It is a difficult matter, in so attractive a field of inquiry
as this, to resist the temptation of inflicting one's own crude speculations upon the pa-
tience of the reader.
as this, to resist the temptation of inflicting one's own crude speculations upon the pa-
tience of the reader.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
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handle.
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hathitrust.
org/access_use#pd-google
? A classical dictionaryCharles Anthon
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:03 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? N
J
LIBRARY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE LIBRARY
OF
WILLIAM JAMES RUCKER
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? I
i
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? "X
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:03 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CLASSICAL DICTIONARY:
CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF
THE PRINCIPAL PROPER NAMES
MENTIONED IN
ANCIENT AUTHORS,
AND
INTENDED TO ELUCIDATE ALL THE IMPORTANT POINTS CONNECTED WITH THE
GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, MYTHOLOGY, AND FIX3 ARTS
GREEKS AND ROMANS.
TOUF. THKB WITH
AN ACCOUNT OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES,
WITH TABULAR VALUES OF THE SAME.
CHARLES ANTHON, LL. D. ,
JAY-PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE,
NEW YORK, AND RECTOR OF THE GRAMMAR-SCHOOL.
"Hue undiquc gata. "--VIRO.
NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
329 & 331 PEARL STREET.
FRANKLIN SQUARE.
1872.
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? DE
\ -. ~: :.
164621
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, by
Charles Anthon, LI. . ! ),
In th<< Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York.
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? TO
JOHN A NT HON, ESQ,
COUNSELLOR AT LAW, *c,
WHO, AMID THE DUTIES OF A LABORIOUS PROFESSION", CAN STILL FIND LEISURE
FOR HOLD1NO CONVERSE WITH THE PAGES Otf ANTIQUITY, AND IN WHOM
LEGAL ERUDITION IS SO HAPPILY BLENDED WITH THE LIGHTER
GRACES OF ANCIENT AND MODERN LITERATURE,
THIS "WORK
Is
AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED,
A FEEBLE RETURN FOR MANY ACTS OF FRATERNAL KINDNESS, AND (iF A BROTHER
MAY BE ALLOWED TO EXPRESS HIMSELF IN THIS WAY) AS A TESTIMONIAL
OF FOND REGARD FOR EMINENT ABILITIES IN UNISON
WITH EMINENT INTEGRITY AND WORTH.
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? ITS
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:03 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? PREFACE
TO THE FOURTH EDITION.
Is \aying the resTalt; of his labours before the public, the author wishes it to be distinct!
understood, tha-t -the present volume is not, as some might perhaps imagine, merely an in-
proved edition, of tfa. e Classical Dictionary of" Lempriere, but a work entirely new, and r<
sembling its predece ssor in nothing but the name. The author owes it, in fact, to himsel
to be thus explicit in. liis statement, since he would feel but poorly compensated for th
heavy toil e-x. pen. tled oil the present work, were he regarded as having merely remodellci
or given a new arrangement to, the labours of another. So far from this having bee
done, there are, in truth, but few articles, and those not very important ones, wherein an
resemblance can* be traced between Lemprierc's work and the present. In every othc
respect, the Classical Dictionary now offered to the public will be found to be as diflercr
from Lempriere's as the nature of the case can possibly admit.
It cannot be denied that Lempriere's Classical Dictionary was a very popular work i
its day- The numerous editions through which it ran would show this very conclusivelj
without the necessity of any farther proof. Still, Iwwever, it may be asserted with equs
safety, that tl>is same popularity was mainly owing to the circumstance of there being n
competitor in the field. Considered in itself, indeed, the work put forth but very feebl
claims to patronage, for its scholarship was superficial and inaccurate, and-its languag
was frequently marked by a Crossness of allusion, which rendered the book a very unii
one to be put into the hands of the young. And yet so strong ahold had it taken of publi
favour both at home and in our own country, that not only were no additions or correc
tions made in the work, but the very idea itself of making such was deemed altogethe
visionary. The author of the present volume remembers very well what surprise wa
excited, when, on havinjr been employed to prepare a new edition of Lempriere in 1825
he hinted the propriety of making some alterations in the text. The answer received fron
a certain quarter \vas, that one might as well think of making alterations in the Scripture
as in the pages of Dr. Lempriere! and that all an editor had to do was merely to revis'
the references contained in the English work. When, however, several palpable errors
on the part of Lempriere, had heen pointed out by him, and the editor was allowed to cor
rect these and others of a similar kind, he still felt the impossibility of presenting th
work to the American public in that state in which alone it ought to have appeared, parti
from the undue estimation in which the labours of Dr. Lempriere were as yet general! ;
held, and partly from a consciousness of his own inability, through the want of a mor
extended course of reading, to do justice to such a task. With all its imperfections, how
ever, the edition referred to was well received; and when a second one was soon at'te
called for, the publisher felt himself imboldened to allow the editor the privilege of in
troducin" more extensive improvements, and of making the work, in every point of view
more deserving of patronage.
The republication of this latter edition in England, and the implied confession, connecter
with such a step, that the original work of Lempriere stood in need of improvement, no\
broke the charm -which had fettered the judgments of so many of our own countrymen
and it then began to be conceded on all sides that the Classical Dictionary of Dr. Lem
priere ? was by no means entitled to the claim of infallibility; nay, indeed, that it was de
fective throughout. When the ownership of the work, therefore, passed into the hand
of the Messrs. Carvill, and a new edition was again wanted, those intelligent and enter
prisino- publishers gave the editor permission to make whatever alterations and improve
men. ts? he might see fit; and the Classical Dictionary now appeared in two octavo vol
urncs enriched with new materials derived from various sources, and presenting a mud
fairer claim than before to the attention of the student.
