He was born in the Asiatic por- Palamas and his friends tried first of all to
tion of the now reduced Byzantine empire, and was silence the reproaches of Barlaam by friendly re-
educated at the court of Constantinople, apparently monstrance, and affirmed that as to the mystical
during the reign of Andronicus Palaeologus the elder.
tion of the now reduced Byzantine empire, and was silence the reproaches of Barlaam by friendly re-
educated at the court of Constantinople, apparently monstrance, and affirmed that as to the mystical
during the reign of Andronicus Palaeologus the elder.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
pp.
85, 375,
deities or dolphins. (Philostr. Icon. ii. 16. ) The ed. Westermann. ) [ABYDENUS. ]
Romans identified Palaemon with their own god 4. An Egyptian or Athenian, and a grammarian,
Portunus, or Portumnus. (PORTUNUS. ]
as he is described by Suidas, who assigns to him
2. A son of Hephaestus, or Aetolus, or Lernus, the following works: (1) AiyuttiaKT Deologia
was one of the Argonauts. (Apollod. i. 9. 8 16; (2) Μυθικών βιβλίον α'. (3) Λύσεις των μυθι-
Apollon. R! od. i. 202 ; Orph. Argon. 208. ) κώς ειρημένων. (4) Υποθέσεις είς Σιμωνίδην.
3. A son of Heracles by Autonoe, the daughter (5) Tpwirá, which some however attributed to the
of Peireus, or by Iphinoe, the daughter of Antaeus. Athenian [No. 1), and others to the Parian (No.
(Apollod. ii. 7. $ 8; Tzetz. ad Lyc. 662. )
2). He also wrote (6) 'lotopia idia. It has been
4. One of the sons of Priam. (Hygin. Fab. supposed that the Mudiká and the núveis are one
90. )
(L. S. ) and the same work; but we have no certain in-
PALAEMON, Q. RE'MMIUS, a celebrated formation on the point. Of these works the Tpwirá
grammarian in the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, and seems to have been the most celebrated, as we find
Claudius, is placed by Jerome (ad Euseb. ) in the it frequently referred to by the ancient gramma-
eighth year of the reign of Claudius, A. D. 48. He rians. It contained apparently geographical and
was a native of Vicentia (Vicenza), in the north of historical discussions respecting Asia Minor and
Italy, and was originally a slave ; but having been more particularly its northern coasts, and must have
:
manumitted, he opened a school at Rome, where he been divided into several books. (Comp. Suidas,
became the most celebrated grammarian of his time, s. v. Makpoképalos ; Steph. Byz. s. v. Xapusta;
and obtained great numbers of pupils, though his Harpocrat. s. 0. Avoavans. )
moral character was so infamous that Tiberius and There is extant a small work entitled Talaioa-
Claudius used to say that there was no one to τος περί απίστων, or Concerning Incredible
whom the training of youths ought so little to be Tales,” giving a brief account of some of the most
entrusted. Suetonius gives rather a long account celebrated Greek legends. That this is merely an
of him (de Illustr. Gram. 23), and he is also men- abstract of a much larger work is erident from
tioned by Juvenal on two occasions (vi. 451, vii. 251 many considerations ; first, because Suidas speaks
- 219). From the scholiast on Juvenal (vi. 45l) we of it as consisting of five books (see abore, No. 2];
learn that Palaemon was the master of Quintilian. secondly, because many of the ancient writers refer
t
## p. 89 (#105) #############################################
ATUS.
-aldatos), the name of
s, who, however, seems
persons and writings
E, to whom a mythical
ing to some he was a
ccording to others of
according to a third
me at which he lived
to have been usual.
FONOE), though soine
earlier date. He is
Anth. Graec i p. 27,
crowned with laurel
φατος έπρεπε μάντις
μαντίδια φωνήν.
es of the following
ave dè (1) KOTLO
Suvos kal 'Apréuides
και Έρωτος φανές
έμιν και Ποσειδών-
by
in the time of Ar-
him the five bois
persons assigned
Athens. This is
and is spoken of
στορικός), lived in
, and is stated to
the philosopher
es the authority of
and of Theodorus
Saidas gives the
of Palaepbatus:
Αραβικά.
Some
tus of Abydus is
Issyrian history,
I which is quoted
There can, hor.
s is the name of
taken from his
C. PP. 85, 375,
a grammarian,
assigns to him
ZKT) 3eologia
εις των μιθ-
's Stations.
cibuted to be
Parian (la
It has been
bonis are one
o certain in-
is the Tpaixí
PALA EPHATUS.
PALAEPHATUS.
89
to Palaephatus for statements which are not found | all nor rejecting all ; accordinglr, he had taken
in the treatise now extant; and thirdly, because great pains to separate the true from the false in
the manuscripts exhibit it in various forms, the many of the narratives ; he had visited the locali-
abridgement being sometimes briefer and sometimes ties wherein they had taken place, and made care.
longer. It was doubtless the original work to ful inquiries from old men and others. The results
which Virgil refers (Ciris, 88):
of his researches are presented in a new version of
“ Docta Palaephatia testatur voce papyrus. "
fifty legends, among the most celebrated and the
most fabulous, comprising the Centaurs, Pasiphae,
Respecting the author of the original work there Actaeon, Cadmus and the Sparti, the Sphinx,
is however much dispute, and we must be content Cycnus, Daedalus, the Trojan horre, Aeolus, Scylla,
to leave the matter in uncertainty. Some of the Geryon, Bellerophon, &c. It must be confessed
earliest modern writers on Greek literature assigned that Palaephatus has performed his promise of
the work to the ancient epic poet (No. 1); but transforming the • Incredibilia' into narratives in
this untenable supposition was soon abandoned, themselves plausible and unobjectionable, and that
and the work was then ascribed to the Parian, as in doing so he always follows some thread of ana-
it is by Suidas. But if this Palaephatus was the logy, real or verbal. The Centaurs (he tells us)
contemporary of Artaxerxes as Suidas asserts, it were a body of young men from the village of
is inipossible to believe that the myths could have Nephele in Thessaly, who first trained and mounted
been treated at so early a period in the rationalizing horses for the purpose of repelling a herd of bulls
way in which we find them discussed in the extant belonging to Ixion, king of the Lapithae, which
epitome. In addition to which we find the ancient had run wild and did great damage : they pursued
writers calling the author sometimes a peripatetic these wild bulls on horseback, and pierced them
and sometimes a stoic philosopher (Theon, Progyınn. with their spears, thus acquiring both the name of
6, 12; Tzetzes, Chil. ix. 273, x. 20), from which Prickers (Kévtopes) and the imputed attribute of
we must conclude, if these designations are correct, joint body with the horse. Actaeon was an Arca-
that he must bave lived after the time of Alexan- dian, who neglected the cultivation of his land for
der the Great, and could not therefore even have the pleasures of hunting, and was thus eaten up by
been the native of Abydus (No. 3), as others have the expense of his hounds. The dragon whom
maintained. It is thus impossible to identify the Cadmus killed at Thebes, was in reality Draco,
author of the work with any of the three persons king of Thebes ; and the dragon's teeth, which he
just mentioned ; but from his adopting the rational- was said to have sown, and from whence sprung a
istic interpretation of the myths, he must be looked crop of armed men, were in point of fact elephant's
upon as a disciple of Evemerus (EVEMERUS), and teeth, which Cadmus, as a rich Phoenician, had
may thus have been an Alexandrine Greek, and brought over with him: the sons of Draco sold
the same person as the grammarian spoken of by these elephants' teeth, and employed the proceeds
Suidas, who calls him an Egyptian or Athenian. to levy troops against Cadmus. Daedalus, instead
[No. 4. )
of flying across the sea on wings, had escaped from
The work Tepl aniotwv consists of 51 sections, Crete in a swift-sailing boat under a violent storm.
