letter to
Hurd, dated the 6th of July, 1762, mentions this change, which was then
recent. "Our grandees have at last found their way back into the Church.
I only wonder they have been so long about it. But be assured that
nothing but a new religious revolution, to sweep away the fragments that
Henry the Eighth left after banqueting his courtiers, will drive them
out again. "]

[Footnote 78: See Heylin's Cyprianus Anglicus. ]

[Footnote 79: Eachard, Causes of the Contempt of the Clergy; Oldham,
Satire addressed to a Friend about to leave the University; Tatler, 255,
258. That the English clergy were a lowborn class, is remarked in the
Travels of the Grand Duke Cosmo, Appendix A. ]

[Footnote 80: "A causidico, medicastro, ipsaque artificum farragine,
ecclesiae rector aut vicarius contemnitur et fit ludibrio. Gentis et
familiae nitor sacris ordinibus pollutus censetur: foeminisque natalitio
insignibus unicum inculcatur saepius praeceptum, ne modestiae naufragium
faciant, aut, (quod idem auribus tam delicatulis sonat,) ne clerico se
nuptas dari patiantur. "--Angliae Notitia, by T. Wood, of New College
Oxford 1686. ]

[Footnote 81: Clarendon's Life, ii. 21. ]

[Footnote 82: See the injunctions of 1559, In Bishop Sparrow's
Collection. Jeremy Collier, in his Essay on Pride, speaks of this
injunction with a bitterness which proves that his own pride had not
been effectually tamed. ]

[Footnote 83: Roger and Abigail in Fletcher's Scornful Lady, Bull
and the Nurse in Vanbrugh's Relapse, Smirk and Susan in Shadwell's
Lancashire Witches, are instances. ]

[Footnote 84: Swift's Directions to Servants. In Swift's Remarks on the
Clerical Residence Bill, he describes the family of an English vicar
thus: "His wife is little better than a Goody, in her birth, education,
or dress. . . . . His daughters shall go to service, or be sent apprentice
to the sempstress of the next town. "]

[Footnote 85: Even in Tom Jones, published two generations later. Mrs.
Seagrim, the wife of a gamekeeper, and Mrs. Honour, a waitingwoman,
boast of their descent from clergymen, "It is to be hoped," says
Fielding, "such instances will in future ages, when some provision is
made for the families of the inferior clergy, appear stranger than they
can be thought at present. "]

[Footnote 86: This distinction between country clergy and town clergy is
strongly marked by Eachard, and cannot but be observed by every person
who has studied the ecclesiastical history of that age. ]

[Footnote 87: Nelson's Life of Bull. As to the extreme difficulty which
the country clergy found in procuring books, see the Life of Thomas
Bray, the founder of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. ]

[Footnote 88: "I have frequently heard him (Dryden) own with pleasure,
that if he had any talent for English prose it was owing to his having
often read the writings of the great Archbishop Tillotson. "--Congreve's
Dedication of Dryden's Plays. ]

[Footnote 89: I have taken Davenant's estimate, which is a little lower
than King's. ]

[Footnote 90: Evelvn's Diary, June 27. 1654; Pepys's Diary, June 13.
1668; Roger North's Lives of Lord Keeper Guildford, and of Sir Dudley
North; Petty's Political Arithmetic. I have taken Petty's facts, but, in
drawing inferences from them, I have been guided by King and Davenant,
who, though not abler men than he, had the advantage of coming after
him. As to the kidnapping for which Bristol was infamous, see North's
Life of Guildford, 121, 216, and the harangue of Jeffreys on the
subject, in the Impartial History of his Life and Death, printed with
the Bloody Assizes. His style was, as usual, coarse, but I cannot reckon
the reprimand which he gave to the magistrates of Bristol among his
crimes. ]

[Footnote 91: Fuller's Worthies; Evelyn's Diary, Oct. 17,1671; Journal
of T. Browne, son of Sir Thomas Browne, Jan. 1663-4; Blomefield's
History of Norfolk; History of the City and County of Norwich, 2 vols.
1768. ]

[Footnote 92: The population of York appears, from the return of
baptisms and burials in Drake's History, to have been about 13,000 in
1730. Exeter had only 17,000 inhabitants in 1801. The population of
Worcester was numbered just before the siege in 1646. See Nash's History
of Worcestershire. I have made allowance for the increase which must be
supposed to have taken place in forty years. In 1740, the population of
Nottingham was found, by enumeration, to be just 10,000. See Dering's
History. The population of Gloucester may readily be inferred from the
number of houses which King found in the returns of hearth money,
and from the number of births and burials which is given in Atkyns's
History. The population of Derby was 4,000 in 1712. See Wolley's MS.
History, quoted in Lyson's Magna Britannia. The population of Shrewsbury
was ascertained, in 1695, by actual enumeration. As to the gaieties of
Shrewsbury, see Farquhar's Recruiting Officer. Farquhar's description
is borne out by a ballad in the Pepysian Library, of which the burden is
"Shrewsbury for me. "]

[Footnote 93: Blome's Britannia, 1673; Aikin's Country round Manchester;
Manchester Directory, 1845: Baines, History of the Cotton Manufacture.
The best information which I have been able to find, touching the
population of Manchester in the seventeenth century is contained in
a paper drawn up by the Reverend R. Parkinson, and published in the
Journal of the Statistical Society for October 1842. ]

[Footnote 94: Thoresby's Ducatus Leodensis; Whitaker's Loidis and
Elmete; Wardell's Municipal History of the Borough of Leeds. (1848. ) In
1851 Leeds had 172,000 Inhabitants. (1857. )]

