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a very nothing;" and hence, in an old
poet quoted by Cicero, Tusc 1. 4. , we have,
" Sisyphu' venal
" Saxum tudant nitendo, nequeproficit hilum. " i. e. nihil.
Scaliger, in his notes to Festus, asserts the old orthography to have been
hillum. If so, the deviation in nihilum, from the quantity of the primitive,
may be accounted for by Syncope.
h According to Vossius, in Cognitum et Agnitum, eequuntur Latini
naturampolysyllaborum simplicium, ut sunt Hubitum, Bibiium, et timilia. "
Perhaps it would be more correct to say that in notum the Crasis operated
to lengthen the word from novitum, and the Syncope to shorten cognitum
and agnitum.
i It would be more proper perhaps to call the second syllable in imbe-
cillus common. It is short in Prudentius, Hymn. post, cibum, v. 2. , and
long in Horace, Sat. 2. 7. 39. , and in Paulinus, lie Celsi obitu. v. 114. The
Port-Royal grammarian censures Prudentius for this apparent violation of
quantity. It may be observed, however, in defence of the Christian poet,
that it is more consistent with the derivation of the word, to make its
second syllable short, than long; and that Lucretius, in the verb vacillo,
which is derived from baculus or bacillus, shortens the first syllable in six
different parts of his poem, and lengthens it only in one. 3. 503. Gesner.
Thes. L. L- supposes the second syllable of imbecillus to have been made
long by doubling the c, a remark in unison with that of Wase, mentioned
in a preceding note, and which may perhaps furnish us with a safe clew
amid the intricacies of poetic license.
k It has been supposed, that besides ambio, ambitum, a simple derivative
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? OOMPOUND WORDS.
Connubium, from nubo, has the second syllable common.
Virg. Hectoris Andromache, Pyrrhiu? connubia servas ?
Idem. Connubiojungam stabili propriamg; dicabo.
SECT. XIII.
PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION.
Longa A, DE, E, SE, DI, prater Dirimo atque Disei'Ujs.
Sit RE breve: at Refert a Res producito semper.
Corripe PRO Gracum; produc plerumque Latinum.
Contrahe qua Fundus, Fugio, Neptisyue, Neposgue,
Et Festus, Fari, Fateor, Fanum^ue crearunt :
Hiice Profecto addes, pariterque Procella, Protervus,
At primam variant Propago, Propino, Profundo,
Propulso, Procuro, Propello: Proserpina junge.
Corripe AB, et reliquas, obstet nisi consona bina.
A, E, DE, DI, SE, in composition, are long; as amitto. s
erumpo, deduco, diripio, separo.
Virg. Amissos longo socios sermone requiruht.
Idem. Deducunt socii naves, et littora complent.
Idem. Tergora diripiunt coslis et viscera nudant.
Exceptions. --DI is short in Dirimo and Disertus. 1
Virg. Cede Deo dixitque et prcelia voce diremit.
Mart. Non tu, Pomponi, ccena discrta tua est.
RE is short, as relinquo, rgfero ;ra but the impersonal verb
refert (it concerns) from the noun res, is long.
from a/ufi or ambe, (as supero from super,) there was also ambee, ambt.
tum, a compound from eo.
1 Dirimo, according to Vossius, was originally dtsemo, from dts and
emo. The change of s into r, in many Latin words, is taken notice of by
Varro, who cites Valerii, Furii, Aurelii, &c. as instances, the old forms
having been Valesii, Fusii, Auselii, be. If this doctrine be correct, the
quantity of the first syllable in dirimo may be easily accounted for. In the
case of dtsertus, we may suppose the word to have been written originally
dissertus, just as in the supine of dissero we have dissertum, and the se-
cond << to have been in process of time elided, leaving the syllable (Us short,
according to its original quantity.
m See remarks upon the figure Diastole.
B2
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? 1
18 PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION.
Ovid. Propellit Boreas, testus et unda refert. .
Virg. Pruelerea necjam mutari pabula refert.
PRO is short in Greek words; as Propontis, Prometheus.
In Latin words it is found most frequently long; as proveho,
pronums.
Ovid. Misit in has si quos longa Propontis aquas.
Virg. Provehimur portu, termq; urbesq; recedunt.
Exceptions. --Profundus, profugus, profugio, pronepos,
ptoneptis, profesfus, profciscof, prdfari, prqfiteor, prof anus,
profecto, procella, protervus, propero, have the pro short. "
Proflago," (whether noun or verb,) propino, profunda, pro-
euro, propello, propulso, Proserpina? have the pro common.
