crees a
commodity
denar, or a grain denar, and the significance escapes six hundred and more economists in a sequence of centuries"
205.
205.
A-Companion-to-the-Cantos-of-Ezra-Pound-II
MVB drew up a bill pro- posing a national treasury system and Cal~ houn endorsed it: "What the drawer thinks of the indorser, his cautious reserve and stif?
fled enmity prevent us from knowing.
But the frankness ?
of the indorser has not left us in the same ignorance with respect to his opinion of the drawer.
He has often ex~ pressed it upon the floor of the Senate.
On one occasion.
.
.
denying him any of the royal beast of the forest, he attributed to him those which belong to the most crafty, most skulking, and the meanest of the quad~ ruped tribe" [TYV, II, 101].
164. Firm taste . . . : Clay's own opinion of MVB is different: "I do not . . . share with [Calhoun] . . . in this opinion of the Presi- dent of the United States [MVB]. 1 have always found him . . . civil, courteous and
? 530
89/600
89/600
531
15-16]. MVB did not yield. He even man- aged to restore the situation and get federal notes issued backed by specie and taxes to resolve the crisis without rechartering the bank. But his acts were "political suicide. " In 1840 the bankers and their cohorts mounted "the most scurrilous and fradulent campaign against a Presidential incumbent in American history. " MVB was defeated by the innocuous Harrison, who would, they believed, restore the bank to power.
175. Had Crab . . . day: Pound's translation of Dante's "Sf che, se il Cancro avesse un tal cristallo, / L'inverno avrebbe un rnese d'un sol di" [Par. XXV, 101-102]. Guided by Beatrice, Dante comes to the Heaven of the fixed stars where he is questioned about his hopes. After his response, a splendid vision takes place in which the soul of St. John flashes across the heavens: "then one light among them shone out so bright that if the Crab had one such crystal, winter would have a month of one unbroken dayn [Singleton ] .
King we read: "The prosperity and unset- tledness of a State may arise from one man. The glory and tranquillity of a State also may perhaps arise from the excellence of one man" [Grieve, Pai, 4-2 & 3, 471, 492].
180. "even if . . . : Source unknown, but the idea applies in all the significant political struggles of Cantos 87-89.
181. M. Hottinguer . . . : [Hottenguer]. A month after the bank was declared insolvent, Biddle and others were indicted as criminals for lending $30 million in unrecoverable loans to their friends, supporters, and others, in contravention of the bank's charter. In trying to cover their tracks, they had sought to raise money abroad, especially with their agents in Paris and London. But the "state of the accounts of the bank with its agents abroad did not warrant any large drafts upon them, expecially that of the Messrs. Hottin- guer in Paris" [TYV, II, 370-372; 101-32].
as well as the multitude of other crimes the American bankers were guilty of, and almost sighs at the comparison: "For misappropri- ating sixty thousand dollars of one of their customers-using it [not to steal but] with- out his consent-these three great London bankers were sentenced to fourteen years' transportation: for misappropriating thirty- five millions, and sinking twenty-one millions more in other institutions) the wrong-doers go free in the United States"
[ibid. ] .
183. The sub-treasury: In place of renewing the bank charters, MVB had proposed a sub? treasury system that would perform the same services. To accomplish this, the Inde- pendent Treasurer Act was passed in 1840, MVB's last year in office. The first thing the Whig-dominated Congress of 1841 did waS repeal the act in a special session. But the regular session of that year revived it. Said Benton: "The measures passed, had no dura- tion . . . were repealed by the same congress that passed them. . . . The sub? treasury sys- tem, believed to have been put to death, came to life again" [TYV, 11,372-373].
184. Louis Philippe: Tyler, in his second annual message, proposed another scheme for a quasi-public agency to issue paper cur- rency. Benton opposed it and in doing so remarked on the soundness of French cur- rency: "And here let me do justice to the wisdom and firmness of the present king of the French. The Bank of France lately re- solved to reduce the minimiJm size of its notes to two hundred francs (say forty dol- lars). The king gave them notice that if they did it, the government would consider it an injury to the currency) and would take steps to correct the movement. The Bank re- scinded its resolution; and Louis Philippe . . . showed himself to be a patriot king"
[ibid. , 391].
