)
latter is given by Surius : it ascribes many miracles
5.
latter is given by Surius : it ascribes many miracles
5.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
15.
) This hypothesis is consistent with
the first seventeen books. Boivin deserves great the date at which the Gregorianus Codex may be
credit for this edition. He intended to add a supposed to have been compiled, for the latest con-
third volume, containing the remaining fourteen stitution it contains is one of Diocletian and Mar-
books, and a fourth volume with commentaries, iminian of the year A. D. 295.
&c. , but neither of them was published. The In the ninth volume of Savigny's Zeitschrift,
Venice edition, 1729, fol. , is a careless reprint of p. 235—300, Klenze published, for the first time,
the Paris edition. The Bonn edition, by Schopen, from a manuscript of the Breviarium Alaricianum
1829-30, 2 vols. 8vo. , is a careful and revised re- at Berlin, a work consisting of about fifty legal
print of the Paris edition. It is to be regretted fragments, which he supposed to be entitled In-
that the learned editor of this edition has not stitutio Gregoriani. Its author and purpose are
thought it advisable to publish the remaining four- unknown. It contains extracts not only from the
teen books also, the materials of which he would Gregorian Code, but from the Theodosian Code,
have found in very excellent condition in Paris. from the Sententiae of Paulus, and from the Responsa
The other printed works of Gregoras are of Papinian. It is later in date than the Breviarium.
Oratio in Obitum Theodori Metochitae (Gr. Lat. ), in Klenze thought that it was an independent Lex
Theodori Metochitae (that is, Michael Glycas (Gly- Romana, intended to be the law of the Romani in
cas)) Historia Romana, ed. Joh. Meursius, Ley- some Germanic kingdom, but this opinion seems to
den, 1618, 8vo. ; Commentarii sive Scholia in Sy have been successfully controverted by G. Hänel
nesium De Insomniis, in the Paris edition of Syne- in Richter's Krit. Jahrh. für Deutsche Rechtswiss.
sius, 1553, fol. ; Vita Sancti Codrati et Sociorum p. 587–603, Lips. 1838. Böcking, Institutionen,
Martyrum, interprete Reinoldo Dehnio, in the vol. i. p. 93, n. 17.
(J. T. G. ]
second vol of Acta Sanctorum; Paschalium Cor GREGOʻRIUS (rpoyópios). Historical.
rectum, Το διορθωθεν πασχάλιον υπό Νικηφόρου 1. Praefectus Praetorio, apparently in Italy,
φιλοσόφου του Γρηγορά, περί ου και ο 'Αργυρος έν | having Africa also subject to him, near the close of
tñ pnoeion petóow dialaukável, in Petavius, Ura- the reign of Constantine the Great, A. D. 336 and
nologium, and in the third volume of the same 337. The heresiarch Donatus wrote to him a
author's Doctrina Temporum, the celebrated work most insolent letter, calling him “ the stain of the
mentioned above; Epistola ad Theodulum Mona- senate," " the disgrace of the prefects," and similar
chum, in Normann's edition of Theodulus, Upsala, names; to which abuse Gregory replied “ with
1693, 4to. (Dissert. de Nicephoro Gregora, in the patience of a bishop. " (Optatus, De Schismate -
Oudin, Commentarii de Script. Eccles. , vol. iii
. p. Donatist, iii
. 3. ed. Dupin ; Cod. Theodos. 11. tit. l.
768, &c. ; Boivin, Vita Nic. Greg. , in the Paris s. 3; 3. tit. 1. s. 2, with the note of Gothofredus ;
and Bonn editions of Gregoras, Hist. Byr. ; Cave, Gothofred. Prosopog. Cod. Theodos. )
Hist. Lit. , Appendix, p. 45; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. 2. Praefectus Annonae under Gratian, A. D. 377.
vol. vii. p. 633, &c. ; Hankius, De Byz. Rer. Gothofred is disposed to identify him with the
Script. p. 579, &c. )
[W. P. ] Gregory to whom Symmachus wrote several of his
GREGORIA'NUS, the compiler of the Grego letters, and who had borne the office of quaestor.
rianus Codex. (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Codex Gregoria- (Cod. Theod. 14. tit. 3. s. 15; Gothofred. Pro
nus. ) Nothing is known of him, and even his name sopog. Cod. Theodos. ; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp.
is uncertain, for the title Corpus Gregoriani, which vol. v. p. 147. )
appears in some manuscripts of the remains of his 3. Praefectus Praetorio Galliarum under Gra-
code, and in the Consuliatio veteris Ici, may be tian, A. P. 383. His prefecture extended over
written short, in place of Corpus Gregoriani Codicis. all the provinces (Gaul, Spain, and Britain) which
The word codex may also perhaps be supplied in remained under the immediate government of
.
