from
entering into alliances with Turkey against the Hapsburgs.
entering into alliances with Turkey against the Hapsburgs.
Sovoliev - End of History
Well, that only bears out my state- ment.
LADY. I cannot understand this at all. You argue with the General, and yet you both extol the Turks.
POLITICIAN. The General values them apparently as brave soldiers, and I do so as the guardians of peace and order in the East.
LADY. Fine peace and order, indeed, when some tens of thousands of people are suddenly and
mercilesslyslaughtered. Personally,Iwouldprefer disorder.
POLITICIAN. As I have already had the honour of stating, the massacres were caused by the revolu-
tionary agitation. Why should you then demand from the Turks a higher degree of Christian meek-
ness and forbearance than is ever demanded from any other nation, not excepting a Christian one? Can you quote me a country where an insurrection has ever been quelled without recourse to harsh and cruel measures? In the case before us, in the first place the instigators of the massacres were not the Turks. In the second place, Turks proper took
hardly any part in them, acting in most cases
? PROGRESS 83
throughtheGeneral's"devils. " Andinthethird place, I am prepared to admit that the Turkish
Government, by letting loose these "devils," over- did the thing; as Ivan IV. overdid it when he drowned ten thousand peaceful inhabitants of Novgorod; or as the commissioners of the French Convention overdid it by their noiades and fusil- lades \ or lastly, as the English overdid it in India
when they quelled the Mutiny of 1857. And yet there can be little doubt that should these various
Ethiopians be left alone, there would be much more massacre than under the Turks.
GENERAL. Who told you I want to put these Ethiopians in the place of Turkey? Surely, the
thing is very simple :
we should take Constanti-
nople, we should take Jerusalem, and in the place of the Turkish Empire should form a few Russian
military provinces, like Samarkand or Askhabad. As to the Turks, they, after they had laid down their arms, should in every way be satisfied and
pleased, in religion as much as in everything else. POLITICIAN. I hope you are not serious now, or
I shall be obliged to doubt . . . your patriotism. Don't you see that if we started a war with such
radical ends in view, this would certainly bring to life once more a European coalition against us, which our Ethiopians, liberated or promised libera- tion, would ultimately join. These latter under- stand very well that under the Russian power they would not be so free to express their national spirit.
G2
? 84 SOLOVIEV
And the end of it all would be that, instead of destroying the Turkish Empire, we should have a
repetition only on a grander scale of the Sebas- topoldebacle. No,thoughwehaveindulgedinbad
politics sufficiently often, I am sure that we shall never see such madness as a new war with Turkey. If we do see it, then every Russian patriot must
exclaim with despair : Quern deus vult perdere, prim dementat.
LADY. What does that mean?
POLITICIAN. It means : Him whom God would destroy, He first makes mad.
LADY. I am glad history is not made according
to your argument. You are, I suppose, as much in favour of Austria as of Turkey, aren't you?
POLITICIAN. I need not enlarge upon this, as
people more competent than myself the national leaders of Bohemia, for example have declared
"
If there were no Austria, Austria
long ago:
should be invented. " The recent affrays in the
Vienna Parliament supply the best possible illus- tration of this maxim, and are a vision in miniature of what must happen in these countries should the
Hapsburg Empire be destroyed.
LADY. And what is your opinion about the
Franco-Russian Alliance? You seem always to reserve it somehow.
POLITICIAN. Neither do I propose to go into the details of this delicate question just now. Speak-
ing generally, I can say that rapprochement with
? PROGRESS 85
such a progressive and rich nation as France is, at any rate, beneficial to us. On the other hand, this alliance is, of course, an alliance of peace and pre- caution. This is, at any rate, the meaning which is put on it in the high circles where it was concluded
and is still supported.
MR. Z. As to the benefits of rapprochement
between two nations for the development of their
morals and culture, this is a complicated matter, which to me seems very obscure. But looking at
it from the political point of view, don't you think that by joining one of the two hostile camps on the European continent we lose the advantages of our free position as neutral judge or arbiter between
them; we lose our impartiality? By joining one
side, and thereby balancing the powers of both groups, don't we create the possibility of an armed
conflict between them? It is, for instance, clear that France alone could not fight against the Triple Alliance, whereas with the help of Russia she could certainly do so.
POLITICIAN. Your considerations would be quite
correct if anybody had any wish to begin a European war. But I can assure you that nobody has such a
wish. At any rate, it is much easier for Russia to
prevent France from leaving the path of peace than it is for France to lure Russia to the path of war,
undesirable, as a matter of fact, to both of them.
The most reassuring thing, however, is the fact that not only are modern nations averse to waging war,
? 86 SOLOVIEV
but, what is more important, they begin to forget how to do it. Take, for example, the latest con-
flict, the Spanish-American war. Well, was this a war? Now, I ask you : was it really a war? Mere dolls' play it was; an affray between a street
"
brawler and a constable !
After a long and furious
fight the enemy retreated, having lost two killed andonewounded. Wesustainednolosses. " Or: " The whole of the enemy's squadron, after a
desperate struggle with our cruiser Money Enough, surrenderedatdiscretion. Nolosseseitherofkilled
or wounded were sustained on either side. " And
thereyouhavethewholewar. Iamsurprisedthat
all seem to be so little surprised at this new char-
acter of war its bloodlessness, so to speak. The
metamorphosis has been taking place before our very eyes, as we all can remember the sort of
bulletins published in 1870 and in 1877.
GENERAL. Wait a little with your surprise until two really military nations come into collision. You will see then what sort of bulletins will be issued ! POLITICIAN. I am not so sure. How long is it sinceSpainwasafirst-classmilitarynation? Thank God, the past cannot return. It appears to me that just as in the body useless organs become
atrophied, so it is in mankind : the fighting qualities
have lost their usefulness, and so they disappear.
Should they suddenly reappear again, I should be as much startled as if a bat suddenly acquired eagle eyes, or if men again found themselves with tails.
? within the State.
"
the mailed fist," manus militaris,
PROGRESS 87
LADY. But how is it, then, that you yourself praised the Turkish soldiers?
POLITICIAN. I praised them as guardians of peace
In this sense the military power
tancy in the sense of disposition and ability to wage international wars, this national pugnacity, so to
speak, must entirely disappear and is already dis- appearing before our eyes, degenerating into that bloodless, though not altogether harmless, form
which is exemplified in Parliamentary squabbles. As, on the other side, the disposition to such dis-
plays will apparently remain as long as there are
conflicting parties and opinions, so in order to check them the manus militaris will necessarily remain in
the State, even at the time when external wars, that is, wars between nations or States, will have
long become merely things of the historical past. GENERAL. That is to say, you liken the police to
the coccyx, which still exists in man, although only the Kiev witches are credited with proper tails ! How very witty ! But aren't you just a little too
ready with your comparison? Your conclusion is that just because some nation or other degenerates,
becomes flabby, and can no longer fight, therefore the military virtues are decadent or lost all the
or, as it is said,
will yet for a long time be necessary for mankind. But this does not interfere with the fact that mili-
world over !
It is possible that under the introduc-
""""
tion of legislative measures and systems even
? 88 SOLOVIEV
the Russian soldier may soften to jelly !
Heaven
preserve us !
