[197] Atwater's celebrated
experiments
proved that all the energy (food)
which goes into an animal can be accounted for in the output of heat or
work.
which goes into an animal can be accounted for in the output of heat or
work.
Applied Eugenics by Roswell H. Johnson and Paul Popenoe
While his book is too partisan, his Chapter III is
well worth reading by those who want to avoid the gross blunders which
militarists and many biologists have made in applying Darwinism to
social progress; it is based on the work of Professor J. Novikov of the
University of Odessa. See also _Headquarters Nights_ by Vernon Kellogg.
[157] Jordan, D. S. , and Jordan, H. E. , _War's Aftermath_, Boston, 1915.
[158] Jordan, David Starr, _War and the Breed_, p. 164. Boston, 1915.
Chancellor Jordan has long been the foremost exponent of the dysgenic
significance of war, and this book gives an excellent summary of the
problem from his point of view.
[159] See Woods, Frederick Adams, and Baltzly, Alexander, _Is War
Diminishing_? New York, 1916.
[160] See an interesting series of five articles in _The American
Hebrew_, Jan and Feb. , 1917.
[161] _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 277-283, June, 1917.
[162] _The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln_, New York, 1896. For the
Emancipator's maternal line see _Nancy Hanks_, by Caroline Hanks
Hitchcock. New York, 1899.
[163] _The Life of Pasteur_ by his son-in-law, Rene Vallery Radot,
should be read by every student of biology.
[164] Hollingworth, H. L. , _Vocational Psychology_, pp. 212-213, New
York, 1916.
[165] Sir Francis Galton and C. B. Davenport have called attention to
the probable inheritance of artistic ability and lately H. Drinkwater
(_Journal of Genetics_, July, 1916), has attempted to prove that it is
due to a Mendelian unit. The evidence alleged is inadequate to prove
that the trait is inherited in any particular way, but the pedigrees
cited by these three investigators, and the boyhood histories of such
artists as Benjamin West, Giotto, Ruskin and Turner, indicate that an
hereditary basis exists.
[166] The difficulty about accepting such traits as this is that they
are almost impossible of exact definition. The long teaching experience
of Mrs. Evelyn Fletcher-Copp (_Journal of Heredity_, VII, 297-305, July,
1916) suggests that any child of ordinary ability can and will compose
music if properly taught, but of course in different degree.
[167] Seashore, C. E. , in _Psychol. Monogs,_ XIII, No. 1, pp. 21-60,
Dec. , 1910. See also Fletcher-Copp, _ubi sup. _ Mrs. Copp declares that
the gift of "positive pitch" or "absolute pitch," i. e. , the ability to
name any sound that is heard, "may be acquired, speaking very
conservatively, by 80% of normal children," if they begin at an early
age. It may be that this discrepancy with Seashore's careful laboratory
tests is due to the fact that the pupils and teachers trained by Mrs.
Copp are a selected lot, to start with.
[168] The contributions on this subject are very widely scattered
through periodical literature. The most important is Karl Pearson's
memoir (1914), reviewed in the _Journal of Heredity_, VI, pp. 332-336,
July, 1915. See also Gini, Corrado, "The Superiority of the Eldest,"
_Journal of Heredity_, VI, 37-39, Jan. , 1915.
[169] _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 299-302, July, 1917.
[170] _Biometrika_, IV, pp. 233-286, London, 1905.
[171] See, for example, _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 394-396,
September, 1917. A large body of evidence from European sources, bearing
on the relation between various characters of the offspring, and the age
of the parents, was brought together by Corrado Gini in Vol. II,
_Problems in Eugenics_ (London, 1913).
[172] Davenport, Charles B. , "The Personality, Heredity and Work of
Charles Otis Whitman," _American Naturalist_, LI, pp. 5-30, Jan. , 1917.
[173] Gillette, John M. , _Constructive Rural Sociology_, p. 89, New
York, 1916.
