), and were probably of Oceanus, who was the mother of
Geryones
and
made at Cyzicus, since Ptolemy (ad fin.
made at Cyzicus, since Ptolemy (ad fin.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
4to.
1838.
)
[W. R. ] (Plut. Dion. 28—-58, de Sera Num. Vind. p. 553,
CALLIPHANA, a priestess of Velia. In B. C. d. ; Diod. xvi. 31, 36, 45; Athen. xi. p. 508. )
98, the praetor urbanus C. Valerius Flaccus, in 2. Of Athens, took part in the Olympic games
pursuance of a decree of the senate, brought a bill | in B. c. 332. He bribed his competitors in the
before the people, that Calliphana should be made pentathlon to allow him to conquer and win the
a Roman citizen. This was done before the Ve- prize. But the fraud became known, and the
lienses obtained the Roman franchise, and for the Eleans condemned both Callippus and his competi-
purpose of enabling the priestess of a foreign divi- tors to pay a heavy fine. The Athenians, who
nity at Rome to perform sacrifices on behalf of considered the affair as a national one, sent Hype-
Romans also. (Cic. pro Balb. 24. ) (L. S. ] rides to petition the Eleans to desist from their de-
CALLIPHON (Kamnipôv), a philosopher, and mand. When the request was refused, the Athe-
most probably a disciple of Epicurus, who is men- nians neither paid the fine nor did they frequent
tioned several times and condemned by Cicero as the Olympic games any longer, until at last the
making the chief good of man to consist in an Delphic god declared that he would not give any
union of virtue (honestas) and bodily pleasure oracle to the Athenians, unless they satisfied the
(moovn, voluptas), or, as Cicero says, in the union demand of the Eleans. The fine was now paid,
of the man with the beast. (Cic. de Fin. ii. 6, 11, and the money was spent in erecting six statues
iv. 18, v. 8, 25, de Off. iii. 33, Tusc. v. 30, 31 ; to Zeus, with inscriptions by no means flattering
Clem. Alex. Strom. 2. § 127. ) [A. G. ] to the Athenians. (Paus. v. 21. § 3, &c. )
CALLIPHON (Kardiowv), a Samian painter, Of Athens, a son of Moerocles, a brave com-
employed to decorate the temple of Artemis at mander of the Athenians in the war against the
Ephesus. (Paus. v. 19. § 1, x. 25. $ 2. ) (W. I. ] Gauls, B. c. 279. He was stationed with his Athe-
CALLI'PPIDES (Kalditations), of Athens, a nians at Thermopylae to guard the pass. (Paus.
celebrated tragic actor of the time of Alcibiades i. 3. & 4, x. 20. $ 3. )
and Agesilaus. (Plut. Alcib. 32, Ages. 21; Athen. 4. An admiral of king Perseus of Macedonia.
xii. p. 535. ) He was particularly famous for his He and Antenor were sent by the king, in B. C.
imitation of the actions of real life, which he carried 168, with a fleet to Tenedos, to protect the trans-
60 far as to become ridiculous, and to be stigmatized ports that came with provisions for the Macedo-
by the nickname of the ape (nonkos. See the nians from the islands of the Aegean. (Liv. xliv.
Greek life of Sophocles; Apostolius, Proverb. xv. 28. )
[L. S. ]
39). A comedy of Strattis entitled Callippides CALLIPPUS (Kálnos), literary. ). A
seems to have been composed to ridicule our actor. comic poet, who is mentioned only by Athenaeus
(Meineke, Fram. Com. Graec. i. p. 226); and it (xv. p. 668) as the author of a comedy entitled
is not improbable that Cicero (ad Att. xii. 12) may Pannychis
. Porson proposed to read in this pas
be alluding to Callippides the actor. (Orelli, Omö sage Hipparchus instead of Callippus, because it is
mast. Tull. ii. p. 119. )
(L. S. ] known that Hipparchus composed a comedy Pan-
CALLIPPUS (K. XATTOS), historical. 1. Ofnychis. (Athen. xv. p. 691. ) But this is not a
Athens, was a disciple of Plato, and thus became sufficient reason for striking the name of Callippus
acquainted with Dion of Syracuse, who was like from the list of comic writers. (Meineke, Hist.
wise among the pupils of Plato. When Dion Crit. Com. Gr. p. 490. )
afterwards returned to Syracuse, Callippus accom- Of Athens, is mentioned by Aristotle (Rhet.
panied him, and was ever after treated by him ii. 23) as the author of a Téxum ýmtopiań, but no-
with distinction and confidence. Notwithstanding thing further is known about him.
this, Callippus formed at last a conspiracy against 3. A Stoic philosopher of Corinth, who was a
the life of Dion. The plot was discovered by pupil of Zeno, the founder of the school. (Diog.