The prepositions AB, AD, IN, OB, PER, SUB, are short
in composition before vowels, as are likewise the final syllables
of Ante, Circum, and Super; as abeo, adero, adoro, inuro,
obeo, perimo, subeo, antefero, circumago, superaddo.
Virg. Omnibus umbra locis adero : dabis improbe pcenas'.
Idem. Junonis magne primum prece numen ddora.
Juv. Circumagat madidas d tempestate cohortes.
Sometimes when AB or OB is joined in composition to a
word beginning with a consonant, the preposition loses its
final consonant and remains short; as aperi'o, omitto, operio.
Ovid. Aprilem memorant ab aperto tempore dictum.
Hor. Quod petiit, spernit; repetit quod nuper omisit.
n Dr. Carey is of opinion, that the Latin Pro in composition is every
"where common. ; and that we should probably find it so, it" we had enough
of the ancient poetry 1'emaining-
o Pvopago, the noun, has, according to the grammarians, the pro long,
when it signifies " a vine stock or layer," and short, w hen it signifies
" race or lineage. " The learned prosodian above named, maintains that
this distinction is an idle one; that propago is in both cases the same word,
only used on some occasions in its natural signification, on othera metaphori-
cally ; as we say in English, the Stock of a tree, and the Stock of a family.
He considers, therefore, the pro in propago as common; and in confirma-
tion of his opinion, quotes the following passage from Statius, Sibv, 2. 3. 39.
Prinnevam visu platanum, cui longa prSpago,
Innumerteque manus, et iturus in <<thera vertex.
p Proserpina, according to some, was so called from being the goddess
who presides over the corn when it has sprouted above the earl h, " cum
super terrain seges proserpserit. "--According to Vossius, the name is, a
oorruption from n<<g<<<)>ovii.
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? C 19 )
SECT. XIV.
A, E, I, U, AND V, IN COMPOSITION.
Produc A semper, composti parte priore ;
At simul E, simid I, ferme breviare memento.
Nequidquam produc, Nequando, Venefica, Nequam,
Nequaquam, Ncquis sociosque: Videlicet addes.
Idem masculeum monitus producito, Siquis,
Scilicet et BigEe, Tibicen : junge Quadrigae,
Bimus, Tantidem, Quidam et compdsla Diei.
Compositum variabis Ubi, variabis Ibidem.
IF the first part of a Latin compound word end in A, that
vowel is long; as trdno, trdduco, trado. i But if it end in
E, the E is in general short: as trecenti, nefas.
Virg. Expertes belli juvenes, ast Ilva trecentos.
Juv. Credebant hoc grande nefas et morte piandum.
But in verbs compounded with facio or fio, the E appears
to be common; as tremefacio, calefacio, tumefacio, liquefiot
patejio, &c. r
Exceptions. --Nequis,* Nequa, Nequod, nequitia, nequam,
nequaquam, nequidquam, nequando, videlicet, venefica, semo-
dius, semestris, sedecim, have the E long. Helibra, however,
is shortened by Martial. '
q Trano, traduce, trado, &c. were originally written transno, trans,
duco, transdo ; hence tbe quantity of the a in the initial syllables.
r The E is short in some, long in others, and in others again both long
and short: thus, tremefacio and caUfacia are shortened by Claudian; con-
tablfacio is made long by Plautns; ravefacio and vacefio are lengthened
by Lucretius; while tepefacio is short in Virgil and long in Catullus, pate-
facio short in Ovid and long in Ennius, paiejio short in Propertius and long
in Lucretius, Uquefio short in Ovid, and liquefacio long in Catullus.
s The difference in quantity between nlcesse, nefas, nefandue, nifastus,
nefurius, niqueo, and nequis, nequum, nequitia, sc. has been supposed to
be owing to the circumstance, that in the former class of words die <<? was
formed by Apocope from tbe conjunction nic, and so retains its original
quantity ; whereas, in the latter, either it is the abverb ve which is always
long, or the c of nec was retained in pronunciation, though omitted in
writing.
t Videlicet is formed from videre and licet, just as scilicet from scire
licet, and ilicet from ire licet. Veneftcus and venefica are compounded of
venim/m and facio. Simodius and semestris are contractions, being formed
by Crasis from semimodius and semimeslris, the letter m baring the sound
jnentsoaed in Sect. I. note >>. Sedecim was originally texdecim.
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? 20
A, E, I, U, AND Yj IN COMPOSITION.
Virg. Nequa meis eato dictia mora : Jufiiter hac alec.