LADY (to the Politician}. You have not explained
yet in what manner, war being excepted, such ques- tions as, for instance, the Eastern Question should
be solved. However wicked the Christian nations in the East may be, they do feel a desire to be independent at any cost, and the Turks do for this
reason slaughter them. Surely you don't suggest
that we should look on with folded arms? posing that your criticisms of the past wars are really sound, I shall ask, like the Prince, though in
" What are we to do now, should
a different sense
massacres begin somewhere again? "
:
POLITICIAN. But before they do begin, we must
quietly exercise our judgment, and instead of a
bad policy follow a good one, even though it be German ; that is to say, we must not irritate the Turks, and must not shout when in our cups about raisingthecrossonthemosques. Insteadofallthis we must in a peaceful and friendly manner civilise Turkey for our mutual benefit : for ours, as much as her own. It depends entirely on us to make the Turks understand in the quickest time possible that
slaughtering inhabitants in one's country is not only a bad thing in itself, but, what is the main point, that it has no use and yields no profit.
MR. Z. These suggestions of yours involve rail- way concessions and all sorts of trade and com- mercial interests, in which the Germans, I am sure,
Sup-
? PROGRESS 89 will forestall us, and competition with them in this
1
direction would be a hopeless task.
POLITICIAN. But why should we compete? If
somebody does hard work for me, I shall be only too glad and thankful. If, however, this makes
me cross with him, so that I ask :
"
"
Why did he do
it and not I ?
I am acting in a fashion which would
be unworthy of a respectable man. In the same way it would be unworthy of such a nation as Russia
to imitate the dog-in-the-manger, which lying on the hay neither eats nor lets others eat. If others, using
their own means, can do more quickly and in a better way the good thing which we also desire, then so much the more profitable is it for us. I ask you : were not all our wars with Turkey during the nine- teenth century waged only for the sake of safe- guarding the human rights of the Turkish Chris- tians ? Now, what if the Germans achieve the same
object in a sure, though peaceful, way by civilising Turkey? It is clear that had they been as firmly
established in Asia Minor in 1895 as tne English are in Egypt, you may take my word for it we should not have to discuss Armenian massacres any
longer.
LADY. But you have already suggested that it is
necessary to make an end of Turkey. Only you
1 These words, which were written by me in Oct. , 1899, were fully borne out in a month's time by the announced German-Turkish convention concerning Asia Minor and the
Baghdad railway. (Author. )
? 90 SOLOV1EV
are, for some unknown reason, anxious to see her eaten up by the Germans.
POLITICIAN. It is just because the German policy has no desire to swallow such indigestible articles that I called it wise. Its object is more subtle : it is to bring Turkey into the company of the civilised nations, to help the Turks in educating themselves
and making themselves capable of undertaking a just and humane control over nations which, owing
to their mutual savage hostility, are unable to direct their own affairs peacefully.
LADY. What fairy tales are these? Who will ever think it possible to surrender a Christian people to the Turks for eternal control? I like the Turks myself for many things, but still they are barbarians, and their last word will always be violence. A
European culture will only make them worse. POLITICIAN. Exactly the same could be said about Russia at the time of Peter the Great, and even at amuchlaterperiod. Weremember"Turkishbar- barities," but how long is it since in Russia, and in
"" other countries as well, that Turkish barbarities
becameunknown? 'ThepoorunhappyChristians
"
groaning under the Moslem yoke !
about those who groaned under the yoke of our wickedlandlords weretheyChristiansorpagans? Or what about the soldiers who groaned under the punishment of the rod ? However, the only just and reasonable answer to these groans of the Russian peasants was the abolition of serfdom and of the rod, and not the destruction of the Russian Empire.
And what
? PROGRESS 91
Why, then, must the answer to the Bulgarian and Armenian groans be of necessity the destruction of the State in which these groans are heard, but also of States where they need not be heard either ?
LADY. It is one thing when disgusting things take place within a Christian State which can be easily
reformed, and another thing when a Christian people is being oppressed by a non-Christian one.
POLITICIAN. The impossibility of reforming
Turkey is merely a rooted prejudice which the Germans are disproving before our eyes, just as
they earlier helped to destroy the prejudice of the
inbornsavageryoftheRussianpeople. Astoyour
""" distinction between Christians and non-Chris-
tians," you will do well to remember that for the victims of barbarities this question is lacking in interest. If anybody strips off my skin, I shall
""
What is sir ? your religion,
surely not ask him
Neither shall I be at all consoled if I find out that
the people torturing me are not only extremely unpleasant and disturbing to me, but on the top of
this, being Christians themselves, are exceedingly abhorrent to their own God, who sees His com-
mands openly defied. Speaking objectively, it ""
cannot be denied that the Christianity of Ivan
1
the Terrible, or Saltykova, or Arakcheiev is not
1 The Moscow landlady of the middle of the i8th century, Saltykova, and the favourite of Alexander I. , General Arakcheiev, have become famous in Russia for the monstrous atrocity with which they treated those under their power. (Translator. )
:
? 92 SOLOVIEV
in any sense an advantage, but rather so utterly base that it is impossible to meet with its like in
other religions. Yesterday the General was describing the dastardly deeds of the savage Kurds, and amongst other things he mentioned
their Devil-worship. It is certainly very wicked to roast babies or grown-up people over a slow fire I
am quite prepared to call such acts devilish. It is a well-known fact, however, that Ivan the Terrible
was particularly fond of this very roasting of men
atheologistfirmlyattachedtoorthodoxy. Butwe need not probe so far into the remote past. Take
the Bulgarian Stamboulov and the Servian Milan
are they Turks, or are they representatives of the
so-called Christian nations? What is, then, this ""
Christianity of yours if not an empty title, which
carries with it no guarantee for anything?
LADY. One would think it is the Prince expound-
ing his faith. How strange !
POLITICIAN. When obvious truth is concerned I
am willing to be at one not only with our esteemed ,
Prince, but even with Balaam's ass !
MR. Z. But if my memory does not fail me, your
Excellency has kindly agreed to take the leading part in to-day's discussion not with the idea of
He would even keep the fire under-
on a slow fire.
neath well poked ! And yet he was not a savage or a devil-worshipper, but rather a man of keen intel- lect, and, for the age in which he lived, a man of wide learning, whilst at the same time he was also
? "
PROGRESS 93
arguing about Christianity or the animals of the Bible. I can hear ringing in my ears your soulful
For
"
Remembering this, may it please your Excellency to return to the subject of our discussion and to
explain one little thing that is puzzling me. It is
this. As you have rightly stated, our object must be not the destruction of the Turkish Empire, but the work of its civilisation. On the other hand, as you also admitted on quite reasonable grounds, the advancement of Turkey along the path of culture will be, and is now, much better carried on by the Germans than it could ever be by us. Now, if both these statements are correct, will you be good enough to tell me what in your opinion there is left for Russia as an object for a special and solely Russian policy in the Eastern question?
POLITICIAN. A special policy for Russia? Why,
it is clear that no such policy can exist. As you
understand it, the special Russian policy is obviously one which would be set up and pursued by Russia
independently of and against the plans of all the other European nations. But I must tell you that,
as a matter of fact, no such policy has ever been pursued. Wehavedeviatedsometimestoitstrack, as, for instance, in the 'fifties, and later on in the 'seventies; but those regrettable deviations, giving examples of what I may call bad policy, have instantly brought their own reward in the shape of
Only as little religion as possible ! God's sake, as little religion as you can help !
prayer :
? 94 SOLOVIEV
reversesofgreaterorsmallersignificance. Generally speaking, it is in no way possible to regard Russian
policy in the Eastern question as independent or isolated. Its object from the sixteenth century and
almost to the end of the eighteenth century was to defend the civilised world from the threatened
invasion of the Turks, working in co-operation with Poland and Austria. As in that defence we were
obliged to act conjointly with the Poles, the Cesarians, and the Republic of Venice, though free from any formal alliances, it is evident that that policy was a common and not an independent one. In the nineteenth century, and much more so in the twentieth century, its co-operative character must
remain the same as before, though naturally its
objectsandmeanshaveofnecessitychanged. The problem now is not to defend Europe from Turkish
barbarism, but to make the Turks themselves more
European. For the old object the means required
were military ; for that of the present day they must bepeaceful. Bothinthefirstcaseaswellasinthe
second the object itself remains constant : as for-
merly the European nations were bound in solidarity by the interests of military defence, so to-day they are bound in solidarity by the interests of spreading civilisation.