of which only the first 46 contain explanations Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges were not persons with
of the myths. The remaining five sections are one hundred hands, but inhabitants of the village
written in an entirely different style, without of Hecatoncheiria in Upper Macedonia, who warred
any expression of distrust or disbelief as to the with the inhabitants of Mount Olympus against
common form of the myth ; and as they are want-
;
the Titans. Scylla, whom Odysseus 80 narrowly
ing in all manuscripts at present extant, they are escaped, was a fast-sailing piratical vessel, as was
probably the work of another hand. In the first also Pegasus, the alleged winged horse of Belle-
46 sections Palaephatus generally relates in a few rophon. By such ingenious conjectures, Palaephatus
lines the common form of the myth, introducing it eliminates all the incredible circumstances, and
with some such words as paolo ws, dévetai ws, leaves to us a string of tales perfectly credible and
&c. ; he then expresses his disbelief, and finally common-place, which we should readily believe,
proceeds to give what he considers a rational ac provided a very moderate amount of testimony
count of the matter. The nature of the work is could be produced in their favour. If his treat-
well characterised by Mr. Grote (Hist. of Greece,ment not only disenchants the original myths, but
vol. i. p. 553, &c. ):-“ Another author who seems even effaces their generic and essential character,
to have conceived clearly, and applied consistently, we ought to remember that this is not more than
the semi-historical theory of the Grecian myths, is what is done by Thucydides in his sketch of the
Palaephatus. In the short preface of his treatise Trojan war. Palaephatus handles the myths con-
• Concerning Incredible Tales,' he remarks, that sistently, according to the semi-historical theory,
some men, from want of instruction, believe all the and his results exhibit the maximum which that
current narratives ; while others, more searching theory can ever present : by aid of conjecture we
and cautious, disbelieve them altogether. Each of get out of the impossible and arrive at matters in-
these extremes he is anxious to avoid : on the one trinsically plausible, but totally uncertified ; be-
hand, he thinks that no parrative could ever have yond this point we cannot penetrate, without the
acquired credence unless it had been founded in light of extrinsic evidence, since there is no intrinsic
truth ; on the other, it is impossible for him to mark to distinguish truth from plausible fiction. ”
accept so much of the existing narratives as conflicts It has been already remarked that the manu-
with the analogies of present natural phaenomena. scripts of the Dep! 'ATIOTwv present the greatest
If such things ever bad been, they would still con- discrepancies, in some the work being much longer
tinue to be — but they never have so occurred; and and in others much shorter. The printed editions
the extra-analogical features of the stories are to be in like manner vary considerably. It was first
ascribed to the licence of the poets. Palaephatus printed by Aldus Manutius, together with Aesop,
wisbes to adopt a middle course, neither accepting | Phurnutus, and other writers, Venice, 1505, fol. ,
1, as we find
nt gramma-
aphical and
jlinor and
d must bare
mp Suidas
Χαριμάται ;
I dziaies
Incredible
of the most
merely an
dent from
das speaks
e, No. 2;
riters reíes
## p. 90 (#106) #############################################
90
PALAMAS.
PALAMAS.
and has since that time been frequently reprinted. ments were accustomed to shut themselves up for
The following is a list of the principal editions :— days and nights together in a corner of their cell,
By Tollius, with a Latin translation and notes, and abstracting their thoughts from all worldly
Amsterdam, 1619; by Martin Brunner, Upsala, objects, and resting their beards on their chest,
1663, which edition was reprinted with improve and fixing their eyes on their bellies, imagined
ments under the care of Paulus Pater, Frankfort, that the seat of the soul, previously unknown, was
1685, 1686, or 1687, for these three years appear on revealed to them by a mystical light, at the dis
different title pages ; by Thomas Gale in the Opus-covery of which they were rapt into a state of
cula Mythologicu, Cambridge, 1670, reprinted at extatic enjoyment. The existence of this ligh,
Amsterdam, 1688 ; by Dresig, Leipzig, 1735, well described by Gibbon as “the creature of an
which edition was frequently reprinted under the empty stomach and an empty brain," appears to
care of J. F. Fischer, who improved it very much, have been kept secret by the monks, and was only
and who published a sixth edition at Leipzig, 1789; revealed to Barlaam by an incautious monk, whom
by J. H. M. Ernesti, for the use of schools, Leipzig. Cantacuzenus abuses for his communicativeness, as
1816. The best edition of the text is by Wester-being scarcely above the level of the brutes. Bar-
mann, in the "Muévypápou: Scriptores Poëticae lam eagerly laid hold of the opportunity afforded
Historiae Graeci," Brunswick, 1843, pp. 268— by the discovery to assail with bitter reproaches the
310. (Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. vol. i. p. 182, &c. ; fanaticism of these Hesychasts (nouxácortes) or
Voss. de Hist. Gracc. p. 478, ed. Westerinann ; Quietists, calling them 'Ouparówuxou, Omphalopsy
Westermann, Praefutio ad Muboypápous, p. xi. chi, “ men with souls in their navels," and identi-
&c. ; Eckstein, in Ersch and Gruber's Encyklopä- fying them with the Massalians or Euchites of the
die, art. Paläphatus. )
fourth century. The monks were roused by these
PALAESTI'NUS (Palaiotivos), a son of Po- attacks, and as Gregory Palamas was eminent
Beidon and father of Haliacmon. From grief at among them for his intellectual powers and attain-
the death of his son, Palaestinus threw himself ments, they put him forward as their champion, both
into the river, which was called after him Palaes- with his tongue and pen, against the attacks of the
tinus, and subsequently Strymon. (Plut. De Fluv. sarcastic Calabrian. (Cantacuz. l. c. ; Niceph. Greg.
11. )
(L. S. ] Hist. Byz. xi. 10; Mosheim, Eccles. Hist. by Mur-
*PA'LAMAS, GREGORIUS (Tonyópios ó doch and Soames, book iii. cent. xiv. pt. i. ch. v.