## p. 307 (#323) ############################################
GREGORIUS.
307
GREGORIUS.
Gratian (GRATIANUS, Aug. ). When Ithacius GREGOʻRIUS (propios). Literary and eccle-
was obliged, by the persecution of Priscillian and siastical.
his party, to flee from Spain, he went to Gregory, 1. ACINDYNUS. (ACINDYNUS. )
who, after inquiring into the matter, caused the 2. AGRIGENTINUS, or of AGRIGENTUM, one of
authors of the disturbance, apparently Priscillian the most eminent ecclesiastics of the sixth century,
and the other leaders of his party, to be arrested, was born near Agrigentum about A. D. 524. His
and sent an account of the affair to the emperor ; father, Chariton, and his mother, Theodote, were
but his purpose of rigour was rendered unavailing pious people, by whom, from his twelfth year, he
by the venality of the emperor's other ministers, was destined to the priesthood, his precocity of
whom the Priscillianists had corrupted. It is mind having attracted great attention. After going
doubtful whether this person is or is not the same through his course of education, he visited Car
person as No. 2. The pseudo Flavius Dexter iden- thage, and from thence proceeded to Jerusalem,
tifies this Gregory with Gregorius of Baetica (Gre- where he was ordained deacon, according to Symeon
GORIUS, Literary, No. 9). (Sulp. Sever. Hist. Metaphrastes, by the patriarch Macarius 11. ; but
Sacra. ii. 63. ed. Hornii; and editor's note in this is an anachronism, as Macarius occupied that
loco; Flav. Dex. Omnimodae Hist. ad ann. 388, see from A. D. 563 to 574. He stayed at Jeru-
423; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. v. pp. 171, salem at least four years, studying grammar, philo-
722. )
sophy, astronomy, and eloquence. From Jeru-
4. Patrician, as Theophanes calls him, of the salem he proceeded to Antioch, and from thence to
Byzantine province of Africa at the time of its Constantinople, exciting very general admiration.
first invasion by the Saracens. By the aid of the According to Nicephorus Callisti, he was esteemed
“ Africans” (by which term we are probably to to be superior in holiness and eloquence and learn-
understand the Moors), Gregory revolted from the ing to nearly all the ecclesiastics of his day. From
Byzantine empire, and made himself “ tyrannus," Constantinople he proceeded to Rome, and was by
or independent sovereign of the province. This was the pope advanced to the vacant see of Agrigentum,
in A. D. 646, in the reign of Constans II. (Con- the nomination to which had been referred to the
STANS II. ) Perhaps his insurrection suggested or pope in consequence of disputes about the succession.
encouraged the purpose of invading the province ; This appointment was, however, the source of much
for the next year (A. D. 647), the Mohammedan trouble to Gregory; for two of the ecclesiastics, who
army advanced westward from Egypt, and Gregory had been competitors for the see, suborned a prosti-
was entirely defeated by them. We gather from tute to charge him with fornication. This accusa-
Theophanes only the bare facts of Gregory's revolt tion led the bishop to undertake a journey to Con-
and defeat ; but Arab or Moorish writers afford stantinople, where he was favourably received by
various particulars of a very romantic and impro- the emperor Justinian I. , and obtained an acquittal
bable character, which have been embodied in the from the charge against him ; after which he re-
work of Cardonne, and copied at length by Gibbon. turned to Agrigentum, where he died 23d of Nov. ,
(Theophan. Chronog. vol i. p. 525, ed. Bonn ; Car- about A. D. 564. His life was written in Greek by
donne, Histoire de l'Afrique et de l'Espugne sous la Leontius, presbyter and abbot of St. Saba, and by
Domination des Arabes, vol. i. p. 11, &c. ; Gibbon, Symeon Metaphrastes. A Latin version of the
6 51.
)
latter is given by Surius : it ascribes many miracles
5. A pretender to the purple in the time of the to him. The life by Leontius is given, we are not
emperor Leo III. , the Isaurian. Intelligence of informed whether in the Greek or in a Latin
the siege of Constantinople by the Saracens, soon version, in the Sancti Siculi of Caetanus, vol. i.
after Leo's accession, having reached Sicily, Ser- p. 188, &c. The works of Gregory of Agrigentum
gius, general of the Byzantine forces in that comprehend, 1. Orationes de Fidei dogmatibus ad
island, revolted, and appointed Gregory, who had Antiochenos. 2. Orationes tum ad docendum tum
been one either of his servants or his soldiers, em- ad laudandum editae Constantinopoli. 3. Conciones
peror, changing his name to Tiberius (A. D. 718). ad Populum de Dogmatibus: all extant in the work
Theophanes and Cedrenus call this puppet emperor of Leontius. 4. Commentarius in Ecclesiasten. The
not Gregory, but Basil the son of Gregory Ono MS. of this was left by Possinus at Rome with Jo.