GENERAL. And yet the old military solidarity did not prevent Richelieu and Louis XIV.
from
entering into alliances with Turkey against the Hapsburgs.
? PROGRESS 95
POLITICIAN. Just the bad Bourbon policy, which along with their senseless home politics duly re- ceived its just reward from history.
LADY. You call this history ? It used to be called regicide, if I am not mistaken.
POLITICIAN (to Lady}. The words matter little. What remains is the fact that no political mistake passes off without retribution. Those inclined to
look that way, may see in this something mystical. So far as I am concerned, I find as little of it in
this case as I should find were I, in my present age
and position, to start drinking champagne, glass after glass, as if I were a young man, instead of
satisfying myself with a milk diet. I should un-
doubtedly become ill, and were I too persistent in my ancient regime, I should at last die off, as the Bourbons did.
LADY. You cannot dispute that your policy of milk diet a la tongue becomes exceedingly tedious. POLITICIAN (offended). If I had not been inter- rupted, I should have long ago exhausted my sub-
ject, and given place to somebody more enter-
taining.
LADY. Please do not take me seriously. I was
merely joking. On the contrary, I think you have
been very witty . . . for your age and position. POLITICIAN. So I say that we are at one with the
rest of Europe in the object of reforming Turkey on the lines of culture, and we have not at present,
nor can we ever have, any special independent
? 96 SOLOVIEV
policy.
It must, however, be admitted that on
account of our comparative backwardness in social
development, in industry and trade, the share of
Russia in this common cause of civilising the
Turkish Empire cannot at present be very great. The foremost importance which our country had as
a military State cannot, of course, be retained by us now. Predominance is not acquired for nothing; it mustbeearned. Weearnedourmilitaryimportance not by mere bluff, but by actual wars and victories. In the same way, our importance in the work of civilisation must be earned by actual labour and successes in peaceful callings. As the Turks had to fall back before our military victories, they will now retire before those who prove themselves to be
strongestinthesphereofpeacefulprogress. What is there left for us to do, in that case? You will
hardly meet anywhere now with that blatant insanity which believes that the mere ideal of the imaginary
raising of the cross on St. Sophia is a more powerful force in itself than is the actual superiority of the Germans.
GENERAL. The only thing is that this cross must not be a mere ideal.
POLITICIAN. But who will materialise it for you? So long as you have not found the means to do so, the only thing demanded by our national ambition
within the reasonable limits, of course, in which this feeling could be recognised at all is to double our efforts so that we could as quickly as possible
? PROGRESS 97
come into line with other nations in what we lag
behind them, and by doing so, gain the time and effort wasted on various Slav committees and similar
poisonous nonsense. Besides, if we are as yet powerless in Turkey, we are already capable of
playing a leading part in civilising Central Asia, and particularly the Far East, whither, it appears, the history of the world is transferring its centre of
gravity. Owing to her geographical situation, and
other advantageous conditions, Russia can do more
there than any other nation, except, of course,
England. It follows, then, that the object of our
policy in this respect must be to secure a permanent
and amiable understanding with England, so that our co-operation with her in the work of civilisation
may never change into a senseless hostility and
unworthy competition.
MR. Z. Unfortunately, some such transformation
always comes about with single individuals as much as with nations, as if it were a part of their
destiny.
POLITICIAN. It is true, they do happen. On the
other hand, I don't know of a single case in the life of men, or in the life of nations, when hostility and
envy displayed towards their coadjutors in a com- mon cause have ever helped to make any one of
themstronger,richer,andhappier. Thisuniversal
experience, to which not a single exception could be found, is being made use of by clever people. And I believe that such a clever nation as Russia
H
? 98 SOLOVIEV
will not fail to make use of it either. To quarrel with the English in the Far East why, this would be the most utter madness, not to speak of the in-
decency of indulging in domestic quarrels before
strangers. Or do you perhaps think that we are more closely related to the yellow-faced Chinese
than to the compatriots of Shakespeare and
Byron ?
MR. Z. It is a delicate question.
POLITICIAN. Then we'll leave it alone for a time. Here you have something else to consider. From what I have said before, you already know that I
recognise only two objects for the Russian policy : firstly, the maintenance of peace in Europe (for
every European war at the present stage of historical evolution would amount to an insane and criminal
internecine struggle); and secondly, the civilisation of the barbarian nations which are within the sphere
of our influence. Now, if you accept my point of view you will see that both these objects, apart from their intrinsic value, are strikingly connected with each other, serving to further the realisation of
each other, and that they are mutually interdepen- dentfortheirveryexistence. Itisobvious,indeed,
that if we really do all we can to give the benefits of civilisation to the barbaric countries, in which
work all Europe is equally interested, we draw to- gether the bonds of solidarity between ourselves and
other nations; whilst consolidating European unity we, by this very fact, strengthen our influence among
? PROGRESS 99
barbarous nations, as we thus leave them no hope of successful resistance. Don't you think that if the yellow man knew that all Europe were behind Russia,wecoulddoinAsiaanythingwewish? If, however, he saw that Europe were not behind Russia, but against her, he would not hesitate even to attack our frontiers, and we should have to defend ourselves on two fronts, over a line ten thousand
"
versts long. I do not believe in the Yellow
Peril," because I do not admit the possibility of a
Europeanwar. Butgiventhelatter,weshould,of
course, have to fear even the Mongolians. GENERAL. To you a European war or a Mon- golian invasion seems to be absolutely out of the
rangeofpossibility. ButImustconfessIhavevery "
little faith in your consolidarity of the European ""
nations and the coming peace of the world. " Somehow it seems to be highly unnatural, and ex-
ceedinglyunlikely. IntheoldChristmashymnyou
"
hear sung :
men. " This means that peace will reign on the earth only when goodwill is established among men. But where is this goodwill now? Have you ever seen it? To be quite frank, both you and I feel a
real and sincere goodwill only to one European
family, to feel that their benefit is our benefit, their "
pleasureisourpleasure sucha consolidarity,"as H2
Peace on earth and goodwill towards
power the principality of Monaco.
Inviolable, also, is our peace with it. To regard, however, the Germans or the English as members of our own
? 100 SOLOVIEV
you call it, with the European nations, I am sure, we shall never have.
"
POLITICIAN. Why we shall never have," when it
is already with us, when it is in the very nature of things? WeareatonewiththeEuropeanPowers for the simple reason that we are Europeans our- selves. This has been an accomplished fact since the eighteenth century, and neither the total lack of culture amongst the Russian masses, nor the unfor- tunate chimeras of the Slavophiles, will ever be able to alter it.
GENERAL. Well, but do the Europeans agree amongthemselves? TheFrenchwiththeGermans, for instance; the English with both of these? It is rumoured that even the Swedes and the Nor- wegians have somewhere lost their consolidarity !
POLITICIAN. What a forceful argument!