Malapās), an eminent Greek ecclesiastic of the $1, &c. ; Gibbon, Dec. and Full, c. 63. )
fourteenth century.
He was born in the Asiatic por- Palamas and his friends tried first of all to
tion of the now reduced Byzantine empire, and was silence the reproaches of Barlaam by friendly re-
educated at the court of Constantinople, apparently monstrance, and affirmed that as to the mystical
during the reign of Andronicus Palaeologus the elder. light which beamed round the saints in their
Despising, however, all the prospects of worldly seasons of contemplation, there had been various
greatness, of which his parentage and wealth, and similar instances in the history of the church of a
the imperial favour gave him the prospect, he, divine lustre surrounding the saints in time of
with his two brothers, while yet very young, be- persecution; and that Sacred History recorded the
came monks in one of the monasteries of Mount appearance of a divine and uncreated light at the
Athos. Here the youngest of the three died ; Saviour's transfiguration on mount Tabor. Barlaam
and upon the death of the superior of the mo- caught at the mention of this light as uncreated,
nastery in which the brothers were, which fol. and affirmed that nothing was uncreated but God,
lowed soon after the death of the youngest brother, and that inasmuch as God was invisible while
the two survivors placed themselves under another the light of Mount Tabor was visible to the bodily
superior, with whom they remained eight years, eye, the monks must have two Gods, one the
and on whose death Gregory Palamas withdrew Creator of all things, confessedly invisible ; the
to Scete, near Berrhoea, where he built himself a other, this visible yet uncreated light. This se
cell, and gave himself up entirely, for ten years, to rious charge gave to the controversy a fresh im-
divine contemplation and spiritual exercises. Here pulse, until, after two or three years, Barlaam,
the severity of his regimen and the coldness of his fearing that his infuriated opponents, who flocked to
cell, induced an illness which almost occasioned the scene of conflict from all the monasteries about
his death ; and the urgent recommendation of the Thessalonica and Constantinople, would offer him
other monks of the place induced him then to leave personal violence, appealed to the Patriarch of
Scete, and return to Mount Athos; but this change Constantinople and the bishops there, and charged
not sufficing for his recovery, he removed to Thes- Palamas not only with sharing the fanaticism of the
salonica (Cantacuzen. Hist. ii. 39).
Omphalopsychi, and with the use of defective pravers,
It was apparently while at Thessalonica, that but also with holding blasphemous views of God,
his controversy began with Barlaam, a Calabrian and with introducing new terms into the theology
monk, who having visited Constantinople soon after of the church. A council was consequently con-
the accession of the emperor Andronicus Palaeolo- vened in the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople
gus the younger in A. D. 1328 (ANDRONICUS III. ),(A. D. 1341) in the presence of the emperor, the
and professed himself an adherent of the Greek chief senators, the learned, and a vast multitude of
• church, and a convert from and an opponent of the the common people. As it was not thought ad-
Latin church, against which he wrote several works, visable to discuss the mysteries of theology before
obtained the favour and patronage of the emperor. a promiscuous multitude, the charge against Pala-
Barlaam appears to have been a conceited man, mas and the monks of blasphemous notions respect-
and to have sought opportunities of decrying the ing God was suppressed, and only the charge of hold-
usages of the Byzantine Greeks. To this super- ing the old Massalian heresy respecting prayer,
cilious humour the wild fanaticism of the monks of and of using defective prayers, was proceeded
Athos presented an admirable subject. Those of with. Barlaam first addressed the council in sup-
them who aimed at the highest spiritual attain-| port of his charge, then Palamas replied, retorting
## p. 91 (#107) #############################################
PALAMAS.
91
PALAMAS.
verseness.
upon Barlaam the charge of blasphemy and per- wife of Cantacuzenus, by persuading her that the
In the end the council decided in recent death of her younger son, Andronicus (A. D.
favour of the monks, and Barlaam, according to 1347), was a sign of the Divine displeasure at the
Cantacuzenus, acknowledged his errors, and was farour shown by the emperor Cantacuzenus to the
reconciled to his adversaries. Mortified, however, l'alamites. To restore peace, if possible, to the
at his public defeat, he returned to Italy, and re- church, a synod was summoned, after various con-
conciled himself to the Latin church. Nicephorus ferences had been held between the emperor, the
Gregoras states, that the decision of the council on patriarch Isidore, Palamas, and Nicephorus Gre-
the question of the Massalian heresy charged against goras. Isidore died a. D. 1349, before the meeting
the monks, was deferred, that Barlaam was con- of the synod, over which Callistus, his successor,
victed of malignity and arrogance, and that the presided. When it met (A. D. 1351) Nicephorus
heresy of Palamas and his party would probably Gregoras was the champion of the Barlnamites, who
have been condemned also, bad not the completion numbered among their supporters the archbishop of
of the business of the council been prevented by the Ephesus and the bishop of Ganus or Gannus · the
emperor's death, a. D. 1341. (Cantacuz. c. 40 ; archbishop of Tyre, who was present, appears to
Niceph. Gregor. c. 11. )
have been on the same side. Palamas was the
The cause which Barlaam had forsaken was leader of the opposite party, who having a large
taken up by another Gregory, surnamed Acindy majority and the support of the emperor, carried
nus (ACINDYNUS, GREGORIUS] ; but the party of every thing their own way; the archbishop of
the monks continued in the ascendant, and Palamas Ephesus and the bishop of Ganus were deposed,
enjoyed the favour of John Cantacuzenus, who | Barlaam and Acindynus (neither of whom was
then exercised the chief influence at the court present) were declared to be excommunicated, and
of the emperor, John Palaeologus, a minor their followers were forbidden to propagate their
[JOANNES V. CANTACUZEN US; JOANNES VI. Pa- sentiments by speech or writing. (Cantacuz. Hist.
LAEOLOGUS), to such a degree that it was reported iv. 23 ; Niceph. Gregor. Hist. Byz. xvi. 5, xviii.
that Cantacuzenus intended to procure the depo- 3—8, xix. , xx. ) The populace, however, favoured
sition of the patriarch of Constantinople, Joannes the vanquished party, and Palamas narrowly
or John Calecas or Aprenus (CALECAS, JOANNES], escaped their violence. Of his subsequent bistory
and to elevate Palamas to his seat (Cantacuz. Hist. and death nothing appears to be known.