Dion's sister ; but Callippus pacified them by Laërt. vii. 38. ) He seems to be the same person
swearing, that he had no evil intentions towards as the Callippus mentioned by Pausanias (ix. 29.
Dion. But in spite of this oath, be assassinated / $ 2, 38. $ 10) as the author of a work entitled
Dion during a festival of Persephone, the very di-ongypaori eis 'Opxouevious, of which a few frag-
vinity by whom he had sworn, B. C. 353. Callippus ments are preserved there.
now usurped the government of Syracuse, but 4. Surnamed Petaneus, is mentioned by Dio-
maintained himself only for thirteen months. The genes Laërtius (v. 57) as one of the witnesses to
first attempt of Dion's friends to cause an insur- the will of Theophrastus.
[L. S. ]
rection of the people against the usurper was un- CALLIPPUS or CALIPPUS (Kántos or
successful; but, a short time after, Hipparemus, a KádTTOS), an astronomer of Cyzicus.
He was
brother of the younger Dionysius, landed with a a disciple of one of Eudoxus' friends, and followed
fleet at Syracuse, and Callippus, who was defeated him to Athens, where he became acquainted
## p. 575 (#595) ############################################
CALLIPPUS.
575
CALLISTHENES.
-
with Aristotle (who mentions him Metaph. xi. 8), CALLIPYGOS (Kandittuyos), a surname of
and Assisted that philosopher in rectifying and Aphrodite, of which the origin is related by Athe-
completing the discoveries of Eudoxus. (Siinplic. nacus. (xii. p. 554; comp. Alciphron, i. 39. ) We
in lib. II. de Cocl. p. 120, a. ) His observations are still possess some representations of Aphrodite Cal-
frequently referred to by Geminus and Ptolemy lipygos, which are distinguished for their great
in their meteorological calendars (sce Geminus, softness, luxuriancy, and roundness of form. (Hirt,
Elem. Astron. cap. 16, in Petav. Uranolog. p. 64, &c. Mythol. Bilderb. i. p. 59. )
(L. S. )
and Ptol. φάσεις απλανών αστέρων και συναγωγή CALLI'RRHOE (Kairpsón). 1. A daughter
ério nuaoiwv, ibid. p. 71, &c.
), and were probably of Oceanus, who was the mother of Geryones and
made at Cyzicus, since Ptolemy (ad fin. ) says, that Echidna by Chrysaor. (Hesiod, Theug. 351, 981;
Callippus observed at the Ilellespont. Snch calen- Apollod. ii. 5. $ 10. ) By Neilus she was the mo-
dars were fixed in public places, for common use, ther of Chione, and hy Poseidon of Minyas. (Serv.
and hence called mapandiyata : they record the ad Aen. iv. 250 ; Tzetz, ad Lycoph. 686. )
times of the different risings and settings of the 2. A daughter of Achelous and wife of Alcmaeon,
fixed stars, with the fronuasiai, or principal whom she induced to procure her the peplus and
changes in the weather supposed to be connected necklace of Harmonia, by which she caused her
with them, as deduced from the observations of husband's death. [ALCMAEON. ] Callirrhoë then
various astronomers. Callippus invented the period requested Zeus, with whom she lived in close in-
or cycle of 76 years, called after him the Callippic. timacy, to grant that her sons by Alcmaeon miglit
Several attempts had been previously made to dis- grow up to manhood at once, in order that they
cover intervals of time of moderate length, which might be able to arenge the death of their father.
should be expressible in whole numbers by means Zeus granted the request, and Amphoterus and
of each of the three natural units of time, the solar Acarnan killed the murderers of their father, the
year, the lunar month, and the solar day : and, in sons of Phegcus, at Delphi, and afterwards Phe-
particular, Meton, about a century before, had ob geus himself also. (Apollod. iii. 7. $ 6. )
served the remarkable approximation to equality 3. A daughter of Scamander, the wife of Tros,
between 19 years and 235 months, and had intro- and mother of Ilus and Ganymedes. (Apollod. iii.