[Footnote 95: Hunter's History of Hallamshire. (1848. ) In 1851 the
population of Sheffield had increased to 135,000. (1857. )]

[Footnote 96: Blome's Britannia, 1673; Dugdale's Warwickshire, North's
Examen, 321; Preface to Absalom and Achitophel; Hutton's History of
Birmingham; Boswell's Life of Johnson. In 1690 the burials at Birmingham
were 150, the baptisms 125. I think it probable that the annual
mortality was little less than one in twenty-five. In London it was
considerably greater. A historian of Nottingham, half a century later,
boasted of the extraordinary salubrity of his town, where the annual
mortality was one in thirty. See Doring's History of Nottingham. (1848. )
In 1851 the population of Birmingham had increased to 222,000. (1857. )]

[Footnote 97: Blome's Britannia; Gregson's Antiquities of the County
Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster, Part II. ; Petition from Liverpool in
the Privy Council Book, May 10, 1686. In 1690 the burials at Liverpool
were 151, the baptisms 120. In 1844 the net receipt of the customs at
Liverpool was 4,366,526£. 1s. 8d. (1848. ) In 1851 Liverpool contained
375,000 inhabitants, (1857. )]

[Footnote 98: Atkyne's Gloucestershire. ]

[Footnote 99: Magna Britannia; Grose's Antiquities; New Brighthelmstone
Directory. ]

[Footnote 100: Tour in Derbyshire, by Thomas Browne, son of Sir Thomas. ]

[Footnote 101: Memoires de Grammont; Hasted's History of Kent; Tunbridge
Wells, a Comedy, 1678; Causton's Tunbridgialia, 1688; Metellus, a poem
on Tunbridge Wells, 1693. ]

[Footnote 102: See Wood's History of Bath, 1719; Evelyn's Diary, June
27,1654; Pepys's Diary, June 12, 1668; Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum;
Collinson's Somersetshire; Dr. Peirce's History and Memoirs of the Bath,
1713, Book I. chap. viii. obs. 2, 1684. I have consulted several
old maps and pictures of Bath, particularly one curious map which is
surrounded by views of the principal buildings. It Dears the date of
1717. ]

[Footnote 103: According to King 530,000. (1848. ) In 1851 the population
of London exceeded, 2,300,000. (1857. )]

[Footnote 104: Macpherson's History of Commerce; Chalmers's Estimate;
Chamberlayne's State of England, 1684. The tonnage of the steamers
belonging to the port of London was, at the end of 1847, about 60,000
tons. The customs of the port, from 1842 to 1845, very nearly averaged
11,000,000£. (1848. ) In 1854 the tonnage of the steamers of the port of
London amounted to 138,000 tons, without reckoning vessels of less than
fifty tons. (1857. )]

[Footnote 105: Lyson's Environs of London. The baptisms at Chelsea,
between 1680 and 1690, were only 42 a year. ]

[Footnote 106: Cowley, Discourse of Solitude. ]

[Footnote 107: The fullest and most trustworthy information about the
state of the buildings of London at this time is to be derived from the
maps and drawings in the British Museum and in the Pepysian Library.
The badness of the bricks in the old buildings of London is particularly
mentioned in the Travels of the Grand Duke Cosmo. There is an account of
the works at Saint Paul's in Ward's London Spy. I am almost ashamed to
quote such nauseous balderdash; but I have been forced to descend even
lower, if possible, in search of materials. ]

[Footnote 108: Evelyn's Diary, Sept. 20. 1672. ]

[Footnote 109: Roger North's Life of Sir Dudley North. ]

[Footnote 110: North's Examen. This amusing writer has preserved
a specimen of the sublime raptures in which the Pindar of the City
indulged:--

"The worshipful sir John Moor!
After age that name adore! "]

[Footnote 111: Chamberlayne's State of England, 1684; Anglie Metropolis,
1690; Seymour's London, 1734. ]

[Footnote 112: North's Examen, 116; Wood, Ath. Ox. Shaftesbury; The Duke
of B. 's Litany. ]

[Footnote 113: Travels of the Grand Duke Cosmo. ]

[Footnote 114: Chamberlayne's State of England, 1684; Pennant's London;
Smith's Life of Nollekens. ]

[Footnote 115: Evelyn's Diary, Oct. 10, 1683, Jan. 19, 1685-6. ]

[Footnote 116: Stat. 1 Jac. II. c. 22; Evelyn's Diary, Dec, 7, 1684. ]

[Footnote 117: Old General Oglethorpe, who died in 1785, used to boast
that he had shot birds here in Anne's reign. See Pennant's London, and
the Gentleman's Magazine for July, 1785. ]

[Footnote 118: The pest field will be seen in maps of London as late as
the end of George the First's reign. ]

[Footnote 119: See a very curious plan of Covent Garden made about 1690,
and engraved for Smith's History of Westminster. See also Hogarth's
Morning, painted while some of the houses in the Piazza were still
occupied by people of fashion. ]

[Footnote 120: London Spy, Tom Brown's comical View of London and
Westminster; Turner's Propositions for the employing of the Poor, 1678;
Daily Courant and Daily Journal of June 7, 1733; Case of Michael v.
Allestree, in 1676, 2 Levinz, p. 172. Michael had been run over by
two horses which Allestree was breaking in Lincoln's Inn Fields.
The declaration set forth that the defendant "porta deux chivals
ungovernable en un coach, et improvide, incante, et absque debita
consideratione ineptitudinis loci la eux drive pur eux faire tractable
et apt pur an coach, quels chivals, pur ceo que, per leur ferocite, ne
poientestre rule, curre sur le plaintiff et le noie. "]

[Footnote 121: Stat. 12 Geo. I.