[174] Cook, O. F. , "Eugenics and Agriculture," _Journal of Heredity_,
VII, pp. 249-254, June, 1916.
[175] Gillette, John M. , "A Study in Social Dynamics: A Statistical
Determination of the Rate of Natural Increase and of the Factors
Accounting for the Increase of Population in the United States,"
_Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association,_ n. s.
116, Vol. XV, pp. 345-380, December, 1916.
[176] The popular demand for "equality of opportunity" is, if taken
literally, absurd, in the light of the provable inequality of abilities.
What is wanted is more correctly defined as an equal consideration of
all with an _appropriate_ opportunity for each based on his demonstrated
capacities.
[177] _Essays in Social Justice. _ By Thomas Nixon Carver, Harvard
University Press, 1915, pp. 168-169.
[178] Answering the question "How Much is a Man Worth? " Professor Carver
states the following axioms:
"The value of a man equals his production minus his consumption. "
"His economic success equals his acquisition minus his consumption. "
"When his acquisition equals his production then his economic success
equals his value. "
"It is the duty of the state to make each man's acquisition equal his
production. That is justice. "
Of course, "production" is here used in a broad sense, to mean the real
social value of the services rendered, and not merely the present
exchange value of the services, or the goods produced.
[179] Kornhauser, A. W. , "Economic Standing of Parents and the
Intelligence of their Children," _Jour. of Educ. Psychology_, Vol. IX. ,
pp. 159-164, March, 1918.
[180] The coefficient of contingency is similar in significance to the
coefficient of correlation, with which readers have already become
familiar. Miss Perrin's study is in _Biometrika_, III (1904), pp.
467-469.
[181] "The Social Waste of Unguided Personal Ability. " By Erville B.
Woods, _American Journal of Sociology_, XIX (1913), pp. 358-369.
[182] See also "Eugenics: With Special Reference to Intellect and
Character," by E. L. Thorndike. In _Eugenics: Twelve University
Lectures_, pp. 319-342, New York, 1914.
[183] See U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau Publication, No.
7, "Laws Relating to Mothers' Pensions in the United States, Denmark and
New Zealand," Washington, 1914.
[184] _American Journal of Sociology_, Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 96-103, July,
1914.
[185] According to Captain (now Lt. Col. ) E. B. Vedder of the Medical
Corps, U. S. A. , 50% of the Negroes of the class applying for enlistment
in the army are syphilitic. He believes that the amount of infection
among Negro women is about the same. (_Therapeutic Gazette_, May 15,
1916. ) Venereal disease must, then, play a much more important part than
is generally supposed, in cutting down the birth-rate of the Negro race,
but it would of course be a mistake to suppose that an abnormally low
birth-rate among Negroes is always to be explained on this ground.
Professor Kelly Miller points out (_Scientific Monthly_, June, 1917)
that the birth-rate among college professors at Howard University, the
leading Negro institution for higher education, is only 0. 7 of a child
and that the completed families will hardly have more than two children.
He attributes this to (1) the long period of education required of Negro
"intellectuals", (2) the high standard of living required of them, and
(3) the unwillingness of some of them to bring children into the world,
because of the feeling that these children would suffer from race
prejudice.
[186] One can not draw a hard and fast distinction between reason and
instinct in this way, nor deny to animals all ability to reason. We have
simplified the case to make it more graphic. The fact that higher
animals may have mental processes corresponding to some of those we call
reason in man does not impair the validity of our generalization, for
the present purpose.
[187] See _Jewish Eugenics and Other Essays_, By Rabbi Max Reichler, New
York, Bloch Publishing Co. , 1916.
[188] Dublin, Louis I. , "Significance of the Declining Birth Rate,"
_Congressional Record_, Jan. 11, 1918.
[189] At the request of Alexander Graham Bell, founder and director of
the Genealogical Record Office, Paul Popenoe made an examination and
report on these records in the fall of 1916. Thanks are due to Dr. Bell
for permitting the use in this chapter of two portions of the
investigation.