But what a pity it is that all its force rests on a defective basis on the total neglect of historical fact. I will
you
a " Would Moscow have been at question :
ask
one with Novgorod at the time of Ivan III. , or Ivan the Terrible? " Will you on the strength of this
deny the consolidarity of the Moscow and Novgorod provinces in the common interests of the State?
GENERAL. Oh, no; not at all. But this I will say : let us wait a little before declaring ourselves Euro-
peans
the European nations are as firmly bound together asourprovincesareintheRussianState. Youwill
surely not advise us to tear ourselves to pieces in
at least until that historic moment when all
? PROGRESS 101
working for our consolidarity with all other Euro- peans, when they themselves are at daggers drawn ?
" drawn !
you be saved from the necessity of tearing yourself to pieces between Norway and Sweden, but from doing so between France and Germany, and for the simple reason that they will never come to a rupture. Atpresentitseemstobeevident. OnlyinRussia
can you find a good many people still taking for France that insignificant group of adventurers who
should be, and must be, put in prison : let them there display their nationalism and preach a war
with Germany.
LADY. It would really be a very good thing if it
were only possible to put in prison all those who foment strife among the nations. But I think you
are wrong.
POLITICIAN. Of course, what I have said must be
taken cum grano sails. It is quite true that on the surface Europe has not yet become consolidated into one whole. But I still stand by my historical
analogy. For instance, in our country in the
sixteenth century, separation among various pro- vinces, though still present, was at its last gasp, whilst the unity of the State had long ago ceased to be a dream and was actually shaping itself into definite forms. So in a similar way in modern
Europe, though national antagonism is still existent, particularly amongst the ignorant masses and half-
POLITICIAN. You will have it "at
daggers Butyouneednotworry. Notonlywill
? 102 SOLOVIEV
educated politicians, it is not strong enough to transform itself into any considerable action : that
it will not go so far as to lead to a European war Iampositivelycertain. Astothegoodwillofwhich you are speaking, General, to tell you the truth I
fail to see it, not only amongst different nations, but within any nation itself, or even within single families. Ifyoudomeetitoccasionally,itdoesnot go farther than the first generation. Well then, what conclusion can be drawn from this ?
Certainly not that this supplies the reason for intestine wars
and fratricide. Similarly, in international relation- ships. The French and Germans may dislike each other if they wish, but let them abstain from actual fighting. Iamsurethattherewon'tbeany.
MR. Z. Thisisveryprobable. Butevenregard- ing Europe as one whole, we cannot conclude from
this that we ourselves are Europeans. You know there is an opinion, which has become fairly popular
during the last twenty years, that Europe, that is, the combination of all the German-Latin nations, is
really a distinct type characterised by political unanimity and by common culture and history; it is further maintained that we, Russians, do not belong to this group, but constitute a separate Greco- Slavonic type.
POLITICIAN. I have heard of this variety of Slavo- philism, and even have had occasion to speak with someofthoseholdingthisview. Now,thereisone thing I have noticed about this theory, and it seems
? PROGRESS 103
to me to give a decisive answer to the whole problem. It is a curious thing that all these gentle-
men who argue in glowing perorations against
Europe, and our being Europeans, can never be satisfied with the assumption of our Greco-Slavonic
origin, but must always plunge headlong into a belief in some sort of Chinaism, Buddhism, Tibet-
ism,andotherIndo-MongolianAsiaticisms. Their
alienation from Europe is directly proportional to their gravitation to Asia. Now, what does it all
mean? Let us admit that they are right in their
viewofEurope,thatsheisspirituallywrong. Why, however, this fatal running to the other extreme, to this aforesaid Asiaticism ? Ah ! And whither has the Greco-Slavonic nucleus vanished ?
No! tellme, where has it gone? Ah? And yet it is in that very nucleus that one would expect to find the very sub- stance of the thing ! Ah ? There you are, you see. You may drive nature out through the door, but she will get back through the window. And nature in this case is the fact that no independent Greco- Slavonic type of historic culture exists at all; but there has been, is, and always will be, Russia as the great borderland of Europe towards Asia. Such
being the actual position of our country, it is only too natural that it feels the influence of the Asiatic
element to a much greater extent than the rest of Europe, and this is all that makes up our imaginary
originality. Byzantium herself was original, not through anything of her own, but only because of an
? 104 SOLOVIEV
admixture of the Asiatic element. Whilst with us,
from time immemorial, and particularly since the days of the Mongolian yoke, this element has be- come a part of our nature, our second soul, so to speak, so that the Germans could say about us,
sighing as they did so :
"
Die eine will sich von der andern trennen. "
Zwei Seelen wohnen, ach ! in ihrer Brust
It is impossible for us to get rid of this second soul, nor is it desirable; for we owe a great deal to it. In order, however, that we may save ourselves from being torn to pieces in such a conflict, as is
suggested by the General, it has been necessary that one soul should establish a decisive supremacy
over the other, and it stands to reason that this soul should be the better of the two that it should develop an intellect which is really the more power- ful, the more capable of further progress, and the
more highly endowed with spiritual possibilities. Such supremacy was actually established at the time
of Peter the Great. But the ineradicable (though
finally overpowered) affinity of our soul with Asia even after that led certain minds into meaningless
dreams that some chimerical revision of the his- torical question would settle it once and for ever.
Hence Slavophilism, the theory of an original type of historical culture and all the rest of it. As a
matter of fact, we are irrevocably Europeans, but with an Asiatic sediment at the bottom of our soul.
To me it is clear even grammatically. What is
? PROGRESS 105
" Russian " in the grammatical sense ? An adjec- tive. But what is the noun to which it refers?
"
LADY. I think the noun is man.
man," the Russian
POLITICIAN. No, that is too general and indefinite. Red Indians and Eskimos are also men, but I can- not agree in regarding as my noun what is common to me and the Redskins and the Eskimos.
LADY. There are things, you know, which are common to all human beings : love, for instance.
POLITICIAN. Well, that is even more general,
How can I regard love as my specific property when I know that all other animals, and even mis-
creants, have it in their nature ?
MR. Z. The question is no doubt very com-
plicated. I am, for example, a man of meek character, and in love would be more at one with a
white or blue-grey dove than with the black Moor Othello, though he also is called a man.
GENERAL. At a certain age every sensible man
1
is at one with the white doves.
LADY. Whatever is this?
GENERAL. This pun is not for you, but only for
us with his Excellency.
POLITICIAN. Leave it alone, please, do leave it
alone. Treve de plaisanteries. Surely we are not on the stage of the Michael Theatre. I wished to
"
say that the correct noun for the adjective
Rus-
1""
White Doves is the name of a Russian religious sect
accused of immoral tendencies.
(Translator. )
? 106 SOLOVIEV
" " We are Russian sian is European. "
Europeans, as there are English, French, and German Euro-
peans. If I feel myself a European, would it not be stupid of me to argue that I am some Slavo-Russ
or Greco-Slav? I am as positively certain of being a European as I am of being a Russian. I can,
and perhaps even must, pity and protect every man,
"
Happy is he who shows mercy even to animals ; but I shall regard myself at one, of the same family, not with Zulus or Chinamen, but only with the nations and men who have created and preserved all those treasures of culture which form my spiritual food, and which afford me my
highest pleasures. Before everything else it was necessary that these chosen nations should form and
consolidate themselves, and should resist the on- slaught of the lower elements. For this, war was
necessaryandwarwasaholyenterprise. Atpresent they possess the necessary form and strength, and
there is nothing they need fear, except internal strife. Now the time has arrived for peace and the
peaceful expansion of European culture over all
as every animal too :
"
theworld. AllmustbecomeEuropeans. Theidea ""
expressedby European mustbeasall-embracing as that expressed by "man," and the idea of the
European civilised world identical with that of man- kind.