ü, 17). In the civil war which followed (A. D. 1342 The leading tenets of the Palamites were the ex-
-1347), between Cantacuzenus and the court | istence of the mystical light discovered by the more
(where the Admiral Apocaucus had supplanted eminent monks and recluses, in their long exercise
him), Palamas, as a friend of Cantacuzenus, was of abstract contemplation and prayer, and the un-
imprisoned (A. n. 1346), not however on any po- created nature of the light of Mount Tabor, seen at
litical charge, but on the ground of his religious the transfiguration of Christ. The first attracted the
opinions ; for the patriarch now supported Gregory notice and animadversion of their opponents, but
Acindynus and the Barlaamites against the monks the second, with the consequences really or appa-
of Athos, who were favourable to Cantacuzenus. / rently deducible from it, was the great objeci of
The Barlaamites consequently gained the ascend-attack. The last seven books (xviii. -xxiv. ) of
ancy, and in a council at Constantinople the Pa- the Historia Byzantina of Nicephorus Gregoras
lamites, as their opponents were called, were con- are taken up with the Palamite controversy: and
demned. The patriarch and the court were, how- in the bitterness of his polemic spirit he charges
ever, especially anxious to clear themselves from Palamas with polytheism (xviii. 2. § 4); with con-
the suspicion of acting from political feeling in the verting the attributes of the deity into so many dis-
imprisonment of Palamas. When the entrance of tinct and independent deities (xxii. 4. $9) ; with
Cantacuzenus into Constantinople, in January 1347, affirming that the Holy Spirit was not one alone, or
obliged the court to submit, Palamas was released, even one of seven (an evident allusion to Revel. i. 4),
and sent to make terms with the conqueror. (Can- but one of “ seventy times seven" (xxiii. 3. & 4);
tacuz. Hist. iii. 98 ; Niceph. Greg. Hist. Byz. xv. with placing in an intermediate rank between God
7, 9. ) The patriarch Calecas had been deposed and angels a new and peculiar class of uncreated
by the influence of the erapress mother, Anna, just powers (καινόν τι και ίδιον ακτίστων γένος
before the triumph of Cantacuzenus, and Gregory évepyeswv) which he (Palamas) called “the bright-
Palamas persuaded Cantacuzenus to assemble a ness (Aap półnta) of God and the ineffable light”
synod, by which the deposition was confirmed, and (ows åßbntov); with holding that any man by par-
to banish Calecas to Didymotichum. Acindynus taking of the stream of this light flowing from its
and the Barlaamites were now in turn condemned, inexbaustible source, could at will become uncreated
and the Palamites became once more predominant and without beginning (áxtiotW 206 Aouti ylveolau
Isidore, one of their number, was chosen patriarch. kad avápxq (xxiii. 3); and with other errors
(Cantac. Hist. iv. 3 ; Niceph. Greg. xv. 10, 11. ) which our limits do not allow us to enumerate
Palamas himself was soon after appointed arch-(ibid. ). It is plain, however, that these alleged
bisbop of Thessalonica ; though, as that city was errors were for the most part, if not altogether, the
in the hands of some of the nobility who were inferences deduced by Nicephorus Gregoras and
hostile to Cantacuzenus, he was refused admit- other opponents from the Palamite dogma of the
tance, and obliged to retire to the isle of Lemnos, uncreated light, and not the acknowledged tenets
but he obtained admittance after a time. This of the Palamite party. The rise, continuance,
was in a. D. 1349. (Cantac. c. 15 ; Niceph. Greg. and vehemence of the controversy is a singular
a. 12. ) Meanwhile, the ecclesiastical troubles con manifestation of the subtilty and misdirection of
tinued: the Barlaamites withdrew from the commu- the Greek intellect of the period. The dogma of
nion of the church; their ranks received continual the uncreated light of Mount Tabor has apparently
increase, and Nicephorus Gregoras, the historian, continued to be the recognised orthodox doctrine
adroitly drew over to their side the enpress Irene, of the Greek Church (Capperonnerius, Nuk ud
## p. 92 (#108) #############################################
92
PALAMAS.
PALAMEDES.
Niceph Gregor. vol. ii. p. 1321, ed. Bonn), though ) notes to the Hist. Byzant. of Nicephorus Gregorrs,
probably now neglected or forgotten.
fol. Paris, 1702, p. 787; vol. ii. p. 1282, ed. Bonn.
Palamas was a copious writer; many of his Boivin has also given iwo extracts, one of some
works are extant in MS. , and are enumerated by length, from a writing of Palamas, Adversus Jo
Wharton and Gery in the Appendix to Cave, and annem Calecam (p. 789, ed. Paris, p. 1205, ed.
by Fabricius. Nicephorus Gregoras says (xxiii. 3. Bonn); the other, very brief, from an Epistola ad
$ 3) that he wrote more than sixty nó you, orationes ; Joannem Gabram (p. 1275, ed. Bonn). Various
and Boivin, in a note on the passage (vol. ii. p. citations from his works, but without further speci-
1317, ed. Bonn), states that one MS. in the king's fication, are given by Nicephorus Gregoras (Hist.
library at Paris contained more than seventy Byzant. xxiii. 3. & 2. p. 697, &c. , ed. Paris, p. 1112,
liomilies or other short pieces. So that the stite- &c. , ed. Bonn). It is probable that the Tomus or
ment of Gregoras must refer only to pieces written declaration issued by the synod of Constantinople,
on occasion of Palamas' controversy with him, or A. D. 1351, against the Barlaamites was drawn up
must be very much below the mark. The following by Palamas or under his inspection. It is given
have been published. 1. Prosopopoeia s. Prosopo with a Latin version by Combetis in his Auctariu)
poeiae, s. Orationes duae judiciules, Mentis Corpus Norissimum, fol. Paris, 1672, pars ii. p. 135, &c. ,
accusantis, et Curporis sese defendentis, una cuin and is entitled Τόμος εκτεθείς παρά της θείας και
Judicum Sententia; published under the editorial | Ιεράς συνόδου του συγκροτηθείσης κατά των
care of Adr. Turnebus, 4to. Paris, 1553, and given Opovoúvtwv Ta Bapadu te kaà 'Akıvoúvou éri tis
in a Latin version in many editions of the Biblio- βασιλείας των ευσεβών και ορθοδόξων βασιλέων
theca Putrum, e. g. in vol. xxvi. p. 199, &c. , ed. "uwv Kavrakout nvoù kai Malaiolóyou, Tomus a
Lyon, 1677. 2. Eis the centT) metauoppwow divina sucraque Synodo adrersus eos coacta qui
του Κυρίου και Θεού και Σωτήρος ημών Ιησού | Barlaam et Acindymi opinionis sunt, Cantacuzeno ac
Χριστου: έν ή παράστασις ότι το κατ' αυτήν φως | Palaeologo religiosis orthodorisque Imperatoribus
KTIOTÓv totiv. Aóyos a'. In venerabilem Domini nostris, editus ac expositus. The Greek writers be-
et Dei ac Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi Transforma- longing to the Romish Church, as Allatius, Nicolaus
tionem, ubi probatur quod in ea est lumen increatum Comnenus Papadopoli, and others, heap on Palamas
esses Oratio Prima. 'Oueria els tnv aŭtry Toù every term of reproach : on the other hand, the
Κυρίου σεπτην μεταμόρφωσιν εν ή παράστασις ως | orthodox Greeks extol him highly, and ascribe mi-
ei kalăKTIOTÓv ¢OTI TÒ Kat' aŭtriv geróTatov ows, raculous efficacy to his relics. (Cave, Hist. Litt. ,
arouk čotiv oủola Otoù. Abyus B. Tractatus in fol. Oxford, 1740–43, vol. ii.
deities or dolphins. (Philostr. Icon. ii. 16. ) The ed. Westermann. ) [ABYDENUS. ]
Romans identified Palaemon with their own god 4. An Egyptian or Athenian, and a grammarian,
Portunus, or Portumnus. (PORTUNUS. ]
as he is described by Suidas, who assigns to him
2. A son of Hephaestus, or Aetolus, or Lernus, the following works: (1) AiyuttiaKT Deologia
was one of the Argonauts. (Apollod. i. 9. 8 16; (2) Μυθικών βιβλίον α'. (3) Λύσεις των μυθι-
Apollon. R! od. i. 202 ; Orph. Argon. 208. ) κώς ειρημένων. (4) Υποθέσεις είς Σιμωνίδην.