This last-mentioned edition became, in its turn, soon exhausted, and a new one wa
demanded - when the copyright of the work passed from the Messrs. Carvill to the Brother
Harper. To individuals of less liberal spirit, and more alive to the prospect of immediat
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:03 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? vi PREFACE.
advantage, it would have appeared sufficient to republish merely the edition in two vol
umes, without any farther improvement. The Messrs. Harper, however, thought differ,
ently on the subject. They wished a Classical Dictionary in as complete and useful a
form as it could possibly be made; and, with this view, notwithstanding the large amount
which had been expended on the purchase of the work, the stereotype plates were de,
stroyed, though still perfectly serviceable, and the editor was employed to prepare a work,
which, while it should embrace all that was valuable in the additions that had from time
to time been made by him, was to retain but a very small portion of the old matter of
Lemprierc, and to supply its place with newly-prepared articles. This has now, accord,
ingly, been done. A new work i^the result; not an improved edition of the old one, but
a work on which the patient labour of more than two entire years has been faithfully ex.
ponded, and which, though comprised in a single volume, will be found to contain much
more than even the edition of Lempriere in two volumes, as published by the Messrs.
Carvill. Whatever was worth preserving among the additions previously made by the
editor, he has here retained; but, in general, even these are so altered and improved as,
in many instances, to be difficult of recognition; while, on the other hand, all the old
articles of Lempriere, excepting a few, have been superseded by new ones.
Such is a brief history of the present work. It remains now to give a general idea of
the manner in which it has been executed. The principal heads embraced in the volume
are, as the title indicates, the Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, and Fine Arts
of the Greeks and Romans. The subject of Archaeology is only incidentally noticed, as it
is the intention of the author to edit, with all convenient speed, a Dictionary of Greek
and Roman Antiquities, which will contain an abstract of all the valuable matter con-
nected with these subjects that is to i)e be found in the writings of the most eminent
German philologists. Only a few, therefore, of the more important topics that have a
bearing on Archaeology, are introduced into the present volume, such as the Greek The-
atre, and theatrical exhibitions in general, the national games of Greece, the dictatorship
and agrarian laws of the Romans, and some other points of a similar kind.
If the author were asked on what particular subject, among the many that are discussed
in the present volume, the greatest amount of care had been expended, he would feel
strongly inclined to say, that of Ancient Geography. Not that the others have been by
any means slighted, and the principal degree of labour concentrated under this head.
Far from it. But the fact is, that in a work like the present, the articles which relate to
Ancient Geography are by far the most numerous, and, in some respects, the most import-
ant, and require a large portion of assiduous care. In what relates, therefore, Jo the Ge-
ography of former days, the author thinks he can say, without the least imputation of van-
ity, that in no work in the English language will there be found a larger body of valua-
ble information on this most interesting subject, than in that which is here offered tc
the American student. In connexion with the geography of past ages, various theories,
moreover, arc given respecting the origin and migration of different communities, and
some of the more striking legends of antiquity are referred to concerning the changes
which the earth's surface has from time to time undergone. Some idea of the nature of
these topics may be formed by consulting the following articles: JEgyptus, Atlantis, Gal-
lia, Graseia, Lectonia, Mediterranean Mare, Meroe, Ogyges, Pelasgi, and Phoenicia. Nor is
this all. Books of Travels have been made to contribute their stores of information, and
the student is thus transported in fancy to the scenes of ancient story, and wanders, as
it were, amid the most striking memorials of the past.
The historical department has also been a subject of careful attention. Here, again,
the origin of nations forms a very attractive field of inquiry, and the student is put in
possessio'n of the ablest and most recent speculations of both German and English schol-
arship. The Argonautic expedition, for example, the legend of the Trojan war, events
dimly shadowed forth in the distant horizon of " gray antiquity;" the origin of Rome, the
early movements of the Doric and Ionic races among the Greeks; or, what may prove
still more interesting to some, the origin of civilization in India and the remote East; all
these topics will be found discussed under their respective heads, and will, it is hoped,
teach the young student that history ia something more than a mere record of dates, or
a chronicle of wars and crimes.
Particular attention has also been paid to the department of Biography. This subject
will be found divided into several heads: biographical sketches, namely, of public men,
of individuals eminent in literature, of scientific characters, of physicians, of philosophers,
and also of persons distinguished in the early history of the Christian Church. The lit-
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? PREFACE. Til
eniy biographic 3, in. particular, will, it is conceived, be found both attractive and useful
to the student, since -we have no work at present in the English language in which a full
riewis givenof Grecian and Roman literature. The sketches of ancient mathematicians,
udof other indi->>i. d. uals eminent for their attainments in science, will not be found with-
out interest even. in owe own day. Nor will the medical man depart altogether unre-
wardol from a perusal of those biographies which treat of persons distinguished of old
in the healing art. In the accounts, moreover, that are given of'the philosophers and
philosophic systems of antiquity, although half-learned sciolists have passed upon these
topics so sweeping a. sentence of condemnation, much curious information may neverthe-
less be obtained, au<l much food for speculation, too, on what the mind can effect by its
own unaided powers in relation to subjects that are of the utmost importance to us all.