magulus, and state that he was a native of Con- Fr. de Rubeis that it might be translated and pub-
stantinople; but Zonaras calls him Gregory, though lished ; but it never appeared, and it is not known
he agrees with the other historians as to his taking what became of it. (Niceph. Callisti, H. E. xvii
.
the name of Tiberius. When the intelligence of 27; Mongitor. Billioth. Sicula, vol. i. p. 262 ;
these transactions reached Constantinople, Leo, Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 517, ed. Oxford, 1740-
who was already relieved from the pressure of the 43; Surius, De Probatis Sanctor. Vitis. Nov.
Saracens, sent one of his officers, Paul, who had p. 487, &c. )
held the office of Chartularius," to put down the 3. Of ALEXANDRIA. The Arian prelates who
revolt. Paul landed at Syracuse with the intel- formed the council of Antioch, A. D. 311, appointed
igence of the deliverance of Constantinople, and Gregory to the patriarchal see of Alexandria, which
with letters to the troops, who immediately re- they regarded as vacant, though the orthodox pa-
turned to their allegiance, and seizing Gregory and triarch, Athanasius, was in actual possession at the
those whom under Sergius's direction he had ap- time. They had previously offered the see to Eusebius
pointed to office, delivered them up in bonds to of Emesa, but he declined accepting it. The history
Paulus. Sergius himself fled to the Lombards of Gregory previous to this appointment is obscure.
on the borders of Calabria. Paul put Gregory to He is said to have been a Cappadocian ; and some
death, and sent his head to the emperor, and identify him with the person whom Gregory Na-
punished his supporters in various ways. (Theo zianzen describes as a namesake and countryman of
phanes, Chronog. vol. i. p. 611-613, ed. Bonn ; his own, who, after receiving kindness from Atha.
Cedren. vol. i. p. 790, &c. , ed. Bonn; Zonar. xv. nasius at Alexandria, had joined in spreading the
(J. C. M. ] charge against him of murdering Arsenius : it is
2. )
X2
## p. 308 (#324) ############################################
308
GREGORIUS.
GREGORIUS.
not unlikely that this Gregory was the person ap | was appointed his successor ; and in that see, ac-
pointed bishop, though Bollandus and 'Tillemont cording to Evagrius, he acquired, by his charity to
Argue against their identity. His establishment at the poor and his fearlessness of the secular power,
Alexandria was effected by military force, but the respect both of the Byzantine emperor and the
Socrates, and Theophanes, who follows him, are Persian king. When Chosroes I. , or Khoaru, in-
probably wrong in making Syrianus commander of vaded the Roman empire (A. D. 572), be sent the
ihat force: he was the agent in establishing Gre- intelligence of his inroad to the emperor.
gory's successor, George of Cappadocia. (GEORGIUS, Anatolius, an intimate friend of Gregory, having
No. 7. ) Athanasius escaped with considerable been detected in the practice of magic, in sacrificing
difficulty, being surprised in the church during to heathen deities, and in other crimes, the popu-
divine service,
lace of Antioch regarded the patriarch as the sharer
Very contradictory accounts are given of the con- of his guilt, and violently assailed him. The at-
duct and fate of Gregory. If we may trust the tention of the emperor Tiberius II. was drawn to
statements of Athanasius, which have been col- the matter, and he ordered Anatolius to be sent to
lected by Tillemont, he was a violent persecutor, Constantinople, where he was put to the torture:
sharing in the outrages offered to the solitaries, but the culprit did not accuse Gregory of any par-
virgins, and ecclesiastics of the Trinitarian party, ticipation in his crimes, and was, after being tortured,
and sitting on the tribunal by the side of the ma. put to death, being thrown to the wild beasts of the
gistrates by whom the persecution was carried on. amphitheatre, and his body impaled or crucified.