3. A son of Heracles by Autonoe, the daughter (5) Tpwirá, which some however attributed to the
of Peireus, or by Iphinoe, the daughter of Antaeus. Athenian [No. 1), and others to the Parian (No.
(Apollod. ii. 7. $ 8; Tzetz. ad Lyc. 662. )
2). He also wrote (6) 'lotopia idia. It has been
4. One of the sons of Priam. (Hygin. Fab. supposed that the Mudiká and the núveis are one
90. )
(L. S. ) and the same work; but we have no certain in-
PALAEMON, Q. RE'MMIUS, a celebrated formation on the point. Of these works the Tpwirá
grammarian in the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, and seems to have been the most celebrated, as we find
Claudius, is placed by Jerome (ad Euseb. ) in the it frequently referred to by the ancient gramma-
eighth year of the reign of Claudius, A. D. 48. He rians. It contained apparently geographical and
was a native of Vicentia (Vicenza), in the north of historical discussions respecting Asia Minor and
Italy, and was originally a slave ; but having been more particularly its northern coasts, and must have
:
manumitted, he opened a school at Rome, where he been divided into several books. (Comp. Suidas,
became the most celebrated grammarian of his time, s. v. Makpoképalos ; Steph. Byz. s. v. Xapusta;
and obtained great numbers of pupils, though his Harpocrat. s. 0. Avoavans. )
moral character was so infamous that Tiberius and There is extant a small work entitled Talaioa-
Claudius used to say that there was no one to τος περί απίστων, or Concerning Incredible
whom the training of youths ought so little to be Tales,” giving a brief account of some of the most
entrusted. Suetonius gives rather a long account celebrated Greek legends. That this is merely an
of him (de Illustr. Gram. 23), and he is also men- abstract of a much larger work is erident from
tioned by Juvenal on two occasions (vi. 451, vii. 251 many considerations ; first, because Suidas speaks
- 219). From the scholiast on Juvenal (vi. 45l) we of it as consisting of five books (see abore, No. 2];
learn that Palaemon was the master of Quintilian. secondly, because many of the ancient writers refer
t
## p. 89 (#105) #############################################
ATUS.
-aldatos), the name of
s, who, however, seems
persons and writings
E, to whom a mythical
ing to some he was a
ccording to others of
according to a third
me at which he lived
to have been usual.
FONOE), though soine
earlier date. He is
Anth. Graec i p. 27,
crowned with laurel
φατος έπρεπε μάντις
μαντίδια φωνήν.
es of the following
ave dè (1) KOTLO
Suvos kal 'Apréuides
και Έρωτος φανές
έμιν και Ποσειδών-
by
in the time of Ar-
him the five bois
persons assigned
Athens. This is
and is spoken of
στορικός), lived in
, and is stated to
the philosopher
es the authority of
and of Theodorus
Saidas gives the
of Palaepbatus:
Αραβικά.
Some
tus of Abydus is
Issyrian history,
I which is quoted
There can, hor.
s is the name of
taken from his
C. PP. 85, 375,
a grammarian,
assigns to him
ZKT) 3eologia
εις των μιθ-
's Stations.
cibuted to be
Parian (la
It has been
bonis are one
o certain in-
is the Tpaixí
PALA EPHATUS.
PALAEPHATUS.
89
to Palaephatus for statements which are not found | all nor rejecting all ; accordinglr, he had taken
in the treatise now extant; and thirdly, because great pains to separate the true from the false in
the manuscripts exhibit it in various forms, the many of the narratives ; he had visited the locali-
abridgement being sometimes briefer and sometimes ties wherein they had taken place, and made care.
longer. It was doubtless the original work to ful inquiries from old men and others. The results
which Virgil refers (Ciris, 88):
of his researches are presented in a new version of
“ Docta Palaephatia testatur voce papyrus. "
fifty legends, among the most celebrated and the
most fabulous, comprising the Centaurs, Pasiphae,
Respecting the author of the original work there Actaeon, Cadmus and the Sparti, the Sphinx,
is however much dispute, and we must be content Cycnus, Daedalus, the Trojan horre, Aeolus, Scylla,
to leave the matter in uncertainty. Some of the Geryon, Bellerophon, &c. It must be confessed
earliest modern writers on Greek literature assigned that Palaephatus has performed his promise of
the work to the ancient epic poet (No. 1); but transforming the • Incredibilia' into narratives in
this untenable supposition was soon abandoned, themselves plausible and unobjectionable, and that
and the work was then ascribed to the Parian, as in doing so he always follows some thread of ana-
it is by Suidas. But if this Palaephatus was the logy, real or verbal. The Centaurs (he tells us)
contemporary of Artaxerxes as Suidas asserts, it were a body of young men from the village of
is inipossible to believe that the myths could have Nephele in Thessaly, who first trained and mounted
been treated at so early a period in the rationalizing horses for the purpose of repelling a herd of bulls
way in which we find them discussed in the extant belonging to Ixion, king of the Lapithae, which
epitome. In addition to which we find the ancient had run wild and did great damage : they pursued
writers calling the author sometimes a peripatetic these wild bulls on horseback, and pierced them
and sometimes a stoic philosopher (Theon, Progyınn. with their spears, thus acquiring both the name of
6, 12; Tzetzes, Chil. ix. 273, x. 20), from which Prickers (Kévtopes) and the imputed attribute of
we must conclude, if these designations are correct, joint body with the horse. Actaeon was an Arca-
that he must bave lived after the time of Alexan- dian, who neglected the cultivation of his land for
der the Great, and could not therefore even have the pleasures of hunting, and was thus eaten up by
been the native of Abydus (No. 3), as others have the expense of his hounds. The dragon whom
maintained. It is thus impossible to identify the Cadmus killed at Thebes, was in reality Draco,
author of the work with any of the three persons king of Thebes ; and the dragon's teeth, which he
just mentioned ; but from his adopting the rational- was said to have sown, and from whence sprung a
istic interpretation of the myths, he must be looked crop of armed men, were in point of fact elephant's
upon as a disciple of Evemerus (EVEMERUS), and teeth, which Cadmus, as a rich Phoenician, had
may thus have been an Alexandrine Greek, and brought over with him: the sons of Draco sold
the same person as the grammarian spoken of by these elephants' teeth, and employed the proceeds
Suidas, who calls him an Egyptian or Athenian. to levy troops against Cadmus. Daedalus, instead
[No. 4. )
of flying across the sea on wings, had escaped from
The work Tepl aniotwv consists of 51 sections, Crete in a swift-sailing boat under a violent storm.