The ecclesiastical biographies will also be found numerous, and, it is hoped, not uninter-
esting. None of them fall properly, it is true, within the sphere of a Classical Dictionary,
yet they could not well have been omitted, since many of the matters discussed in them
have reference more immediately to classical times.
The subject of Mythology has supplied, next to that of Ancient Geography, the largest
number of articles tjo the present work. In the treatment of these, it has been the chief
aim of the author to lay before the student the most important speculations of the two
great schools (the Mystic and anti-Mystic) which now divide the learned of Europe. At
the head of the former stands Creuzer, whose elaborate work (Symbolik und Mythologic
der alien Volker) has reappeared under so attractive a form through the taste and learning
of Gaigniaut. The champion of the anti-Mystic school appears to be Lobeck, although
many eminent names are also marshalled on fhe same side. It Has been the aim of the
author to give a fair and impartial view of both systems, although he cannot doubt but
that the former ? will appear to the student by far the more attractive one of the two. In
the discussion of mythological topics, very valuable materials have been obtained from
the excellent work of Keightley, who deserves the praise of having first laid open to the
English reader the stores of German erudition in the department of Mythology. The
author will, he trusts, he pardoned for having intruded some theories of his own on sev-
eral topics of a mythological character, more particularly under the articles Amazones,'
An, /o, Odinus, and Orpheus.
It is a difficult matter, in so attractive a field of inquiry
as this, to resist the temptation of inflicting one's own crude speculations upon the pa-
tience of the reader. In preparing the mythological articles, the greatest care has been
also taken to exclude from them everything offensive, either in language or detail, and
to present such a view of the several topics connected with this department of inquiry:
as may satisfy the most scrupulous, and make the present work a safe guide, in a moral'
point of view, to the young of either sex.
The department of the Fine Arts forms an entirely new feature in the present work.
The biographies of Artists have been prepared with great care, and criticisms upon their
known productions have been given from the most approved authorities, both ancient and
modern. The information contained under this head will, it is conceived, prove not un-
acceptable either to the modern artist or the general reader.
hi a work like the present, the materials for which have been drawn from so- many
sources, it would he a difficult task to specify, within the limits of an ordinary preface,
the different quarters to which obligations are due. The author has preferred, therefore,
appending to the volume a formal catalogue of authorities, at the risk of being thought
vain in so doing. A few works, however, to which he has been particularly, indebted,,
deserve to be also mentioned here. These are the volumes of Cramer on Ancient Ge-
ography; the historical researches of Thirlwall; and the work of Keightley already re-
'ferred to. From the Encyclopaedia also, published by the Society for the- Diffusion of
Useful Knowledge, numerous excellent articles have been obtained, which contribute in-
no small degree to the value of the present publication. In every instance-care has been
taken to give at the end of each article the main authority from which the materials have
been drawn, a plan generally pursued in works of a similar nature, and which was fol-
lowed by the author in all the editions of Lempriere prepared by him for the press. A
fairer mode of proceeding cannot well be imagined. And yet complaimVhas been made
in a certain quarter, that the articles taken from the Encyclopaedia just1 mentioned are
not duly credited to that work, and that the title of the work itself has been, studiously
? changed. Of the fallacy of the first charge, any one can satiafr himself by referring to
the pages of the present volume where those articles appear ;Jphile, with regard to the
second, the author has merely to remark, that in substituting the title of "Encyclopedia:
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? vUi PREFACE.
of Useful Knowledge" for the more vulgar one of " Penny Cyclopaedia," he always con-
ceived that he was doing a service to that very publication itself. At all events, the
change of title, if it were indeed such, appears to have been a very proper one, since it
met with the tacit approbation of certain so-called critics, who would never have allowed
this opportunity of gratifying personal animosity to have passed unheeded, had they con-
ceived it capable of furnishing any ground of attack:
The account of Coins, Weights, and Measures, which accompanied the cditioiuof Lem-
prierc in two volumes, has been appended to the present work in a more condensed and
convenient form. It is from the pen of Abraham B. Conger, Esq. , formerly one of the
Mathematical instructors in Columbia College, but at present a member of the New-York
bar. The very great clearness and ability which characterize this essay have been fully
acknowledged by its republication abroad in the Edinburgh edition of Potter's Grecian
Antiquities, and it will be found far superior to the labours of Arbuthnot, as given in the
Dictionary of Lempriere.
Before concluding, the author must express his grateful obligations to his friend, Fran-
cis Adams, Esq. , of Banchory Tcrnan,near Aberdeen (Scotland), for the valuable contri-
butions furnished by him under the articles A'etius, Alexander of Tralles, Aretceus, Celsus,
Dioscorides, Galenus, Hippocrates, Nicander, Oribasius, Paulus lEgineta, and many other
medical biographies scattered throughout the present work. Mr. Adams is welljtnown
abroad as the learned author of " Hermes Philologicus," and the English translator of
"Paul of JEgina. " Whatever comes from his pen, therefore, carries with it the double
recommendation of professional talent and sound and accurate scholarship.
With regard to the typographical executron of the pxesent volume, the author need say
but little. The whole speaks for itself, and for the unsparing liberality of the publishers.