That considerable harshness was employed against Though delivered from this danger, Gregory soon
the orthodox is clear, after making all reasonable incurred another. He quarrelled with Asterius,
deduction from the statements of Athanasius, whose count of the East ; and the nobles and populace of
position as a party in the quarrel renders his evi- Antioch took part against him, every one declaring
dence less trustworthy. The Arians had now the that he had suffered some injury from him. He
upper hand, and evidently abused their predomi- was insulted by the mob; and though Asterius
nance; though it may be judged from an expres- was removed, his successor, Joannes or John, was
sion of Athanasius (Encyc. ad Episcop. Epistola, c. scarcely less hostile. Being ordered to inquire
3), and from the fact that the orthodox party burnt into the disputes which had taken place, he invited
the church of Dionysius at Alexandria, that their any who had any charge against the bishop to
opponents were sufficiently violent. The close of prefer it ; and Gregory was in consequence accused
Gregory's episcopate is involved, both as to its time of incest with his own sister, a married woman,
and manner, in some doubt. He was still in pos- and with being the author of the disturbances in
session of the see at the time of the council of Sar- the city of Antioch. To the latter charge he er.
dica, by which he was declared to be not only no pressed his willingness to plead before the tribunal
bishop, but no Christian, A. D. 347; but according to of count John, but with respect to the charge of
Athanasius, he died before the return of that prelate incest, he appealed to the judgment of the emperor,
from his second exile, A. D. 319. He held the pa- and of an ecclesiastical council
. In pursuance of
triarchate, according to this account, about eight this appeal he went to Constantinople, taking
years,
Evagrius, the ecclesiastical historian, with him as
Socrates and Sozomen agree in stating that his advocate. This was about A. D. 589. [Eva
he was deposed by the Arian party, apparently grius, No. 3. ) A council of the leading prelates
about A. D. 354, because he had become unpopular was convened ; and Gregory, after a severe struggle
through the burning of the church of Dionysius, with those opposed to him, obtained an acquittal,
and other calamities caused by his appointment, and returned to Antioch, the same year. When the
and because he was not strenuous enough in sup mutinous soldiers of the army on the Persian fron-
port of his party. The account of Theodoret, which tier had driven away their general Priscus, and
is followed by Theophanes, appears to have origi- refused to receive and acknowledge Philippicus,
nated in some confusion of Gregory with his suc- whom the emperor Maurice had sent to succeed
cessor. (Athanasius, Encyc. ad Episcop. Epistola ; him (GERMANUS, No. 5), Gregory was sent, on
Histor. Arian, ad Monachos, c. 11-18, 54, 75; account of his popularity with the troops, to bring
Socrat. H. E. ii. 10, 11, 14 ; Sozom. H. E. iii. them back to their duty: his address, which is
5, 6, 7 ; Theodoret. H. E. ii. 4, 12 ; Phot. Bibl. preserved by Evagrius, was effectual, and the mu-
Codd. 257, 258 ; Philostorg. H. E. ii. 18; Theo tineers agreed to receive Philippicus, who was sent
phanes, Chronog. vol. i. p. 54, 56, ed. Bonn ; to them. When Chosroës II. of Persia was com-
Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. viii. )
pelled to seek refuge in the Byzantine empire
4. ANEPONYMUS. [GEORGIUS, No. 41, PERI- | (A. D. 590 or 591), Gregory was sent by the em-
PATETICUS. ]
peror to meet him. Gregory died of gout A. D. 593
5. Of Antioch, was originally a monk in one or 594, having, there is reason to believe, previously
of the convents of Constantinople, or in a convent resigned his see into the hands of the deposed pa-
called the consent of the Byzantines, which Va-triarch Anastasius. He was an opponent of the
lesius supposes to have been somewhere in Syria. Acephali, or disciples of Severus of Antioch, who
Here he became eminent as an ascetic at an early were becoming numerous in the Syrian desert, and
age, and was chosen abbot of the convent. From whom he either expelled or obliged to renounce
Constantinople, he was removed by the emperor their opinions. The extant works of Gregory are,
Justin II, to the abbacy of the convent of Mount 1. Anuoropía após Tòv Etpatóv, Oratio ad Erer-
Sinai. Here he was endangered by the Scenite (or citum, preserved, as noticed above, by Evagrius,
Bedouin) Arabs, who besieged the monastery ; but and given in substance by Nicephorus Callisti. 2.
he succeeded in bringing them into peaceable re- óyos eis tds Mupovópous, Oratio in Mulieres Un-
lations to its inmates. On the deposition of guentiferas, preserved in the Greek Menaea, and
Anastasius, patriarch of Antioch, about A. D. 570 given in the Norum Auctarium of Combeſis, Paris,
or 571 (Baronius erroneously places it in 573), he | 1648, vol. i. p. 727. Both these pieces are in the
## p. 309 (#325) ############################################
GREGORIUS.
309
GREGORIUS.
p.
twelfth vol. of the Bibliotheca Patrum of Gallandius. gory, but in all probability spurious. (Agathan.
Various memorials, drawn up by Evagrius in the gelus, Vita S. Gregorii, with the Prolegomena of
name of Gregory, were contained in the lost volume Stillingus, in the Acta Sanctor. Sept. vol. viii. p.
of documents collected by Evagrius. (EVAGRIUS, 295, &c. Comp. Sozom. H. E. u. 8; Theophan.