of which only the first 46 contain explanations Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges were not persons with
of the myths. The remaining five sections are one hundred hands, but inhabitants of the village
written in an entirely different style, without of Hecatoncheiria in Upper Macedonia, who warred
any expression of distrust or disbelief as to the with the inhabitants of Mount Olympus against
common form of the myth ; and as they are want-
;
the Titans. Scylla, whom Odysseus 80 narrowly
ing in all manuscripts at present extant, they are escaped, was a fast-sailing piratical vessel, as was
probably the work of another hand. In the first also Pegasus, the alleged winged horse of Belle-
46 sections Palaephatus generally relates in a few rophon. By such ingenious conjectures, Palaephatus
lines the common form of the myth, introducing it eliminates all the incredible circumstances, and
with some such words as paolo ws, dévetai ws, leaves to us a string of tales perfectly credible and
&c. ; he then expresses his disbelief, and finally common-place, which we should readily believe,
proceeds to give what he considers a rational ac provided a very moderate amount of testimony
count of the matter. The nature of the work is could be produced in their favour. If his treat-
well characterised by Mr. Grote (Hist. of Greece,ment not only disenchants the original myths, but
vol. i. p. 553, &c. ):-“ Another author who seems even effaces their generic and essential character,
to have conceived clearly, and applied consistently, we ought to remember that this is not more than
the semi-historical theory of the Grecian myths, is what is done by Thucydides in his sketch of the
Palaephatus. In the short preface of his treatise Trojan war. Palaephatus handles the myths con-
• Concerning Incredible Tales,' he remarks, that sistently, according to the semi-historical theory,
some men, from want of instruction, believe all the and his results exhibit the maximum which that
current narratives ; while others, more searching theory can ever present : by aid of conjecture we
and cautious, disbelieve them altogether. Each of get out of the impossible and arrive at matters in-
these extremes he is anxious to avoid : on the one trinsically plausible, but totally uncertified ; be-
hand, he thinks that no parrative could ever have yond this point we cannot penetrate, without the
acquired credence unless it had been founded in light of extrinsic evidence, since there is no intrinsic
truth ; on the other, it is impossible for him to mark to distinguish truth from plausible fiction. ”
accept so much of the existing narratives as conflicts It has been already remarked that the manu-
with the analogies of present natural phaenomena. scripts of the Dep! 'ATIOTwv present the greatest
If such things ever bad been, they would still con- discrepancies, in some the work being much longer
tinue to be — but they never have so occurred; and and in others much shorter. The printed editions
the extra-analogical features of the stories are to be in like manner vary considerably. It was first
ascribed to the licence of the poets. Palaephatus printed by Aldus Manutius, together with Aesop,
wisbes to adopt a middle course, neither accepting | Phurnutus, and other writers, Venice, 1505, fol. ,
1, as we find
nt gramma-
aphical and
jlinor and
d must bare
mp Suidas
Χαριμάται ;
I dziaies
Incredible
of the most
merely an
dent from
das speaks
e, No. 2;
riters reíes
## p. 90 (#106) #############################################
90
PALAMAS.
PALAMAS.
and has since that time been frequently reprinted. ments were accustomed to shut themselves up for
The following is a list of the principal editions :— days and nights together in a corner of their cell,
By Tollius, with a Latin translation and notes, and abstracting their thoughts from all worldly
Amsterdam, 1619; by Martin Brunner, Upsala, objects, and resting their beards on their chest,
1663, which edition was reprinted with improve and fixing their eyes on their bellies, imagined
ments under the care of Paulus Pater, Frankfort, that the seat of the soul, previously unknown, was
1685, 1686, or 1687, for these three years appear on revealed to them by a mystical light, at the dis
different title pages ; by Thomas Gale in the Opus-covery of which they were rapt into a state of
cula Mythologicu, Cambridge, 1670, reprinted at extatic enjoyment. The existence of this ligh,
Amsterdam, 1688 ; by Dresig, Leipzig, 1735, well described by Gibbon as “the creature of an
which edition was frequently reprinted under the empty stomach and an empty brain," appears to
care of J. F. Fischer, who improved it very much, have been kept secret by the monks, and was only
and who published a sixth edition at Leipzig, 1789; revealed to Barlaam by an incautious monk, whom
by J. H. M. Ernesti, for the use of schools, Leipzig. Cantacuzenus abuses for his communicativeness, as
1816. The best edition of the text is by Wester-being scarcely above the level of the brutes. Bar-
mann, in the "Muévypápou: Scriptores Poëticae lam eagerly laid hold of the opportunity afforded
Historiae Graeci," Brunswick, 1843, pp. 268— by the discovery to assail with bitter reproaches the
310. (Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. vol. i. p. 182, &c. ; fanaticism of these Hesychasts (nouxácortes) or
Voss. de Hist. Gracc. p. 478, ed. Westerinann ; Quietists, calling them 'Ouparówuxou, Omphalopsy
Westermann, Praefutio ad Muboypápous, p. xi. chi, “ men with souls in their navels," and identi-
&c. ; Eckstein, in Ersch and Gruber's Encyklopä- fying them with the Massalians or Euchites of the
die, art. Paläphatus. )
fourth century. The monks were roused by these
PALAESTI'NUS (Palaiotivos), a son of Po- attacks, and as Gregory Palamas was eminent
Beidon and father of Haliacmon. From grief at among them for his intellectual powers and attain-
the death of his son, Palaestinus threw himself ments, they put him forward as their champion, both
into the river, which was called after him Palaes- with his tongue and pen, against the attacks of the
tinus, and subsequently Strymon. (Plut. De Fluv. sarcastic Calabrian. (Cantacuz. l. c. ; Niceph. Greg.
11. )
(L. S. ] Hist. Byz. xi. 10; Mosheim, Eccles. Hist. by Mur-
*PA'LAMAS, GREGORIUS (Tonyópios ó doch and Soames, book iii. cent. xiv. pt. i. ch. v.
Malapās), an eminent Greek ecclesiastic of the $1, &c. ; Gibbon, Dec. and Full, c. 63. )
fourteenth century.