Ovid. Barbara narratur veniase vene/ica tecum.
Mart. Et thuris fiijieriaque trea aetibree.
If the first part of a compound terminate in I, U, or Y, the
vowel is shortened; as Omnipotens, causldicus, tubicen," Me-
lilolus, biceps, triceps, bicorpor, tricorpor, tricuspis, duplex,
ducenti, quadrupes, Polydorus, &c.
Virg. Tum flater omnifiotens, rerum cui summa flotestas.
Mart. Carfiere causidicus fertur mea carmina.
Ovid. Para thyma, fiara rorem, fiars meliioton amat.
The masculine idem, and big<t, quadrigte, siquis, siqua,
siquod, scilicet, ilicet, tibicen, melliphyllon, Trinacria, bimus,
trimus, quadrimus, quivis, quidam, quilibet, tarUidem, bi-
duum, triduum, and the other compounds of dies, together,
with meridies, quotidie, &c. have the I long.
Mart. Difficilia, Jacilis, jucundua, acerbua et idem.
Idem. Si totua libi triduo legatur.
Idem. Inter tefientea fiost meridiem buxos.
In ubicunque and ubivis, the I, as in the primitive ubi, is
common; in ubique and ibidem, the middle syllable is gene-
rally long, though, strictly speaking, it should also be regarded
as common. 11
u Tubieen falls under the general rule; whereas tibicen, a different
word, is by contraction from tibucen. See Section IV.
x The middle syllable in ubique should be considered common, for the
same reason that the corresponding syllables in ubicunque and ubivie are
regarded as such, they all being derived from ubi. The authorities, how-
ever, to prove that the middle syllable of ubique was short as well as long,
are very rare. Wase cites two lines from Plantus, JBucch. 5,1. 1. and Cas.
2. S. 38.
in which he maintains that ubique is found short; and then goes
on to remark--" Totum discrimen in hoc verti videtur, quod ubi, cum
desinat in ancipitem, quolies adjicitur particula copulaiiva, ultimam
corripiat i quoties expletiva, producat: apud recentiores quidem, dis.
cretionis causa; non item apud vetuetissimos. " The difference in quan-
tity here alluded to, though it may not have any very strong arguments in
its favour, may yet be recommended " discretionis causa," and will be
found, in nnny cases, extremely convenient, For example; let the student
in reading Sallust, where ubique, in the sense of et ubi, frequently occurs,
be taught in every such instance to pronounce it ubique, reserving the long
quantity for ubique, when it signifies " in every place," "every where"--
With regard to ibidem, though generally found long like ubique, it is
shortened however by Juvencus and Mamercus, and by Plautus in the fol-
lowing lines; Merc. 1. 3. 99. ; Most. 2. J. 51. | Trin. I. 2. 166. ; Captiv.
I. 2, 94. ; Jiacch. 2. 3. 79,; Stich. 2. 3. 12.
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? ( 21 )
SECT. XV.
O IN COMPOSITION.
GrcBcum O (Mix<<o>>) prima composti corripe parte :
n (M'. yx) produces, partem dum claudit tandem.
O Latium in variis breviat vel protrahit urns.
IN words of Greek origin, when the first part of the com-
pound ends in O, that vowel is short; as Cymothae, Carpd-
phorus, Argonauta.
Mart. Swcula Carpophorum, Caesar, siprisca tulissent,
Jam nullum monstris orbe fuisset opus.
Idem. Non nautas puto vos, sed Argonautas.
But if the first part of the compound end in O-mega, the
O is long in Latin; as rsw^Tjus, Geometra; Mivo>t<*i>{o;,
Mindtaurus; Aayumu;, Lagopus.
Virg. Mindtaurus inest Veneris monumenta nefandm.
Mart. Si meus aurita gaudet lagopode JFlaccus.
O in compound Latin words is sometimes long, as alio-
quin, quandoque; and sometimes short, as quandoquidem,
hod it, duodeni. y
Virg. Dicite quandoquidem, in molli consedimus herba.
Horat. Indignor, quanddq; bonus dormitat Homerus.
SECT. XVI.
INCREMENT OP NOUNS.
IF the genitive singular of a noun be equal to the nomi-
native in the number of its syllables, that noun has no incre-
ment; as Musa, Musce; Dominus, Domini.
But if the genitive contain more syllables than the nomi-
native, then the penultima of the genitive will be the incre-
ment of the noun, and that syllable, whether it be long or
short, will retain its quantity in all the oblique cases of the
y Dr. Carey considers quandoque and quandoquidem, together with
duodeni, as having the o common, according to the quantity of the simple
quando and duo.