LADY. I cannot understand this at all. You argue with the General, and yet you both extol the Turks.
POLITICIAN. The General values them apparently as brave soldiers, and I do so as the guardians of peace and order in the East.
LADY. Fine peace and order, indeed, when some tens of thousands of people are suddenly and
mercilesslyslaughtered. Personally,Iwouldprefer disorder.
POLITICIAN. As I have already had the honour of stating, the massacres were caused by the revolu-
tionary agitation. Why should you then demand from the Turks a higher degree of Christian meek-
ness and forbearance than is ever demanded from any other nation, not excepting a Christian one? Can you quote me a country where an insurrection has ever been quelled without recourse to harsh and cruel measures? In the case before us, in the first place the instigators of the massacres were not the Turks. In the second place, Turks proper took
hardly any part in them, acting in most cases
? PROGRESS 83
throughtheGeneral's"devils. " Andinthethird place, I am prepared to admit that the Turkish
Government, by letting loose these "devils," over- did the thing; as Ivan IV. overdid it when he drowned ten thousand peaceful inhabitants of Novgorod; or as the commissioners of the French Convention overdid it by their noiades and fusil- lades \ or lastly, as the English overdid it in India
when they quelled the Mutiny of 1857. And yet there can be little doubt that should these various
Ethiopians be left alone, there would be much more massacre than under the Turks.
GENERAL. Who told you I want to put these Ethiopians in the place of Turkey? Surely, the
thing is very simple :
we should take Constanti-
nople, we should take Jerusalem, and in the place of the Turkish Empire should form a few Russian
military provinces, like Samarkand or Askhabad. As to the Turks, they, after they had laid down their arms, should in every way be satisfied and
pleased, in religion as much as in everything else. POLITICIAN. I hope you are not serious now, or
I shall be obliged to doubt . . . your patriotism. Don't you see that if we started a war with such
radical ends in view, this would certainly bring to life once more a European coalition against us, which our Ethiopians, liberated or promised libera- tion, would ultimately join. These latter under- stand very well that under the Russian power they would not be so free to express their national spirit.
G2
? 84 SOLOVIEV
And the end of it all would be that, instead of destroying the Turkish Empire, we should have a
repetition only on a grander scale of the Sebas- topoldebacle. No,thoughwehaveindulgedinbad
politics sufficiently often, I am sure that we shall never see such madness as a new war with Turkey. If we do see it, then every Russian patriot must
exclaim with despair : Quern deus vult perdere, prim dementat.
LADY. What does that mean?
POLITICIAN. It means : Him whom God would destroy, He first makes mad.
LADY. I am glad history is not made according
to your argument. You are, I suppose, as much in favour of Austria as of Turkey, aren't you?
POLITICIAN. I need not enlarge upon this, as
people more competent than myself the national leaders of Bohemia, for example have declared
"
If there were no Austria, Austria
long ago:
should be invented. " The recent affrays in the
Vienna Parliament supply the best possible illus- tration of this maxim, and are a vision in miniature of what must happen in these countries should the
Hapsburg Empire be destroyed.
LADY. And what is your opinion about the
Franco-Russian Alliance? You seem always to reserve it somehow.
POLITICIAN. Neither do I propose to go into the details of this delicate question just now. Speak-
ing generally, I can say that rapprochement with
? PROGRESS 85
such a progressive and rich nation as France is, at any rate, beneficial to us. On the other hand, this alliance is, of course, an alliance of peace and pre- caution. This is, at any rate, the meaning which is put on it in the high circles where it was concluded
and is still supported.
MR. Z. As to the benefits of rapprochement
between two nations for the development of their
morals and culture, this is a complicated matter, which to me seems very obscure. But looking at
it from the political point of view, don't you think that by joining one of the two hostile camps on the European continent we lose the advantages of our free position as neutral judge or arbiter between
them; we lose our impartiality? By joining one
side, and thereby balancing the powers of both groups, don't we create the possibility of an armed
conflict between them? It is, for instance, clear that France alone could not fight against the Triple Alliance, whereas with the help of Russia she could certainly do so.
POLITICIAN. Your considerations would be quite
correct if anybody had any wish to begin a European war. But I can assure you that nobody has such a
wish. At any rate, it is much easier for Russia to
prevent France from leaving the path of peace than it is for France to lure Russia to the path of war,
undesirable, as a matter of fact, to both of them.
The most reassuring thing, however, is the fact that not only are modern nations averse to waging war,
? 86 SOLOVIEV
but, what is more important, they begin to forget how to do it. Take, for example, the latest con-
flict, the Spanish-American war. Well, was this a war? Now, I ask you : was it really a war? Mere dolls' play it was; an affray between a street
"
brawler and a constable !
After a long and furious
fight the enemy retreated, having lost two killed andonewounded. Wesustainednolosses. " Or: " The whole of the enemy's squadron, after a
desperate struggle with our cruiser Money Enough, surrenderedatdiscretion. Nolosseseitherofkilled
or wounded were sustained on either side. " And
thereyouhavethewholewar. Iamsurprisedthat
all seem to be so little surprised at this new char-
acter of war its bloodlessness, so to speak. The
metamorphosis has been taking place before our very eyes, as we all can remember the sort of
bulletins published in 1870 and in 1877.
GENERAL. Wait a little with your surprise until two really military nations come into collision. You will see then what sort of bulletins will be issued ! POLITICIAN. I am not so sure. How long is it sinceSpainwasafirst-classmilitarynation? Thank God, the past cannot return. It appears to me that just as in the body useless organs become
atrophied, so it is in mankind : the fighting qualities
have lost their usefulness, and so they disappear.
Should they suddenly reappear again, I should be as much startled as if a bat suddenly acquired eagle eyes, or if men again found themselves with tails.
? within the State.
"
the mailed fist," manus militaris,
PROGRESS 87
LADY. But how is it, then, that you yourself praised the Turkish soldiers?
POLITICIAN. I praised them as guardians of peace
In this sense the military power
tancy in the sense of disposition and ability to wage international wars, this national pugnacity, so to
speak, must entirely disappear and is already dis- appearing before our eyes, degenerating into that bloodless, though not altogether harmless, form
which is exemplified in Parliamentary squabbles. As, on the other side, the disposition to such dis-
plays will apparently remain as long as there are
conflicting parties and opinions, so in order to check them the manus militaris will necessarily remain in
the State, even at the time when external wars, that is, wars between nations or States, will have
long become merely things of the historical past. GENERAL. That is to say, you liken the police to
the coccyx, which still exists in man, although only the Kiev witches are credited with proper tails ! How very witty ! But aren't you just a little too
ready with your comparison? Your conclusion is that just because some nation or other degenerates,
becomes flabby, and can no longer fight, therefore the military virtues are decadent or lost all the
or, as it is said,
will yet for a long time be necessary for mankind. But this does not interfere with the fact that mili-
world over !
It is possible that under the introduc-
""""
tion of legislative measures and systems even
? 88 SOLOVIEV
the Russian soldier may soften to jelly !
Heaven
preserve us !
