for which we shall be generally
condemned
; but, for
172 > MEMOIRS OF* [CF.
172 > MEMOIRS OF* [CF.
Caulfield - Portraits, Memoirs, of Characters and Memorable Persons - v3
.
.
,toY
or 'so on --------, *** *~-*
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 147
toms ; and his zeal and activity made him the terror
of his former companions, seizing indiscriminately on all that offended. Smuggling at this period was carried to the greatest possible extent ; and, so daring were many of the gangs, that the officers em ployed by government were always in hazard of their lives. The conviction of Pixley took place in 1740 ; and, in 1749, Benjamin Tapner, John Cobby, John Hammond, William Jackson, William Carter,
Richard Mills the elder, and Richard Mills the younger, were tried and convicted for the murder of William Gulley, breaking open the Custom-house at Poole, in Dorsetshire, and whipping Richard Hawkins to death ; the six former were executed at Chichester, January 18, 1749, the younger Mills dying in prison the day before. The portrait of Pixley was engraved
and published in 1749, with the following inscrip tion :—
For your King and Country prove true, You will be loved and have your due.
george ii. ]
148 MEMOIRS OF [george u.
Itenrg
O f all the brutal, stupid, and ignorant malefactors that ever existed, Henry Rogers may be accounted the chief; he was by profession a pewterer, residing at a village called Skewis, in Cornwall, and was a man of considerable property, independent of his trade. But a disagreement arising between him and
some claimants to property that each considered him self entitled to, they not arranging with themselves, sought the judgment of the law, by a suit in Chancery; which, after being carried on to the most expensive and vexatious extent, was decided in favor of Rogers' opponents.
A writ was issued to take Rogers into custody for a contempt of Court, by not surrendering cer tain property he held, in opposition to its orders. Having heard that every man's house was his castle, and which none dare forcibly enter, he strongly for tified making loop-holes for his muskets, and planted them about in
Mom**
way resembling place besieged.
a
a
it,
11E> RV
ROGERS, t Pewter er of Cornwall . )
UL
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 149
Here he imagined himself secure; resisted every re monstrance made by his friends and well-wishers; and, ignorant of the strong power of the law, pro
ceeded to the outrage of shooting two men of the
posse comitatus,
who attended the
under-sheriff.
Shortly after, he shot one Hitchens as he was passing the high-road on his private business; and, firing
through the window, killed one Toby, nor did he
suffer his body to be taken away to be buried for some days. At length the neighbouring justices of the peace assisted the constables, and procured the aid
of some soldiers, one of whom he killed, and after
wards made his escape; but at Salisbury, on his way towards London, he was apprehended and brought down to Cornwall, where, at the assizes, in August,
1735, five bills of indictment were found against him by the grand jury, for the murders aforesaid. To
save the Court time, he was tried only on three of
them, and found guilty of every one, before Lord
Chief justice Hardwick. As he lay in gaol after his condemnation, the under-sheriff coming in, he at
tempted to seize his sword, with a resolution to kill him; swearing he should die easy if he could succeed in that design. He was attended by several clergy
men, but so callous was he, that they could make no WOL. I. V. X
150 MEMOIRS OF [george ii.
impression on his brutal stupidity, and he died at the gallows without the least remorse.
He was hung, September, 1735, at Skewis, where he committed the murders. .
T:n: ynv yr"- PUBLIC Lli^. ^Y ;
SHAKESHAFT, ( Claiming ih. c Flitch oi' Bacon. )
TlfOMAS & ATSTJV
georgk in] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 151
A custom was instituted, in or about the year 1111, by Robert, son of Richard Fitz-Gilbert, Earl of Clare, that if any married couple would take a prescribed oath, kneeling upon two bare stones within the church- door, before the prior and brethren, they should have a gammon of bacon freely delivered to them, which is done with great ceremony.
THE OATH.
" You shall swear, by the custom of our confession, " That you never made any nuptial transgression;
" Since you were married man and wife,
" By household brawls or contentious strife; " Or otherwise, in bed, or at board,
■■Offended each other in deed or in word ; *' Or, since the parish-clerk said Amen,
" Wished yourselves unmarried again ;
" Or, in a twelvemonth and a day,
" Repented not in thought any way,
" But continued true and in desire,
" As when you joined hands in holy quire: *' If to these conditions, without all fear,
" Of your own accord you will freely swear,
" A gammon of bacon you shall receive,
" And bear it he'nee with love and good leave ;
" For this is our custom, at Dunmow well known, " Though the sport be ours the bacon's your own.
X 'i
152 MEMOIRS OF [George
The happy pair are then taken upon men’s shoul ders chair (kept for that purpose) and carried round the scite the priory, from the church the house, with minstrels every description, and the
gammon bacon borne high pole before them,
attended the steward, gentlemen, and officers
the manor, and the several inferior tenants, carrying wands, &c. jury bachelors and maidens (six each sex) follow two and two, with immense mul titude other people, young and old, from the neighbouring towns and villages thereabouts, and
several more, that came from very great distances (to
the amount many thousands the whole) rending the air with shouts and acclamations.
This custom still kept up Dunmow Essex,
which was formerly priory. The last couple that
claimed the bacon was Thomas Shakeshaft, the
parish Weathersfield, the county Essex,
weaver, and Ann his wife, who went demand, and
actually did receive, gammon bacon; having first
knelt down upon two bare stones, within the church door, and taken the oath pursuant the ancient
custom, manner and form prescribed aforesaid, the 20th June, 1751; commemoration which
picture was painted, representing the procession,
a
of in
of
of
by of
in a
in
of
in
to as
to
an
aa
of
of of
of ofin of
all
to
of is
A
at in
on a
of
of
II.
oeorge ii. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 153
and containing the portraits of the affectionate and
happy couple.
Before the dissolution of monasteries it does not
appear, by searching the most ancient records, to have been demanded above three times, and, including this, just as often since ; so rare are the instances of perfect conjugal felicity in the marriage-state !
A similar custom with that at Dunmow prevailed in the county of Stafford. Sir Philip de Somerville held the manors of Whichenovre, Scirescot, Ridwane, Netherton, and Cowlee, all in the county of Stafford, of the earls of Lancaster, by this memorable service : "The said Sir Philip shall find, maintain, and sustain, one bacon-flitch, hanging in his hall at Whichenovre, ready arrayed at all times of the year but Lent, to be
given to every man or woman married, after the day and the year of their marriage be past, in form follow ing:—Whensoever that any such before-named will come to inquire for the bacon, in their own person, they shall come to the bailiff, or to the porter of the lordship of Whichenovre, and shall say to them in the manner as ensueth : ' Bayliff, or porter, I do you to know, that I am come for myself, to demand one bacon-flyke, hanging in the hall of the lord of
Whichenovre, after the form thereunto
belonging. '
154 MEMOIRS OF [GEORGE Ii.
After which relation, the bailiff or porter shall assign a day to him, upon promise by his faith to return, and with him to bring twain of his neighbours. And in the mean time, the said bailiff shall take with him twain of the freeholders of the lordship of Whichen- ovre, and they three shall go to the manor of Rudlow, belonging to Robert Knightleye, and there shall summon the aforesaid Knightleye, or his bailiff, com manding him to be ready at Whichenovre, the day
at prime of day, with his carriage, that is to say, a horse and saddle, a sack and a pryke, for to convey the said bacon and corn a journey out of the county of Stafford, at his costages. And then the said bailiff shall, with the said freeholders, summon all the tenants of the said manor, to be ready at the day appointed at Whichenovre, for to do and perform the services which they owe to the bacon. And at the day assigned, all such as owe services to the bacon shall be ready at the gate of the manor of Whichenovre, from the sun-rising to noon, attending and awaiting for the coming of him who fetcheth the bacon. And when he is come, then shall be delivered to him and his fellows chaplets, and to all those which shall be there, to do their service due to the bacon. And they shall lead the said demandant with
appointed,
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 155
trumps and tabors, and other manner of minstrelsy, to the hall-door, where he shall find the Lord of Whichenovre, or his steward, ready to deliver the bacon in this manner:—
He shall inquire of him which demandeth the bacon, if he have brought twain of his neighbours with
him; which must answer, “they be here ready. ” And
then the steward shall cause these two neighbours to swear if the said demandant be a wedded man, or have been a man wedded; and since his marriage, one year and day past; and freeman,
villain. ” And his said neighbours make oath, that hath for him these three points rehearsed,
then shall the bacon taken down and brought the hall-door, and shall there laid upon one half quarter wheat, and upon one other rye. And
that demandeth the bacon shall kneel upon his knee, and shall hold his right hand upon book, which book shall laid upon the bacon and the corn, and shall make oath this manner:—
“Hear ye, Sir Philip Somervile, Lord Which enovre, mayntener and gyver this baconne: that
*That the words then meant, free man servant. '
is, as
or a
of a
if, a
de
in
be
if be all
be
“a of be if he be
he
of
a
of
I, toor
he
156 MEMOIRS OF
[George
A, sithe wedded my keepying, and
after our marriage,
other; farer fowler; richer pourer; for none
other descended greater
lymage; sleeping wak
ing, sole,
noo tyme. And
would take her the worlde,
the seyd were sole, and my wife before the what condiciones soever they
wymen
be, good
and this flesh and all fleshes. ’
my wife, and sithe had hyr my wylle, year and day
would not have changed for none
evylle; help me God and his seyntes, “And his neighbours shall make oath, that they
trust verily hath said truly. And his neighbours before-named, that
found, freeman, wheat
there shall delivered him half quarter
and cheese; and he villain, shall have
half quarter rye without cheese. And then shall Knightleye, the lord Rudlow, called for,
carry these things tofore rehearsed; and the said corn shall be laid on one horse and the bacon above
and whom the bacon appertaineth, shall ascend upon his horse, and shall take the cheese
before him, have horse. And
the Lord Whichenovre shall cause him
have none, have one passed his
horse and saddle, such time
lordship; and shall they depart the manor
so
to
he
as he be
a by
ofif he
be or
a
if of
as of
of IatB, to
if he
be heif B a
it;
I aa at
to a
if
be
by
all
toofhe ne
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to
he beit
a ne
of
be
ne
of I I
be
ne
all
a
II.
RE^hRKABLE PERSONS. 157
Whichenovre with the corn and the bacon, tofore him that hath won with trumpets, taborets, and other manner of minstrelsy. And all the free-tenants of Whichenovre shall conduct him to be passed the lordship of Whichenovre. And then shall they all return except him to whom appertaineth to make the carriage and journey without the county of Stafford, at the costs of his Lord of Whichenovre. "
george ii. ]
vol. IV*
v
it,
158 MEMOIRS OF [georse b.
This young man, from his childhood, had laboured under the dreadful disorder of the stone and gravel, for which he could not obtain the least relief, and continued to linger many years in excruciating agony and torment. His parents and friends, from the poverty of their circumstances, were unable to ad minister such comforts and surgical aid as his case
required, and were compelled to apply to the charita
ble and laudable establishments of one of the public
hospitals. Having procured a ticket, Short was ad-
mitted as an in-patient into St. Thomas's Hospital,t.
Southwark ; and, after a proper interval of time, under
went an operation, when, by the care and skill of the
ablest surgeons, a stone was extracted from him
of most
inches in circumference. He continued in the hos pital until a perfect cure was effected ; and the case
was deemed so singular, that a portrait of the man was engraved, with an exact representation of the stone.
extraordinary dimension,
measuring eight
R OBERT SHORT.
PL'liLIC LlLiiAHY
if,IV Li <". *' AM)
Ti. . l. . . « I I'M. ' 3 II L
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 159
Remarkable as the case of Robert Short may appear, it is by no means without a parallel; many instances
ofsimilar cases often occurring. One in particular was that of Nicholas Byfield, a clergyman, in the reign of King James I. who had a benefice at Chester, but resided many years at Isleworth. This gentle man had a stone extracted from him of still greater
than that taken from Short ; was com pletely cured, and lived many years after the opera tion was performed. A portrait of him, from an original painting, in which is preserved the figure of the stone, was engraved for, and published by, William Richardson, printseller, in the Strand, in 1790.