[190] Beeton, Mary, and Karl Pearson, _Biometrika_ I, p. 60. The actual
correlation varies with the age and sex: the following are the results:
COLLATERAL INHERITANCE
Elder adult brother and younger adult brother . 2290 ? . 0194
Adult brother and adult brother . 2853 ? . 0196
Minor brother and minor brother . 1026 ? . 0294
Adult brother and minor brother -. 0262 ? . 0246
Elder adult sister and younger adult sister . 3464 ? . 0183
Adult sister and adult sister . 3322 ? . 0185
Minor sister and minor sister . 1748 ? . 0307
Adult sister and minor sister -. 0260 ? . 0291
Adult brother and adult sister . 2319 ? . 0145
Minor brother and minor sister . 1435 ? . 0251
Adult brother and minor sister -. 0062 ? . 0349
Adult sister and minor brother -. 0274 ? . 0238
[191] The method used is the ingenious one devised by J. Arthur Harris
(_Biometrika_ IX, p. 461). The probable error is based on n=100.
[192] A. Ploetz, "Lebensdauer der Eltern und Kindersterblichkeit,"
_Archiv fur Rassen-u Gesellschafts-Biologie_, VI (1909), pp. 33-43.
[193] Or it may be supposed that the environment is so good as to make a
non-selective death less likely, and therefore such deaths as do occur
must more frequently be selective.
[194] Hibbs, Henry H. , Jr. , _Infant Mortality: Its Relation to Social
and Industrial Conditions_, New York, 1916.
[195] See Castle, W. E. , _Heredity_, pp. 30-32, New York, 1911.
[196] Doll, E. A. , "Education and Inheritance," _Journal of Education_,
Feb. 1, 1917.
[197] Atwater's celebrated experiments proved that all the energy (food)
which goes into an animal can be accounted for in the output of heat or
work. They are conveniently summarized in Abderhalden's _Text-book of
Physiological Chemistry_, p. 335.
[198] In this connection see farther Raymond Pearl's review of Mr.
Redfield's "Dynamic Evolution" (_Journal of Heredity_) VI, p. 254, and
Paul Popenoe's review, "The Parents of Great Men," _Journal of
Heredity_, VIII, pp. 400-408.
[199] See Dr. Hrdlicka's communication to the XIXth International
Congress of Americanists, Dec. 28, 1915 (the proceedings were published
at Washington, in March, 1917); or an account in the _Journal of
Heredity_, VIII, pp. 98 ff. , March, 1917.
[200] Cf. Grant, Madison, _The Passing of the Great Race_p. 74 (New
York, 1916): "One often hears the statement made that native Americans
of Colonial ancestry are of mixed ethnic origin. This is not true. At
the time of the Revolutionary War the settlers in the 13 colonies were
not only purely Nordic, but also purely Teutonic, a very large majority
being Anglo-Saxon in the most limited meaning of that term. The New
England settlers in particular came from those counties in England where
the blood was almost purely Saxon, Anglian, and Dane. "
[201] Comprising Armenians, Croatians, English, Greeks, Russian Jews,
Irish, South Italians, North Italians, Magyars, Poles, Rumanians and
Russians, 500 individuals in all.
[202] English data from K. Pearson, _Biometrika_ V, p. 124.
[203] Pearson (_ubi supra_) measured 12-year-old English school
children, and found the average cephalic index for 2298 boys to be
78. 88, with [Greek: s] = 3. 2, for 2188 girls 78. 43, with [Greek: s] =
3. 9. It is not proper to compare adolescents with adults, however.
[204] Sewall Wright has pointed out (_Journal of Heredity_, VIII, p.
376) that the white blaze in the hair can not be finally classed as
dominant or recessive until the progeny of _two_ affected persons have
been seen. All matings so far studied have been between an affected
person and a normal. It may be that the white blaze (or piebaldism)
represents merely a heterozygous condition, and that the trait is really
a recessive. The same argument applies to brachydactyly.