In point of accuracy, the author is sure that no work of its size has ever surpassed ^t;
and for this accuracy he is mainly indebted to the unremitting care of his talented young
friend, Mr. Henry Drislcr, a graduate of Columbia College, and one of the Instructors in
the College-school, of whose valuable services he has had occasion to speak in the preface
lo a previous work.
Columbia College, August 1, 1843.
In preparing the present edition for the press, the greatest care has been taken to cor-
rect any typographical errors that may hitherto have escaped notice, and to introduce
such other alterations as the additional reading of the author, and new materials, fur-
nished by works of a similar nature, have enabled him to make. In furtherance of. this
view, he has appended a Supplement to the present volume, containing all that appeared
lo him important in the first number of the new Classical Dictionary, now in a course of
publication from the London press, as well as in the numbers, which have thus far ap-
peared, of Pauly's " Real-Encyclopadie der Classischen Alterthumswissenschaft," which con-
stitutes, in fact, the principal source of supply from which the authors of the new Clas-
sical Dictionary have drawn their materials. The articles contained in the Supplement
will be found referred to in the body of the wonc under their respective heads, thus en-
abling the reader to ascertain, at a glance, what additions have been actually made.
Columbia College, March 1, 1843.
<<
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? LIST OF WORKS,
EXCLUSIVE OF THE CLASSICS,
*?
FORMING PART OF THE AUTHOR'S PRIVATE1 COLLECTION', AND WHICH HAVE BEEX CONSULTED
TOR THE PURPOSES OF THE PRESENT EDITION.
A.
Alwlfedse Deseriptio jEgypti, Arabice ct Latine, cd. Mi
chachs. Gutting. . 1776. Svo.
Aekerman, Numismatic Manual. Lond. , 1840, 8vo.
Adasia V elf rum. Antv. . 1629, fol.
Adejon, Physiologic de I'Homme, 3 vols. 8vo, Paris. 1829.
Adelun? , Glo&sajrmm mediae et innmo? Latinitatis, (
vols. 8ro. Hate. 1772-84.
. Mithridates, oder allgemcine Sprachenkundc,
4 rols. 8vo, Berlin, 18O6-17.
Aii'irhomius, Theatrtim Terras Sanc. tffi, Col. Agripp. ,
1028. fol.
Ahmedis Arabsiadie Vitae et rcrum gcstarum Timuri,
&C. , Historia, Lugd. Bat. , 1636.
Alphjtbetum Brammhamcmn. sou Indoslanura, Univer-
sita. tn Kasi, 12mo. RomiE, Congr. de Propag. Fid. ,1771.
Atp^abcta Indica, id est. G ranthamicum sen Samscrdam-
ifo-Malabaricum, Indostanum sivc Vanarense, Na
ran cum Vulgare et Talinganicum, 12mo, Romie,
Congr. de Propag. Fid-, 1791.
Alphabetum Barrnanorum, seu regni Avensis, 12mo,
Koaae, Congr. de Propag. Fid. 1787. .
Alphkbetum Tangutanum sive Tibetanum, 12mo, Roirrte,
Conp. de Propag. Fid. , 1773.
Alpfeabetam . /Ethiopicum, sive Gheer ct Ampharicum,
12mo, RomJB, Congr. de Propag. Fid. , 1789. *
\lzifambetum Coptuin, 12mo, Romse, Congr. dc Propag.
Fid.
Alphabetnm Persicum, 12mo, Romre, Congr. dc Propag.
Fid. . 1793.
American Quarterly Review.
Amdt, I'eber den Ursprung der Europaisnhcn Sprachen,
8ro, Frankfurt, 1827.
Arnold's History of Rome, Lond. , 1838, 1st vol. 8vo.
Arandell. Visit to the Seven Churches of Asia, 8ro,
London. 1828.
, Discovcricsin -Asia Minor, Lond. , 1834, 2 vols.
8ro.
Asuiic Researches. 5 vols. 4to, London. 1799.
Asl. Grundriss der Philologie, 8vo, Landshut, 1808.
--. Platen's Leben und Schriften, Svo, Lips. , 1816.
Attisrhes Museum, 7 vols. Svo, Zurich (Neucs Att.
Mas,. 3 Tols. ).
Aiuehus, De Cognominihus Deomm, 12mo, Franq. , 1696.
B.
Bahr. Geschichtc der Rbmisrhcn Litcratur, 2 vols. Svo,
CarUruhe, 1832--6.
Bully, LcUres sur 1'Allantide de Platon, &c. , Svo, Paris,
1779. , Lettres sur 1'Origine dcs Sciences, Svo, Paris,
1777.
Bilbi, Atlas Ethnographiquo dti Globe, fol. , Paris. 1826. , Introduction a. 1'Atlas Ethnographique, Svo, Paris,
1326.
. Abrege de Geographic, 8vo, Paris, 1833.
Balduinus de Calceo Antique. 12mo, Lips. , 1733.
B>>nier, Mythology of the Ancients, 4 vols. Svo, London,
1739.
Barailon. Rerherehes sur pliisieurs MonumcnsCcltiques
et Rfimnias, Paris. 1808. 8vo.
Barth, Ueber die Dmiden der Kelten. Svo. Erlang. . 1816.
Banhelemy. Voyage du jeune A>nacharsis, 7 vols. Svo,
Paris. 1810.
Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary (Eng. trans. ),
fol. 10 vols-, 1734-11.
Beaufort, Uncertainty of early Roman History, 12mo,
? ? London. 174O.
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? LIST OF WORKS, ETC.