No. 3.
the first seventeen books. Boivin deserves great the date at which the Gregorianus Codex may be
credit for this edition. He intended to add a supposed to have been compiled, for the latest con-
third volume, containing the remaining fourteen stitution it contains is one of Diocletian and Mar-
books, and a fourth volume with commentaries, iminian of the year A. D. 295.
&c. , but neither of them was published. The In the ninth volume of Savigny's Zeitschrift,
Venice edition, 1729, fol. , is a careless reprint of p. 235—300, Klenze published, for the first time,
the Paris edition. The Bonn edition, by Schopen, from a manuscript of the Breviarium Alaricianum
1829-30, 2 vols. 8vo. , is a careful and revised re- at Berlin, a work consisting of about fifty legal
print of the Paris edition. It is to be regretted fragments, which he supposed to be entitled In-
that the learned editor of this edition has not stitutio Gregoriani. Its author and purpose are
thought it advisable to publish the remaining four- unknown. It contains extracts not only from the
teen books also, the materials of which he would Gregorian Code, but from the Theodosian Code,
have found in very excellent condition in Paris. from the Sententiae of Paulus, and from the Responsa
The other printed works of Gregoras are of Papinian. It is later in date than the Breviarium.
Oratio in Obitum Theodori Metochitae (Gr. Lat. ), in Klenze thought that it was an independent Lex
Theodori Metochitae (that is, Michael Glycas (Gly- Romana, intended to be the law of the Romani in
cas)) Historia Romana, ed. Joh. Meursius, Ley- some Germanic kingdom, but this opinion seems to
den, 1618, 8vo. ; Commentarii sive Scholia in Sy have been successfully controverted by G. Hänel
nesium De Insomniis, in the Paris edition of Syne- in Richter's Krit. Jahrh. für Deutsche Rechtswiss.
sius, 1553, fol. ; Vita Sancti Codrati et Sociorum p. 587–603, Lips. 1838. Böcking, Institutionen,
Martyrum, interprete Reinoldo Dehnio, in the vol. i. p. 93, n. 17.
(J. T. G. ]
second vol of Acta Sanctorum; Paschalium Cor GREGOʻRIUS (rpoyópios). Historical.
rectum, Το διορθωθεν πασχάλιον υπό Νικηφόρου 1. Praefectus Praetorio, apparently in Italy,
φιλοσόφου του Γρηγορά, περί ου και ο 'Αργυρος έν | having Africa also subject to him, near the close of
tñ pnoeion petóow dialaukável, in Petavius, Ura- the reign of Constantine the Great, A. D. 336 and
nologium, and in the third volume of the same 337. The heresiarch Donatus wrote to him a
author's Doctrina Temporum, the celebrated work most insolent letter, calling him “ the stain of the
mentioned above; Epistola ad Theodulum Mona- senate," " the disgrace of the prefects," and similar
chum, in Normann's edition of Theodulus, Upsala, names; to which abuse Gregory replied “ with
1693, 4to. (Dissert. de Nicephoro Gregora, in the patience of a bishop. " (Optatus, De Schismate -
Oudin, Commentarii de Script. Eccles. , vol. iii
. p. Donatist, iii
. 3. ed. Dupin ; Cod. Theodos. 11. tit. l.
768, &c. ; Boivin, Vita Nic. Greg. , in the Paris s. 3; 3. tit. 1. s. 2, with the note of Gothofredus ;
and Bonn editions of Gregoras, Hist. Byr. ; Cave, Gothofred. Prosopog. Cod. Theodos. )
Hist. Lit. , Appendix, p. 45; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. 2. Praefectus Annonae under Gratian, A. D. 377.
vol. vii. p. 633, &c. ; Hankius, De Byz. Rer. Gothofred is disposed to identify him with the
Script. p. 579, &c. )
[W. P. ] Gregory to whom Symmachus wrote several of his
GREGORIA'NUS, the compiler of the Grego letters, and who had borne the office of quaestor.
rianus Codex. (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Codex Gregoria- (Cod. Theod. 14. tit. 3. s. 15; Gothofred. Pro
nus. ) Nothing is known of him, and even his name sopog. Cod. Theodos. ; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp.
is uncertain, for the title Corpus Gregoriani, which vol. v. p. 147. )
appears in some manuscripts of the remains of his 3. Praefectus Praetorio Galliarum under Gra-
code, and in the Consuliatio veteris Ici, may be tian, A. P. 383. His prefecture extended over
written short, in place of Corpus Gregoriani Codicis. all the provinces (Gaul, Spain, and Britain) which
The word codex may also perhaps be supplied in remained under the immediate government of
.