185. From '34 . . . : In praising the success of the hard-money policy adopted, Benton said: "The long . . . struggle between paper money and gold was now [1842] verging to a crisis. The gold bill, rectifying the errone-
ous valuation of that metal, had passed in 1834: an influx of gold coin followed. In seven years the specie currency had gone up from twenty millions to one hundred. . . . There was as much as the current business of the country and of the federal government could use: for these 100 million . . . in every ten hands that they passed through, would do the business of one thousand millions"
[ibid. , 406].
186. "ad valorem": L, "in proportion to the value. " Tariffs were a longtime source of conflict between the North and the South. The North wanted them in order to protect their manufacturing interests. The South didn't because it decreased their markets. One plan was to go ~'to a uniform ad valo- rem duty of twenty per centum on all dutied articles. ') Those who knew could see this ploy would end in an increase in the tariff. Benton says: "The introduction of the uni- versal ad valorem the exception. " The trou- ble would be in hundred of customs officers trying to determine value, which would lead to legal actions: "So that this ad valorem system, besides its great expense, its chance for diversity of opinions among the ap-
praisers, and its openness to corruption, also gave rise to differences among the highest administrative and law officers of the gov- ernment, with resorts to courts of law, in nearly all of which the United States was the loser" [ibid. , 189-190].
187. Wright: Silas W. , 1795? 1847, U. S. sena- tor (1833-1844) and governor of New York (1844? 1846). Benton made a eulogy to the Senate in memory of Wright in which he
said: "His mind was clear and strong. . . . spoke to the head, not to the passions:
In 1844 he left the Senate, to stand for the governorship of New York; and never did his self-sacrificing temper undergo a stronger trial. . . . He liked the Senate: he disliked the governorship. . . . But it was said to him . . . that the State would be lost to Mr. Polk, unless Mr. Wright was associated with him in the canvass: and to this argument he yielded. He stood the canvass for the governorship- carried it-and Mr. Polk with him; and saved
176. mariners.
economic distress of the South vs. the North as partly due to the North's money, ship- ping) international trade) etc. : "continued unequal legislation in Congress; and in- creasing expenditures of the government, chiefly disbursed in the North, and defect of seamen in the South (for mariners cannot be made of slaves), all combined to retain the foreign trade" [TYV, II, 133].
177. Guinicelli: Guido G. [51: 1], a Ghibel- line poet from Bologna who was one of the most important influences on Cavalcanti and Dante. His most famous canzone ("AI Cor gentil ripara sempre Amore") has lines that Wilhelm translates: "Sun beats against the mud the livelong day; / Mud it remains; Sun does not lose its ray;" [JW,Medieval Song, 232; 51:2].
178. MrTyler: [37:39;87:13].
179. Ideogram: [M3016]: "one"; [M3097]: "man. " A rhyme with, "It may depend on one man" [86/563]. In the Shoo
: THB accounted the
. . .
though the indictment against Biddle and his
cohorts led to their arrest, they procured writs of habeas corpus and were "discharged in vacation by judges before whom they were brought. " Benton compares this action with the action involving much smaller bank crimes in London in 1855: "three of the greatest bankers in London are receiving sen- tence of transportation for fourteen years for offences, neither in money nor m-orals, the hundredth part of the ruin and crime perpetrated by our American bank-bearing the name of the United States. " Benton said, "The case presents too strong a contrast . . . to be omitted" So he doesn't: "one of them, Sir 10hn Paul, was a baronet by descent, and allied to some of the mghest nobility of England. He was first cousin to . . . Vicoun- tess Barrington, Lady Bloomfield; and, above all, the honorable Mrs. Villiers. . . . These connections. . . did not save them from a criminal trial and utter disgrace. . . . The defendants appeared in court, attended by Sir Frederick Thesiger . . . and other al- most equally eminent counsel. . . . " Benton thinks of the $30 million misappropriations
182. Vicountess
transportation: Al-
He . . .
? 532
89/600-601
89/601
533
the presidential election of that year" [ibid. , 701].
even became beggared in 1870 by an effort to build a railroad. But his wife gave him constant support. Although he was a contro- versial figure, he became a sort of folk hero by the end of his life and was known as "the Pathfinder. " He finally received a govern- ment pension just before his death. The canto line here refers to the attempt to stop Fremont's expedition because, as he said, "in addition to ordinary arms, I had taken a howitzer with me. " The plot was foiled when his wife didn't forward the dispatch [cf. 120above].
that . . .