Bryant, New System of Mythology, G vols. 8vo, London,
1807.
Bucke, Ruins of Ancient Cities, 2 vols. 18mo, Lond. , 1840.
? A classical dictionaryCharles Anthon
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? N
J
LIBRARY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE LIBRARY
OF
WILLIAM JAMES RUCKER
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? I
i
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? "X
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? CLASSICAL DICTIONARY:
CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF
THE PRINCIPAL PROPER NAMES
MENTIONED IN
ANCIENT AUTHORS,
AND
INTENDED TO ELUCIDATE ALL THE IMPORTANT POINTS CONNECTED WITH THE
GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, MYTHOLOGY, AND FIX3 ARTS
GREEKS AND ROMANS.
TOUF. THKB WITH
AN ACCOUNT OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES,
WITH TABULAR VALUES OF THE SAME.
CHARLES ANTHON, LL. D. ,
JAY-PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE,
NEW YORK, AND RECTOR OF THE GRAMMAR-SCHOOL.
"Hue undiquc gata. "--VIRO.
NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
329 & 331 PEARL STREET.
FRANKLIN SQUARE.
1872.
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? DE
\ -. ~: :.
164621
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, by
Charles Anthon, LI. . ! ),
In th<< Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York.
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? TO
JOHN A NT HON, ESQ,
COUNSELLOR AT LAW, *c,
WHO, AMID THE DUTIES OF A LABORIOUS PROFESSION", CAN STILL FIND LEISURE
FOR HOLD1NO CONVERSE WITH THE PAGES Otf ANTIQUITY, AND IN WHOM
LEGAL ERUDITION IS SO HAPPILY BLENDED WITH THE LIGHTER
GRACES OF ANCIENT AND MODERN LITERATURE,
THIS "WORK
Is
AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED,
A FEEBLE RETURN FOR MANY ACTS OF FRATERNAL KINDNESS, AND (iF A BROTHER
MAY BE ALLOWED TO EXPRESS HIMSELF IN THIS WAY) AS A TESTIMONIAL
OF FOND REGARD FOR EMINENT ABILITIES IN UNISON
WITH EMINENT INTEGRITY AND WORTH.
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? ITS
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? PREFACE
TO THE FOURTH EDITION.
Is \aying the resTalt; of his labours before the public, the author wishes it to be distinct!
understood, tha-t -the present volume is not, as some might perhaps imagine, merely an in-
proved edition, of tfa. e Classical Dictionary of" Lempriere, but a work entirely new, and r<
sembling its predece ssor in nothing but the name. The author owes it, in fact, to himsel
to be thus explicit in. liis statement, since he would feel but poorly compensated for th
heavy toil e-x. pen. tled oil the present work, were he regarded as having merely remodellci
or given a new arrangement to, the labours of another. So far from this having bee
done, there are, in truth, but few articles, and those not very important ones, wherein an
resemblance can* be traced between Lemprierc's work and the present. In every othc
respect, the Classical Dictionary now offered to the public will be found to be as diflercr
from Lempriere's as the nature of the case can possibly admit.
It cannot be denied that Lempriere's Classical Dictionary was a very popular work i
its day- The numerous editions through which it ran would show this very conclusivelj
without the necessity of any farther proof. Still, Iwwever, it may be asserted with equs
safety, that tl>is same popularity was mainly owing to the circumstance of there being n
competitor in the field. Considered in itself, indeed, the work put forth but very feebl
claims to patronage, for its scholarship was superficial and inaccurate, and-its languag
was frequently marked by a Crossness of allusion, which rendered the book a very unii
one to be put into the hands of the young. And yet so strong ahold had it taken of publi
favour both at home and in our own country, that not only were no additions or correc
tions made in the work, but the very idea itself of making such was deemed altogethe
visionary. The author of the present volume remembers very well what surprise wa
excited, when, on havinjr been employed to prepare a new edition of Lempriere in 1825
he hinted the propriety of making some alterations in the text. The answer received fron
a certain quarter \vas, that one might as well think of making alterations in the Scripture
as in the pages of Dr. Lempriere! and that all an editor had to do was merely to revis'
the references contained in the English work. When, however, several palpable errors
on the part of Lempriere, had heen pointed out by him, and the editor was allowed to cor
rect these and others of a similar kind, he still felt the impossibility of presenting th
work to the American public in that state in which alone it ought to have appeared, parti
from the undue estimation in which the labours of Dr. Lempriere were as yet general! ;
held, and partly from a consciousness of his own inability, through the want of a mor
extended course of reading, to do justice to such a task. With all its imperfections, how
ever, the edition referred to was well received; and when a second one was soon at'te
called for, the publisher felt himself imboldened to allow the editor the privilege of in
troducin" more extensive improvements, and of making the work, in every point of view
more deserving of patronage.
The republication of this latter edition in England, and the implied confession, connecter
with such a step, that the original work of Lempriere stood in need of improvement, no\
broke the charm -which had fettered the judgments of so many of our own countrymen
and it then began to be conceded on all sides that the Classical Dictionary of Dr. Lem
priere ? was by no means entitled to the claim of infallibility; nay, indeed, that it was de
fective throughout. When the ownership of the work, therefore, passed into the hand
of the Messrs. Carvill, and a new edition was again wanted, those intelligent and enter
prisino- publishers gave the editor permission to make whatever alterations and improve
men. ts? he might see fit; and the Classical Dictionary now appeared in two octavo vol
urncs enriched with new materials derived from various sources, and presenting a mud
fairer claim than before to the attention of the student.