He was born in the Asiatic por- Palamas and his friends tried first of all to
tion of the now reduced Byzantine empire, and was silence the reproaches of Barlaam by friendly re-
educated at the court of Constantinople, apparently monstrance, and affirmed that as to the mystical
during the reign of Andronicus Palaeologus the elder. light which beamed round the saints in their
Despising, however, all the prospects of worldly seasons of contemplation, there had been various
greatness, of which his parentage and wealth, and similar instances in the history of the church of a
the imperial favour gave him the prospect, he, divine lustre surrounding the saints in time of
with his two brothers, while yet very young, be- persecution; and that Sacred History recorded the
came monks in one of the monasteries of Mount appearance of a divine and uncreated light at the
Athos. Here the youngest of the three died ; Saviour's transfiguration on mount Tabor. Barlaam
and upon the death of the superior of the mo- caught at the mention of this light as uncreated,
nastery in which the brothers were, which fol. and affirmed that nothing was uncreated but God,
lowed soon after the death of the youngest brother, and that inasmuch as God was invisible while
the two survivors placed themselves under another the light of Mount Tabor was visible to the bodily
superior, with whom they remained eight years, eye, the monks must have two Gods, one the
and on whose death Gregory Palamas withdrew Creator of all things, confessedly invisible ; the
to Scete, near Berrhoea, where he built himself a other, this visible yet uncreated light. This se
cell, and gave himself up entirely, for ten years, to rious charge gave to the controversy a fresh im-
divine contemplation and spiritual exercises. Here pulse, until, after two or three years, Barlaam,
the severity of his regimen and the coldness of his fearing that his infuriated opponents, who flocked to
cell, induced an illness which almost occasioned the scene of conflict from all the monasteries about
his death ; and the urgent recommendation of the Thessalonica and Constantinople, would offer him
other monks of the place induced him then to leave personal violence, appealed to the Patriarch of
Scete, and return to Mount Athos; but this change Constantinople and the bishops there, and charged
not sufficing for his recovery, he removed to Thes- Palamas not only with sharing the fanaticism of the
salonica (Cantacuzen. Hist. ii. 39).
Omphalopsychi, and with the use of defective pravers,
It was apparently while at Thessalonica, that but also with holding blasphemous views of God,
his controversy began with Barlaam, a Calabrian and with introducing new terms into the theology
monk, who having visited Constantinople soon after of the church. A council was consequently con-
the accession of the emperor Andronicus Palaeolo- vened in the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople
gus the younger in A. D. 1328 (ANDRONICUS III. ),(A. D. 1341) in the presence of the emperor, the
and professed himself an adherent of the Greek chief senators, the learned, and a vast multitude of
• church, and a convert from and an opponent of the the common people. As it was not thought ad-
Latin church, against which he wrote several works, visable to discuss the mysteries of theology before
obtained the favour and patronage of the emperor. a promiscuous multitude, the charge against Pala-
Barlaam appears to have been a conceited man, mas and the monks of blasphemous notions respect-
and to have sought opportunities of decrying the ing God was suppressed, and only the charge of hold-
usages of the Byzantine Greeks. To this super- ing the old Massalian heresy respecting prayer,
cilious humour the wild fanaticism of the monks of and of using defective prayers, was proceeded
Athos presented an admirable subject. Those of with. Barlaam first addressed the council in sup-
them who aimed at the highest spiritual attain-| port of his charge, then Palamas replied, retorting
## p. 91 (#107) #############################################
PALAMAS.
91
PALAMAS.
verseness.
upon Barlaam the charge of blasphemy and per- wife of Cantacuzenus, by persuading her that the
In the end the council decided in recent death of her younger son, Andronicus (A. D.
favour of the monks, and Barlaam, according to 1347), was a sign of the Divine displeasure at the
Cantacuzenus, acknowledged his errors, and was farour shown by the emperor Cantacuzenus to the
reconciled to his adversaries. Mortified, however, l'alamites. To restore peace, if possible, to the
at his public defeat, he returned to Italy, and re- church, a synod was summoned, after various con-
conciled himself to the Latin church. Nicephorus ferences had been held between the emperor, the
Gregoras states, that the decision of the council on patriarch Isidore, Palamas, and Nicephorus Gre-
the question of the Massalian heresy charged against goras. Isidore died a. D. 1349, before the meeting
the monks, was deferred, that Barlaam was con- of the synod, over which Callistus, his successor,
victed of malignity and arrogance, and that the presided. When it met (A. D. 1351) Nicephorus
heresy of Palamas and his party would probably Gregoras was the champion of the Barlnamites, who
have been condemned also, bad not the completion numbered among their supporters the archbishop of
of the business of the council been prevented by the Ephesus and the bishop of Ganus or Gannus · the
emperor's death, a. D. 1341. (Cantacuz. c. 40 ; archbishop of Tyre, who was present, appears to
Niceph. Gregor. c. 11. )
have been on the same side. Palamas was the
The cause which Barlaam had forsaken was leader of the opposite party, who having a large
taken up by another Gregory, surnamed Acindy majority and the support of the emperor, carried
nus (ACINDYNUS, GREGORIUS] ; but the party of every thing their own way; the archbishop of
the monks continued in the ascendant, and Palamas Ephesus and the bishop of Ganus were deposed,
enjoyed the favour of John Cantacuzenus, who | Barlaam and Acindynus (neither of whom was
then exercised the chief influence at the court present) were declared to be excommunicated, and
of the emperor, John Palaeologus, a minor their followers were forbidden to propagate their
[JOANNES V. CANTACUZEN US; JOANNES VI. Pa- sentiments by speech or writing. (Cantacuz. Hist.
LAEOLOGUS), to such a degree that it was reported iv. 23 ; Niceph. Gregor. Hist. Byz. xvi. 5, xviii.
that Cantacuzenus intended to procure the depo- 3—8, xix. , xx. ) The populace, however, favoured
sition of the patriarch of Constantinople, Joannes the vanquished party, and Palamas narrowly
or John Calecas or Aprenus (CALECAS, JOANNES], escaped their violence. Of his subsequent bistory
and to elevate Palamas to his seat (Cantacuz. Hist. and death nothing appears to be known.