duced the celebrated cycle of 19 years, which he 12. 0 2. )
also assumed to contain 6940 days. This would 4. A maiden of Calydon, who, when she was
make the year = 365 days; and, therefore, Cal-loved by Coresus, a priest of Dionysus, rejected all
lippus, observing that the difference between this the offers he made to her. At length, he implored
and the more correct value 365. was * - = his god to punish the cruel maid. Dionysus now
7x7 = to, proposed to quadruple the Metonic visited the people of Calydon with a general mad-
period, and then subtract one day. He supposed, ness, which raged there like a plague. The Dodo-
that 76 years = 940 months = 27759 days; both naean oracle, which was consulted about the mode
of which suppositions are considerably nearer the of averting the calamity, answered, that Dionysus
truth than Meton's. (Geminus, El. Ast. cap. 6, must be propitiated, and that Callirrhoë must be
Uranolog. p. 37. ) If we take the mean values of sacrificed to him, or some one else in her stead.
the year and month, in days, to be 365. 2422414 The maiden endeavoured in vain to escape her fate;
and 29:5305887215 respectively, then 76 years but when she was led to the altar, Coresus, instead
= 277580 gb 50m 54%, and 940 months = 27758d of performing the sacrifice, felt his love for her re-
18h 4m 546 nearly; but these numbers would not vive so strongly, that he sacrificed himself in her
be strictly accurate in the time of Callippus. stead. But she also now put an end to her life
The Callippic period seems to have been generally near a well which derived its name from her.
adopted by astronomers in assigning the dates of (Paus. vii. 21. $ 1. ) There are two more mythical
their observations; and the frequent use which personages of this name. (Steph. Byz. s. v. 'AXá-
Ptolemy makes of it enables us to fix the epoch of Savda; Plut. Parallel. Gr. et Rom. 23. ) [L. S. ]
the beginning of the first period with considerable CALLISTE (Kalliotn), a surname of Artemis,
certainty. It must have begun near the time of the by which she was worshipped at Athens and
summer solstice, since Ptolemy refers to an observa. Tegea. (Paus. i. 29. § 2, viii. 35. $ 7. ) [L. S. ]
tion of that solstice made at the end of the 50th year CALLISTHENES (Kalliodévns). 1. A phi-
(Tøv čtel AtYouti) of the first period (ney. ouvras. losopher, born at Olynthus. His mother, Hero,
iii. 2, vol. i. p. 163, ed. Halma); and out of a num- was a cousin of Aristotle's, and by him Callisthenes
ber of other observations recorded by the same was brought up, studying under him at Stageira,
writer, all but two, according to Ideler, indicate together, as we may infer, with Alexander, and
the year B. C. 330, whilst four of them require the certainly with Theophrastus, with whom Aristotle
evening of June 28 for the epoch in question. It is said to have contrasted him, saying, that Theo-
is not certain at what time the period came into phrastus needed the rein, but Callisthenes the
civil use ; it would naturally be employed not to spur (but see p. 317, b. ). When Alexander set
supersede, but to correct from time to time, the forth on his Asiatic expedition, B. c. 334, he took
Metonic reckoning. The inaccuracy of the latter Callisthenes with him by Aristotle's recommenda-
must have become quite sensible in B. C. 330; and tion. The latter owerer, was aware of
it is evident, from the praise which Diodorus (xii. faults of his kinsman's character, of his total want
36) bestows upon it, that it could not bare re- of tact and prudence, and of his wrong-headed
mained uncorrected down to his tiine. (Ideler, propensity to the unseasonable exhibition of his
Hist. Untersuch, über die Astron. Beobachtungen der independent spirit; and against these he warned
Alten, Berlin, 1806, p. 214, &c. , Handbuch der him to guard in his intercourse with the king.
Technischen Chronologie, Berlin, 1825, vol. i. p. The warning was given in vain. Callisthenes
344, &c. ; Petavius, Doctrin. Temp. ii. 16 ; Scali- became indignant at Alexander's adoption of ori-
ger, De Emend. Temp. lib. ii. ; Delambre, Hist. de ental customs, and especially at the requirement
l'Astron. Ancienne, vol. i. p. 200. ) [W. F. D. ) of the ceremony of adoration, which he deemed
## p. 576 (#596) ############################################
576
CALLISTHENES.