This last-mentioned edition became, in its turn, soon exhausted, and a new one wa
demanded - when the copyright of the work passed from the Messrs. Carvill to the Brother
Harper. To individuals of less liberal spirit, and more alive to the prospect of immediat
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? vi PREFACE.
advantage, it would have appeared sufficient to republish merely the edition in two vol
umes, without any farther improvement. The Messrs. Harper, however, thought differ,
ently on the subject. They wished a Classical Dictionary in as complete and useful a
form as it could possibly be made; and, with this view, notwithstanding the large amount
which had been expended on the purchase of the work, the stereotype plates were de,
stroyed, though still perfectly serviceable, and the editor was employed to prepare a work,
which, while it should embrace all that was valuable in the additions that had from time
to time been made by him, was to retain but a very small portion of the old matter of
Lemprierc, and to supply its place with newly-prepared articles. This has now, accord,
ingly, been done. A new work i^the result; not an improved edition of the old one, but
a work on which the patient labour of more than two entire years has been faithfully ex.
ponded, and which, though comprised in a single volume, will be found to contain much
more than even the edition of Lempriere in two volumes, as published by the Messrs.
Carvill. Whatever was worth preserving among the additions previously made by the
editor, he has here retained; but, in general, even these are so altered and improved as,
in many instances, to be difficult of recognition; while, on the other hand, all the old
articles of Lempriere, excepting a few, have been superseded by new ones.
Such is a brief history of the present work. It remains now to give a general idea of
the manner in which it has been executed. The principal heads embraced in the volume
are, as the title indicates, the Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, and Fine Arts
of the Greeks and Romans. The subject of Archaeology is only incidentally noticed, as it
is the intention of the author to edit, with all convenient speed, a Dictionary of Greek
and Roman Antiquities, which will contain an abstract of all the valuable matter con-
nected with these subjects that is to i)e be found in the writings of the most eminent
German philologists. Only a few, therefore, of the more important topics that have a
bearing on Archaeology, are introduced into the present volume, such as the Greek The-
atre, and theatrical exhibitions in general, the national games of Greece, the dictatorship
and agrarian laws of the Romans, and some other points of a similar kind.
If the author were asked on what particular subject, among the many that are discussed
in the present volume, the greatest amount of care had been expended, he would feel
strongly inclined to say, that of Ancient Geography. Not that the others have been by
any means slighted, and the principal degree of labour concentrated under this head.
Far from it. But the fact is, that in a work like the present, the articles which relate to
Ancient Geography are by far the most numerous, and, in some respects, the most import-
ant, and require a large portion of assiduous care. In what relates, therefore, Jo the Ge-
ography of former days, the author thinks he can say, without the least imputation of van-
ity, that in no work in the English language will there be found a larger body of valua-
ble information on this most interesting subject, than in that which is here offered tc
the American student. In connexion with the geography of past ages, various theories,
moreover, arc given respecting the origin and migration of different communities, and
some of the more striking legends of antiquity are referred to concerning the changes
which the earth's surface has from time to time undergone. Some idea of the nature of
these topics may be formed by consulting the following articles: JEgyptus, Atlantis, Gal-
lia, Graseia, Lectonia, Mediterranean Mare, Meroe, Ogyges, Pelasgi, and Phoenicia. Nor is
this all. Books of Travels have been made to contribute their stores of information, and
the student is thus transported in fancy to the scenes of ancient story, and wanders, as
it were, amid the most striking memorials of the past.
The historical department has also been a subject of careful attention. Here, again,
the origin of nations forms a very attractive field of inquiry, and the student is put in
possessio'n of the ablest and most recent speculations of both German and English schol-
arship. The Argonautic expedition, for example, the legend of the Trojan war, events
dimly shadowed forth in the distant horizon of " gray antiquity;" the origin of Rome, the
early movements of the Doric and Ionic races among the Greeks; or, what may prove
still more interesting to some, the origin of civilization in India and the remote East; all
these topics will be found discussed under their respective heads, and will, it is hoped,
teach the young student that history ia something more than a mere record of dates, or
a chronicle of wars and crimes.
Particular attention has also been paid to the department of Biography. This subject
will be found divided into several heads: biographical sketches, namely, of public men,
of individuals eminent in literature, of scientific characters, of physicians, of philosophers,
and also of persons distinguished in the early history of the Christian Church. The lit-
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? PREFACE. Til
eniy biographic 3, in. particular, will, it is conceived, be found both attractive and useful
to the student, since -we have no work at present in the English language in which a full
riewis givenof Grecian and Roman literature. The sketches of ancient mathematicians,
udof other indi->>i. d. uals eminent for their attainments in science, will not be found with-
out interest even. in owe own day. Nor will the medical man depart altogether unre-
wardol from a perusal of those biographies which treat of persons distinguished of old
in the healing art. In the accounts, moreover, that are given of'the philosophers and
philosophic systems of antiquity, although half-learned sciolists have passed upon these
topics so sweeping a. sentence of condemnation, much curious information may neverthe-
less be obtained, au<l much food for speculation, too, on what the mind can effect by its
own unaided powers in relation to subjects that are of the utmost importance to us all.