## p. 307 (#323) ############################################
GREGORIUS.
307
GREGORIUS.
Gratian (GRATIANUS, Aug. ). When Ithacius GREGOʻRIUS (propios). Literary and eccle-
was obliged, by the persecution of Priscillian and siastical.
his party, to flee from Spain, he went to Gregory, 1. ACINDYNUS. (ACINDYNUS. )
who, after inquiring into the matter, caused the 2. AGRIGENTINUS, or of AGRIGENTUM, one of
authors of the disturbance, apparently Priscillian the most eminent ecclesiastics of the sixth century,
and the other leaders of his party, to be arrested, was born near Agrigentum about A. D. 524. His
and sent an account of the affair to the emperor ; father, Chariton, and his mother, Theodote, were
but his purpose of rigour was rendered unavailing pious people, by whom, from his twelfth year, he
by the venality of the emperor's other ministers, was destined to the priesthood, his precocity of
whom the Priscillianists had corrupted. It is mind having attracted great attention. After going
doubtful whether this person is or is not the same through his course of education, he visited Car
person as No. 2. The pseudo Flavius Dexter iden- thage, and from thence proceeded to Jerusalem,
tifies this Gregory with Gregorius of Baetica (Gre- where he was ordained deacon, according to Symeon
GORIUS, Literary, No. 9). (Sulp. Sever. Hist. Metaphrastes, by the patriarch Macarius 11. ; but
Sacra. ii. 63. ed. Hornii; and editor's note in this is an anachronism, as Macarius occupied that
loco; Flav. Dex. Omnimodae Hist. ad ann. 388, see from A. D. 563 to 574. He stayed at Jeru-
423; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. v. pp. 171, salem at least four years, studying grammar, philo-
722. )
sophy, astronomy, and eloquence. From Jeru-
4. Patrician, as Theophanes calls him, of the salem he proceeded to Antioch, and from thence to
Byzantine province of Africa at the time of its Constantinople, exciting very general admiration.
first invasion by the Saracens. By the aid of the According to Nicephorus Callisti, he was esteemed
“ Africans” (by which term we are probably to to be superior in holiness and eloquence and learn-
understand the Moors), Gregory revolted from the ing to nearly all the ecclesiastics of his day. From
Byzantine empire, and made himself “ tyrannus," Constantinople he proceeded to Rome, and was by
or independent sovereign of the province. This was the pope advanced to the vacant see of Agrigentum,
in A. D. 646, in the reign of Constans II. (Con- the nomination to which had been referred to the
STANS II. ) Perhaps his insurrection suggested or pope in consequence of disputes about the succession.
encouraged the purpose of invading the province ; This appointment was, however, the source of much
for the next year (A. D. 647), the Mohammedan trouble to Gregory; for two of the ecclesiastics, who
army advanced westward from Egypt, and Gregory had been competitors for the see, suborned a prosti-
was entirely defeated by them. We gather from tute to charge him with fornication. This accusa-
Theophanes only the bare facts of Gregory's revolt tion led the bishop to undertake a journey to Con-
and defeat ; but Arab or Moorish writers afford stantinople, where he was favourably received by
various particulars of a very romantic and impro- the emperor Justinian I. , and obtained an acquittal
bable character, which have been embodied in the from the charge against him ; after which he re-
work of Cardonne, and copied at length by Gibbon. turned to Agrigentum, where he died 23d of Nov. ,
(Theophan. Chronog. vol i. p. 525, ed. Bonn ; Car- about A. D. 564. His life was written in Greek by
donne, Histoire de l'Afrique et de l'Espugne sous la Leontius, presbyter and abbot of St. Saba, and by
Domination des Arabes, vol. i. p. 11, &c. ; Gibbon, Symeon Metaphrastes. A Latin version of the
6 51.
)
latter is given by Surius : it ascribes many miracles
5. A pretender to the purple in the time of the to him. The life by Leontius is given, we are not
emperor Leo III. , the Isaurian. Intelligence of informed whether in the Greek or in a Latin
the siege of Constantinople by the Saracens, soon version, in the Sancti Siculi of Caetanus, vol. i.
after Leo's accession, having reached Sicily, Ser- p. 188, &c. The works of Gregory of Agrigentum
gius, general of the Byzantine forces in that comprehend, 1. Orationes de Fidei dogmatibus ad
island, revolted, and appointed Gregory, who had Antiochenos. 2. Orationes tum ad docendum tum
been one either of his servants or his soldiers, em- ad laudandum editae Constantinopoli. 3. Conciones
peror, changing his name to Tiberius (A. D. 718). ad Populum de Dogmatibus: all extant in the work
Theophanes and Cedrenus call this puppet emperor of Leontius. 4. Commentarius in Ecclesiasten. The
not Gregory, but Basil the son of Gregory Ono MS. of this was left by Possinus at Rome with Jo.