"Charlemagne fights the Monopolists; he de?
crees a commodity denar, or a grain denar, and the significance escapes six hundred and more economists in a sequence of centuries"
205. "Perche . . . idee): I, "Why in order [do you wish to put your ideas]? " [87:4].
. . .
[Par. XX, 92; Par. XXIV, 66]. Translators
variously render it as "essence" or "quiddity. "
. . .
188. Quiditas
the word "quiditate" twice in the Commedia
: I,
"essence. "
Dante used
. . . Maria Theresia
[86:79].
189. Under head of
ton wrote about the navy's misappropriation of funds, saying that "the disorderly con~ duct of the Navy was notorious" and that its expenses in peace time (1843) were greater than they were during the war with England. Furthermore: "The honorable member
of Georgia]
[Meriwether
under the head of medicine there had been purchased out of the same funds, whiskey, coal, clothing, spirits, harness, stationery, hay, corn, oats, stoves, beef, mutton, fish, bread, charcoal . . . and purchases of all arti- cles were . . . made from particular persons, and double prices paid" [TYV, II, 484-485].
190. 8 . . . 'iOf": H, "of men he saw" rOd. I, 3]. The whole line translates: "and he saw the cities of many men, and knew their minds" [12:7].
191. Fremont . . . : John Charles F. , 1813? 1890, born in Savannah, Ga. , the son of a French refugee. Attended Charleston Col? lege, taught math to naval cadets, and in 1838 was introduced to the West as a mem~ ber of a surveying team. He eloped with Jessie Benton, daughter of THB, who be? came reconciled to him later and helped secure him command of several expeditions-Des Moines River, Rocky Mts. , Oregon, and California. In 1845 when the Mexican War was brewing, he raised the re- volt against the Mexican authorities in Cali- fornia and was court-martialed and found guilty of disobeying orders. President Polk pardoned him and in 1848 he was back on the exploration trail. He served briefly (1850? 1851) as U. S. Senator from California and was even chosen by the RepubHcans as their presidential candidate in 1856. He lost, though he was considered a national hero. From that moment his fortune declined; he
193. der Schwiegersohn: G, "the son? in? law. " After the investigation was over they started to discuss politics. It was the brother-in-law who came in on the conver- sation.
194. "Was sagt er? ": G, "What does he say? "
195. Der Jud will Geld: G, "The Jew wants money. "
210. Wd / [86:8].
have packed
Hamburg . . . :
"medicine"
: Ben?
showed . . . that
by the
192. So
Pound left Rome and traveled north? to Gais to see his daughter, Mary, who was being brought up by Mr. and Mrs. Marcher. The villagers were suspicious of an American from Italy saying he was Mary's father so they formed a committee that came to the Marcher home to ask questions. The Mar- chers were frightened of men entering with rifles [M de R. , Discretions, 190? 192].
203. Hansa: Del Mar: "far more impor? tant . . . was the Hansa established at a very
204. forged Donation . . . : The Donation o f Constantine is one of the most famous forg- eries employed in the struggles for power between the Eastern and Western empires. Written around the mid 8th century, it be~
came incorporated as a part of the Pseudo~ Isidorian Decretals and thence, in part, got into most medieval collections of canon law. The Donation purports that "Constantine the Great, reciting his baptism and the cure of his leprosy at the hands of Sylvester, Bishop of Rome 314? 336, confirmed the privilege of that pontiff as head of all the
clergy and supreme over the other four patri- archates . . . it tells how he, Constantine, re- cognized the superior dignity of the Pope by holding the bridle of his horse. . . . This reo markable document was almost universally accepted as genuine from the ninth to the fifteenth century" [Coleman, Donation, 1? 2]. Del Mar believes the forgery was the Latin bishop's attempt to wrest authority from both Charlemagne and the basileus in
the East: the documents "purported to be a donation from Constantine I, to the Bishop of Rome, of both the spiritual and temporal dominion of the western world" [Middle Ages Revisited, 200? 201].