CALLISTIIENES.
to us.
war.
derogatory to free Greeks and Macedonians; and | Laërt. v. 4, 5; Suidas, s. v. Kalliodévns ; Thirl-
it may be that he was the more open in the ex- wall's Greece, vol. vi. pp. 317-325; Blakcsley's
pression of his sentiments, because of the opposite Life of Aristotle, pp. 56, 73–84. )
extreme of supple flattery adopted by his opponent Some manuscripts are still extant, professing to
Anaxarchus. When Alexander was overwhelmed contain writings of Callisthenes; but they are
with remorse for the murder of Cleitus, both these spurious, and none of his works have come down
philosophers were sent to console him; but the Besides an account of Alexander's expedi-
suggestions of Callisthenes, though apparently on tion (which he arrogantly said would be the main
this occasion more judicious than usual, were quite support of the conqueror's glory, and which is re-
eclipsed by the bold adulation of Anaxarchus, who ferred to in several places by Plutarch and Strabo),
openly affirmed, that “ whatever kings did, must he also wrote a history of Greece, in ten books,
therefore of necessity be lawful and just. ” Seve from the peace of Antalcidas to the seizure of the
ral anecdotes are recorded by Arrian and Piu Delphic temple by Philomelus. (B. C. 387—357. )
tarch, illustrative of the freedom of language in Cicero mentions too a work of his on the Trojan
which Callisthenes indulged, and of his coarse and The loss, however, of his writings we have
unconciliating demeanour-qualities which, while not much reason to regret, if we may trust the cri-
they alienated the king from him and procured ticisms passed on them by those to whom they
him a number of enemies, rendered him also popu- were known. Thus Polybius censures him for his
lar with many who looked or Alexander's innova- unskilfulness in his relation of military affairs;
tions with a jenlous eye; and the young men in Cicero finds fault with his style as fitted rather for
particular are said to have focked to hear his dis rhetorical declamation than for history, and con-
· courses, regarding him as the only free-spirited trasts it with that of Xenophon ; and Strabo
man in the royal retinue. It was this which ul- speaks disparagingly of his accuracy and veracity.
timately proved fatal to him. When the plot of He seems indeed to have been far more a rhetori-
Hermolaus and others to assassinate Alexander cian than either a philosopher or a historian, and,
was discovered, Callisthenes was involved in the even as a rhetorician, to have had more of the
charge. Aristobulus and Ptolemy indeed both spirit of Isocrates than of his own great master.
asserted in their histories that Hermolaus and his His readiness and fluency, no less than his ex-
accomplices, when under the torture, had named treme indiscretion, are illustrated by the anecdote
him as the chief instigator of their attempt; but given by Plutarch (Aiex. 53) of his speaking with
this is rendered at least doubtful by a letter on great applause in praise of the Macedonians at a
the subject from Alexander himself to Craterus, banquet, and then, on Alexander's challenging him
which is preserved by Plutarch (Aler. 55), and in to take the other side, launching forth into the
which the sufferers are expressly said to have bitterest invective against them. In philosophy
denied that any one was privy to their design. he probably followed Aristotle, so far indced as he
It would seem more probable that the suspicions threw himself into any system at all. The recen-
of Alexander were excited or revived, after the sion of Homer (v ato váponkos), kept by Alexan-
death of the traitors, by the suggestions of the der in a precious casket, and usually ascribed to
enemies of Callisthenes, acting on a mind already Aristotle, was made, according to Strabo (xiii. p.
exasperated against him. Every rash expression 594), by Callisthenes and Anaxarchus. (Diod. iv.
he had ever used, every rhetorical common-place 1, xiv. 117, xvi. 14; Cic. ad Fam. v. 15, ad Q.
he had ever uttered on the patriotism and glory of Fratr. ii. 12, de Orat. ii. 14, de Dir. i. 34, ii. 25;
regicides, were raked up and made to tell against Strab. xi. p. 531, xii. p. 542, xiv. p. 680, xvii. p.
him. In another letter, written by Alexander to 814; Plut. Alex. 27, 33; Polyb. xii. 17-21;
Antipater, subsequently to the one above-men- Suidas, l. c. ; Fabric. Bill. Graec. vol. iii. p. 480 ;
tioned, and also quoted by Plutarch (. c.