magulus, and state that he was a native of Con- Fr. de Rubeis that it might be translated and pub-
stantinople; but Zonaras calls him Gregory, though lished ; but it never appeared, and it is not known
he agrees with the other historians as to his taking what became of it. (Niceph. Callisti, H. E. xvii
.
the name of Tiberius. When the intelligence of 27; Mongitor. Billioth. Sicula, vol. i. p. 262 ;
these transactions reached Constantinople, Leo, Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 517, ed. Oxford, 1740-
who was already relieved from the pressure of the 43; Surius, De Probatis Sanctor. Vitis. Nov.
Saracens, sent one of his officers, Paul, who had p. 487, &c. )
held the office of Chartularius," to put down the 3. Of ALEXANDRIA. The Arian prelates who
revolt. Paul landed at Syracuse with the intel- formed the council of Antioch, A. D. 311, appointed
igence of the deliverance of Constantinople, and Gregory to the patriarchal see of Alexandria, which
with letters to the troops, who immediately re- they regarded as vacant, though the orthodox pa-
turned to their allegiance, and seizing Gregory and triarch, Athanasius, was in actual possession at the
those whom under Sergius's direction he had ap- time. They had previously offered the see to Eusebius
pointed to office, delivered them up in bonds to of Emesa, but he declined accepting it. The history
Paulus. Sergius himself fled to the Lombards of Gregory previous to this appointment is obscure.
on the borders of Calabria. Paul put Gregory to He is said to have been a Cappadocian ; and some
death, and sent his head to the emperor, and identify him with the person whom Gregory Na-
punished his supporters in various ways. (Theo zianzen describes as a namesake and countryman of
phanes, Chronog. vol. i. p. 611-613, ed. Bonn ; his own, who, after receiving kindness from Atha.
Cedren. vol. i. p. 790, &c. , ed. Bonn; Zonar. xv. nasius at Alexandria, had joined in spreading the
(J. C. M. ] charge against him of murdering Arsenius : it is
2. )
X2
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308
GREGORIUS.
GREGORIUS.
not unlikely that this Gregory was the person ap | was appointed his successor ; and in that see, ac-
pointed bishop, though Bollandus and 'Tillemont cording to Evagrius, he acquired, by his charity to
Argue against their identity. His establishment at the poor and his fearlessness of the secular power,
Alexandria was effected by military force, but the respect both of the Byzantine emperor and the
Socrates, and Theophanes, who follows him, are Persian king. When Chosroes I. , or Khoaru, in-
probably wrong in making Syrianus commander of vaded the Roman empire (A. D. 572), be sent the
ihat force: he was the agent in establishing Gre- intelligence of his inroad to the emperor.
gory's successor, George of Cappadocia. (GEORGIUS, Anatolius, an intimate friend of Gregory, having
No. 7. ) Athanasius escaped with considerable been detected in the practice of magic, in sacrificing
difficulty, being surprised in the church during to heathen deities, and in other crimes, the popu-
divine service,
lace of Antioch regarded the patriarch as the sharer
Very contradictory accounts are given of the con- of his guilt, and violently assailed him. The at-
duct and fate of Gregory. If we may trust the tention of the emperor Tiberius II. was drawn to
statements of Athanasius, which have been col- the matter, and he ordered Anatolius to be sent to
lected by Tillemont, he was a violent persecutor, Constantinople, where he was put to the torture:
sharing in the outrages offered to the solitaries, but the culprit did not accuse Gregory of any par-
virgins, and ecclesiastics of the Trinitarian party, ticipation in his crimes, and was, after being tortured,
and sitting on the tribunal by the side of the ma. put to death, being thrown to the wild beasts of the
gistrates by whom the persecution was carried on. amphitheatre, and his body impaled or crucified.