LADY (to the Politician}. You have not explained
yet in what manner, war being excepted, such ques- tions as, for instance, the Eastern Question should
be solved. However wicked the Christian nations in the East may be, they do feel a desire to be independent at any cost, and the Turks do for this
reason slaughter them. Surely you don't suggest
that we should look on with folded arms? posing that your criticisms of the past wars are really sound, I shall ask, like the Prince, though in
" What are we to do now, should
a different sense
massacres begin somewhere again? "
:
POLITICIAN. But before they do begin, we must
quietly exercise our judgment, and instead of a
bad policy follow a good one, even though it be German ; that is to say, we must not irritate the Turks, and must not shout when in our cups about raisingthecrossonthemosques. Insteadofallthis we must in a peaceful and friendly manner civilise Turkey for our mutual benefit : for ours, as much as her own. It depends entirely on us to make the Turks understand in the quickest time possible that
slaughtering inhabitants in one's country is not only a bad thing in itself, but, what is the main point, that it has no use and yields no profit.
MR. Z. These suggestions of yours involve rail- way concessions and all sorts of trade and com- mercial interests, in which the Germans, I am sure,
Sup-
? PROGRESS 89 will forestall us, and competition with them in this
1
direction would be a hopeless task.
POLITICIAN. But why should we compete? If
somebody does hard work for me, I shall be only too glad and thankful. If, however, this makes
me cross with him, so that I ask :
"
"
Why did he do
it and not I ?
I am acting in a fashion which would
be unworthy of a respectable man. In the same way it would be unworthy of such a nation as Russia
to imitate the dog-in-the-manger, which lying on the hay neither eats nor lets others eat. If others, using
their own means, can do more quickly and in a better way the good thing which we also desire, then so much the more profitable is it for us. I ask you : were not all our wars with Turkey during the nine- teenth century waged only for the sake of safe- guarding the human rights of the Turkish Chris- tians ? Now, what if the Germans achieve the same
object in a sure, though peaceful, way by civilising Turkey? It is clear that had they been as firmly
established in Asia Minor in 1895 as tne English are in Egypt, you may take my word for it we should not have to discuss Armenian massacres any
longer.
LADY. But you have already suggested that it is
necessary to make an end of Turkey. Only you
1 These words, which were written by me in Oct. , 1899, were fully borne out in a month's time by the announced German-Turkish convention concerning Asia Minor and the
Baghdad railway. (Author. )
? 90 SOLOV1EV
are, for some unknown reason, anxious to see her eaten up by the Germans.
POLITICIAN. It is just because the German policy has no desire to swallow such indigestible articles that I called it wise. Its object is more subtle : it is to bring Turkey into the company of the civilised nations, to help the Turks in educating themselves
and making themselves capable of undertaking a just and humane control over nations which, owing
to their mutual savage hostility, are unable to direct their own affairs peacefully.
LADY. What fairy tales are these? Who will ever think it possible to surrender a Christian people to the Turks for eternal control? I like the Turks myself for many things, but still they are barbarians, and their last word will always be violence. A
European culture will only make them worse. POLITICIAN. Exactly the same could be said about Russia at the time of Peter the Great, and even at amuchlaterperiod. Weremember"Turkishbar- barities," but how long is it since in Russia, and in
"" other countries as well, that Turkish barbarities
becameunknown? 'ThepoorunhappyChristians
"
groaning under the Moslem yoke !
about those who groaned under the yoke of our wickedlandlords weretheyChristiansorpagans? Or what about the soldiers who groaned under the punishment of the rod ? However, the only just and reasonable answer to these groans of the Russian peasants was the abolition of serfdom and of the rod, and not the destruction of the Russian Empire.
And what
? PROGRESS 91
Why, then, must the answer to the Bulgarian and Armenian groans be of necessity the destruction of the State in which these groans are heard, but also of States where they need not be heard either ?
LADY. It is one thing when disgusting things take place within a Christian State which can be easily
reformed, and another thing when a Christian people is being oppressed by a non-Christian one.
POLITICIAN. The impossibility of reforming
Turkey is merely a rooted prejudice which the Germans are disproving before our eyes, just as
they earlier helped to destroy the prejudice of the
inbornsavageryoftheRussianpeople. Astoyour
""" distinction between Christians and non-Chris-
tians," you will do well to remember that for the victims of barbarities this question is lacking in interest. If anybody strips off my skin, I shall
""
What is sir ? your religion,
surely not ask him
Neither shall I be at all consoled if I find out that
the people torturing me are not only extremely unpleasant and disturbing to me, but on the top of
this, being Christians themselves, are exceedingly abhorrent to their own God, who sees His com-
mands openly defied. Speaking objectively, it ""
cannot be denied that the Christianity of Ivan
1
the Terrible, or Saltykova, or Arakcheiev is not
1 The Moscow landlady of the middle of the i8th century, Saltykova, and the favourite of Alexander I. , General Arakcheiev, have become famous in Russia for the monstrous atrocity with which they treated those under their power. (Translator. )
:
? 92 SOLOVIEV
in any sense an advantage, but rather so utterly base that it is impossible to meet with its like in
other religions. Yesterday the General was describing the dastardly deeds of the savage Kurds, and amongst other things he mentioned
their Devil-worship. It is certainly very wicked to roast babies or grown-up people over a slow fire I
am quite prepared to call such acts devilish. It is a well-known fact, however, that Ivan the Terrible
was particularly fond of this very roasting of men
atheologistfirmlyattachedtoorthodoxy. Butwe need not probe so far into the remote past. Take
the Bulgarian Stamboulov and the Servian Milan
are they Turks, or are they representatives of the
so-called Christian nations? What is, then, this ""
Christianity of yours if not an empty title, which
carries with it no guarantee for anything?
LADY. One would think it is the Prince expound-
ing his faith. How strange !
POLITICIAN. When obvious truth is concerned I
am willing to be at one not only with our esteemed ,
Prince, but even with Balaam's ass !
MR. Z. But if my memory does not fail me, your
Excellency has kindly agreed to take the leading part in to-day's discussion not with the idea of
He would even keep the fire under-
on a slow fire.
neath well poked ! And yet he was not a savage or a devil-worshipper, but rather a man of keen intel- lect, and, for the age in which he lived, a man of wide learning, whilst at the same time he was also
? "
PROGRESS 93
arguing about Christianity or the animals of the Bible. I can hear ringing in my ears your soulful
For
"
Remembering this, may it please your Excellency to return to the subject of our discussion and to
explain one little thing that is puzzling me. It is
this. As you have rightly stated, our object must be not the destruction of the Turkish Empire, but the work of its civilisation. On the other hand, as you also admitted on quite reasonable grounds, the advancement of Turkey along the path of culture will be, and is now, much better carried on by the Germans than it could ever be by us. Now, if both these statements are correct, will you be good enough to tell me what in your opinion there is left for Russia as an object for a special and solely Russian policy in the Eastern question?
POLITICIAN. A special policy for Russia? Why,
it is clear that no such policy can exist. As you
understand it, the special Russian policy is obviously one which would be set up and pursued by Russia
independently of and against the plans of all the other European nations. But I must tell you that,
as a matter of fact, no such policy has ever been pursued. Wehavedeviatedsometimestoitstrack, as, for instance, in the 'fifties, and later on in the 'seventies; but those regrettable deviations, giving examples of what I may call bad policy, have instantly brought their own reward in the shape of
Only as little religion as possible ! God's sake, as little religion as you can help !
prayer :
? 94 SOLOVIEV
reversesofgreaterorsmallersignificance. Generally speaking, it is in no way possible to regard Russian
policy in the Eastern question as independent or isolated. Its object from the sixteenth century and
almost to the end of the eighteenth century was to defend the civilised world from the threatened
invasion of the Turks, working in co-operation with Poland and Austria. As in that defence we were
obliged to act conjointly with the Poles, the Cesarians, and the Republic of Venice, though free from any formal alliances, it is evident that that policy was a common and not an independent one. In the nineteenth century, and much more so in the twentieth century, its co-operative character must
remain the same as before, though naturally its
objectsandmeanshaveofnecessitychanged. The problem now is not to defend Europe from Turkish
barbarism, but to make the Turks themselves more
European. For the old object the means required
were military ; for that of the present day they must bepeaceful. Bothinthefirstcaseaswellasinthe
second the object itself remains constant : as for-
merly the European nations were bound in solidarity by the interests of military defence, so to-day they are bound in solidarity by the interests of spreading civilisation.