* * * * *
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well worth reading by those who want to avoid the gross blunders which
militarists and many biologists have made in applying Darwinism to
social progress; it is based on the work of Professor J. Novikov of the
University of Odessa. See also _Headquarters Nights_ by Vernon Kellogg.
[157] Jordan, D. S. , and Jordan, H. E. , _War's Aftermath_, Boston, 1915.
[158] Jordan, David Starr, _War and the Breed_, p. 164. Boston, 1915.
Chancellor Jordan has long been the foremost exponent of the dysgenic
significance of war, and this book gives an excellent summary of the
problem from his point of view.
[159] See Woods, Frederick Adams, and Baltzly, Alexander, _Is War
Diminishing_? New York, 1916.
[160] See an interesting series of five articles in _The American
Hebrew_, Jan and Feb. , 1917.
[161] _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 277-283, June, 1917.
[162] _The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln_, New York, 1896. For the
Emancipator's maternal line see _Nancy Hanks_, by Caroline Hanks
Hitchcock. New York, 1899.
[163] _The Life of Pasteur_ by his son-in-law, Rene Vallery Radot,
should be read by every student of biology.
[164] Hollingworth, H. L. , _Vocational Psychology_, pp. 212-213, New
York, 1916.
[165] Sir Francis Galton and C. B. Davenport have called attention to
the probable inheritance of artistic ability and lately H. Drinkwater
(_Journal of Genetics_, July, 1916), has attempted to prove that it is
due to a Mendelian unit. The evidence alleged is inadequate to prove
that the trait is inherited in any particular way, but the pedigrees
cited by these three investigators, and the boyhood histories of such
artists as Benjamin West, Giotto, Ruskin and Turner, indicate that an
hereditary basis exists.
[166] The difficulty about accepting such traits as this is that they
are almost impossible of exact definition. The long teaching experience
of Mrs. Evelyn Fletcher-Copp (_Journal of Heredity_, VII, 297-305, July,
1916) suggests that any child of ordinary ability can and will compose
music if properly taught, but of course in different degree.
[167] Seashore, C. E. , in _Psychol. Monogs,_ XIII, No. 1, pp. 21-60,
Dec. , 1910. See also Fletcher-Copp, _ubi sup. _ Mrs. Copp declares that
the gift of "positive pitch" or "absolute pitch," i. e. , the ability to
name any sound that is heard, "may be acquired, speaking very
conservatively, by 80% of normal children," if they begin at an early
age. It may be that this discrepancy with Seashore's careful laboratory
tests is due to the fact that the pupils and teachers trained by Mrs.
Copp are a selected lot, to start with.
[168] The contributions on this subject are very widely scattered
through periodical literature. The most important is Karl Pearson's
memoir (1914), reviewed in the _Journal of Heredity_, VI, pp. 332-336,
July, 1915. See also Gini, Corrado, "The Superiority of the Eldest,"
_Journal of Heredity_, VI, 37-39, Jan. , 1915.
[169] _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 299-302, July, 1917.
[170] _Biometrika_, IV, pp. 233-286, London, 1905.
[171] See, for example, _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 394-396,
September, 1917. A large body of evidence from European sources, bearing
on the relation between various characters of the offspring, and the age
of the parents, was brought together by Corrado Gini in Vol. II,
_Problems in Eugenics_ (London, 1913).
[172] Davenport, Charles B. , "The Personality, Heredity and Work of
Charles Otis Whitman," _American Naturalist_, LI, pp. 5-30, Jan. , 1917.
[173] Gillette, John M. , _Constructive Rural Sociology_, p. 89, New
York, 1916.
[174] Cook, O. F. , "Eugenics and Agriculture," _Journal of Heredity_,
VII, pp. 249-254, June, 1916.