[W. R. ] (Plut. Dion. 28—-58, de Sera Num. Vind. p. 553,
CALLIPHANA, a priestess of Velia. In B. C. d. ; Diod. xvi. 31, 36, 45; Athen. xi. p. 508. )
98, the praetor urbanus C. Valerius Flaccus, in 2. Of Athens, took part in the Olympic games
pursuance of a decree of the senate, brought a bill | in B. c. 332. He bribed his competitors in the
before the people, that Calliphana should be made pentathlon to allow him to conquer and win the
a Roman citizen. This was done before the Ve- prize. But the fraud became known, and the
lienses obtained the Roman franchise, and for the Eleans condemned both Callippus and his competi-
purpose of enabling the priestess of a foreign divi- tors to pay a heavy fine. The Athenians, who
nity at Rome to perform sacrifices on behalf of considered the affair as a national one, sent Hype-
Romans also. (Cic. pro Balb. 24. ) (L. S. ] rides to petition the Eleans to desist from their de-
CALLIPHON (Kamnipôv), a philosopher, and mand. When the request was refused, the Athe-
most probably a disciple of Epicurus, who is men- nians neither paid the fine nor did they frequent
tioned several times and condemned by Cicero as the Olympic games any longer, until at last the
making the chief good of man to consist in an Delphic god declared that he would not give any
union of virtue (honestas) and bodily pleasure oracle to the Athenians, unless they satisfied the
(moovn, voluptas), or, as Cicero says, in the union demand of the Eleans. The fine was now paid,
of the man with the beast. (Cic. de Fin. ii. 6, 11, and the money was spent in erecting six statues
iv. 18, v. 8, 25, de Off. iii. 33, Tusc. v. 30, 31 ; to Zeus, with inscriptions by no means flattering
Clem. Alex. Strom. 2. § 127. ) [A. G. ] to the Athenians. (Paus. v. 21. § 3, &c. )
CALLIPHON (Kardiowv), a Samian painter, Of Athens, a son of Moerocles, a brave com-
employed to decorate the temple of Artemis at mander of the Athenians in the war against the
Ephesus. (Paus. v. 19. § 1, x. 25. $ 2. ) (W. I. ] Gauls, B. c. 279. He was stationed with his Athe-
CALLI'PPIDES (Kalditations), of Athens, a nians at Thermopylae to guard the pass. (Paus.
celebrated tragic actor of the time of Alcibiades i. 3. & 4, x. 20. $ 3. )
and Agesilaus. (Plut. Alcib. 32, Ages. 21; Athen. 4. An admiral of king Perseus of Macedonia.
xii. p. 535. ) He was particularly famous for his He and Antenor were sent by the king, in B. C.
imitation of the actions of real life, which he carried 168, with a fleet to Tenedos, to protect the trans-
60 far as to become ridiculous, and to be stigmatized ports that came with provisions for the Macedo-
by the nickname of the ape (nonkos. See the nians from the islands of the Aegean. (Liv. xliv.
Greek life of Sophocles; Apostolius, Proverb. xv. 28. )
[L. S. ]
39). A comedy of Strattis entitled Callippides CALLIPPUS (Kálnos), literary. ). A
seems to have been composed to ridicule our actor. comic poet, who is mentioned only by Athenaeus
(Meineke, Fram. Com. Graec. i. p. 226); and it (xv. p. 668) as the author of a comedy entitled
is not improbable that Cicero (ad Att. xii. 12) may Pannychis
. Porson proposed to read in this pas
be alluding to Callippides the actor. (Orelli, Omö sage Hipparchus instead of Callippus, because it is
mast. Tull. ii. p. 119. )
(L. S. ] known that Hipparchus composed a comedy Pan-
CALLIPPUS (K. XATTOS), historical. 1. Ofnychis. (Athen. xv. p. 691. ) But this is not a
Athens, was a disciple of Plato, and thus became sufficient reason for striking the name of Callippus
acquainted with Dion of Syracuse, who was like from the list of comic writers. (Meineke, Hist.
wise among the pupils of Plato. When Dion Crit. Com. Gr. p. 490. )
afterwards returned to Syracuse, Callippus accom- Of Athens, is mentioned by Aristotle (Rhet.
panied him, and was ever after treated by him ii. 23) as the author of a Téxum ýmtopiań, but no-
with distinction and confidence. Notwithstanding thing further is known about him.
this, Callippus formed at last a conspiracy against 3. A Stoic philosopher of Corinth, who was a
the life of Dion. The plot was discovered by pupil of Zeno, the founder of the school. (Diog.