George ii. ]
magnitude
I60 MEMOIRS OF
#2nty, Śintong, *o-
[GeoRGE
HENRY SIMons, Polish Jew merchant, putting inn, Cranford-bridge, the county
Middlesex, pretended
have been robbed God
dard, the innkeeper, 554 ducats had about
him belt. Upon this charge Goddard was tried
the Old Bailey, September, 1751, and honorably acquitted: which preferred bill indict
ment against Simons for wilful and corrupt perjury; the grand jury finding true bill, warrant was
issued apprehend the Jew. Mr. James Ashley, the London punch-house, Ludgate-hill, happening
see him the Essex road, gave clue his appre hension; but Ashley this became involved
scene difficulty and trouble little expected experience, and which compelled him, his own
account, prosecute
particulars given by Ashley, the trial, which took
the Jew for assault. The
place Chelmsford, 1752, were, “That,
October, 1751, was coming London from
the 6th journey, when, between Ilford and Stratford, saw
of
at
up at an
he
in
at
a
at
of
to on
to
in a
on to
he a
an aa
in
on he
by
a
in
toa toof
of
II.
on
to
he of
by it he ofto a
on
HE^RY
SIMONS, (The Polish Jew. )
Pi J'' ] ''i':
1^
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 161
Simons travelling on foot towards Ilford ; that he crossed the road with his chaise on purpose to have a full view of him, attracted by the uncommon habit he wore ; and recognizing him to be the Jew who ac cused Goddard, on the following day he waited on Mr. Ford, Goddard's agent, informing him where he had seen Simons, the Jew, travelling. Mr. Ford ear nestly pressed him, the witness, to take a warrant that he had in his hands against Simons, for per
jury, and pursue him, and that his clerk, Mr. New man, should accompany him. With great reluct ance he consented ; and Mr. Newman set out with him in a chaise that afternoon, towards Harwich, be lieving that Simons was going out of the kingdom. Near Witham, in Essex, witness was informed by a boy, to whom he described Simons, that he was not far before ; he then encouraged the boy, who was on horseback, to pursue Simons, which he did, and pre sently after they came up and took him ; they then placed him in a cart that was going to Witham, from out of which Simons jumped, and endeavoured to make his escape, but was soon after re-taken, and carried to Witham ; where they delivered him, with the warrant, into the hands of Mr. Hubbard, the con stable, who kept him all night. The next morning
george ii. ]
162 MEMOIRS OF [george n.
they went with him before Justice Bragg, and as the justices were sitting at Chelmsford, it was deemed advisable to take him there ; but the justices not
choosing to commit him, advised witness, and the constable who had the charge, to carry him to London. While at the Saracen's-head, in Chelms ford, he observed Simons, who sat in one corner of the room, pull out a green purse, and count some money ; and witness thought there was some gold in it : after this Simons desired to speak with him, but he xefused, and soon after went out of the room to engage a post-chaise, to carry them to London. When witness returned, Simons again desired to speak to him, which he consented to, and stooped down to hear what he had to say; but presently after
Simons called out My gilt! my gilt! my gilt! my ducats in pocket, and pointed to witness's pocket ; but, not conceiving what he meant, the defendant cried out, Ne, ne, not dat pocket, toder pocket; when the witness pulling his handkerchief from his right- hand pocket, there dropped out a ducat : this much surprised witness, who said, 4 Here is some of the man's money, indeed ; but how it came here I cannot tell. '
Feeling again, he found two ducats more, among some walnuts that were in his pocket
orcoRGE 11. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 163
he then informed Alderman Gascoigne (who was
at that time in the house) of what had
and by his orders the defendant was searched, but they found about him only one shilling and nine- pence halfpenny ; he afterwards brought the defendant to London, who, on being carried before Justice Field ing, was committed to New Prison. "
On his cross-examination he was asked, if, when he met Simons, he did not speak to him, and pull out some ducats, or other gold, and shew them to Simons ? Mr. Ashley said, he only crossed the road to look at him, but did not speak to him, or pull out any money ; and that he never had seen a ducat in his life before those he took from his pocket at Chelmsford.
Six witnesses were called, and examined on the part of the prosecution, who all corroborated, in every particular, the deposition of Mr. Ashley, the first wit ness. In defence, the counsel for the prisoner called Hyam Levi (a Jew) who being sworn deposed, that, on the 8th day of August last, he and Henry Simons, the defendant, landed at Harwich, from Holland ; that, when they came on-shore, they were
examined by the Custom-house searcher, as usual; that Simons had a large belt on that would hold
passed,
1<U MEMOIRS OF [george n.
above a thousand ducats, and that it appeared to be above half full ; that it is the custom of the Polish Jews to carry their money about them in a belt, which is hollow, and opens near the buckle, for the purpose of receiving money. He advised Simons to leave his money with a gentleman at Harwich-, who would send it him to London ; but that Simons replied, he would not leave it with any person ; no, not with his own father. That at Harwich, he, the witness, pulled out a gold watch to see what it was
o'clock; which the defendant observing, said, he should want two gold repeating-watches, and desired that he would help him to a good workman likely to use him well, for that he had resolved to have the best, if he gave 40/. or 501. each for them. — Witness came on for London, and left the defendant behind, who would not travel on the sabbath. That on the Tuesday following, he saw the defendant in London, arid went to lodge with Barrant Abrahams. Being asked, if he counted the number of ducats the defendant carried about him ; said, he did not, but supposes there were above half a thousand, for the belt was above half full.
William Payee, searcher of the customs at Har wich, deposed, that he examined Henry Simons, the
4
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 165
defendant, when he landed at Harwich, the 8th of August last; that he then saw the defendant had a
On his cross-examination, he was asked, if the defendant
large quantity of ducats about him in his belt.
pulled out that was the belt? and were sure the belt contained nothing but ducats?
plied, that the defendant shook into his hand, be lieved, forty fifty ducats; and that, knowing was
the custom those people carry their money
belts,
concluded the whole quantity
ducats.
Sarah Abrahams deposed, that about the 19th August last, Henry Simons, the defendant, came
lodge her house; that said, came from Poland,
and shewed her his belt, wherein was large quantity ducats, which told her brought into England
lay out watches, and other goods. The defen dant lodged with her left London for Bristol;
and, his putting his ducats the belt, she counted
them,
Many Jews, respectable character, among whom
and certain there were 554 that time.
was the clerk the synagogue, deposed the know
Hedge his having subsequent distress, pawn his veil, which
large sum money; and his insomuch being obliged
thing the religious among
the Jews never do, but the last extremity. VO V.
I, . I
to of
of on at he
Z
he in
at is
as of
he
to
of of a
he
to
it toofin re
at to
a
is
in
of or
all
till
a he
in
he
to
to be
if
he he he
MEMOIRS OF [George 11.
The judge having summed up the evidence on both sides, the jury brought the defendant in guilty. Some mistake appearing as to the express terms in
which the jury had delivered their verdict, applica tion was made to them severally, when they declared
on oath, that they did not find Simons guilty of putting the ducats into the prosecutor's pocket with a felonious intent. On this the Court of King's Bench was moved for a new trial, which was granted ; and, in the mean while, actions were brought against Ashley, the constable, and lawyer's clerk, for alter ing the warrant, and illegally detaining in custody
Simons, until the warrant was properly backed. The cause was tried before Lord Chief-
Henry
Lee, at Guildhall, July 9, 1752, when the Jew obtained a verdict, with 200/. damages, against James Ashley, Richard Taylor, and John Newman.
Henry Simons was a second time tried at the Sum
mer assizes, at Chelmsford, in Essex, before the Hon.
Mr. Justice Dennison, 1752, and acquitted.
That the Jew was in possession of a considerable
sum of money, on his arrival at Harwich, is proved by the evidence of William Payee, the searcher of the customs at that port ; and it is very likely he lost the money in Goddard's house, at Cranford-bridge, but
justice
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 167
could not bring the robbery home sufficiently to con vict Goddard. All the recompense the Jew received for the loss of his money was, the 200/. damages against Ashley, and two others, for false imprison ment.
oeorge ii. ]
MEMOIRS OF . [george u.
Layton Smith was confined many years in the Fleet-Prison, for debt ; and, on his first entrance into that place, made a solemn tow never to have his beard shaven, until he should obtain his release. Acts for the relief of insolvent debtors were not in his time so frequent as they have been of later years ;
and, since Lord Redesdale's bill to limit the term of imprisonment for debt to three months duration, none but the most barefaced fraudulent debtor are re tained in confinement longer than is absolutely ne cessary to comply with the regular forms specified
in the bill. Poor Smith, it appears, kept his vow
religiously, and died under confinement, without per- l
mitting a razor ever to touch his chin. It was not vanity that induced him to sit for his portrait; but the singularity of his appearance and character, gave rise to John Faber's engraving, and publishing his like ness. A still more extraordinary person than this man, was Richard Smith, a bookbinder, and prisoner for debt within the liberties of the King's-Bench ;
LAYTOX S MITH.
ITALIC LlLhAfiY
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONs. 169
who, on Tuesday, the 18th of April, 1732, was, with
Bridget his wife, found dead in their house in Black man-street, Southwark. They were discovered, about
eight o'clock in the morning, hanging near their bed, about a yard distant from each other, with a loaded pistol by the man, and a case-knife by the woman; and, in another room, their little child, about two years old, was found in a cradle shot through the head. In the room were found the following letters; one directed to his landlord, in which were enclosed the two others to Mr. Brindley, a bookbinder, in New Bond-street, and the shilling as therein-mentioned:—
-
me to give you this trouble; I hope I have left more than is sufficient for the money I owe you. I beg of
you, that you'll be pleased to send these enclosed papers, as directed, immediately, by some porter,
and that without shewing them to any one. Your humble servant,
Richard Smith,
P. S. , H have a suit of black clothes at the Cock, in Mint-street, which lies for 17s. 6d. If you can find
- To Mr. Brightred.
“SIR. —The necessity of my affairs, has obliged
MEMOIRS OF [george 11.
any chap for my dog and ancient cat it would be kind. I have here sent a shilling for the porter. "
" Cousin Brindley,
" It is now about the time I promised payment to
Mr. Brooks, which I have performed in the best manner I was able. I wish it had been done more to your satisfaction; but the thing was impossible. I here return you my hearty thanks for the favors which I have received ; it being all the tribute I am able to
There is a certain anonymous person, whom you have some knowledge of, who, I am informed, has taken some pains to make the world believe he has done me services; I wish that said person had never troubled his head about my affairs; I am sure he had no business with them ; for it is entirely owing to his meddling, that I came pennyless into this place; whereas, had I brought twenty pounds in with me, which I could easily have done, I could not then have missed getting my bread here, and in time have been able to come to terms with my plaintiff ; whose lunacy, I believe, could not have lasted always. I must not here conclude, for my meddling friend's man, Sancho Pancho, would perhaps take it ill, did I not make mention of him ; therefore, if it lies in
pay.
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 171
your way, let Sancho know, that his impudence and insolence were not so much forgotten, as despised. I shall now make an end of this epistle, desiring you to publish the enclosed ; as to the manner how, I leave it entirely to your judgment. That all happiness may
attend you and yours, is the prayer of your affection ate kinsman even to death.
Richard Smith.
P. S. If it lies in your way, let that good-natured man, Mr. Duncome know, that I remembered him with my latest breath. "
To Mr. Brindley.