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? 22
INCREMENT OP NOUNS.
singular and plural numbers; as Sermo, sermonis, sermoni,
sermdnem, sermone, sermdnes, sermonum, sermonibus.
Exception. --In Bobus, the o is long, though short in the
genitive bovis. *
SECT. XVII.
INCREMENTS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
Casibus obliquis viz crescit prima. Secunda
Corripit incrementa, tamen producit Iberi.
A, In the old increment of the first declension, is always
long; as aulai, pictd'i, aural, longai. *
Virg. Aulai in medio libabant pocula Bacchi.
The increments of the second declension are short; as
miser, miseri; vir, viri; satur, saturi; puer, pueri.
Virg. Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco.
Persius. inter pocula qucerunt,
Romulidee saturi quid dia poemata narrent.
z Bobus is formed by Syncope and Crasis from Bovibus or Boioibm,
and is only a deviation in appearance. Many nouns are cited as having a
double increment, such, for example, as iter, jecur, supellex, preceps,
&c; the truth, however, is, that the genitives commonly assigned them,
belong in fact to other and older forms. Thus, iter properly makes iteris
in the genitive, and itineris belongs to the old nominative itiner. Proper-
this uses Here in the ablative, and Plautus and Manlius have itiner in the
accusative. Both jecorit and jecinoris are given as genitives of jecur,
when in reality only the former belongs to it, and the latter comes from
the old nominative jecinor, mentioned by Scaliger in his notes to Festus.
So the genitive supellectilis comes from the old nominative supellectile or
supellectilis. A nd lastly,preceps properly makes prtecipia in the genitive,
andprtecipitit comes from precipes, like uncipitis ivom ancipes. Pris-
cian quotes Livius Andronicus and Ennius for the use of prtecipcm and
precipe; while concape; a kindred form with ancipes and precipes, is
found in the old Latin of the Twelve Tables.
a The genitive in a'i is found only in the poets, and rarely in any after
the time of Lucretius. Virgil, however, who is styled by Quinctilian,
" vetustatis amantissimus," has a few instances of it. On the other hand
the dative in ai'is very rare in. poetry, though sometimes met with in
prose. It occurs in two ancient inscriptions--" Calida'i Secunda'i matri,"
and " Cassia'i maximal matri. " Spalding in his note to Quinctilian
1. 7. , is of opinion that the syllable a'i, when it occurred in prose, was
pronounced without the diseresis, just as Cesar, %/EUus, Sec. were an-
ciently written Caisar Jlilius.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 28
fexcEPTioN. --Iber, Iberi, has its penult long 5 as also its
compound Celtiber, Celtiberi,
Luc. Interea domitis Cesar remeabit Iberia^
Mart. Fir Celtiberis non tacende gentibua.
The increment in IUS has been mentioned in Sect. III.
JVominia A crescent, quodJlectit tertia, longum eat.
Mascula corrifliea AR et AL Jinita, simulque
Par cum comfioaitis, Hepar, cum Nectare, Bacchar
CwmVS. de, Mas et Anas, queiajunge Laremywe, Jubarjae.
THE increment in A, of nouns of the third declension, is
chiefly long; as vectigal, vectigdlis ; Titan, Titdnis ; pietas,
pietdtis; pax, pads; calcar, calcaris; Ajax, Ajacis.
Ovid. Concitat iratus validoa Titdnas in Arma.
Virg. Pars mihi fiads erit dextram tetigiase Tyranni.
ExcEPTioNS. ^Masculines in AL and AR (except Car and
JVar) increase short; as Hannibal, Hannibalis; Hamilcar,
Hamilcaris. So also hepar, nectar, bacchar, jubar, lar, vas,
mas, anas, sal whether neuter or masculine, and par, with its
compounds impar, compar, dispar, Sic.
Sil. Hannibalem Fabio ducam sfiectante fier urbem.
Idem. Cui stevum arridens narrabis Hamilcaris umbris.
Virg. Vela dabant lteti, et afiumas satis are ruebant.
A qunque et AS Grcecum breve postulat incrementum f
S quoque jfinitum, si consona ponitur ante ;
Et Dropax, Anthrax, Atrax, cum Smilace, Climax;
His Atacem, Panacem, Colacem, Styracemjwe, Faceragwe,
Atque A bacem, Coracem, Phylacem, compostaq; necies.
SECT. XVIII.
INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
INCREMENT IN A.
INCREMENT FROM A AND AS.