The ecclesiastical biographies will also be found numerous, and, it is hoped, not uninter-
esting. None of them fall properly, it is true, within the sphere of a Classical Dictionary,
yet they could not well have been omitted, since many of the matters discussed in them
have reference more immediately to classical times.
The subject of Mythology has supplied, next to that of Ancient Geography, the largest
number of articles tjo the present work. In the treatment of these, it has been the chief
aim of the author to lay before the student the most important speculations of the two
great schools (the Mystic and anti-Mystic) which now divide the learned of Europe. At
the head of the former stands Creuzer, whose elaborate work (Symbolik und Mythologic
der alien Volker) has reappeared under so attractive a form through the taste and learning
of Gaigniaut. The champion of the anti-Mystic school appears to be Lobeck, although
many eminent names are also marshalled on fhe same side. It Has been the aim of the
author to give a fair and impartial view of both systems, although he cannot doubt but
that the former ? will appear to the student by far the more attractive one of the two. In
the discussion of mythological topics, very valuable materials have been obtained from
the excellent work of Keightley, who deserves the praise of having first laid open to the
English reader the stores of German erudition in the department of Mythology. The
author will, he trusts, he pardoned for having intruded some theories of his own on sev-
eral topics of a mythological character, more particularly under the articles Amazones,'
An, /o, Odinus, and Orpheus.
It is a difficult matter, in so attractive a field of inquiry
as this, to resist the temptation of inflicting one's own crude speculations upon the pa-
tience of the reader. In preparing the mythological articles, the greatest care has been
also taken to exclude from them everything offensive, either in language or detail, and
to present such a view of the several topics connected with this department of inquiry:
as may satisfy the most scrupulous, and make the present work a safe guide, in a moral'
point of view, to the young of either sex.
The department of the Fine Arts forms an entirely new feature in the present work.
The biographies of Artists have been prepared with great care, and criticisms upon their
known productions have been given from the most approved authorities, both ancient and
modern. The information contained under this head will, it is conceived, prove not un-
acceptable either to the modern artist or the general reader.
hi a work like the present, the materials for which have been drawn from so- many
sources, it would he a difficult task to specify, within the limits of an ordinary preface,
the different quarters to which obligations are due. The author has preferred, therefore,
appending to the volume a formal catalogue of authorities, at the risk of being thought
vain in so doing. A few works, however, to which he has been particularly, indebted,,
deserve to be also mentioned here. These are the volumes of Cramer on Ancient Ge-
ography; the historical researches of Thirlwall; and the work of Keightley already re-
'ferred to. From the Encyclopaedia also, published by the Society for the- Diffusion of
Useful Knowledge, numerous excellent articles have been obtained, which contribute in-
no small degree to the value of the present publication. In every instance-care has been
taken to give at the end of each article the main authority from which the materials have
been drawn, a plan generally pursued in works of a similar nature, and which was fol-
lowed by the author in all the editions of Lempriere prepared by him for the press. A
fairer mode of proceeding cannot well be imagined. And yet complaimVhas been made
in a certain quarter, that the articles taken from the Encyclopaedia just1 mentioned are
not duly credited to that work, and that the title of the work itself has been, studiously
? changed. Of the fallacy of the first charge, any one can satiafr himself by referring to
the pages of the present volume where those articles appear ;Jphile, with regard to the
second, the author has merely to remark, that in substituting the title of "Encyclopedia:
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? vUi PREFACE.
of Useful Knowledge" for the more vulgar one of " Penny Cyclopaedia," he always con-
ceived that he was doing a service to that very publication itself. At all events, the
change of title, if it were indeed such, appears to have been a very proper one, since it
met with the tacit approbation of certain so-called critics, who would never have allowed
this opportunity of gratifying personal animosity to have passed unheeded, had they con-
ceived it capable of furnishing any ground of attack:
The account of Coins, Weights, and Measures, which accompanied the cditioiuof Lem-
prierc in two volumes, has been appended to the present work in a more condensed and
convenient form. It is from the pen of Abraham B. Conger, Esq. , formerly one of the
Mathematical instructors in Columbia College, but at present a member of the New-York
bar. The very great clearness and ability which characterize this essay have been fully
acknowledged by its republication abroad in the Edinburgh edition of Potter's Grecian
Antiquities, and it will be found far superior to the labours of Arbuthnot, as given in the
Dictionary of Lempriere.
Before concluding, the author must express his grateful obligations to his friend, Fran-
cis Adams, Esq. , of Banchory Tcrnan,near Aberdeen (Scotland), for the valuable contri-
butions furnished by him under the articles A'etius, Alexander of Tralles, Aretceus, Celsus,
Dioscorides, Galenus, Hippocrates, Nicander, Oribasius, Paulus lEgineta, and many other
medical biographies scattered throughout the present work. Mr. Adams is welljtnown
abroad as the learned author of " Hermes Philologicus," and the English translator of
"Paul of JEgina. " Whatever comes from his pen, therefore, carries with it the double
recommendation of professional talent and sound and accurate scholarship.
With regard to the typographical executron of the pxesent volume, the author need say
but little. The whole speaks for itself, and for the unsparing liberality of the publishers.
In point of accuracy, the author is sure that no work of its size has ever surpassed ^t;
and for this accuracy he is mainly indebted to the unremitting care of his talented young
friend, Mr. Henry Drislcr, a graduate of Columbia College, and one of the Instructors in
the College-school, of whose valuable services he has had occasion to speak in the preface
lo a previous work.