"These actions considered in all their circum
George ii. ]
stances, being somewhat uncommon, it may not be improper to give some account of the cause, and that it was an inveterate hatred we conceived against . poverty and rags; evils, that through a train of un lucky accidents were become inevitable; for we appeal to all that ever knew us, whether we were either idle or extravagant ; whether or no we have not taken as much pains for our living as our neighbours,
although We apprehend, the taking our child's life away to be a circumstance
not attended with the same success.
for which we shall be generally condemned ; but, for
172 > MEMOIRS OF* [CF. ORGE tt.
our own parts, we are perfectly easy upon that head. We are satisfied it is less cruelty to take the child with us, even supposing a state of annihilation, as some dream of, than to leave her friendless in the World, exposed to ignorance and misery. Now, in order to obviate some censures, which may proceed either from ignorance or malice, we think it proper to inform the world, that we firmly believe the existence of Almighty God ; that this belief of ours is not an implicit faith, but deduced from the nature and reason of things ; we believe the existence of an Almighty Being, from the consideration of his wonderful works ; from a consi
deration of those Innumerable celestial and glorious bodies, and from their wonderful order and harmony. We have also spent some time in viewing those won ders, which are to be seen in the minute part of the
world, and that with great pleasure and satisfaction ; from all which particulars, we are satisfied that such amazing things could not possibly be without a first mover, without the existence of an Almighty Being; and, as we know the wonderful God to he almighty, so we cannot help believing but that he is also good, not implacable; not like such wretches as men are;
not taking delight in the miseries of his creatures; for which reason, we resign up our breath unto him
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 173
without any terrible apprehensions, submitting our selves to those ways, which in his goodness he shall please to appoint after death: we also believe the ex istence of unbodied creatures, and think we have reason for that belief; although we do not pretend to know their way of subsisting. We are not ignorant of those laws made in terrorem, but leave the disposal of our bodies to the wisdom of the coroner and his jury ; the thing being indifferent to us, where our
bodies are laid ; from whence it will appear how little anxious we are about a hie jacet ; we, for our parts, neither expect nor desire such honours, but shall content ourselves with a borrowed epitaph, which we shall insert in this paper.
Without a name, for ever silent, dumb;
Dust, ashes, nought else is within this tomb ; Where we were born or bred, it matters not, Who were our parents, or hath us begot;
We were, but now are not; think no more of us, For as we are, so you'll be turned to dust.
It is the opinion of naturalists, that our bodies are, at certain stages of life, composed of new matter; so that a great many poor men have new bodies oftener than new clothes : now as divines are
not able to inform us which of those several bodies* vol. iv. 2 a
george ii. ]
174 MEMOIRS OF
shall rise the resurrection, very probable, that
the deceased body may any other.
prisoners the King's the man, and brought him se; and the inquest for the lord mayor's
the bodies the woman and the child, and brought the woman the same; and that the
The coroner's inquest
Bench sat
the body
for ever silent well
“Richard Smith. “Bridget Smith. ”
[GeoRGE
felo liberty sat
man was guilty
We find that every neighbourhood where they
formerly lived, they were esteemed among the neigh bours honest, industrious, frugal, and loving couple; and, the last part the character, their pitiable catastrophe forms too convincing and melan choly testimony. This poor man was honest, that went, few days before his tragical end, neighbouring woman, whom owed the small sum
four shillings, and told her could not give her money, but that she would come his house, and
select from what possessed, any thing she stood need about that value, she should have it: the
woman generously refused the offer, and told him
wilful murder the child.
of
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so
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of
be
in
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 175
should pay it when he was able; and if he were never enabled, she would forgive him the debt.
Layton Smith, during his confinement in the Fleet
prison, rendered many essential services to his fellow-
prisoners. Under an impression of one of his por traits is inscribed : —
" Reader,
" Behold here the portrait of Layton Smith, who,
during the raging of a contagious fever in the Fleet prison, administered to the wants and necessities of the persons confined there, like the good Bishop of Marseilles, till it pleased the Almighty to assuage the raging of the fever; and, like a second Phineas, he es caped from the evil of the epidemic calamity, unhurt or unimpaired in health ; but remained a monument of charity and beneficence towards his fellow-pri soners.
george ii. ]
176 MEMOIRS OF [GEORGE
the First Foot Guards, commanded Highness the Duke Cumberland;
draughted for Flanders, and, Fontenoy, received mortal wound; pired the hospital Doway.
His Royal
when was the battle
which ex
$nell, --
%annai)
HANNAH SNELL was born Fryer-street, Wor
cester, the 23d
on the business and brought
April, 1723; her father carried hosier and dyer, that city;
family
nine children, three sons whom, except one daughter,
and six daughters;
became either soldiers
them. The eldest
himself soldier, Lord Robert Manners’ company,
sailors, intermarried with the sons, Samuel Snell, enlisted
The youngest the daughters, Hannah, when she
was scarce ten years age, gave evident proofs her natural heroism; declaring, that early period, her young companions, that she would soldier, she lived. As preceding specimen this intention, she formed company young soldiers, among her play fellows; acting chief-commander their head, and
at
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HANNAH S NELL, , . 'Hoi ii at Worcester 17'23. )
Pl'bLiv' J. ii. '. l. *!
as- 1: irv'>. and KL
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 177
frequently parading the whole city of Worcester. — This body of young volunteers was admired all over the town ; and was styled young Amazon SnelVs
QEorgE ii. ]
The martial spirit Hannah evinced at this early age, grew up with her, until it carried her through the many scenes and vicissitudes she afterwards en countered.
Though the other daughters of Mr. Snell were, by those who knew them, accounted genteel, amiable women, we must pass over the other five, to notice only the subject of this memoir, who, on the death of her father and mother, came up to London, on
company.
1740, and resided with her sister, in Ship-street, Wapping.
Some time after her arrival, she formed an acquaint ance with James Summs, a Dutch sailor, whom she married at the Fleet, on the 6th of January, 1743-4.
This marriage, however, turned out very unfortunate to our heroine ; who, though possessing sufficient charms to secure the affections of any reasonable man, soon became neglected and despised by her husband. He frequented the company of women of the basest character ; made away with her things to support him and his companions in their debauchery and luxury. Hannah, during this time, proved with child, and
Christmas-day,
178 MEMOIRS OF . [George
experienced the biting necessities poverty could
inflict, without exposing her distresses her nearest.
friends. When she was only seven months advanced pregnancy, her husband, finding himself deeply in volved debt, made elopement, and quitted the
country; two months after she was delivered of daughter; which living more than seven months, was decently buried, her own expense, St. George's parish, Middlesex.
From the time her husband's departure until the time she put man’s clothes, she continued with her sister, who had married James Gray, house-carpen ter, and lived Ship-street, Wapping.
Being free any incumbrance, Hannah Snell now
formed the romantic notion putting male attire,
and going search her run-a-way husband. —
Dressed suit her brother-in-law's (Mr. James Gray) clothes, she assumed his name; and, on the
23d November, 1745, set out for Coventry, where
the same month, General
the company commanded view, she expresses,
the course her military Her stay Coventry was about three weeks, when,
she enlisted on the 27th Guise's regiment, Captain Miller, with
finding her husband Career.
at
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in in
of
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all
on
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george ii. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 179
in company with seventeen other recruits, she was marched to the north, then the seat of war ; and where her regiment lay in quarters at Carlisle. During this march she appeared as little weary as any of her fellow-travellers ; and performed that long journey in , twenty-two days. While Hannah remained at Car lisle, she fell into a very painful and disagreeable di lemma. A man named Davis, her serjeant, having formed a criminal inclination for a young woman in that town, and looking upon Hannah as a proper per son to assist him in his vicious intrigue, disclosed his secret, and desired her assistance in accomplishing his purpose ; but naturally disliking the part she was to act, went and disclosed the whole matter to the young woman ; who, in consequence, broke of all connec tion with the serjeant, and cultivated an intimacy and friendship with the other. Davis, shortly after, con tinuing his customary visits, met with a repulse that greatly mortified and astonished him: jealously sus pecting his confident as the cause, and that through
his rivalship the affections Of his mistress were alien ated, he determined to revenge himself, by rendering our female soldier liable to military chastisement.
He availed himself of the earliest opportunity, and accused her before the commanding-officer, for neglect
180 MEMOIRS OF [oEorcE it.
of duty ; upon which she was sentenced to receive six hundred lashes ; five hundred of which she received, having her hands tied to the Castle gates ; and the punishment of the other hundred would have been in flicted, had not the intercession of some of the officers prevented it. Not long after another accident occurred, which gave our heroine no small uneasiness. George
Beck, an acquaintance of Hannah's, from having lodged with her brother when in Wapping, happened to arrive at Carlisle ; and she fearing that he would recognise her, and betray the secret of her sex, came to the resolution of deserting her regiment, although still smarting under the pain of her unmerited punish ment.
Thus determined, she shaped her course for Ports mouth, that being the place she designed to reach, if possible. When she had got about a mile from Car lisle, she observed some people picking and bagging pease in a field, and seeing their clothes lying at a distance, she pulled off her own regimental coat, and left it there, taking an old coat for it belonging to one of the men, that she might in her travels be the less suspected for a deserter. She was about a month in
travelling from Carlisle to Portsmouth ; but nothing material happened, except being very much fatigued
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 181
in her long journey, and the dread of being pursued by a party from her regiment.
Disdaining a life of indolent ease and inactivity, she resolved to go abroad; and, in order thereto, once more boldly enlisted herself for a marine, in Captain Graham’s company, belonging to Colonel Frazer's regiment.
She had not been enlisted above three weeks in the marines, before a draught was made out of the same, to go on-board Admiral Boscawen's fleet, to the East Indies; upon which she was ordered on board the Swallow sloop-of-war, Capt. Rosier, for
that expedition. On the voyage she made herself remarkable by her dexterity and address; and was greatly caressed by her messmates, for her readiness either to wash and mend their linen, or stand cook as occasion required. After a terrible hurricane, in which the fleet was separated, the Swallow sloop sprung her main-mast, and not only lost her gib-boom, but her top-masts also, and with great difficulty made
the port of Lisbon in safety.
After this narrow escape, the Swallow made the
best of her way to Gibraltar; and no sooner was she refitted there, but she set sail for the Madeira islands;
where she took in such quantity of wines, and other provisions, as was thought requisite for the pursuit of
VOL. IV. 2 B
182 MEMOIRS OF [George H.
her intended voyage. From the Madeiras, the fleet
proceeded to the Cape of Good Hope; and then set
sail for the French islands, on the east of Madagascar.
Not succeeding in their attacks here, the admiral
abandoned the place, and set sail directly for Fort St. David’s. There the marines were disembarked : and
having joined the English army, in about six weeks they arrived at Areacopong, where they directly en camped, with a firm resolution to lay siege to the
place, and, if possible, to take it by storm. For nine days successively they carried on the siege, and met with a very vigorous repulse; but, on the 10th, a shell from the English falling very fortunately on the ene my’s magazine, it blew up at once; by which means
they were reduced to the necessity of surrendering at
heroine, and gave her a fairer opportunity of displaying her
discretion. This adventure animated our
intrepidity and thirst after glory; and she embraced it in such a manner, that she gained the applause of
her officers. James Gray, (for that was the name
she took upon herself) was one the party that was
ordered under Lieutenant Campbell, the indepen dent companies, fetch up some stores from the
water-side, that had been landed out the fleet; doing, they had several skirmishes, and one the
so
all
of
in
of
of
to
of
GtoRGE ii. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 183
common men fell close on her right side; upon which she fired and killed the very man that shot her comrade ; and was very near Lieutenant Campbell when he was wounded. She was also in the first party of the English foot that forded the river to get over to Pon- dicherry, it reaching to her breast, and attended with great danger, as the French kept continually firing on them from a battery of twelve guns. On the 11th of August she was put on the picquet-guard, and con tinued on that guard seven nights successively ; and was one of a party that lay two days and two nights without any covering, in going through the barrier ; and as she was likewise put on duty in the trenches
some part of the siege, she was compelled to sit or stand all the while near middle-deep in water. At the throwing up of the trenehes she worked very hard for about fourteen days ; and was paid 5d. English money per day, by one Mr. Melton, who afterwards heard her sing at Goodman's-fields Wells.