Geld:
After
Sept. 1943
196. "Neither . . .
"gists" under the heading "LAW" says: "The right aim of law is to prevent coercion either by force or fraud" [SP, 355].
197. lI. efW1) . . . jury: H, "Athena" [87 :40j.
198. Ideogram: Tuan [M6541], "principles; doctrines. " The four basic cornerstones of Confucianism: "love, duty, propriety, wis- dom" [85:33].
199. Ideogram: Chen [M346], "upright. "
200. ataraxia: L, "undisturbed in mind or by passion. "
201. From Charlemagne's . . . : Said Pound:
211. young Windsor: [86:47].
212. Image (Selwyn): A well? known literary figure in Pound's early years in London who talked to him about Paris, "Old Verlaine," stained glass, and presumably Ruskin. In a letter home, 21 Feb. 1909, he said, "I think the Shakespears and Selwyn Image are about the most worth while out of the lot I have come across" [NS, Life, 94].
? 213. Ruskin: John R. , 1819? 1900, whose writings, such as The Political Economy of Art (1857), would be certain to interest Pound [see Robert Faulkner Casillo, "The Para11el Design in John Ruskin and Ezra Pound," Ph. D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins,
1978, University Microfilms International 78? 6240].
214. Tasso: Torquato T. , 1544? 1595, Italian poet, author of Jerusalem Delivered (1575).
fraud:
One of
Pound's
[GK,47].
. . . was Austria. . . .
we11? founded
tion,23].
specie
[Money and
. . .
sively used in
Besides furthering trade relations, the advan- tages of the coin itself were very helpful for its distribution. . . . The picture of the Em? press . . . was artistically valuable . . . . Until recently, Austria provided parts of Africa with newly minted Maria Theresia thalers, and only last year [1935] . . . they were in circulation in Abyssinia" (Maria Theresia,
347? 348; cf. 226 below].
207. The Emperor's furrow: [53:122; 86:78].
208. Antoninus: [46:42; 78:56; GK, 40-41].
209. Rock Drill: Pound took the name from a review by Wyndham Lewis entitled "The Rock. Drill," which Lewis quite likely de? rived from an Epstein sculpture [Korg, Pai, 4? 2 & 3, 301? 313].
202. Venice
tory of Venice commences with the reo- pening of the Suez route to India" After that its commerce developed because of
: Del Mar
his?
Civiliza?
said: "The
pagan Goths. . . . The
early epoch
Christian Hansa was the earliest trade cor- poration" [Del Mar, HMS, 264?
164. Firm taste . . . : Clay's own opinion of MVB is different: "I do not . . . share with [Calhoun] . . . in this opinion of the Presi- dent of the United States [MVB]. 1 have always found him . . . civil, courteous and
? 530
89/600
89/600
531
15-16]. MVB did not yield. He even man- aged to restore the situation and get federal notes issued backed by specie and taxes to resolve the crisis without rechartering the bank. But his acts were "political suicide. " In 1840 the bankers and their cohorts mounted "the most scurrilous and fradulent campaign against a Presidential incumbent in American history. " MVB was defeated by the innocuous Harrison, who would, they believed, restore the bank to power.
175. Had Crab . . . day: Pound's translation of Dante's "Sf che, se il Cancro avesse un tal cristallo, / L'inverno avrebbe un rnese d'un sol di" [Par. XXV, 101-102]. Guided by Beatrice, Dante comes to the Heaven of the fixed stars where he is questioned about his hopes. After his response, a splendid vision takes place in which the soul of St. John flashes across the heavens: "then one light among them shone out so bright that if the Crab had one such crystal, winter would have a month of one unbroken dayn [Singleton ] .
King we read: "The prosperity and unset- tledness of a State may arise from one man. The glory and tranquillity of a State also may perhaps arise from the excellence of one man" [Grieve, Pai, 4-2 & 3, 471, 492].
180. "even if . . . : Source unknown, but the idea applies in all the significant political struggles of Cantos 87-89.