ü, 17). In the civil war which followed (A. D. 1342 The leading tenets of the Palamites were the ex-
-1347), between Cantacuzenus and the court | istence of the mystical light discovered by the more
(where the Admiral Apocaucus had supplanted eminent monks and recluses, in their long exercise
him), Palamas, as a friend of Cantacuzenus, was of abstract contemplation and prayer, and the un-
imprisoned (A. n. 1346), not however on any po- created nature of the light of Mount Tabor, seen at
litical charge, but on the ground of his religious the transfiguration of Christ. The first attracted the
opinions ; for the patriarch now supported Gregory notice and animadversion of their opponents, but
Acindynus and the Barlaamites against the monks the second, with the consequences really or appa-
of Athos, who were favourable to Cantacuzenus. / rently deducible from it, was the great objeci of
The Barlaamites consequently gained the ascend-attack. The last seven books (xviii. -xxiv. ) of
ancy, and in a council at Constantinople the Pa- the Historia Byzantina of Nicephorus Gregoras
lamites, as their opponents were called, were con- are taken up with the Palamite controversy: and
demned. The patriarch and the court were, how- in the bitterness of his polemic spirit he charges
ever, especially anxious to clear themselves from Palamas with polytheism (xviii. 2. § 4); with con-
the suspicion of acting from political feeling in the verting the attributes of the deity into so many dis-
imprisonment of Palamas. When the entrance of tinct and independent deities (xxii. 4. $9) ; with
Cantacuzenus into Constantinople, in January 1347, affirming that the Holy Spirit was not one alone, or
obliged the court to submit, Palamas was released, even one of seven (an evident allusion to Revel. i. 4),
and sent to make terms with the conqueror. (Can- but one of “ seventy times seven" (xxiii. 3. & 4);
tacuz. Hist. iii. 98 ; Niceph. Greg. Hist. Byz. xv. with placing in an intermediate rank between God
7, 9. ) The patriarch Calecas had been deposed and angels a new and peculiar class of uncreated
by the influence of the erapress mother, Anna, just powers (καινόν τι και ίδιον ακτίστων γένος
before the triumph of Cantacuzenus, and Gregory évepyeswv) which he (Palamas) called “the bright-
Palamas persuaded Cantacuzenus to assemble a ness (Aap półnta) of God and the ineffable light”
synod, by which the deposition was confirmed, and (ows åßbntov); with holding that any man by par-
to banish Calecas to Didymotichum. Acindynus taking of the stream of this light flowing from its
and the Barlaamites were now in turn condemned, inexbaustible source, could at will become uncreated
and the Palamites became once more predominant and without beginning (áxtiotW 206 Aouti ylveolau
Isidore, one of their number, was chosen patriarch. kad avápxq (xxiii. 3); and with other errors
(Cantac. Hist. iv. 3 ; Niceph. Greg. xv. 10, 11. ) which our limits do not allow us to enumerate
Palamas himself was soon after appointed arch-(ibid. ). It is plain, however, that these alleged
bisbop of Thessalonica ; though, as that city was errors were for the most part, if not altogether, the
in the hands of some of the nobility who were inferences deduced by Nicephorus Gregoras and
hostile to Cantacuzenus, he was refused admit- other opponents from the Palamite dogma of the
tance, and obliged to retire to the isle of Lemnos, uncreated light, and not the acknowledged tenets
but he obtained admittance after a time. This of the Palamite party. The rise, continuance,
was in a. D. 1349. (Cantac. c. 15 ; Niceph. Greg. and vehemence of the controversy is a singular
a. 12. ) Meanwhile, the ecclesiastical troubles con manifestation of the subtilty and misdirection of
tinued: the Barlaamites withdrew from the commu- the Greek intellect of the period. The dogma of
nion of the church; their ranks received continual the uncreated light of Mount Tabor has apparently
increase, and Nicephorus Gregoras, the historian, continued to be the recognised orthodox doctrine
adroitly drew over to their side the enpress Irene, of the Greek Church (Capperonnerius, Nuk ud
## p. 92 (#108) #############################################
92
PALAMAS.
PALAMEDES.
Niceph Gregor. vol. ii. p. 1321, ed. Bonn), though ) notes to the Hist. Byzant. of Nicephorus Gregorrs,
probably now neglected or forgotten.
fol. Paris, 1702, p. 787; vol. ii. p. 1282, ed. Bonn.
Palamas was a copious writer; many of his Boivin has also given iwo extracts, one of some
works are extant in MS. , and are enumerated by length, from a writing of Palamas, Adversus Jo
Wharton and Gery in the Appendix to Cave, and annem Calecam (p. 789, ed. Paris, p. 1205, ed.
by Fabricius. Nicephorus Gregoras says (xxiii. 3. Bonn); the other, very brief, from an Epistola ad
$ 3) that he wrote more than sixty nó you, orationes ; Joannem Gabram (p. 1275, ed. Bonn). Various
and Boivin, in a note on the passage (vol. ii. p. citations from his works, but without further speci-
1317, ed. Bonn), states that one MS. in the king's fication, are given by Nicephorus Gregoras (Hist.
library at Paris contained more than seventy Byzant. xxiii. 3. & 2. p. 697, &c. , ed. Paris, p. 1112,
liomilies or other short pieces. So that the stite- &c. , ed. Bonn). It is probable that the Tomus or
ment of Gregoras must refer only to pieces written declaration issued by the synod of Constantinople,
on occasion of Palamas' controversy with him, or A. D. 1351, against the Barlaamites was drawn up
must be very much below the mark. The following by Palamas or under his inspection. It is given
have been published. 1. Prosopopoeia s. Prosopo with a Latin version by Combetis in his Auctariu)
poeiae, s. Orationes duae judiciules, Mentis Corpus Norissimum, fol. Paris, 1672, pars ii. p. 135, &c. ,
accusantis, et Curporis sese defendentis, una cuin and is entitled Τόμος εκτεθείς παρά της θείας και
Judicum Sententia; published under the editorial | Ιεράς συνόδου του συγκροτηθείσης κατά των
care of Adr. Turnebus, 4to. Paris, 1553, and given Opovoúvtwv Ta Bapadu te kaà 'Akıvoúvou éri tis
in a Latin version in many editions of the Biblio- βασιλείας των ευσεβών και ορθοδόξων βασιλέων
theca Putrum, e. g. in vol. xxvi. p. 199, &c. , ed. "uwv Kavrakout nvoù kai Malaiolóyou, Tomus a
Lyon, 1677. 2. Eis the centT) metauoppwow divina sucraque Synodo adrersus eos coacta qui
του Κυρίου και Θεού και Σωτήρος ημών Ιησού | Barlaam et Acindymi opinionis sunt, Cantacuzeno ac
Χριστου: έν ή παράστασις ότι το κατ' αυτήν φως | Palaeologo religiosis orthodorisque Imperatoribus
KTIOTÓv totiv. Aóyos a'. In venerabilem Domini nostris, editus ac expositus. The Greek writers be-
et Dei ac Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi Transforma- longing to the Romish Church, as Allatius, Nicolaus
tionem, ubi probatur quod in ea est lumen increatum Comnenus Papadopoli, and others, heap on Palamas
esses Oratio Prima. 'Oueria els tnv aŭtry Toù every term of reproach : on the other hand, the
Κυρίου σεπτην μεταμόρφωσιν εν ή παράστασις ως | orthodox Greeks extol him highly, and ascribe mi-
ei kalăKTIOTÓv ¢OTI TÒ Kat' aŭtriv geróTatov ows, raculous efficacy to his relics. (Cave, Hist. Litt. ,
arouk čotiv oủola Otoù. Abyus B. Tractatus in fol. Oxford, 1740–43, vol. ii.