During this long space of time our heroine still maintained her wonted intrepidity, behaving in every respect consistent with the character of a brave British soldier ; and, notwithstanding she stood so deep in water, fired no less than thirty-seven rounds of shot.
2b2
184 MEMOIRS OF [oeorge n.
In the course of the engagement, she received six shots in her right leg, and five in the left; and, what affected her more than all the rest, one so dangerous in the groin, that had she applied for any surgical assistance her sex must inevitably have been dis
covered.
In this extremity, sooner than render herself liable
to detection, she resolved on endeavouring to extract the ball ; whereupon, without discovering herself, she communicated her intention to a black woman, who attended her in the hospital ; and who had access both to medicines and surgical instruments.
The black readily afforded all the assistance she could, by bringing her lint and salve to dress the wound with ; and the manner she extracted the ball was full hardy and desperate. Though suffering under the acutest pain, she probed the wound with her fin ger till she discovered where the ball lay ; and then, upon feeling thrust in both her finger and thumb to the accomplishment of her desires. After performing this operation, she applied some of the healing salves which the black had furnished her with, and by their help she effected perfect cure of this dangerous
wound rewarding her faithful assistant with the pre-
;
a
it,
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 185
sent of a rupee. As to the many other wounds she
had in both her legs, they were (through the care
and skill able surgeons) absolutely healed the
compass
During her residence the hospital, the greater
part the fleet had sailed; and soon she was perfectly restored her health and strength, she was sent on-board the Tartar Pink, which, that time,
was riding the harbour, and continued till the
return the fleet from Madras, performing the duty common sailor. Soon after the fleet's return she
three months.
man-of-war, Capt. Lloyd, commander, and set sail Bombay, where
they arrived less than fortnight. Giving umbrage the first lieutenant, and being accused stealing
seaman's shirt, she was put irons; which she lay for five days, underwent the discipline twelve
lashes the gangway, and continued the foretop mast-head for four hours. The shirt was soon after
was turned over the Eltham
found chest belonging said had lost it.
After encountering variety
the man, who was
dangers and adven Europe the
tures, Hannah Snell returned
Eltham, and safely made the port Lisbon, the
to of
for in
as
in in
it
in .
a
to of
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in
to
to
186 MEMOIRS OF
[george n.
year 1749 ; where the ship was to take in a very con siderable sum of money, for the use of some of the merchants then residing in London.
One day as Hannah was on-shore at Lisbon, in her way home to England, she, in company with several of her ship-mates, by mere accident, went into an Irish house of public entertainment, in order to re fresh themselves with a glass or two of liquor. In an adjoining box sat an English sailor, who had lately been at Genoa, on-board a Dutch vessel ; and as some of our adventurer's ship-mates knew him perfectly well, they joined company. After several merry stories had gone round, as well as the glass, Hannah being very inquisitive, and desirous, if possible, to hear some tidings of her ungrateful husband, asked this young sailor whether he knew any thing of an old acquaintance of her's, a Dutch tar, who went by the name of Jemmy Summs.
Upon this, greatly to her surprise, he related to the
whole company the following remarkable particulars : " While I was on-shore at Genoa, there was a Dutch man, a brother tar, of that very same name, under close confinement in the ci'ty, for having wounded with his sneeker-snee not only a native of the place,
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 187
but a gentleman of some distinction, so desperately, that after lingering in dreadful agonies for four days he died. As Summs was a particular acquaintance, myself, and three or four of my ship-mates, agreed to pay him a visit, to condole with him under his misfor tunes. When we got to the prison-door, and desired admittance, one of the keepers introduced us to our
friend's gloomy habitation, where he lay in a very de jected posture on the ground, with his head re
clining upon his hand ; he raised himself, and saluted us in English; upon which we began to in quire into the grounds of the quarrel, and the cause of his confinement. This he waved giving any particu lar account of; but said : — ' My dear friends, I am con scious that I carried my resentment too far, and that death awaits me, as a punishment for my crime. It
is not this, however, that renders me so dejected, so restless and uneasy ; — I have still a blacker crime to answer for, which haunts me every hour of my life. I am by extraction a Dutchman, my name James Summs ; and business calling me to London a few years ago, I resided in Wapping for some consider able time. In this interval I paid my addresses to a young woman, whose name was Hannah Snell, and
geobge ir. ]
188 MEMOIRS OF [george n.
was very successful and happy, as I then imagined, in my amours. In short, I married her ; and, in pro cess of time, finding her with child, my love abated ; and, contrary to the ties of humanity, and the duty of a husband, I left her helpless and destitute of all the conveniences of life ; and for aught I know to the contrary, murdered her. But I hope all of you will be so charitable as to make inquiry after my poor distressed wife, and to acquaint her, if ever you should see her, that the thoughts of death do not distract my mind half so much as the conviction of the distress to
which I so inhumanly exposed her; that I sincerely repent as much of my sin against her, as of that, in particular, which my life is to atone for, though my crime, it is true, is of the deepest stain ; and could I but hope she would pardon and forgive me, I should die in peace. '
" After the fullest assurances that we would make all the inquiries, and report him as he wished, we shook him by the hand, and took our last farewell. — Not one of us ever saw him after that melancholy visit ; but were informed, however, that he was not executed publicly, as malefactors are in London, but that he was sewed up in a large bag, in which was a
georgr 1
REMARKABLE PERSONS.
189
sufficient quantity of stones to make him sink, and then thrown headlong into the sea. "
Hannah listened with the utmost attention to this
melancholy tale and, pondering on every little inci dent, she found the circumstances all concurred so far as to leave no question of the murderer being her unhappy husband; and, on withdrawing from her
company, indulged in her grief for the untimely fate of the wretched partner of her bed.
Our adventurer went from Lisbon, the 3d of May, on-board the Eltham; and, on the 1st of June follow ing, arrived, with the rest of her ship-mates, safe at Spithead. Overjoyed at the sight once more of her native country, she went on-shore the very day of her arrival and took lodgings, together with several of her comrades, at the sign of the* Jolly Marine and Sailor, in Portsmouth. The various adventures in this woman's life, until her return to her brother-in- law's house, in Wapping, where she was kindly wel comed, would furnish sufficient materials to fill volume.
She now threw off her male attire, and resumed the petticoats and her story, and the wounds she had received in the King's service, induced some of her
friends to present petition in her favor to his Royal vol. iv.
2 c
a
;
1. 3
a
;
;
190 MEMOIRS OF [george ir.
Highness the Duke of Cumberland, who procured a
pension to be settled on her of one shilling per day for life.
Hannah Snell performed and sung several songs at the theatre in Godman's-fields, and died at the age of 56, in the year 1779-
r- . V"-- i: public lh::. -. '. :y
A'- :' LK' HI \M>
t . . . . -i
T H
seoroe ii. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 191
Mr. Jeffries, at one time a capital butcher in London, retired to Walthamstow, in Essex, to live on his fortune ; and, being a widower, without chil dren, had taken his niece, Elizabetli Jeffries, to reside with him.
John Swan was brought up to the occupation of husbandry, and was engaged in the service of Mr. Jeffries, after having lived with several other persons. A dreadful outcry being heard at Walthamstow, about two o'clock in the morning of the 3d of July,
1751, Mr. Buckle, a near neighbour of Mr. Jeffries, awaked his wife, who said, " it is Miss Jeffries'
Mrs. Buckle, then going to the window, said, " There is Miss Jeffries in her shift, without shoe or stocking, at a neighbour's door. " On asking the cause of her strange appearance at that unusual hour? she exclaimed, "Oh! they have killed him, they have killed him, 1 fear. " Desiring her to cover
herself, she eutreatingly said, " Don't mind me ; see after my uncle. " Mr. Buckle went immediately to 2c2
tongue. "
MEMOIRS OF
[george 11.
the house, and the door was opened to him by Swan.
The first object was Mr. Jeffries
lying on his right side, having three wounds on the uppermost part of
. his head. The visitor taking him by the hand, said, " My name is Edward Buckle ; if you cannot speak, signify to me on which Jeffries squeezed him by the hand. Some hours after this, Miss Jeffries de sired Mr. Buckle to send information through the country of the murder of her uncle, with an account of such effects as had been stolen ; which a Mrs. Martin said were, a silver-tankard, a silver-cup, and fifteen pewter plates. Mr. Buckle said, " If I could light on Matthews, I would take him up. " No, said Miss Jeffries, do not meddle with him, for you will bring me into trouble, and yourself too, in so doing. Matthews, however, was taken into custody, and from his apprehension, and other circumstances, the following facts came to light. Having travelled from Yorkshire, in search of work, he was acci
dentally met on Epping-forest by Mr. Jeffries, who, seeing him in distress, took him home to work as an
assistant to Swan in the garden : the agreement being
that he should have no wages, but his food only as
a gratuity.
After he had been four days in this service, Miss
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS.
193
Jeffries sent him up stairs to wipe a chest of drawers and some chairs; but presently following said,
“what will you do, if a person gave you a hundred pounds;” he said, “any thing in an honest way;”
on which she desired him to go to Swan, and he
would tell him. Swan being in the garden, Matthews
went to him, and told his message; on which Swan smiled, took him to an out-house, and promised, if
he would knock the old miser, his master, on the
head, he would give him 100l. Two days afterwards,
Mr. Jeffries dismissed Matthews from his service,
and gave him a shilling; and Swan, about the same time, gave him half-a-guinea to purchase a brace of
pistols, to murder their master.
Matthews being possessed of this cash, went to
the Green Man at Low Layton, where he spent
his money, and then proceeded towards London,
when, being overtaken the road Swan, the latter asked him where was going? Matthews said London: on which the other took him Mr.
Gall's, the Green Man and Bell, Whitechapel, where they drank freely till night; and, Swan being
intoxicated, swore house for guinea. coat, and threw
would fight the best man the He likewise pulled off his great the fire; but the landlord taking
it on
he
a
in
to
to
in
by
he
on
all
194 MEMOIRS OF [George
off, and finding which found
stance giving rise
men were lodged
very heavy, searched the pockets, brace pistols. This circum
unfavorable suspicions, both the the round-house for that night;
and, being carried before Sir Samuel Gower the next
day, committed them Clerkenwell Bridewell,
disorderly persons.
Miss Jeffries being made acquainted with their situation, gave bail for their appearance; and they
went Gall's house, Whitechapel, where she
upbraided Matthews with bringing Swan into dif
ficulty. He denied that had done so; which
she gave him shilling, and desired Swan tell
him meet them the Yorkshire Grey, Stratford.
Matthews went agreed upon, but found only Swan there, who gave him half-a-crown, and bade him
meet him six the next morning, the Buck, Epping-forest. This did, and, by appointment,
came Walthamstow the Tuesday following,
the latch, and going into the pantry, hid himself behind tub till about eleven o’clock, when Swan
brought him some cold boiled beef. About twelve Miss Jeffries and Swan came him when the latter
night.
ten o’clock
When Matthews arrived, found the garden-door
-
to ;
at
a
on
at
all as to
init
he
to
to
at
to
he
at a
he on
he
in
on
II.
as
at
in to a it of
at
on to
he
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS.