181. M. Hottinguer . . . : [Hottenguer]. A month after the bank was declared insolvent, Biddle and others were indicted as criminals for lending $30 million in unrecoverable loans to their friends, supporters, and others, in contravention of the bank's charter. In trying to cover their tracks, they had sought to raise money abroad, especially with their agents in Paris and London. But the "state of the accounts of the bank with its agents abroad did not warrant any large drafts upon them, expecially that of the Messrs. Hottin- guer in Paris" [TYV, II, 370-372; 101-32].
as well as the multitude of other crimes the American bankers were guilty of, and almost sighs at the comparison: "For misappropri- ating sixty thousand dollars of one of their customers-using it [not to steal but] with- out his consent-these three great London bankers were sentenced to fourteen years' transportation: for misappropriating thirty- five millions, and sinking twenty-one millions more in other institutions) the wrong-doers go free in the United States"
[ibid. ] .
183. The sub-treasury: In place of renewing the bank charters, MVB had proposed a sub? treasury system that would perform the same services. To accomplish this, the Inde- pendent Treasurer Act was passed in 1840, MVB's last year in office. The first thing the Whig-dominated Congress of 1841 did waS repeal the act in a special session. But the regular session of that year revived it. Said Benton: "The measures passed, had no dura- tion . . . were repealed by the same congress that passed them. . . . The sub? treasury sys- tem, believed to have been put to death, came to life again" [TYV, 11,372-373].
184. Louis Philippe: Tyler, in his second annual message, proposed another scheme for a quasi-public agency to issue paper cur- rency. Benton opposed it and in doing so remarked on the soundness of French cur- rency: "And here let me do justice to the wisdom and firmness of the present king of the French. The Bank of France lately re- solved to reduce the minimiJm size of its notes to two hundred francs (say forty dol- lars). The king gave them notice that if they did it, the government would consider it an injury to the currency) and would take steps to correct the movement. The Bank re- scinded its resolution; and Louis Philippe . . . showed himself to be a patriot king"
[ibid. , 391].
185. From '34 . . . : In praising the success of the hard-money policy adopted, Benton said: "The long . . . struggle between paper money and gold was now [1842] verging to a crisis. The gold bill, rectifying the errone-
ous valuation of that metal, had passed in 1834: an influx of gold coin followed. In seven years the specie currency had gone up from twenty millions to one hundred. . . . There was as much as the current business of the country and of the federal government could use: for these 100 million . . . in every ten hands that they passed through, would do the business of one thousand millions"
[ibid. , 406].
186. "ad valorem": L, "in proportion to the value. " Tariffs were a longtime source of conflict between the North and the South. The North wanted them in order to protect their manufacturing interests. The South didn't because it decreased their markets. One plan was to go ~'to a uniform ad valo- rem duty of twenty per centum on all dutied articles. ') Those who knew could see this ploy would end in an increase in the tariff. Benton says: "The introduction of the uni- versal ad valorem the exception. " The trou- ble would be in hundred of customs officers trying to determine value, which would lead to legal actions: "So that this ad valorem system, besides its great expense, its chance for diversity of opinions among the ap-
praisers, and its openness to corruption, also gave rise to differences among the highest administrative and law officers of the gov- ernment, with resorts to courts of law, in nearly all of which the United States was the loser" [ibid. , 189-190].
187. Wright: Silas W. , 1795? 1847, U. S. sena- tor (1833-1844) and governor of New York (1844? 1846). Benton made a eulogy to the Senate in memory of Wright in which he
said: "His mind was clear and strong. . . . spoke to the head, not to the passions:
In 1844 he left the Senate, to stand for the governorship of New York; and never did his self-sacrificing temper undergo a stronger trial. . . . He liked the Senate: he disliked the governorship. . . . But it was said to him . . . that the State would be lost to Mr. Polk, unless Mr. Wright was associated with him in the canvass: and to this argument he yielded. He stood the canvass for the governorship- carried it-and Mr. Polk with him; and saved
176. mariners.
economic distress of the South vs. the North as partly due to the North's money, ship- ping) international trade) etc. : "continued unequal legislation in Congress; and in- creasing expenditures of the government, chiefly disbursed in the North, and defect of seamen in the South (for mariners cannot be made of slaves), all combined to retain the foreign trade" [TYV, II, 133].
177. Guinicelli: Guido G. [51: 1], a Ghibel- line poet from Bologna who was one of the most important influences on Cavalcanti and Dante. His most famous canzone ("AI Cor gentil ripara sempre Amore") has lines that Wilhelm translates: "Sun beats against the mud the livelong day; / Mud it remains; Sun does not lose its ray;" [JW,Medieval Song, 232; 51:2].