Dion's sister ; but Callippus pacified them by Laërt. vii. 38. ) He seems to be the same person
swearing, that he had no evil intentions towards as the Callippus mentioned by Pausanias (ix. 29.
Dion. But in spite of this oath, be assassinated / $ 2, 38. $ 10) as the author of a work entitled
Dion during a festival of Persephone, the very di-ongypaori eis 'Opxouevious, of which a few frag-
vinity by whom he had sworn, B. C. 353. Callippus ments are preserved there.
now usurped the government of Syracuse, but 4. Surnamed Petaneus, is mentioned by Dio-
maintained himself only for thirteen months. The genes Laërtius (v. 57) as one of the witnesses to
first attempt of Dion's friends to cause an insur- the will of Theophrastus.
[L. S. ]
rection of the people against the usurper was un- CALLIPPUS or CALIPPUS (Kántos or
successful; but, a short time after, Hipparemus, a KádTTOS), an astronomer of Cyzicus.
He was
brother of the younger Dionysius, landed with a a disciple of one of Eudoxus' friends, and followed
fleet at Syracuse, and Callippus, who was defeated him to Athens, where he became acquainted
## p. 575 (#595) ############################################
CALLIPPUS.
575
CALLISTHENES.
-
with Aristotle (who mentions him Metaph. xi. 8), CALLIPYGOS (Kandittuyos), a surname of
and Assisted that philosopher in rectifying and Aphrodite, of which the origin is related by Athe-
completing the discoveries of Eudoxus. (Siinplic. nacus. (xii. p. 554; comp. Alciphron, i. 39. ) We
in lib. II. de Cocl. p. 120, a. ) His observations are still possess some representations of Aphrodite Cal-
frequently referred to by Geminus and Ptolemy lipygos, which are distinguished for their great
in their meteorological calendars (sce Geminus, softness, luxuriancy, and roundness of form. (Hirt,
Elem. Astron. cap. 16, in Petav. Uranolog. p. 64, &c. Mythol. Bilderb. i. p. 59. )
(L. S. )
and Ptol. φάσεις απλανών αστέρων και συναγωγή CALLI'RRHOE (Kairpsón). 1. A daughter
ério nuaoiwv, ibid. p. 71, &c.
), and were probably of Oceanus, who was the mother of Geryones and
made at Cyzicus, since Ptolemy (ad fin. ) says, that Echidna by Chrysaor. (Hesiod, Theug. 351, 981;
Callippus observed at the Ilellespont. Snch calen- Apollod. ii. 5. $ 10. ) By Neilus she was the mo-
dars were fixed in public places, for common use, ther of Chione, and hy Poseidon of Minyas. (Serv.
and hence called mapandiyata : they record the ad Aen. iv. 250 ; Tzetz, ad Lycoph. 686. )
times of the different risings and settings of the 2. A daughter of Achelous and wife of Alcmaeon,
fixed stars, with the fronuasiai, or principal whom she induced to procure her the peplus and
changes in the weather supposed to be connected necklace of Harmonia, by which she caused her
with them, as deduced from the observations of husband's death. [ALCMAEON. ] Callirrhoë then
various astronomers. Callippus invented the period requested Zeus, with whom she lived in close in-
or cycle of 76 years, called after him the Callippic. timacy, to grant that her sons by Alcmaeon miglit
Several attempts had been previously made to dis- grow up to manhood at once, in order that they
cover intervals of time of moderate length, which might be able to arenge the death of their father.
should be expressible in whole numbers by means Zeus granted the request, and Amphoterus and
of each of the three natural units of time, the solar Acarnan killed the murderers of their father, the
year, the lunar month, and the solar day : and, in sons of Phegcus, at Delphi, and afterwards Phe-
particular, Meton, about a century before, had ob geus himself also. (Apollod. iii. 7. $ 6. )
served the remarkable approximation to equality 3. A daughter of Scamander, the wife of Tros,
between 19 years and 235 months, and had intro- and mother of Ilus and Ganymedes. (Apollod. iii.