195
said, “Now it is time to knock the old miser, my master, on the head. ” Matthews relented, and said,
“I cannot find in my heart to do it ;” to which Miss
Jeffries replied, “You may be damned villain,
not performing your promise. ” Swan, who was provided with pistols, likewise damned Matthews, and said he had mind blow his brains out for
the refusal. Swan then produced book, and in sisted that Matthews should swear that he would not
discover what had passed; which did, with this reserve, “not unless was save his own life.
or 'so on --------, *** *~-*
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 147
toms ; and his zeal and activity made him the terror
of his former companions, seizing indiscriminately on all that offended. Smuggling at this period was carried to the greatest possible extent ; and, so daring were many of the gangs, that the officers em ployed by government were always in hazard of their lives. The conviction of Pixley took place in 1740 ; and, in 1749, Benjamin Tapner, John Cobby, John Hammond, William Jackson, William Carter,
Richard Mills the elder, and Richard Mills the younger, were tried and convicted for the murder of William Gulley, breaking open the Custom-house at Poole, in Dorsetshire, and whipping Richard Hawkins to death ; the six former were executed at Chichester, January 18, 1749, the younger Mills dying in prison the day before. The portrait of Pixley was engraved
and published in 1749, with the following inscrip tion :—
For your King and Country prove true, You will be loved and have your due.
george ii. ]
148 MEMOIRS OF [george u.
Itenrg
O f all the brutal, stupid, and ignorant malefactors that ever existed, Henry Rogers may be accounted the chief; he was by profession a pewterer, residing at a village called Skewis, in Cornwall, and was a man of considerable property, independent of his trade. But a disagreement arising between him and
some claimants to property that each considered him self entitled to, they not arranging with themselves, sought the judgment of the law, by a suit in Chancery; which, after being carried on to the most expensive and vexatious extent, was decided in favor of Rogers' opponents.
A writ was issued to take Rogers into custody for a contempt of Court, by not surrendering cer tain property he held, in opposition to its orders. Having heard that every man's house was his castle, and which none dare forcibly enter, he strongly for tified making loop-holes for his muskets, and planted them about in
Mom**
way resembling place besieged.
a
a
it,
11E> RV
ROGERS, t Pewter er of Cornwall . )
UL
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 149
Here he imagined himself secure; resisted every re monstrance made by his friends and well-wishers; and, ignorant of the strong power of the law, pro
ceeded to the outrage of shooting two men of the
posse comitatus,
who attended the
under-sheriff.
Shortly after, he shot one Hitchens as he was passing the high-road on his private business; and, firing
through the window, killed one Toby, nor did he
suffer his body to be taken away to be buried for some days. At length the neighbouring justices of the peace assisted the constables, and procured the aid
of some soldiers, one of whom he killed, and after
wards made his escape; but at Salisbury, on his way towards London, he was apprehended and brought down to Cornwall, where, at the assizes, in August,
1735, five bills of indictment were found against him by the grand jury, for the murders aforesaid. To
save the Court time, he was tried only on three of
them, and found guilty of every one, before Lord
Chief justice Hardwick. As he lay in gaol after his condemnation, the under-sheriff coming in, he at
tempted to seize his sword, with a resolution to kill him; swearing he should die easy if he could succeed in that design. He was attended by several clergy
men, but so callous was he, that they could make no WOL. I. V. X
150 MEMOIRS OF [george ii.
impression on his brutal stupidity, and he died at the gallows without the least remorse.
He was hung, September, 1735, at Skewis, where he committed the murders. .
T:n: ynv yr"- PUBLIC Lli^. ^Y ;
SHAKESHAFT, ( Claiming ih. c Flitch oi' Bacon. )
TlfOMAS & ATSTJV
georgk in] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 151
A custom was instituted, in or about the year 1111, by Robert, son of Richard Fitz-Gilbert, Earl of Clare, that if any married couple would take a prescribed oath, kneeling upon two bare stones within the church- door, before the prior and brethren, they should have a gammon of bacon freely delivered to them, which is done with great ceremony.
THE OATH.
" You shall swear, by the custom of our confession, " That you never made any nuptial transgression;
" Since you were married man and wife,
" By household brawls or contentious strife; " Or otherwise, in bed, or at board,
■■Offended each other in deed or in word ; *' Or, since the parish-clerk said Amen,
" Wished yourselves unmarried again ;
" Or, in a twelvemonth and a day,
" Repented not in thought any way,
" But continued true and in desire,
" As when you joined hands in holy quire: *' If to these conditions, without all fear,
" Of your own accord you will freely swear,
" A gammon of bacon you shall receive,
" And bear it he'nee with love and good leave ;
" For this is our custom, at Dunmow well known, " Though the sport be ours the bacon's your own.
X 'i
152 MEMOIRS OF [George
The happy pair are then taken upon men’s shoul ders chair (kept for that purpose) and carried round the scite the priory, from the church the house, with minstrels every description, and the
gammon bacon borne high pole before them,
attended the steward, gentlemen, and officers
the manor, and the several inferior tenants, carrying wands, &c. jury bachelors and maidens (six each sex) follow two and two, with immense mul titude other people, young and old, from the neighbouring towns and villages thereabouts, and
several more, that came from very great distances (to
the amount many thousands the whole) rending the air with shouts and acclamations.
This custom still kept up Dunmow Essex,
which was formerly priory. The last couple that
claimed the bacon was Thomas Shakeshaft, the
parish Weathersfield, the county Essex,
weaver, and Ann his wife, who went demand, and
actually did receive, gammon bacon; having first
knelt down upon two bare stones, within the church door, and taken the oath pursuant the ancient
custom, manner and form prescribed aforesaid, the 20th June, 1751; commemoration which
picture was painted, representing the procession,
a
of in
of
of
by of
in a
in
of
in
to as
to
an
aa
of
of of
of ofin of
all
to
of is
A
at in
on a
of
of
II.
oeorge ii. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 153
and containing the portraits of the affectionate and
happy couple.
Before the dissolution of monasteries it does not
appear, by searching the most ancient records, to have been demanded above three times, and, including this, just as often since ; so rare are the instances of perfect conjugal felicity in the marriage-state !
A similar custom with that at Dunmow prevailed in the county of Stafford. Sir Philip de Somerville held the manors of Whichenovre, Scirescot, Ridwane, Netherton, and Cowlee, all in the county of Stafford, of the earls of Lancaster, by this memorable service : "The said Sir Philip shall find, maintain, and sustain, one bacon-flitch, hanging in his hall at Whichenovre, ready arrayed at all times of the year but Lent, to be
given to every man or woman married, after the day and the year of their marriage be past, in form follow ing:—Whensoever that any such before-named will come to inquire for the bacon, in their own person, they shall come to the bailiff, or to the porter of the lordship of Whichenovre, and shall say to them in the manner as ensueth : ' Bayliff, or porter, I do you to know, that I am come for myself, to demand one bacon-flyke, hanging in the hall of the lord of
Whichenovre, after the form thereunto
belonging. '
154 MEMOIRS OF [GEORGE Ii.
After which relation, the bailiff or porter shall assign a day to him, upon promise by his faith to return, and with him to bring twain of his neighbours. And in the mean time, the said bailiff shall take with him twain of the freeholders of the lordship of Whichen- ovre, and they three shall go to the manor of Rudlow, belonging to Robert Knightleye, and there shall summon the aforesaid Knightleye, or his bailiff, com manding him to be ready at Whichenovre, the day
at prime of day, with his carriage, that is to say, a horse and saddle, a sack and a pryke, for to convey the said bacon and corn a journey out of the county of Stafford, at his costages. And then the said bailiff shall, with the said freeholders, summon all the tenants of the said manor, to be ready at the day appointed at Whichenovre, for to do and perform the services which they owe to the bacon. And at the day assigned, all such as owe services to the bacon shall be ready at the gate of the manor of Whichenovre, from the sun-rising to noon, attending and awaiting for the coming of him who fetcheth the bacon. And when he is come, then shall be delivered to him and his fellows chaplets, and to all those which shall be there, to do their service due to the bacon. And they shall lead the said demandant with
appointed,
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 155
trumps and tabors, and other manner of minstrelsy, to the hall-door, where he shall find the Lord of Whichenovre, or his steward, ready to deliver the bacon in this manner:—
He shall inquire of him which demandeth the bacon, if he have brought twain of his neighbours with
him; which must answer, “they be here ready. ” And
then the steward shall cause these two neighbours to swear if the said demandant be a wedded man, or have been a man wedded; and since his marriage, one year and day past; and freeman,
villain. ” And his said neighbours make oath, that hath for him these three points rehearsed,
then shall the bacon taken down and brought the hall-door, and shall there laid upon one half quarter wheat, and upon one other rye. And
that demandeth the bacon shall kneel upon his knee, and shall hold his right hand upon book, which book shall laid upon the bacon and the corn, and shall make oath this manner:—
“Hear ye, Sir Philip Somervile, Lord Which enovre, mayntener and gyver this baconne: that
*That the words then meant, free man servant. '
is, as
or a
of a
if, a
de
in
be
if be all
be
“a of be if he be
he
of
a
of
I, toor
he
156 MEMOIRS OF
[George
A, sithe wedded my keepying, and
after our marriage,
other; farer fowler; richer pourer; for none
other descended greater
lymage; sleeping wak
ing, sole,
noo tyme. And
would take her the worlde,
the seyd were sole, and my wife before the what condiciones soever they
wymen
be, good
and this flesh and all fleshes. ’
my wife, and sithe had hyr my wylle, year and day
would not have changed for none
evylle; help me God and his seyntes, “And his neighbours shall make oath, that they
trust verily hath said truly. And his neighbours before-named, that
found, freeman, wheat
there shall delivered him half quarter
and cheese; and he villain, shall have
half quarter rye without cheese. And then shall Knightleye, the lord Rudlow, called for,
carry these things tofore rehearsed; and the said corn shall be laid on one horse and the bacon above
and whom the bacon appertaineth, shall ascend upon his horse, and shall take the cheese
before him, have horse. And
the Lord Whichenovre shall cause him
have none, have one passed his
horse and saddle, such time
lordship; and shall they depart the manor
so
to
he
as he be
a by
ofif he
be or
a
if of
as of
of IatB, to
if he
be heif B a
it;
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be
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I ofto in
to
he beit
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of
be
ne
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be
ne
all
a
II.
RE^hRKABLE PERSONS. 157
Whichenovre with the corn and the bacon, tofore him that hath won with trumpets, taborets, and other manner of minstrelsy. And all the free-tenants of Whichenovre shall conduct him to be passed the lordship of Whichenovre. And then shall they all return except him to whom appertaineth to make the carriage and journey without the county of Stafford, at the costs of his Lord of Whichenovre. "
george ii. ]
vol. IV*
v
it,
158 MEMOIRS OF [georse b.
This young man, from his childhood, had laboured under the dreadful disorder of the stone and gravel, for which he could not obtain the least relief, and continued to linger many years in excruciating agony and torment. His parents and friends, from the poverty of their circumstances, were unable to ad minister such comforts and surgical aid as his case
required, and were compelled to apply to the charita
ble and laudable establishments of one of the public
hospitals. Having procured a ticket, Short was ad-
mitted as an in-patient into St. Thomas's Hospital,t.
Southwark ; and, after a proper interval of time, under
went an operation, when, by the care and skill of the
ablest surgeons, a stone was extracted from him
of most
inches in circumference. He continued in the hos pital until a perfect cure was effected ; and the case
was deemed so singular, that a portrait of the man was engraved, with an exact representation of the stone.
extraordinary dimension,
measuring eight
R OBERT SHORT.
PL'liLIC LlLiiAHY
if,IV Li <". *' AM)
Ti. . l. . . « I I'M. ' 3 II L
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 159
Remarkable as the case of Robert Short may appear, it is by no means without a parallel; many instances
ofsimilar cases often occurring. One in particular was that of Nicholas Byfield, a clergyman, in the reign of King James I. who had a benefice at Chester, but resided many years at Isleworth. This gentle man had a stone extracted from him of still greater
than that taken from Short ; was com pletely cured, and lived many years after the opera tion was performed. A portrait of him, from an original painting, in which is preserved the figure of the stone, was engraved for, and published by, William Richardson, printseller, in the Strand, in 1790.