[175] Gillette, John M. , "A Study in Social Dynamics: A Statistical
Determination of the Rate of Natural Increase and of the Factors
Accounting for the Increase of Population in the United States,"
_Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association,_ n. s.
116, Vol. XV, pp. 345-380, December, 1916.
[176] The popular demand for "equality of opportunity" is, if taken
literally, absurd, in the light of the provable inequality of abilities.
What is wanted is more correctly defined as an equal consideration of
all with an _appropriate_ opportunity for each based on his demonstrated
capacities.
[177] _Essays in Social Justice. _ By Thomas Nixon Carver, Harvard
University Press, 1915, pp. 168-169.
[178] Answering the question "How Much is a Man Worth? " Professor Carver
states the following axioms:
"The value of a man equals his production minus his consumption. "
"His economic success equals his acquisition minus his consumption. "
"When his acquisition equals his production then his economic success
equals his value. "
"It is the duty of the state to make each man's acquisition equal his
production. That is justice. "
Of course, "production" is here used in a broad sense, to mean the real
social value of the services rendered, and not merely the present
exchange value of the services, or the goods produced.
[179] Kornhauser, A. W. , "Economic Standing of Parents and the
Intelligence of their Children," _Jour. of Educ. Psychology_, Vol. IX. ,
pp. 159-164, March, 1918.
[180] The coefficient of contingency is similar in significance to the
coefficient of correlation, with which readers have already become
familiar. Miss Perrin's study is in _Biometrika_, III (1904), pp.
467-469.
[181] "The Social Waste of Unguided Personal Ability. " By Erville B.
Woods, _American Journal of Sociology_, XIX (1913), pp. 358-369.
[182] See also "Eugenics: With Special Reference to Intellect and
Character," by E. L. Thorndike. In _Eugenics: Twelve University
Lectures_, pp. 319-342, New York, 1914.
[183] See U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau Publication, No.
7, "Laws Relating to Mothers' Pensions in the United States, Denmark and
New Zealand," Washington, 1914.
[184] _American Journal of Sociology_, Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 96-103, July,
1914.
[185] According to Captain (now Lt. Col. ) E. B. Vedder of the Medical
Corps, U. S. A. , 50% of the Negroes of the class applying for enlistment
in the army are syphilitic. He believes that the amount of infection
among Negro women is about the same. (_Therapeutic Gazette_, May 15,
1916. ) Venereal disease must, then, play a much more important part than
is generally supposed, in cutting down the birth-rate of the Negro race,
but it would of course be a mistake to suppose that an abnormally low
birth-rate among Negroes is always to be explained on this ground.
Professor Kelly Miller points out (_Scientific Monthly_, June, 1917)
that the birth-rate among college professors at Howard University, the
leading Negro institution for higher education, is only 0. 7 of a child
and that the completed families will hardly have more than two children.
He attributes this to (1) the long period of education required of Negro
"intellectuals", (2) the high standard of living required of them, and
(3) the unwillingness of some of them to bring children into the world,
because of the feeling that these children would suffer from race
prejudice.
[186] One can not draw a hard and fast distinction between reason and
instinct in this way, nor deny to animals all ability to reason. We have
simplified the case to make it more graphic. The fact that higher
animals may have mental processes corresponding to some of those we call
reason in man does not impair the validity of our generalization, for
the present purpose.
[187] See _Jewish Eugenics and Other Essays_, By Rabbi Max Reichler, New
York, Bloch Publishing Co. , 1916.
[188] Dublin, Louis I. , "Significance of the Declining Birth Rate,"
_Congressional Record_, Jan. 11, 1918.
[189] At the request of Alexander Graham Bell, founder and director of
the Genealogical Record Office, Paul Popenoe made an examination and
report on these records in the fall of 1916. Thanks are due to Dr. Bell
for permitting the use in this chapter of two portions of the
investigation.