duced the celebrated cycle of 19 years, which he 12. 0 2. )
also assumed to contain 6940 days. This would 4. A maiden of Calydon, who, when she was
make the year = 365 days; and, therefore, Cal-loved by Coresus, a priest of Dionysus, rejected all
lippus, observing that the difference between this the offers he made to her. At length, he implored
and the more correct value 365. was * - = his god to punish the cruel maid. Dionysus now
7x7 = to, proposed to quadruple the Metonic visited the people of Calydon with a general mad-
period, and then subtract one day. He supposed, ness, which raged there like a plague. The Dodo-
that 76 years = 940 months = 27759 days; both naean oracle, which was consulted about the mode
of which suppositions are considerably nearer the of averting the calamity, answered, that Dionysus
truth than Meton's. (Geminus, El. Ast. cap. 6, must be propitiated, and that Callirrhoë must be
Uranolog. p. 37. ) If we take the mean values of sacrificed to him, or some one else in her stead.
the year and month, in days, to be 365. 2422414 The maiden endeavoured in vain to escape her fate;
and 29:5305887215 respectively, then 76 years but when she was led to the altar, Coresus, instead
= 277580 gb 50m 54%, and 940 months = 27758d of performing the sacrifice, felt his love for her re-
18h 4m 546 nearly; but these numbers would not vive so strongly, that he sacrificed himself in her
be strictly accurate in the time of Callippus. stead. But she also now put an end to her life
The Callippic period seems to have been generally near a well which derived its name from her.
adopted by astronomers in assigning the dates of (Paus. vii. 21. $ 1. ) There are two more mythical
their observations; and the frequent use which personages of this name. (Steph. Byz. s. v. 'AXá-
Ptolemy makes of it enables us to fix the epoch of Savda; Plut. Parallel. Gr. et Rom. 23. ) [L. S. ]
the beginning of the first period with considerable CALLISTE (Kalliotn), a surname of Artemis,
certainty. It must have begun near the time of the by which she was worshipped at Athens and
summer solstice, since Ptolemy refers to an observa. Tegea. (Paus. i. 29. § 2, viii. 35. $ 7. ) [L. S. ]
tion of that solstice made at the end of the 50th year CALLISTHENES (Kalliodévns). 1. A phi-
(Tøv čtel AtYouti) of the first period (ney. ouvras. losopher, born at Olynthus. His mother, Hero,
iii. 2, vol. i. p. 163, ed. Halma); and out of a num- was a cousin of Aristotle's, and by him Callisthenes
ber of other observations recorded by the same was brought up, studying under him at Stageira,
writer, all but two, according to Ideler, indicate together, as we may infer, with Alexander, and
the year B. C. 330, whilst four of them require the certainly with Theophrastus, with whom Aristotle
evening of June 28 for the epoch in question. It is said to have contrasted him, saying, that Theo-
is not certain at what time the period came into phrastus needed the rein, but Callisthenes the
civil use ; it would naturally be employed not to spur (but see p. 317, b. ). When Alexander set
supersede, but to correct from time to time, the forth on his Asiatic expedition, B. c. 334, he took
Metonic reckoning. The inaccuracy of the latter Callisthenes with him by Aristotle's recommenda-
must have become quite sensible in B. C. 330; and tion. The latter owerer, was aware of
it is evident, from the praise which Diodorus (xii. faults of his kinsman's character, of his total want
36) bestows upon it, that it could not bare re- of tact and prudence, and of his wrong-headed
mained uncorrected down to his tiine. (Ideler, propensity to the unseasonable exhibition of his
Hist. Untersuch, über die Astron. Beobachtungen der independent spirit; and against these he warned
Alten, Berlin, 1806, p. 214, &c. , Handbuch der him to guard in his intercourse with the king.
Technischen Chronologie, Berlin, 1825, vol. i. p. The warning was given in vain. Callisthenes
344, &c. ; Petavius, Doctrin. Temp. ii. 16 ; Scali- became indignant at Alexander's adoption of ori-
ger, De Emend. Temp. lib. ii. ; Delambre, Hist. de ental customs, and especially at the requirement
l'Astron. Ancienne, vol. i. p. 200. ) [W. F. D. ) of the ceremony of adoration, which he deemed
## p. 576 (#596) ############################################
576
CALLISTHENES.