George ii. ]
magnitude
I60 MEMOIRS OF
#2nty, Śintong, *o-
[GeoRGE
HENRY SIMons, Polish Jew merchant, putting inn, Cranford-bridge, the county
Middlesex, pretended
have been robbed God
dard, the innkeeper, 554 ducats had about
him belt. Upon this charge Goddard was tried
the Old Bailey, September, 1751, and honorably acquitted: which preferred bill indict
ment against Simons for wilful and corrupt perjury; the grand jury finding true bill, warrant was
issued apprehend the Jew. Mr. James Ashley, the London punch-house, Ludgate-hill, happening
see him the Essex road, gave clue his appre hension; but Ashley this became involved
scene difficulty and trouble little expected experience, and which compelled him, his own
account, prosecute
particulars given by Ashley, the trial, which took
the Jew for assault. The
place Chelmsford, 1752, were, “That,
October, 1751, was coming London from
the 6th journey, when, between Ilford and Stratford, saw
of
at
up at an
he
in
at
a
at
of
to on
to
in a
on to
he a
an aa
in
on he
by
a
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toa toof
of
II.
on
to
he of
by it he ofto a
on
HE^RY
SIMONS, (The Polish Jew. )
Pi J'' ] ''i':
1^
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 161
Simons travelling on foot towards Ilford ; that he crossed the road with his chaise on purpose to have a full view of him, attracted by the uncommon habit he wore ; and recognizing him to be the Jew who ac cused Goddard, on the following day he waited on Mr. Ford, Goddard's agent, informing him where he had seen Simons, the Jew, travelling. Mr. Ford ear nestly pressed him, the witness, to take a warrant that he had in his hands against Simons, for per
jury, and pursue him, and that his clerk, Mr. New man, should accompany him. With great reluct ance he consented ; and Mr. Newman set out with him in a chaise that afternoon, towards Harwich, be lieving that Simons was going out of the kingdom. Near Witham, in Essex, witness was informed by a boy, to whom he described Simons, that he was not far before ; he then encouraged the boy, who was on horseback, to pursue Simons, which he did, and pre sently after they came up and took him ; they then placed him in a cart that was going to Witham, from out of which Simons jumped, and endeavoured to make his escape, but was soon after re-taken, and carried to Witham ; where they delivered him, with the warrant, into the hands of Mr. Hubbard, the con stable, who kept him all night. The next morning
george ii. ]
162 MEMOIRS OF [george n.
they went with him before Justice Bragg, and as the justices were sitting at Chelmsford, it was deemed advisable to take him there ; but the justices not
choosing to commit him, advised witness, and the constable who had the charge, to carry him to London. While at the Saracen's-head, in Chelms ford, he observed Simons, who sat in one corner of the room, pull out a green purse, and count some money ; and witness thought there was some gold in it : after this Simons desired to speak with him, but he xefused, and soon after went out of the room to engage a post-chaise, to carry them to London. When witness returned, Simons again desired to speak to him, which he consented to, and stooped down to hear what he had to say; but presently after
Simons called out My gilt! my gilt! my gilt! my ducats in pocket, and pointed to witness's pocket ; but, not conceiving what he meant, the defendant cried out, Ne, ne, not dat pocket, toder pocket; when the witness pulling his handkerchief from his right- hand pocket, there dropped out a ducat : this much surprised witness, who said, 4 Here is some of the man's money, indeed ; but how it came here I cannot tell. '
Feeling again, he found two ducats more, among some walnuts that were in his pocket
orcoRGE 11. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 163
he then informed Alderman Gascoigne (who was
at that time in the house) of what had
and by his orders the defendant was searched, but they found about him only one shilling and nine- pence halfpenny ; he afterwards brought the defendant to London, who, on being carried before Justice Field ing, was committed to New Prison. "
On his cross-examination he was asked, if, when he met Simons, he did not speak to him, and pull out some ducats, or other gold, and shew them to Simons ? Mr. Ashley said, he only crossed the road to look at him, but did not speak to him, or pull out any money ; and that he never had seen a ducat in his life before those he took from his pocket at Chelmsford.
Six witnesses were called, and examined on the part of the prosecution, who all corroborated, in every particular, the deposition of Mr. Ashley, the first wit ness. In defence, the counsel for the prisoner called Hyam Levi (a Jew) who being sworn deposed, that, on the 8th day of August last, he and Henry Simons, the defendant, landed at Harwich, from Holland ; that, when they came on-shore, they were
examined by the Custom-house searcher, as usual; that Simons had a large belt on that would hold
passed,
1<U MEMOIRS OF [george n.
above a thousand ducats, and that it appeared to be above half full ; that it is the custom of the Polish Jews to carry their money about them in a belt, which is hollow, and opens near the buckle, for the purpose of receiving money. He advised Simons to leave his money with a gentleman at Harwich-, who would send it him to London ; but that Simons replied, he would not leave it with any person ; no, not with his own father. That at Harwich, he, the witness, pulled out a gold watch to see what it was
o'clock; which the defendant observing, said, he should want two gold repeating-watches, and desired that he would help him to a good workman likely to use him well, for that he had resolved to have the best, if he gave 40/. or 501. each for them. — Witness came on for London, and left the defendant behind, who would not travel on the sabbath. That on the Tuesday following, he saw the defendant in London, arid went to lodge with Barrant Abrahams. Being asked, if he counted the number of ducats the defendant carried about him ; said, he did not, but supposes there were above half a thousand, for the belt was above half full.
William Payee, searcher of the customs at Har wich, deposed, that he examined Henry Simons, the
4
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 165
defendant, when he landed at Harwich, the 8th of August last; that he then saw the defendant had a
On his cross-examination, he was asked, if the defendant
large quantity of ducats about him in his belt.
pulled out that was the belt? and were sure the belt contained nothing but ducats?
plied, that the defendant shook into his hand, be lieved, forty fifty ducats; and that, knowing was
the custom those people carry their money
belts,
concluded the whole quantity
ducats.
Sarah Abrahams deposed, that about the 19th August last, Henry Simons, the defendant, came
lodge her house; that said, came from Poland,
and shewed her his belt, wherein was large quantity ducats, which told her brought into England
lay out watches, and other goods. The defen dant lodged with her left London for Bristol;
and, his putting his ducats the belt, she counted
them,
Many Jews, respectable character, among whom
and certain there were 554 that time.
was the clerk the synagogue, deposed the know
Hedge his having subsequent distress, pawn his veil, which
large sum money; and his insomuch being obliged
thing the religious among
the Jews never do, but the last extremity. VO V.
I, . I
to of
of on at he
Z
he in
at is
as of
he
to
of of a
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to
it toofin re
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to
to be
if
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MEMOIRS OF [George 11.
The judge having summed up the evidence on both sides, the jury brought the defendant in guilty. Some mistake appearing as to the express terms in
which the jury had delivered their verdict, applica tion was made to them severally, when they declared
on oath, that they did not find Simons guilty of putting the ducats into the prosecutor's pocket with a felonious intent. On this the Court of King's Bench was moved for a new trial, which was granted ; and, in the mean while, actions were brought against Ashley, the constable, and lawyer's clerk, for alter ing the warrant, and illegally detaining in custody
Simons, until the warrant was properly backed. The cause was tried before Lord Chief-
Henry
Lee, at Guildhall, July 9, 1752, when the Jew obtained a verdict, with 200/. damages, against James Ashley, Richard Taylor, and John Newman.
Henry Simons was a second time tried at the Sum
mer assizes, at Chelmsford, in Essex, before the Hon.
Mr. Justice Dennison, 1752, and acquitted.
That the Jew was in possession of a considerable
sum of money, on his arrival at Harwich, is proved by the evidence of William Payee, the searcher of the customs at that port ; and it is very likely he lost the money in Goddard's house, at Cranford-bridge, but
justice
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 167
could not bring the robbery home sufficiently to con vict Goddard. All the recompense the Jew received for the loss of his money was, the 200/. damages against Ashley, and two others, for false imprison ment.
oeorge ii. ]
MEMOIRS OF . [george u.
Layton Smith was confined many years in the Fleet-Prison, for debt ; and, on his first entrance into that place, made a solemn tow never to have his beard shaven, until he should obtain his release. Acts for the relief of insolvent debtors were not in his time so frequent as they have been of later years ;
and, since Lord Redesdale's bill to limit the term of imprisonment for debt to three months duration, none but the most barefaced fraudulent debtor are re tained in confinement longer than is absolutely ne cessary to comply with the regular forms specified
in the bill. Poor Smith, it appears, kept his vow
religiously, and died under confinement, without per- l
mitting a razor ever to touch his chin. It was not vanity that induced him to sit for his portrait; but the singularity of his appearance and character, gave rise to John Faber's engraving, and publishing his like ness. A still more extraordinary person than this man, was Richard Smith, a bookbinder, and prisoner for debt within the liberties of the King's-Bench ;
LAYTOX S MITH.
ITALIC LlLhAfiY
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONs. 169
who, on Tuesday, the 18th of April, 1732, was, with
Bridget his wife, found dead in their house in Black man-street, Southwark. They were discovered, about
eight o'clock in the morning, hanging near their bed, about a yard distant from each other, with a loaded pistol by the man, and a case-knife by the woman; and, in another room, their little child, about two years old, was found in a cradle shot through the head. In the room were found the following letters; one directed to his landlord, in which were enclosed the two others to Mr. Brindley, a bookbinder, in New Bond-street, and the shilling as therein-mentioned:—
-
me to give you this trouble; I hope I have left more than is sufficient for the money I owe you. I beg of
you, that you'll be pleased to send these enclosed papers, as directed, immediately, by some porter,
and that without shewing them to any one. Your humble servant,
Richard Smith,
P. S. , H have a suit of black clothes at the Cock, in Mint-street, which lies for 17s. 6d. If you can find
- To Mr. Brightred.
“SIR. —The necessity of my affairs, has obliged
MEMOIRS OF [george 11.
any chap for my dog and ancient cat it would be kind. I have here sent a shilling for the porter. "
" Cousin Brindley,
" It is now about the time I promised payment to
Mr. Brooks, which I have performed in the best manner I was able. I wish it had been done more to your satisfaction; but the thing was impossible. I here return you my hearty thanks for the favors which I have received ; it being all the tribute I am able to
There is a certain anonymous person, whom you have some knowledge of, who, I am informed, has taken some pains to make the world believe he has done me services; I wish that said person had never troubled his head about my affairs; I am sure he had no business with them ; for it is entirely owing to his meddling, that I came pennyless into this place; whereas, had I brought twenty pounds in with me, which I could easily have done, I could not then have missed getting my bread here, and in time have been able to come to terms with my plaintiff ; whose lunacy, I believe, could not have lasted always. I must not here conclude, for my meddling friend's man, Sancho Pancho, would perhaps take it ill, did I not make mention of him ; therefore, if it lies in
pay.
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 171
your way, let Sancho know, that his impudence and insolence were not so much forgotten, as despised. I shall now make an end of this epistle, desiring you to publish the enclosed ; as to the manner how, I leave it entirely to your judgment. That all happiness may
attend you and yours, is the prayer of your affection ate kinsman even to death.
Richard Smith.
P. S. If it lies in your way, let that good-natured man, Mr. Duncome know, that I remembered him with my latest breath. "
To Mr. Brindley.