178. MrTyler: [37:39;87:13].
179. Ideogram: [M3016]: "one"; [M3097]: "man. " A rhyme with, "It may depend on one man" [86/563]. In the Shoo
: THB accounted the
. . .
though the indictment against Biddle and his
cohorts led to their arrest, they procured writs of habeas corpus and were "discharged in vacation by judges before whom they were brought. " Benton compares this action with the action involving much smaller bank crimes in London in 1855: "three of the greatest bankers in London are receiving sen- tence of transportation for fourteen years for offences, neither in money nor m-orals, the hundredth part of the ruin and crime perpetrated by our American bank-bearing the name of the United States. " Benton said, "The case presents too strong a contrast . . . to be omitted" So he doesn't: "one of them, Sir 10hn Paul, was a baronet by descent, and allied to some of the mghest nobility of England. He was first cousin to . . . Vicoun- tess Barrington, Lady Bloomfield; and, above all, the honorable Mrs. Villiers. . . . These connections. . . did not save them from a criminal trial and utter disgrace. . . . The defendants appeared in court, attended by Sir Frederick Thesiger . . . and other al- most equally eminent counsel. . . . " Benton thinks of the $30 million misappropriations
182. Vicountess
transportation: Al-
He . . .
? 532
89/600-601
89/601
533
the presidential election of that year" [ibid. , 701].
even became beggared in 1870 by an effort to build a railroad. But his wife gave him constant support. Although he was a contro- versial figure, he became a sort of folk hero by the end of his life and was known as "the Pathfinder. " He finally received a govern- ment pension just before his death. The canto line here refers to the attempt to stop Fremont's expedition because, as he said, "in addition to ordinary arms, I had taken a howitzer with me. " The plot was foiled when his wife didn't forward the dispatch [cf. 120above].
that . . .
"Charlemagne fights the Monopolists; he de?
crees a commodity denar, or a grain denar, and the significance escapes six hundred and more economists in a sequence of centuries"
205. "Perche . . . idee): I, "Why in order [do you wish to put your ideas]? " [87:4].
. . .
[Par. XX, 92; Par. XXIV, 66]. Translators
variously render it as "essence" or "quiddity. "
. . .
188. Quiditas
the word "quiditate" twice in the Commedia
: I,
"essence. "
Dante used
. . . Maria Theresia
[86:79].
189. Under head of
ton wrote about the navy's misappropriation of funds, saying that "the disorderly con~ duct of the Navy was notorious" and that its expenses in peace time (1843) were greater than they were during the war with England. Furthermore: "The honorable member
of Georgia]
[Meriwether
under the head of medicine there had been purchased out of the same funds, whiskey, coal, clothing, spirits, harness, stationery, hay, corn, oats, stoves, beef, mutton, fish, bread, charcoal . . . and purchases of all arti- cles were . . . made from particular persons, and double prices paid" [TYV, II, 484-485].
190. 8 . . . 'iOf": H, "of men he saw" rOd. I, 3]. The whole line translates: "and he saw the cities of many men, and knew their minds" [12:7].
191. Fremont . . . : John Charles F. , 1813? 1890, born in Savannah, Ga. , the son of a French refugee. Attended Charleston Col? lege, taught math to naval cadets, and in 1838 was introduced to the West as a mem~ ber of a surveying team. He eloped with Jessie Benton, daughter of THB, who be? came reconciled to him later and helped secure him command of several expeditions-Des Moines River, Rocky Mts. , Oregon, and California. In 1845 when the Mexican War was brewing, he raised the re- volt against the Mexican authorities in Cali- fornia and was court-martialed and found guilty of disobeying orders. President Polk pardoned him and in 1848 he was back on the exploration trail. He served briefly (1850? 1851) as U. S. Senator from California and was even chosen by the RepubHcans as their presidential candidate in 1856. He lost, though he was considered a national hero. From that moment his fortune declined; he
193. der Schwiegersohn: G, "the son? in? law. " After the investigation was over they started to discuss politics. It was the brother-in-law who came in on the conver- sation.