[190] Beeton, Mary, and Karl Pearson, _Biometrika_ I, p. 60. The actual
correlation varies with the age and sex: the following are the results:
COLLATERAL INHERITANCE
Elder adult brother and younger adult brother . 2290 ? . 0194
Adult brother and adult brother . 2853 ? . 0196
Minor brother and minor brother . 1026 ? . 0294
Adult brother and minor brother -. 0262 ? . 0246
Elder adult sister and younger adult sister . 3464 ? . 0183
Adult sister and adult sister . 3322 ? . 0185
Minor sister and minor sister . 1748 ? . 0307
Adult sister and minor sister -. 0260 ? . 0291
Adult brother and adult sister . 2319 ? . 0145
Minor brother and minor sister . 1435 ? . 0251
Adult brother and minor sister -. 0062 ? . 0349
Adult sister and minor brother -. 0274 ? . 0238
[191] The method used is the ingenious one devised by J. Arthur Harris
(_Biometrika_ IX, p. 461). The probable error is based on n=100.
[192] A. Ploetz, "Lebensdauer der Eltern und Kindersterblichkeit,"
_Archiv fur Rassen-u Gesellschafts-Biologie_, VI (1909), pp. 33-43.
[193] Or it may be supposed that the environment is so good as to make a
non-selective death less likely, and therefore such deaths as do occur
must more frequently be selective.
[194] Hibbs, Henry H. , Jr. , _Infant Mortality: Its Relation to Social
and Industrial Conditions_, New York, 1916.
[195] See Castle, W. E. , _Heredity_, pp. 30-32, New York, 1911.
[196] Doll, E. A. , "Education and Inheritance," _Journal of Education_,
Feb. 1, 1917.
[197] Atwater's celebrated experiments proved that all the energy (food)
which goes into an animal can be accounted for in the output of heat or
work. They are conveniently summarized in Abderhalden's _Text-book of
Physiological Chemistry_, p. 335.
[198] In this connection see farther Raymond Pearl's review of Mr.
Redfield's "Dynamic Evolution" (_Journal of Heredity_) VI, p. 254, and
Paul Popenoe's review, "The Parents of Great Men," _Journal of
Heredity_, VIII, pp. 400-408.
[199] See Dr. Hrdlicka's communication to the XIXth International
Congress of Americanists, Dec. 28, 1915 (the proceedings were published
at Washington, in March, 1917); or an account in the _Journal of
Heredity_, VIII, pp. 98 ff. , March, 1917.
[200] Cf. Grant, Madison, _The Passing of the Great Race_p. 74 (New
York, 1916): "One often hears the statement made that native Americans
of Colonial ancestry are of mixed ethnic origin. This is not true. At
the time of the Revolutionary War the settlers in the 13 colonies were
not only purely Nordic, but also purely Teutonic, a very large majority
being Anglo-Saxon in the most limited meaning of that term. The New
England settlers in particular came from those counties in England where
the blood was almost purely Saxon, Anglian, and Dane. "
[201] Comprising Armenians, Croatians, English, Greeks, Russian Jews,
Irish, South Italians, North Italians, Magyars, Poles, Rumanians and
Russians, 500 individuals in all.
[202] English data from K. Pearson, _Biometrika_ V, p. 124.
[203] Pearson (_ubi supra_) measured 12-year-old English school
children, and found the average cephalic index for 2298 boys to be
78. 88, with [Greek: s] = 3. 2, for 2188 girls 78. 43, with [Greek: s] =
3. 9. It is not proper to compare adolescents with adults, however.
[204] Sewall Wright has pointed out (_Journal of Heredity_, VIII, p.
376) that the white blaze in the hair can not be finally classed as
dominant or recessive until the progeny of _two_ affected persons have
been seen. All matings so far studied have been between an affected
person and a normal. It may be that the white blaze (or piebaldism)
represents merely a heterozygous condition, and that the trait is really
a recessive. The same argument applies to brachydactyly.
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