CALLISTIIENES.
to us.
war.
derogatory to free Greeks and Macedonians; and | Laërt. v. 4, 5; Suidas, s. v. Kalliodévns ; Thirl-
it may be that he was the more open in the ex- wall's Greece, vol. vi. pp. 317-325; Blakcsley's
pression of his sentiments, because of the opposite Life of Aristotle, pp. 56, 73–84. )
extreme of supple flattery adopted by his opponent Some manuscripts are still extant, professing to
Anaxarchus. When Alexander was overwhelmed contain writings of Callisthenes; but they are
with remorse for the murder of Cleitus, both these spurious, and none of his works have come down
philosophers were sent to console him; but the Besides an account of Alexander's expedi-
suggestions of Callisthenes, though apparently on tion (which he arrogantly said would be the main
this occasion more judicious than usual, were quite support of the conqueror's glory, and which is re-
eclipsed by the bold adulation of Anaxarchus, who ferred to in several places by Plutarch and Strabo),
openly affirmed, that “ whatever kings did, must he also wrote a history of Greece, in ten books,
therefore of necessity be lawful and just. ” Seve from the peace of Antalcidas to the seizure of the
ral anecdotes are recorded by Arrian and Piu Delphic temple by Philomelus. (B. C. 387—357. )
tarch, illustrative of the freedom of language in Cicero mentions too a work of his on the Trojan
which Callisthenes indulged, and of his coarse and The loss, however, of his writings we have
unconciliating demeanour-qualities which, while not much reason to regret, if we may trust the cri-
they alienated the king from him and procured ticisms passed on them by those to whom they
him a number of enemies, rendered him also popu- were known. Thus Polybius censures him for his
lar with many who looked or Alexander's innova- unskilfulness in his relation of military affairs;
tions with a jenlous eye; and the young men in Cicero finds fault with his style as fitted rather for
particular are said to have focked to hear his dis rhetorical declamation than for history, and con-
· courses, regarding him as the only free-spirited trasts it with that of Xenophon ; and Strabo
man in the royal retinue. It was this which ul- speaks disparagingly of his accuracy and veracity.
timately proved fatal to him. When the plot of He seems indeed to have been far more a rhetori-
Hermolaus and others to assassinate Alexander cian than either a philosopher or a historian, and,
was discovered, Callisthenes was involved in the even as a rhetorician, to have had more of the
charge. Aristobulus and Ptolemy indeed both spirit of Isocrates than of his own great master.
asserted in their histories that Hermolaus and his His readiness and fluency, no less than his ex-
accomplices, when under the torture, had named treme indiscretion, are illustrated by the anecdote
him as the chief instigator of their attempt; but given by Plutarch (Aiex. 53) of his speaking with
this is rendered at least doubtful by a letter on great applause in praise of the Macedonians at a
the subject from Alexander himself to Craterus, banquet, and then, on Alexander's challenging him
which is preserved by Plutarch (Aler. 55), and in to take the other side, launching forth into the
which the sufferers are expressly said to have bitterest invective against them. In philosophy
denied that any one was privy to their design. he probably followed Aristotle, so far indced as he
It would seem more probable that the suspicions threw himself into any system at all. The recen-
of Alexander were excited or revived, after the sion of Homer (v ato váponkos), kept by Alexan-
death of the traitors, by the suggestions of the der in a precious casket, and usually ascribed to
enemies of Callisthenes, acting on a mind already Aristotle, was made, according to Strabo (xiii. p.
exasperated against him. Every rash expression 594), by Callisthenes and Anaxarchus. (Diod. iv.
he had ever used, every rhetorical common-place 1, xiv. 117, xvi. 14; Cic. ad Fam. v. 15, ad Q.
he had ever uttered on the patriotism and glory of Fratr. ii. 12, de Orat. ii. 14, de Dir. i. 34, ii. 25;
regicides, were raked up and made to tell against Strab. xi. p. 531, xii. p. 542, xiv. p. 680, xvii. p.
him. In another letter, written by Alexander to 814; Plut. Alex. 27, 33; Polyb. xii. 17-21;
Antipater, subsequently to the one above-men- Suidas, l. c. ; Fabric. Bill. Graec. vol. iii. p. 480 ;
tioned, and also quoted by Plutarch (. c.