"These actions considered in all their circum
George ii. ]
stances, being somewhat uncommon, it may not be improper to give some account of the cause, and that it was an inveterate hatred we conceived against . poverty and rags; evils, that through a train of un lucky accidents were become inevitable; for we appeal to all that ever knew us, whether we were either idle or extravagant ; whether or no we have not taken as much pains for our living as our neighbours,
although We apprehend, the taking our child's life away to be a circumstance
not attended with the same success.
for which we shall be generally condemned ; but, for
172 > MEMOIRS OF* [CF. ORGE tt.
our own parts, we are perfectly easy upon that head. We are satisfied it is less cruelty to take the child with us, even supposing a state of annihilation, as some dream of, than to leave her friendless in the World, exposed to ignorance and misery. Now, in order to obviate some censures, which may proceed either from ignorance or malice, we think it proper to inform the world, that we firmly believe the existence of Almighty God ; that this belief of ours is not an implicit faith, but deduced from the nature and reason of things ; we believe the existence of an Almighty Being, from the consideration of his wonderful works ; from a consi
deration of those Innumerable celestial and glorious bodies, and from their wonderful order and harmony. We have also spent some time in viewing those won ders, which are to be seen in the minute part of the
world, and that with great pleasure and satisfaction ; from all which particulars, we are satisfied that such amazing things could not possibly be without a first mover, without the existence of an Almighty Being; and, as we know the wonderful God to he almighty, so we cannot help believing but that he is also good, not implacable; not like such wretches as men are;
not taking delight in the miseries of his creatures; for which reason, we resign up our breath unto him
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 173
without any terrible apprehensions, submitting our selves to those ways, which in his goodness he shall please to appoint after death: we also believe the ex istence of unbodied creatures, and think we have reason for that belief; although we do not pretend to know their way of subsisting. We are not ignorant of those laws made in terrorem, but leave the disposal of our bodies to the wisdom of the coroner and his jury ; the thing being indifferent to us, where our
bodies are laid ; from whence it will appear how little anxious we are about a hie jacet ; we, for our parts, neither expect nor desire such honours, but shall content ourselves with a borrowed epitaph, which we shall insert in this paper.
Without a name, for ever silent, dumb;
Dust, ashes, nought else is within this tomb ; Where we were born or bred, it matters not, Who were our parents, or hath us begot;
We were, but now are not; think no more of us, For as we are, so you'll be turned to dust.
It is the opinion of naturalists, that our bodies are, at certain stages of life, composed of new matter; so that a great many poor men have new bodies oftener than new clothes : now as divines are
not able to inform us which of those several bodies* vol. iv. 2 a
george ii. ]
174 MEMOIRS OF
shall rise the resurrection, very probable, that
the deceased body may any other.
prisoners the King's the man, and brought him se; and the inquest for the lord mayor's
the bodies the woman and the child, and brought the woman the same; and that the
The coroner's inquest
Bench sat
the body
for ever silent well
“Richard Smith. “Bridget Smith. ”
[GeoRGE
felo liberty sat
man was guilty
We find that every neighbourhood where they
formerly lived, they were esteemed among the neigh bours honest, industrious, frugal, and loving couple; and, the last part the character, their pitiable catastrophe forms too convincing and melan choly testimony. This poor man was honest, that went, few days before his tragical end, neighbouring woman, whom owed the small sum
four shillings, and told her could not give her money, but that she would come his house, and
select from what possessed, any thing she stood need about that value, she should have it: the
woman generously refused the offer, and told him
wilful murder the child.
of
he a
as
to
to
to hein a
as If.
of
in
a he if
to
in
in of
to
of
for
an
de
at
heof it he as is
so
as
on
on
of
be
in
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 175
should pay it when he was able; and if he were never enabled, she would forgive him the debt.
Layton Smith, during his confinement in the Fleet
prison, rendered many essential services to his fellow-
prisoners. Under an impression of one of his por traits is inscribed : —
" Reader,
" Behold here the portrait of Layton Smith, who,
during the raging of a contagious fever in the Fleet prison, administered to the wants and necessities of the persons confined there, like the good Bishop of Marseilles, till it pleased the Almighty to assuage the raging of the fever; and, like a second Phineas, he es caped from the evil of the epidemic calamity, unhurt or unimpaired in health ; but remained a monument of charity and beneficence towards his fellow-pri soners.
george ii. ]
176 MEMOIRS OF [GEORGE
the First Foot Guards, commanded Highness the Duke Cumberland;
draughted for Flanders, and, Fontenoy, received mortal wound; pired the hospital Doway.
His Royal
when was the battle
which ex
$nell, --
%annai)
HANNAH SNELL was born Fryer-street, Wor
cester, the 23d
on the business and brought
April, 1723; her father carried hosier and dyer, that city;
family
nine children, three sons whom, except one daughter,
and six daughters;
became either soldiers
them. The eldest
himself soldier, Lord Robert Manners’ company,
sailors, intermarried with the sons, Samuel Snell, enlisted
The youngest the daughters, Hannah, when she
was scarce ten years age, gave evident proofs her natural heroism; declaring, that early period, her young companions, that she would soldier, she lived. As preceding specimen this intention, she formed company young soldiers, among her play fellows; acting chief-commander their head, and
at
be a
of at he
a
a
in
a on
up
as of in aof
of
or
in
at
of
in
if to of
he of
II.
at of
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to
go
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of
by
HANNAH S NELL, , . 'Hoi ii at Worcester 17'23. )
Pl'bLiv' J. ii. '. l. *!
as- 1: irv'>. and KL
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 177
frequently parading the whole city of Worcester. — This body of young volunteers was admired all over the town ; and was styled young Amazon SnelVs
QEorgE ii. ]
The martial spirit Hannah evinced at this early age, grew up with her, until it carried her through the many scenes and vicissitudes she afterwards en countered.
Though the other daughters of Mr. Snell were, by those who knew them, accounted genteel, amiable women, we must pass over the other five, to notice only the subject of this memoir, who, on the death of her father and mother, came up to London, on
company.
1740, and resided with her sister, in Ship-street, Wapping.
Some time after her arrival, she formed an acquaint ance with James Summs, a Dutch sailor, whom she married at the Fleet, on the 6th of January, 1743-4.
This marriage, however, turned out very unfortunate to our heroine ; who, though possessing sufficient charms to secure the affections of any reasonable man, soon became neglected and despised by her husband. He frequented the company of women of the basest character ; made away with her things to support him and his companions in their debauchery and luxury. Hannah, during this time, proved with child, and
Christmas-day,
178 MEMOIRS OF . [George
experienced the biting necessities poverty could
inflict, without exposing her distresses her nearest.
friends. When she was only seven months advanced pregnancy, her husband, finding himself deeply in volved debt, made elopement, and quitted the
country; two months after she was delivered of daughter; which living more than seven months, was decently buried, her own expense, St. George's parish, Middlesex.
From the time her husband's departure until the time she put man’s clothes, she continued with her sister, who had married James Gray, house-carpen ter, and lived Ship-street, Wapping.
Being free any incumbrance, Hannah Snell now
formed the romantic notion putting male attire,
and going search her run-a-way husband. —
Dressed suit her brother-in-law's (Mr. James Gray) clothes, she assumed his name; and, on the
23d November, 1745, set out for Coventry, where
the same month, General
the company commanded view, she expresses,
the course her military Her stay Coventry was about three weeks, when,
she enlisted on the 27th Guise's regiment, Captain Miller, with
finding her husband Career.
at
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george ii. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 179
in company with seventeen other recruits, she was marched to the north, then the seat of war ; and where her regiment lay in quarters at Carlisle. During this march she appeared as little weary as any of her fellow-travellers ; and performed that long journey in , twenty-two days. While Hannah remained at Car lisle, she fell into a very painful and disagreeable di lemma. A man named Davis, her serjeant, having formed a criminal inclination for a young woman in that town, and looking upon Hannah as a proper per son to assist him in his vicious intrigue, disclosed his secret, and desired her assistance in accomplishing his purpose ; but naturally disliking the part she was to act, went and disclosed the whole matter to the young woman ; who, in consequence, broke of all connec tion with the serjeant, and cultivated an intimacy and friendship with the other. Davis, shortly after, con tinuing his customary visits, met with a repulse that greatly mortified and astonished him: jealously sus pecting his confident as the cause, and that through
his rivalship the affections Of his mistress were alien ated, he determined to revenge himself, by rendering our female soldier liable to military chastisement.
He availed himself of the earliest opportunity, and accused her before the commanding-officer, for neglect
180 MEMOIRS OF [oEorcE it.
of duty ; upon which she was sentenced to receive six hundred lashes ; five hundred of which she received, having her hands tied to the Castle gates ; and the punishment of the other hundred would have been in flicted, had not the intercession of some of the officers prevented it. Not long after another accident occurred, which gave our heroine no small uneasiness. George
Beck, an acquaintance of Hannah's, from having lodged with her brother when in Wapping, happened to arrive at Carlisle ; and she fearing that he would recognise her, and betray the secret of her sex, came to the resolution of deserting her regiment, although still smarting under the pain of her unmerited punish ment.
Thus determined, she shaped her course for Ports mouth, that being the place she designed to reach, if possible. When she had got about a mile from Car lisle, she observed some people picking and bagging pease in a field, and seeing their clothes lying at a distance, she pulled off her own regimental coat, and left it there, taking an old coat for it belonging to one of the men, that she might in her travels be the less suspected for a deserter. She was about a month in
travelling from Carlisle to Portsmouth ; but nothing material happened, except being very much fatigued
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 181
in her long journey, and the dread of being pursued by a party from her regiment.
Disdaining a life of indolent ease and inactivity, she resolved to go abroad; and, in order thereto, once more boldly enlisted herself for a marine, in Captain Graham’s company, belonging to Colonel Frazer's regiment.
She had not been enlisted above three weeks in the marines, before a draught was made out of the same, to go on-board Admiral Boscawen's fleet, to the East Indies; upon which she was ordered on board the Swallow sloop-of-war, Capt. Rosier, for
that expedition. On the voyage she made herself remarkable by her dexterity and address; and was greatly caressed by her messmates, for her readiness either to wash and mend their linen, or stand cook as occasion required. After a terrible hurricane, in which the fleet was separated, the Swallow sloop sprung her main-mast, and not only lost her gib-boom, but her top-masts also, and with great difficulty made
the port of Lisbon in safety.
After this narrow escape, the Swallow made the
best of her way to Gibraltar; and no sooner was she refitted there, but she set sail for the Madeira islands;
where she took in such quantity of wines, and other provisions, as was thought requisite for the pursuit of
VOL. IV. 2 B
182 MEMOIRS OF [George H.
her intended voyage. From the Madeiras, the fleet
proceeded to the Cape of Good Hope; and then set
sail for the French islands, on the east of Madagascar.
Not succeeding in their attacks here, the admiral
abandoned the place, and set sail directly for Fort St. David’s. There the marines were disembarked : and
having joined the English army, in about six weeks they arrived at Areacopong, where they directly en camped, with a firm resolution to lay siege to the
place, and, if possible, to take it by storm. For nine days successively they carried on the siege, and met with a very vigorous repulse; but, on the 10th, a shell from the English falling very fortunately on the ene my’s magazine, it blew up at once; by which means
they were reduced to the necessity of surrendering at
heroine, and gave her a fairer opportunity of displaying her
discretion. This adventure animated our
intrepidity and thirst after glory; and she embraced it in such a manner, that she gained the applause of
her officers. James Gray, (for that was the name
she took upon herself) was one the party that was
ordered under Lieutenant Campbell, the indepen dent companies, fetch up some stores from the
water-side, that had been landed out the fleet; doing, they had several skirmishes, and one the
so
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of
of
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of
GtoRGE ii. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 183
common men fell close on her right side; upon which she fired and killed the very man that shot her comrade ; and was very near Lieutenant Campbell when he was wounded. She was also in the first party of the English foot that forded the river to get over to Pon- dicherry, it reaching to her breast, and attended with great danger, as the French kept continually firing on them from a battery of twelve guns. On the 11th of August she was put on the picquet-guard, and con tinued on that guard seven nights successively ; and was one of a party that lay two days and two nights without any covering, in going through the barrier ; and as she was likewise put on duty in the trenches
some part of the siege, she was compelled to sit or stand all the while near middle-deep in water. At the throwing up of the trenehes she worked very hard for about fourteen days ; and was paid 5d. English money per day, by one Mr. Melton, who afterwards heard her sing at Goodman's-fields Wells.