That considerable harshness was employed against Though delivered from this danger, Gregory soon
the orthodox is clear, after making all reasonable incurred another. He quarrelled with Asterius,
deduction from the statements of Athanasius, whose count of the East ; and the nobles and populace of
position as a party in the quarrel renders his evi- Antioch took part against him, every one declaring
dence less trustworthy. The Arians had now the that he had suffered some injury from him. He
upper hand, and evidently abused their predomi- was insulted by the mob; and though Asterius
nance; though it may be judged from an expres- was removed, his successor, Joannes or John, was
sion of Athanasius (Encyc. ad Episcop. Epistola, c. scarcely less hostile. Being ordered to inquire
3), and from the fact that the orthodox party burnt into the disputes which had taken place, he invited
the church of Dionysius at Alexandria, that their any who had any charge against the bishop to
opponents were sufficiently violent. The close of prefer it ; and Gregory was in consequence accused
Gregory's episcopate is involved, both as to its time of incest with his own sister, a married woman,
and manner, in some doubt. He was still in pos- and with being the author of the disturbances in
session of the see at the time of the council of Sar- the city of Antioch. To the latter charge he er.
dica, by which he was declared to be not only no pressed his willingness to plead before the tribunal
bishop, but no Christian, A. D. 347; but according to of count John, but with respect to the charge of
Athanasius, he died before the return of that prelate incest, he appealed to the judgment of the emperor,
from his second exile, A. D. 319. He held the pa- and of an ecclesiastical council
. In pursuance of
triarchate, according to this account, about eight this appeal he went to Constantinople, taking
years,
Evagrius, the ecclesiastical historian, with him as
Socrates and Sozomen agree in stating that his advocate. This was about A. D. 589. [Eva
he was deposed by the Arian party, apparently grius, No. 3. ) A council of the leading prelates
about A. D. 354, because he had become unpopular was convened ; and Gregory, after a severe struggle
through the burning of the church of Dionysius, with those opposed to him, obtained an acquittal,
and other calamities caused by his appointment, and returned to Antioch, the same year. When the
and because he was not strenuous enough in sup mutinous soldiers of the army on the Persian fron-
port of his party. The account of Theodoret, which tier had driven away their general Priscus, and
is followed by Theophanes, appears to have origi- refused to receive and acknowledge Philippicus,
nated in some confusion of Gregory with his suc- whom the emperor Maurice had sent to succeed
cessor. (Athanasius, Encyc. ad Episcop. Epistola ; him (GERMANUS, No. 5), Gregory was sent, on
Histor. Arian, ad Monachos, c. 11-18, 54, 75; account of his popularity with the troops, to bring
Socrat. H. E. ii. 10, 11, 14 ; Sozom. H. E. iii. them back to their duty: his address, which is
5, 6, 7 ; Theodoret. H. E. ii. 4, 12 ; Phot. Bibl. preserved by Evagrius, was effectual, and the mu-
Codd. 257, 258 ; Philostorg. H. E. ii. 18; Theo tineers agreed to receive Philippicus, who was sent
phanes, Chronog. vol. i. p. 54, 56, ed. Bonn ; to them. When Chosroës II. of Persia was com-
Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. viii. )
pelled to seek refuge in the Byzantine empire
4. ANEPONYMUS. [GEORGIUS, No. 41, PERI- | (A. D. 590 or 591), Gregory was sent by the em-
PATETICUS. ]
peror to meet him. Gregory died of gout A. D. 593
5. Of Antioch, was originally a monk in one or 594, having, there is reason to believe, previously
of the convents of Constantinople, or in a convent resigned his see into the hands of the deposed pa-
called the consent of the Byzantines, which Va-triarch Anastasius. He was an opponent of the
lesius supposes to have been somewhere in Syria. Acephali, or disciples of Severus of Antioch, who
Here he became eminent as an ascetic at an early were becoming numerous in the Syrian desert, and
age, and was chosen abbot of the convent. From whom he either expelled or obliged to renounce
Constantinople, he was removed by the emperor their opinions. The extant works of Gregory are,
Justin II, to the abbacy of the convent of Mount 1. Anuoropía após Tòv Etpatóv, Oratio ad Erer-
Sinai. Here he was endangered by the Scenite (or citum, preserved, as noticed above, by Evagrius,
Bedouin) Arabs, who besieged the monastery ; but and given in substance by Nicephorus Callisti. 2.
he succeeded in bringing them into peaceable re- óyos eis tds Mupovópous, Oratio in Mulieres Un-
lations to its inmates. On the deposition of guentiferas, preserved in the Greek Menaea, and
Anastasius, patriarch of Antioch, about A. D. 570 given in the Norum Auctarium of Combeſis, Paris,
or 571 (Baronius erroneously places it in 573), he | 1648, vol. i. p. 727. Both these pieces are in the
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GREGORIUS.
309
GREGORIUS.
p.
twelfth vol. of the Bibliotheca Patrum of Gallandius. gory, but in all probability spurious. (Agathan.
Various memorials, drawn up by Evagrius in the gelus, Vita S. Gregorii, with the Prolegomena of
name of Gregory, were contained in the lost volume Stillingus, in the Acta Sanctor. Sept. vol. viii. p.
of documents collected by Evagrius. (EVAGRIUS, 295, &c. Comp. Sozom. H. E. u. 8; Theophan.
No. 3.