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? 24 INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Greek nouns in A and AS, increase short; as poema, pfbe-
matis; lampas, lampadis ; Melas, Melanis;--also nouns end-
ing in S preceded by a consonant; as trabs, Irakis; Arabs,
Ardbis ;--and likewise fax, gtyrax, smilax, climax, dropax,
eolax, arctophylax, and other compounds of Qv\a%, together
with the other Words enumerated in the rule.
Syphax makes Syphacis and Syphacis; but the short quan-
tity may be doubted, since the line quoted from Claudian by
Smetius, as an instance, has been deemed incorrect.
INCREMENT IN E.
E crescens numero breviabit tertia primo,
Prater Iber, patriosque ENIS, (sed contrahit Hymen),
Ver, Mansues, Locuples, Hares, Mercesgwe, Quiesjue,
Et Vervex, Lex, Rex, et Plebs, Seps, insuper Halec";
EL peregrinum; Es, Er, Graca; iEthere, et Aere demptis.
E, in the inciease of the third declension, is for the most
part short; as grex, gregis; teres, teretis ; mulier, mulieris.
Ovid. Nobiliumque greges custos servabat equarum.
Exception I. --Iber, Ibiris, and genitives in ENIS, have
the penult long; as ren, renis; Syren, Syr mis; except Hy-
men, Hymenis.
Exception 11,--Ver, mansues, locuples, hares, merces,
quies, lex, rex, plebs, vervex, seps, and halec, increase long.
Exception III. --Foreign names in EL, as Michael, like-
wise lengthen the penult; as also Greek nouns in ER and
ES; as crater, soter, tapes, lebes, &c; excepting a'er and
tether, which increase short.
increment in i and y.
I crescens numero breviabit tertia primo.
Grata serf in patrio longum INIS et YNIS adoptant.
Et Lis, Glis, Samnis, Dis, Gryps, Neshque, Quirisgwe,
Cum Viblce, simul longa incrementa reposcunt.
I or Y, in the increment of the third declension, is for the
most part short; as stips, st'ipis; pollex, pollicis ; chlamys,
chtamydisj Chalybs, Chalybis.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE TMIRB DECLENSION. 26
Ovid. Die inquam, parva cur stipe quterat opes ?
Virg. At Chalybes nudi ferrum^ virosaque Pontus>>
Exceptions. --Genitives in INIS or YNIS, from nouns
of Greek origin, have the penult long 5 as Belfihin, Delfihi-
nis; Phorcyn, Phvrcynis t Salamis, Salaminis. So also
Dis, Ditis; vibex, vibicis ; glis, gliris ; gryfis, gryphis ;
Samnis, Samnitis ; Quiris, quiritis ; Nesis, JVesidis.
Virg. Orpheus in tylvis, inter delphinas Arion.
Idem. Laomedontiaden Priamum Salamina petentem.
Idem. Noctes atque dies palet atri janua Ditit.
Apsis^ afisidis, increases short in the genitive, though the
penult in Greek be long*. Psofihis is lengthened by Ovid,
Met, 5. 607. and made short by Statius, Theb. 4. 296>> In
Greek however, its penult, like that of apsis, is always long.
Increment from ix and Yx>>
IX vel YX firoduc ; breviato Histrix, cum Fornice Varix,
Coxendix, Choenixq; Cilix, Natrixq; Calixq;
Phryxywe, Larix et Onyx, Pix, Nixyue, Salix^ue, TiYixque,
Mastichis his et Eryx, Calycisqj et Japygis addes
Qutegue ultra invenias: Bebryx variare memento.
NOtJNS in IX, or YX, have, for the most part, the pe-
nult of the genitive long; as Felix, felicis ; bombyx, bom*
bycis ; fierdix, fierdicis ; coturnix, coturnicis ; fiernix, fier-
iiicis ; lodix, lodicis.
Virg. Vivitefelices quibus est forluna peractu.
Exceptions--Cilix, fiix, histrix, fornix, natrix, nix,
chcenix, strix, varix, salix, Jilix, larix, coxendix, calix,
calyx, onyx, Eryx, Styx, Jafiyx, Phryx, together with
such proper names, as Ambiorix, Dumnorix, Vercingeto*
rix, and such gentile nouns, as Biturix, Caturix, have their
increase short.
Luc. Armenios Cilicesque feros^ Taurdsq; subegi.
Idem. Nunc pice) nunc liquida rapuere incendia cerd.
Mastix, mastichis, a gum, increases short; but Mastix,
mastigis, a whip or scourge, has the increment long.