Columbia College, August 1, 1843.
In preparing the present edition for the press, the greatest care has been taken to cor-
rect any typographical errors that may hitherto have escaped notice, and to introduce
such other alterations as the additional reading of the author, and new materials, fur-
nished by works of a similar nature, have enabled him to make. In furtherance of. this
view, he has appended a Supplement to the present volume, containing all that appeared
lo him important in the first number of the new Classical Dictionary, now in a course of
publication from the London press, as well as in the numbers, which have thus far ap-
peared, of Pauly's " Real-Encyclopadie der Classischen Alterthumswissenschaft," which con-
stitutes, in fact, the principal source of supply from which the authors of the new Clas-
sical Dictionary have drawn their materials. The articles contained in the Supplement
will be found referred to in the body of the wonc under their respective heads, thus en-
abling the reader to ascertain, at a glance, what additions have been actually made.
Columbia College, March 1, 1843.
<<
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? LIST OF WORKS,
EXCLUSIVE OF THE CLASSICS,
*?
FORMING PART OF THE AUTHOR'S PRIVATE1 COLLECTION', AND WHICH HAVE BEEX CONSULTED
TOR THE PURPOSES OF THE PRESENT EDITION.
A.
Alwlfedse Deseriptio jEgypti, Arabice ct Latine, cd. Mi
chachs. Gutting. . 1776. Svo.
Aekerman, Numismatic Manual. Lond. , 1840, 8vo.
Adasia V elf rum. Antv. . 1629, fol.
Adejon, Physiologic de I'Homme, 3 vols. 8vo, Paris. 1829.
Adelun? , Glo&sajrmm mediae et innmo? Latinitatis, (
vols. 8ro. Hate. 1772-84.
. Mithridates, oder allgemcine Sprachenkundc,
4 rols. 8vo, Berlin, 18O6-17.
Aii'irhomius, Theatrtim Terras Sanc. tffi, Col. Agripp. ,
1028. fol.
Ahmedis Arabsiadie Vitae et rcrum gcstarum Timuri,
&C. , Historia, Lugd. Bat. , 1636.
Alphjtbetum Brammhamcmn. sou Indoslanura, Univer-
sita. tn Kasi, 12mo. RomiE, Congr. de Propag. Fid. ,1771.
Atp^abcta Indica, id est. G ranthamicum sen Samscrdam-
ifo-Malabaricum, Indostanum sivc Vanarense, Na
ran cum Vulgare et Talinganicum, 12mo, Romie,
Congr. de Propag. Fid-, 1791.
Alphabetum Barrnanorum, seu regni Avensis, 12mo,
Koaae, Congr. de Propag. Fid. 1787. .
Alphkbetum Tangutanum sive Tibetanum, 12mo, Roirrte,
Conp. de Propag. Fid. , 1773.
Alpfeabetam . /Ethiopicum, sive Gheer ct Ampharicum,
12mo, RomJB, Congr. de Propag. Fid. , 1789. *
\lzifambetum Coptuin, 12mo, Romse, Congr. dc Propag.
Fid.
Alphabetnm Persicum, 12mo, Romre, Congr. dc Propag.
Fid. . 1793.
American Quarterly Review.
Amdt, I'eber den Ursprung der Europaisnhcn Sprachen,
8ro, Frankfurt, 1827.
Arnold's History of Rome, Lond. , 1838, 1st vol. 8vo.
Arandell. Visit to the Seven Churches of Asia, 8ro,
London. 1828.
, Discovcricsin -Asia Minor, Lond. , 1834, 2 vols.
8ro.
Asuiic Researches. 5 vols. 4to, London. 1799.
Asl. Grundriss der Philologie, 8vo, Landshut, 1808.
--. Platen's Leben und Schriften, Svo, Lips. , 1816.
Attisrhes Museum, 7 vols. Svo, Zurich (Neucs Att.
Mas,. 3 Tols. ).
Aiuehus, De Cognominihus Deomm, 12mo, Franq. , 1696.
B.
Bahr. Geschichtc der Rbmisrhcn Litcratur, 2 vols. Svo,
CarUruhe, 1832--6.
Bully, LcUres sur 1'Allantide de Platon, &c. , Svo, Paris,
1779. , Lettres sur 1'Origine dcs Sciences, Svo, Paris,
1777.
Bilbi, Atlas Ethnographiquo dti Globe, fol. , Paris. 1826. , Introduction a. 1'Atlas Ethnographique, Svo, Paris,
1326.
. Abrege de Geographic, 8vo, Paris, 1833.
Balduinus de Calceo Antique. 12mo, Lips. , 1733.
B>>nier, Mythology of the Ancients, 4 vols. Svo, London,
1739.
Barailon. Rerherehes sur pliisieurs MonumcnsCcltiques
et Rfimnias, Paris. 1808. 8vo.
Barth, Ueber die Dmiden der Kelten. Svo. Erlang. . 1816.
Banhelemy. Voyage du jeune A>nacharsis, 7 vols. Svo,
Paris. 1810.
Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary (Eng. trans. ),
fol. 10 vols-, 1734-11.
Beaufort, Uncertainty of early Roman History, 12mo,
? ? London. 174O.
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? LIST OF WORKS, ETC.
Bryant, New System of Mythology, G vols. 8vo, London,
1807.
Bucke, Ruins of Ancient Cities, 2 vols. 18mo, Lond. , 1840.