194. "Was sagt er? ": G, "What does he say? "
195. Der Jud will Geld: G, "The Jew wants money. "
210. Wd / [86:8].
have packed
Hamburg . . . :
"medicine"
: Ben?
showed . . . that
by the
192. So
Pound left Rome and traveled north? to Gais to see his daughter, Mary, who was being brought up by Mr. and Mrs. Marcher. The villagers were suspicious of an American from Italy saying he was Mary's father so they formed a committee that came to the Marcher home to ask questions. The Mar- chers were frightened of men entering with rifles [M de R. , Discretions, 190? 192].
203. Hansa: Del Mar: "far more impor? tant . . . was the Hansa established at a very
204. forged Donation . . . : The Donation o f Constantine is one of the most famous forg- eries employed in the struggles for power between the Eastern and Western empires. Written around the mid 8th century, it be~
came incorporated as a part of the Pseudo~ Isidorian Decretals and thence, in part, got into most medieval collections of canon law. The Donation purports that "Constantine the Great, reciting his baptism and the cure of his leprosy at the hands of Sylvester, Bishop of Rome 314? 336, confirmed the privilege of that pontiff as head of all the
clergy and supreme over the other four patri- archates . . . it tells how he, Constantine, re- cognized the superior dignity of the Pope by holding the bridle of his horse. . . . This reo markable document was almost universally accepted as genuine from the ninth to the fifteenth century" [Coleman, Donation, 1? 2]. Del Mar believes the forgery was the Latin bishop's attempt to wrest authority from both Charlemagne and the basileus in
the East: the documents "purported to be a donation from Constantine I, to the Bishop of Rome, of both the spiritual and temporal dominion of the western world" [Middle Ages Revisited, 200? 201].
Geld:
After
Sept. 1943
196. "Neither . . .
"gists" under the heading "LAW" says: "The right aim of law is to prevent coercion either by force or fraud" [SP, 355].
197. lI. efW1) . . . jury: H, "Athena" [87 :40j.
198. Ideogram: Tuan [M6541], "principles; doctrines. " The four basic cornerstones of Confucianism: "love, duty, propriety, wis- dom" [85:33].
199. Ideogram: Chen [M346], "upright. "
200. ataraxia: L, "undisturbed in mind or by passion. "
201. From Charlemagne's . . . : Said Pound:
211. young Windsor: [86:47].
212. Image (Selwyn): A well? known literary figure in Pound's early years in London who talked to him about Paris, "Old Verlaine," stained glass, and presumably Ruskin. In a letter home, 21 Feb. 1909, he said, "I think the Shakespears and Selwyn Image are about the most worth while out of the lot I have come across" [NS, Life, 94].
? 213. Ruskin: John R. , 1819? 1900, whose writings, such as The Political Economy of Art (1857), would be certain to interest Pound [see Robert Faulkner Casillo, "The Para11el Design in John Ruskin and Ezra Pound," Ph. D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins,
1978, University Microfilms International 78? 6240].
214. Tasso: Torquato T. , 1544? 1595, Italian poet, author of Jerusalem Delivered (1575).
fraud:
One of
Pound's
[GK,47].
. . . was Austria. . . .
we11? founded
tion,23].
specie
[Money and
. . .
sively used in
Besides furthering trade relations, the advan- tages of the coin itself were very helpful for its distribution. . . . The picture of the Em? press . . . was artistically valuable . . . . Until recently, Austria provided parts of Africa with newly minted Maria Theresia thalers, and only last year [1935] . . . they were in circulation in Abyssinia" (Maria Theresia,
347? 348; cf. 226 below].
207. The Emperor's furrow: [53:122; 86:78].
208. Antoninus: [46:42; 78:56; GK, 40-41].
209. Rock Drill: Pound took the name from a review by Wyndham Lewis entitled "The Rock. Drill," which Lewis quite likely de? rived from an Epstein sculpture [Korg, Pai, 4? 2 & 3, 301? 313].
202. Venice
tory of Venice commences with the reo- pening of the Suez route to India" After that its commerce developed because of
: Del Mar
his?
Civiliza?
said: "The
pagan Goths. . . . The
early epoch
Christian Hansa was the earliest trade cor- poration" [Del Mar, HMS, 264?