GENERAL. And yet the old military solidarity did not prevent Richelieu and Louis XIV.
from
entering into alliances with Turkey against the Hapsburgs.
? PROGRESS 95
POLITICIAN. Just the bad Bourbon policy, which along with their senseless home politics duly re- ceived its just reward from history.
LADY. You call this history ? It used to be called regicide, if I am not mistaken.
POLITICIAN (to Lady}. The words matter little. What remains is the fact that no political mistake passes off without retribution. Those inclined to
look that way, may see in this something mystical. So far as I am concerned, I find as little of it in
this case as I should find were I, in my present age
and position, to start drinking champagne, glass after glass, as if I were a young man, instead of
satisfying myself with a milk diet. I should un-
doubtedly become ill, and were I too persistent in my ancient regime, I should at last die off, as the Bourbons did.
LADY. You cannot dispute that your policy of milk diet a la tongue becomes exceedingly tedious. POLITICIAN (offended). If I had not been inter- rupted, I should have long ago exhausted my sub-
ject, and given place to somebody more enter-
taining.
LADY. Please do not take me seriously. I was
merely joking. On the contrary, I think you have
been very witty . . . for your age and position. POLITICIAN. So I say that we are at one with the
rest of Europe in the object of reforming Turkey on the lines of culture, and we have not at present,
nor can we ever have, any special independent
? 96 SOLOVIEV
policy.
It must, however, be admitted that on
account of our comparative backwardness in social
development, in industry and trade, the share of
Russia in this common cause of civilising the
Turkish Empire cannot at present be very great. The foremost importance which our country had as
a military State cannot, of course, be retained by us now. Predominance is not acquired for nothing; it mustbeearned. Weearnedourmilitaryimportance not by mere bluff, but by actual wars and victories. In the same way, our importance in the work of civilisation must be earned by actual labour and successes in peaceful callings. As the Turks had to fall back before our military victories, they will now retire before those who prove themselves to be
strongestinthesphereofpeacefulprogress. What is there left for us to do, in that case? You will
hardly meet anywhere now with that blatant insanity which believes that the mere ideal of the imaginary
raising of the cross on St. Sophia is a more powerful force in itself than is the actual superiority of the Germans.
GENERAL. The only thing is that this cross must not be a mere ideal.
POLITICIAN. But who will materialise it for you? So long as you have not found the means to do so, the only thing demanded by our national ambition
within the reasonable limits, of course, in which this feeling could be recognised at all is to double our efforts so that we could as quickly as possible
? PROGRESS 97
come into line with other nations in what we lag
behind them, and by doing so, gain the time and effort wasted on various Slav committees and similar
poisonous nonsense. Besides, if we are as yet powerless in Turkey, we are already capable of
playing a leading part in civilising Central Asia, and particularly the Far East, whither, it appears, the history of the world is transferring its centre of
gravity. Owing to her geographical situation, and
other advantageous conditions, Russia can do more
there than any other nation, except, of course,
England. It follows, then, that the object of our
policy in this respect must be to secure a permanent
and amiable understanding with England, so that our co-operation with her in the work of civilisation
may never change into a senseless hostility and
unworthy competition.
MR. Z. Unfortunately, some such transformation
always comes about with single individuals as much as with nations, as if it were a part of their
destiny.
POLITICIAN. It is true, they do happen. On the
other hand, I don't know of a single case in the life of men, or in the life of nations, when hostility and
envy displayed towards their coadjutors in a com- mon cause have ever helped to make any one of
themstronger,richer,andhappier. Thisuniversal
experience, to which not a single exception could be found, is being made use of by clever people. And I believe that such a clever nation as Russia
H
? 98 SOLOVIEV
will not fail to make use of it either. To quarrel with the English in the Far East why, this would be the most utter madness, not to speak of the in-
decency of indulging in domestic quarrels before
strangers. Or do you perhaps think that we are more closely related to the yellow-faced Chinese
than to the compatriots of Shakespeare and
Byron ?
MR. Z. It is a delicate question.
POLITICIAN. Then we'll leave it alone for a time. Here you have something else to consider. From what I have said before, you already know that I
recognise only two objects for the Russian policy : firstly, the maintenance of peace in Europe (for
every European war at the present stage of historical evolution would amount to an insane and criminal
internecine struggle); and secondly, the civilisation of the barbarian nations which are within the sphere
of our influence. Now, if you accept my point of view you will see that both these objects, apart from their intrinsic value, are strikingly connected with each other, serving to further the realisation of
each other, and that they are mutually interdepen- dentfortheirveryexistence. Itisobvious,indeed,
that if we really do all we can to give the benefits of civilisation to the barbaric countries, in which
work all Europe is equally interested, we draw to- gether the bonds of solidarity between ourselves and
other nations; whilst consolidating European unity we, by this very fact, strengthen our influence among
? PROGRESS 99
barbarous nations, as we thus leave them no hope of successful resistance. Don't you think that if the yellow man knew that all Europe were behind Russia,wecoulddoinAsiaanythingwewish? If, however, he saw that Europe were not behind Russia, but against her, he would not hesitate even to attack our frontiers, and we should have to defend ourselves on two fronts, over a line ten thousand
"
versts long. I do not believe in the Yellow
Peril," because I do not admit the possibility of a
Europeanwar. Butgiventhelatter,weshould,of
course, have to fear even the Mongolians. GENERAL. To you a European war or a Mon- golian invasion seems to be absolutely out of the
rangeofpossibility. ButImustconfessIhavevery "
little faith in your consolidarity of the European ""
nations and the coming peace of the world. " Somehow it seems to be highly unnatural, and ex-
ceedinglyunlikely. IntheoldChristmashymnyou
"
hear sung :
men. " This means that peace will reign on the earth only when goodwill is established among men. But where is this goodwill now? Have you ever seen it? To be quite frank, both you and I feel a
real and sincere goodwill only to one European
family, to feel that their benefit is our benefit, their "
pleasureisourpleasure sucha consolidarity,"as H2
Peace on earth and goodwill towards
power the principality of Monaco.
Inviolable, also, is our peace with it. To regard, however, the Germans or the English as members of our own
? 100 SOLOVIEV
you call it, with the European nations, I am sure, we shall never have.
"
POLITICIAN. Why we shall never have," when it
is already with us, when it is in the very nature of things? WeareatonewiththeEuropeanPowers for the simple reason that we are Europeans our- selves. This has been an accomplished fact since the eighteenth century, and neither the total lack of culture amongst the Russian masses, nor the unfor- tunate chimeras of the Slavophiles, will ever be able to alter it.
GENERAL. Well, but do the Europeans agree amongthemselves? TheFrenchwiththeGermans, for instance; the English with both of these? It is rumoured that even the Swedes and the Nor- wegians have somewhere lost their consolidarity !
POLITICIAN. What a forceful argument!
But what a pity it is that all its force rests on a defective basis on the total neglect of historical fact. I will
you
a " Would Moscow have been at question :
ask
one with Novgorod at the time of Ivan III. , or Ivan the Terrible? " Will you on the strength of this
deny the consolidarity of the Moscow and Novgorod provinces in the common interests of the State?