During this long space of time our heroine still maintained her wonted intrepidity, behaving in every respect consistent with the character of a brave British soldier ; and, notwithstanding she stood so deep in water, fired no less than thirty-seven rounds of shot.
2b2
184 MEMOIRS OF [oeorge n.
In the course of the engagement, she received six shots in her right leg, and five in the left; and, what affected her more than all the rest, one so dangerous in the groin, that had she applied for any surgical assistance her sex must inevitably have been dis
covered.
In this extremity, sooner than render herself liable
to detection, she resolved on endeavouring to extract the ball ; whereupon, without discovering herself, she communicated her intention to a black woman, who attended her in the hospital ; and who had access both to medicines and surgical instruments.
The black readily afforded all the assistance she could, by bringing her lint and salve to dress the wound with ; and the manner she extracted the ball was full hardy and desperate. Though suffering under the acutest pain, she probed the wound with her fin ger till she discovered where the ball lay ; and then, upon feeling thrust in both her finger and thumb to the accomplishment of her desires. After performing this operation, she applied some of the healing salves which the black had furnished her with, and by their help she effected perfect cure of this dangerous
wound rewarding her faithful assistant with the pre-
;
a
it,
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 185
sent of a rupee. As to the many other wounds she
had in both her legs, they were (through the care
and skill able surgeons) absolutely healed the
compass
During her residence the hospital, the greater
part the fleet had sailed; and soon she was perfectly restored her health and strength, she was sent on-board the Tartar Pink, which, that time,
was riding the harbour, and continued till the
return the fleet from Madras, performing the duty common sailor. Soon after the fleet's return she
three months.
man-of-war, Capt. Lloyd, commander, and set sail Bombay, where
they arrived less than fortnight. Giving umbrage the first lieutenant, and being accused stealing
seaman's shirt, she was put irons; which she lay for five days, underwent the discipline twelve
lashes the gangway, and continued the foretop mast-head for four hours. The shirt was soon after
was turned over the Eltham
found chest belonging said had lost it.
After encountering variety
the man, who was
dangers and adven Europe the
tures, Hannah Snell returned
Eltham, and safely made the port Lisbon, the
to of
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186 MEMOIRS OF
[george n.
year 1749 ; where the ship was to take in a very con siderable sum of money, for the use of some of the merchants then residing in London.
One day as Hannah was on-shore at Lisbon, in her way home to England, she, in company with several of her ship-mates, by mere accident, went into an Irish house of public entertainment, in order to re fresh themselves with a glass or two of liquor. In an adjoining box sat an English sailor, who had lately been at Genoa, on-board a Dutch vessel ; and as some of our adventurer's ship-mates knew him perfectly well, they joined company. After several merry stories had gone round, as well as the glass, Hannah being very inquisitive, and desirous, if possible, to hear some tidings of her ungrateful husband, asked this young sailor whether he knew any thing of an old acquaintance of her's, a Dutch tar, who went by the name of Jemmy Summs.
Upon this, greatly to her surprise, he related to the
whole company the following remarkable particulars : " While I was on-shore at Genoa, there was a Dutch man, a brother tar, of that very same name, under close confinement in the ci'ty, for having wounded with his sneeker-snee not only a native of the place,
REMARKABLE PERSONS. 187
but a gentleman of some distinction, so desperately, that after lingering in dreadful agonies for four days he died. As Summs was a particular acquaintance, myself, and three or four of my ship-mates, agreed to pay him a visit, to condole with him under his misfor tunes. When we got to the prison-door, and desired admittance, one of the keepers introduced us to our
friend's gloomy habitation, where he lay in a very de jected posture on the ground, with his head re
clining upon his hand ; he raised himself, and saluted us in English; upon which we began to in quire into the grounds of the quarrel, and the cause of his confinement. This he waved giving any particu lar account of; but said : — ' My dear friends, I am con scious that I carried my resentment too far, and that death awaits me, as a punishment for my crime. It
is not this, however, that renders me so dejected, so restless and uneasy ; — I have still a blacker crime to answer for, which haunts me every hour of my life. I am by extraction a Dutchman, my name James Summs ; and business calling me to London a few years ago, I resided in Wapping for some consider able time. In this interval I paid my addresses to a young woman, whose name was Hannah Snell, and
geobge ir. ]
188 MEMOIRS OF [george n.
was very successful and happy, as I then imagined, in my amours. In short, I married her ; and, in pro cess of time, finding her with child, my love abated ; and, contrary to the ties of humanity, and the duty of a husband, I left her helpless and destitute of all the conveniences of life ; and for aught I know to the contrary, murdered her. But I hope all of you will be so charitable as to make inquiry after my poor distressed wife, and to acquaint her, if ever you should see her, that the thoughts of death do not distract my mind half so much as the conviction of the distress to
which I so inhumanly exposed her; that I sincerely repent as much of my sin against her, as of that, in particular, which my life is to atone for, though my crime, it is true, is of the deepest stain ; and could I but hope she would pardon and forgive me, I should die in peace. '
" After the fullest assurances that we would make all the inquiries, and report him as he wished, we shook him by the hand, and took our last farewell. — Not one of us ever saw him after that melancholy visit ; but were informed, however, that he was not executed publicly, as malefactors are in London, but that he was sewed up in a large bag, in which was a
georgr 1
REMARKABLE PERSONS.
189
sufficient quantity of stones to make him sink, and then thrown headlong into the sea. "
Hannah listened with the utmost attention to this
melancholy tale and, pondering on every little inci dent, she found the circumstances all concurred so far as to leave no question of the murderer being her unhappy husband; and, on withdrawing from her
company, indulged in her grief for the untimely fate of the wretched partner of her bed.
Our adventurer went from Lisbon, the 3d of May, on-board the Eltham; and, on the 1st of June follow ing, arrived, with the rest of her ship-mates, safe at Spithead. Overjoyed at the sight once more of her native country, she went on-shore the very day of her arrival and took lodgings, together with several of her comrades, at the sign of the* Jolly Marine and Sailor, in Portsmouth. The various adventures in this woman's life, until her return to her brother-in- law's house, in Wapping, where she was kindly wel comed, would furnish sufficient materials to fill volume.
She now threw off her male attire, and resumed the petticoats and her story, and the wounds she had received in the King's service, induced some of her
friends to present petition in her favor to his Royal vol. iv.
2 c
a
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;
;
190 MEMOIRS OF [george ir.
Highness the Duke of Cumberland, who procured a
pension to be settled on her of one shilling per day for life.
Hannah Snell performed and sung several songs at the theatre in Godman's-fields, and died at the age of 56, in the year 1779-
r- . V"-- i: public lh::. -. '. :y
A'- :' LK' HI \M>
t . . . . -i
T H
seoroe ii. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS. 191
Mr. Jeffries, at one time a capital butcher in London, retired to Walthamstow, in Essex, to live on his fortune ; and, being a widower, without chil dren, had taken his niece, Elizabetli Jeffries, to reside with him.
John Swan was brought up to the occupation of husbandry, and was engaged in the service of Mr. Jeffries, after having lived with several other persons. A dreadful outcry being heard at Walthamstow, about two o'clock in the morning of the 3d of July,
1751, Mr. Buckle, a near neighbour of Mr. Jeffries, awaked his wife, who said, " it is Miss Jeffries'
Mrs. Buckle, then going to the window, said, " There is Miss Jeffries in her shift, without shoe or stocking, at a neighbour's door. " On asking the cause of her strange appearance at that unusual hour? she exclaimed, "Oh! they have killed him, they have killed him, 1 fear. " Desiring her to cover
herself, she eutreatingly said, " Don't mind me ; see after my uncle. " Mr. Buckle went immediately to 2c2
tongue. "
MEMOIRS OF
[george 11.
the house, and the door was opened to him by Swan.
The first object was Mr. Jeffries
lying on his right side, having three wounds on the uppermost part of
. his head. The visitor taking him by the hand, said, " My name is Edward Buckle ; if you cannot speak, signify to me on which Jeffries squeezed him by the hand. Some hours after this, Miss Jeffries de sired Mr. Buckle to send information through the country of the murder of her uncle, with an account of such effects as had been stolen ; which a Mrs. Martin said were, a silver-tankard, a silver-cup, and fifteen pewter plates. Mr. Buckle said, " If I could light on Matthews, I would take him up. " No, said Miss Jeffries, do not meddle with him, for you will bring me into trouble, and yourself too, in so doing. Matthews, however, was taken into custody, and from his apprehension, and other circumstances, the following facts came to light. Having travelled from Yorkshire, in search of work, he was acci
dentally met on Epping-forest by Mr. Jeffries, who, seeing him in distress, took him home to work as an
assistant to Swan in the garden : the agreement being
that he should have no wages, but his food only as
a gratuity.
After he had been four days in this service, Miss
George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS.
193
Jeffries sent him up stairs to wipe a chest of drawers and some chairs; but presently following said,
“what will you do, if a person gave you a hundred pounds;” he said, “any thing in an honest way;”
on which she desired him to go to Swan, and he
would tell him. Swan being in the garden, Matthews
went to him, and told his message; on which Swan smiled, took him to an out-house, and promised, if
he would knock the old miser, his master, on the
head, he would give him 100l. Two days afterwards,
Mr. Jeffries dismissed Matthews from his service,
and gave him a shilling; and Swan, about the same time, gave him half-a-guinea to purchase a brace of
pistols, to murder their master.
Matthews being possessed of this cash, went to
the Green Man at Low Layton, where he spent
his money, and then proceeded towards London,
when, being overtaken the road Swan, the latter asked him where was going? Matthews said London: on which the other took him Mr.
Gall's, the Green Man and Bell, Whitechapel, where they drank freely till night; and, Swan being
intoxicated, swore house for guinea. coat, and threw
would fight the best man the He likewise pulled off his great the fire; but the landlord taking
it on
he
a
in
to
to
in
by
he
on
all
194 MEMOIRS OF [George
off, and finding which found
stance giving rise
men were lodged
very heavy, searched the pockets, brace pistols. This circum
unfavorable suspicions, both the the round-house for that night;
and, being carried before Sir Samuel Gower the next
day, committed them Clerkenwell Bridewell,
disorderly persons.
Miss Jeffries being made acquainted with their situation, gave bail for their appearance; and they
went Gall's house, Whitechapel, where she
upbraided Matthews with bringing Swan into dif
ficulty. He denied that had done so; which
she gave him shilling, and desired Swan tell
him meet them the Yorkshire Grey, Stratford.
Matthews went agreed upon, but found only Swan there, who gave him half-a-crown, and bade him
meet him six the next morning, the Buck, Epping-forest. This did, and, by appointment,
came Walthamstow the Tuesday following,
the latch, and going into the pantry, hid himself behind tub till about eleven o’clock, when Swan
brought him some cold boiled beef. About twelve Miss Jeffries and Swan came him when the latter
night.
ten o’clock
When Matthews arrived, found the garden-door
-
to ;
at
a
on
at
all as to
init
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to
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George II. ] REMARKABLE PERSONS.
195
said, “Now it is time to knock the old miser, my master, on the head. ” Matthews relented, and said,
“I cannot find in my heart to do it ;” to which Miss
Jeffries replied, “You may be damned villain,
not performing your promise. ” Swan, who was provided with pistols, likewise damned Matthews, and said he had mind blow his brains out for
the refusal. Swan then produced book, and in sisted that Matthews should swear that he would not
discover what had passed; which did, with this reserve, “not unless was save his own life.