GENERAL. Oh, no; not at all. But this I will say : let us wait a little before declaring ourselves Euro-
peans
the European nations are as firmly bound together asourprovincesareintheRussianState. Youwill
surely not advise us to tear ourselves to pieces in
at least until that historic moment when all
? PROGRESS 101
working for our consolidarity with all other Euro- peans, when they themselves are at daggers drawn ?
" drawn !
you be saved from the necessity of tearing yourself to pieces between Norway and Sweden, but from doing so between France and Germany, and for the simple reason that they will never come to a rupture. Atpresentitseemstobeevident. OnlyinRussia
can you find a good many people still taking for France that insignificant group of adventurers who
should be, and must be, put in prison : let them there display their nationalism and preach a war
with Germany.
LADY. It would really be a very good thing if it
were only possible to put in prison all those who foment strife among the nations. But I think you
are wrong.
POLITICIAN. Of course, what I have said must be
taken cum grano sails. It is quite true that on the surface Europe has not yet become consolidated into one whole. But I still stand by my historical
analogy. For instance, in our country in the
sixteenth century, separation among various pro- vinces, though still present, was at its last gasp, whilst the unity of the State had long ago ceased to be a dream and was actually shaping itself into definite forms. So in a similar way in modern
Europe, though national antagonism is still existent, particularly amongst the ignorant masses and half-
POLITICIAN. You will have it "at
daggers Butyouneednotworry. Notonlywill
? 102 SOLOVIEV
educated politicians, it is not strong enough to transform itself into any considerable action : that
it will not go so far as to lead to a European war Iampositivelycertain. Astothegoodwillofwhich you are speaking, General, to tell you the truth I
fail to see it, not only amongst different nations, but within any nation itself, or even within single families. Ifyoudomeetitoccasionally,itdoesnot go farther than the first generation. Well then, what conclusion can be drawn from this ?
Certainly not that this supplies the reason for intestine wars
and fratricide. Similarly, in international relation- ships. The French and Germans may dislike each other if they wish, but let them abstain from actual fighting. Iamsurethattherewon'tbeany.
MR. Z. Thisisveryprobable. Butevenregard- ing Europe as one whole, we cannot conclude from
this that we ourselves are Europeans. You know there is an opinion, which has become fairly popular
during the last twenty years, that Europe, that is, the combination of all the German-Latin nations, is
really a distinct type characterised by political unanimity and by common culture and history; it is further maintained that we, Russians, do not belong to this group, but constitute a separate Greco- Slavonic type.
POLITICIAN. I have heard of this variety of Slavo- philism, and even have had occasion to speak with someofthoseholdingthisview. Now,thereisone thing I have noticed about this theory, and it seems
? PROGRESS 103
to me to give a decisive answer to the whole problem. It is a curious thing that all these gentle-
men who argue in glowing perorations against
Europe, and our being Europeans, can never be satisfied with the assumption of our Greco-Slavonic
origin, but must always plunge headlong into a belief in some sort of Chinaism, Buddhism, Tibet-
ism,andotherIndo-MongolianAsiaticisms. Their
alienation from Europe is directly proportional to their gravitation to Asia. Now, what does it all
mean? Let us admit that they are right in their
viewofEurope,thatsheisspirituallywrong. Why, however, this fatal running to the other extreme, to this aforesaid Asiaticism ? Ah ! And whither has the Greco-Slavonic nucleus vanished ?
No! tellme, where has it gone? Ah? And yet it is in that very nucleus that one would expect to find the very sub- stance of the thing ! Ah ? There you are, you see. You may drive nature out through the door, but she will get back through the window. And nature in this case is the fact that no independent Greco- Slavonic type of historic culture exists at all; but there has been, is, and always will be, Russia as the great borderland of Europe towards Asia. Such
being the actual position of our country, it is only too natural that it feels the influence of the Asiatic
element to a much greater extent than the rest of Europe, and this is all that makes up our imaginary
originality. Byzantium herself was original, not through anything of her own, but only because of an
? 104 SOLOVIEV
admixture of the Asiatic element. Whilst with us,
from time immemorial, and particularly since the days of the Mongolian yoke, this element has be- come a part of our nature, our second soul, so to speak, so that the Germans could say about us,
sighing as they did so :
"
Die eine will sich von der andern trennen. "
Zwei Seelen wohnen, ach ! in ihrer Brust
It is impossible for us to get rid of this second soul, nor is it desirable; for we owe a great deal to it. In order, however, that we may save ourselves from being torn to pieces in such a conflict, as is
suggested by the General, it has been necessary that one soul should establish a decisive supremacy
over the other, and it stands to reason that this soul should be the better of the two that it should develop an intellect which is really the more power- ful, the more capable of further progress, and the
more highly endowed with spiritual possibilities. Such supremacy was actually established at the time
of Peter the Great. But the ineradicable (though
finally overpowered) affinity of our soul with Asia even after that led certain minds into meaningless
dreams that some chimerical revision of the his- torical question would settle it once and for ever.
Hence Slavophilism, the theory of an original type of historical culture and all the rest of it. As a
matter of fact, we are irrevocably Europeans, but with an Asiatic sediment at the bottom of our soul.
To me it is clear even grammatically. What is
? PROGRESS 105
" Russian " in the grammatical sense ? An adjec- tive. But what is the noun to which it refers?
"
LADY. I think the noun is man.
man," the Russian
POLITICIAN. No, that is too general and indefinite. Red Indians and Eskimos are also men, but I can- not agree in regarding as my noun what is common to me and the Redskins and the Eskimos.
LADY. There are things, you know, which are common to all human beings : love, for instance.
POLITICIAN. Well, that is even more general,
How can I regard love as my specific property when I know that all other animals, and even mis-
creants, have it in their nature ?
MR. Z. The question is no doubt very com-
plicated. I am, for example, a man of meek character, and in love would be more at one with a
white or blue-grey dove than with the black Moor Othello, though he also is called a man.
GENERAL. At a certain age every sensible man
1
is at one with the white doves.
LADY. Whatever is this?
GENERAL. This pun is not for you, but only for
us with his Excellency.
POLITICIAN. Leave it alone, please, do leave it
alone. Treve de plaisanteries. Surely we are not on the stage of the Michael Theatre. I wished to
"
say that the correct noun for the adjective
Rus-
1""
White Doves is the name of a Russian religious sect
accused of immoral tendencies.
(Translator. )
? 106 SOLOVIEV
" " We are Russian sian is European. "
Europeans, as there are English, French, and German Euro-
peans. If I feel myself a European, would it not be stupid of me to argue that I am some Slavo-Russ
or Greco-Slav? I am as positively certain of being a European as I am of being a Russian. I can,
and perhaps even must, pity and protect every man,
"
Happy is he who shows mercy even to animals ; but I shall regard myself at one, of the same family, not with Zulus or Chinamen, but only with the nations and men who have created and preserved all those treasures of culture which form my spiritual food, and which afford me my
highest pleasures. Before everything else it was necessary that these chosen nations should form and
consolidate themselves, and should resist the on- slaught of the lower elements. For this, war was
necessaryandwarwasaholyenterprise. Atpresent they possess the necessary form and strength, and
there is nothing they need fear, except internal strife. Now the time has arrived for peace and the
peaceful expansion of European culture over all
as every animal too :
"
theworld. AllmustbecomeEuropeans. Theidea ""
expressedby European mustbeasall-embracing as that expressed by "man," and the idea of the
European civilised world identical with that of man- kind.
