No More Learning

In the same year Yusuf marched to Gulbarga, defeated
Dastūr Dinār, put him to death and annexed the province of Gul-
barga to his dominions. He now believed himself to be strong enough
to carry out a project which he seems to have cherished for some
time, and established in his dominions the Shiah religion, to which
he was devoutly attached. The khutba and the call to prayer were
recited after the Shiah form, and the use of the Sunni form was
prohibited. His decree raised a storm of discontent in his kingdom,
where the majority of Muslims of the middle and lower classes was
Sunni, and furnished all other rulers in the Deccan with a pretext
for attacking the daring innovator. Mahmud Shāh, under the in-
structions of Amir 'Ali Barid, commanded 'Alā-ud-din 'Imād Shāh,
Khudāvand Khān, Ahmad Nizām Shāh, and Sultān Quli Qutb-ul.
Mulk of Golconda to aid him in punishing the heretic, and the
manner in which each received the order illustrates their political
rather than their religious views. Ahmad Nizām Shāh responded
with alacrity, both as a Sunni and as a personal enemy of Yusuf,
but 'Alā-ud-din 'Inād Shāh and Khudāvand Khān, though Sunnis,
paid no heed to it, being well disposed towards Yūsuf and resentful
of Amīr 'Ali Barīd's ascendancy at Bidar. The Shiah Qutb-ul-Mulk,
though he was a personal friend of Yūsuf obeyed the order without
hesitation. His appointment to Golconda was recent, he still
regarded orders from Bidar, from whatever source they emanated,
as binding on him, and he probably disapproved of Yūsuf's action
as inopportune and likely to render his religion odious.
Yusuf, unable to withstand the confederacy arrayed against
him, fled to Berar and took refuge with Alā-ud-din 'Imād Shah,
who was sympathetic, but could not protect him against his ene-
mies and advised him to retire into Khāndesh. From Khāndesh
Yūsuf sowed dissension among his enemies. He wrote to Ahmad
and Qutb-ul-Mulk warning them against Amīr 'Alī Barīd, 'the Fox
of the Deccan,' who desired to destroy him only that he might
seize Bījāpur and dominate the whole of the Deccan. Having
thus detached the two most powerful members of the con-
ſederacy he addressed to Mahmūd Shāh a petition seeking for
pardon, to which an unfavourable answer was dictated by Amir
‘Ali Barīd, whereupon Yûsuf returned and with the assistance of
'Alā-ud-din 'Imăd Shāh attacked Mahmud Shāh and Amir Ali
Barid at Kalam in Berar. The king and his
minister were


## p. 430 (#476) ############################################

430
[CI.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
>
defeated and fled to Bidar, leaving their camp in the hands of
the allies.
In 1509 Ahmad Nizām Shāh died and was succeeded by his son,
Burhān I, and in the following year Yusuf 'Ādil Shāh died and was
succeeded by his son Ismā‘il, and Khvāja Jahān died at Parenda.
In 1512 Sultān Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk of Golconda, unable to maintain
any longer the fiction of loyalty to Mahmúd Shāh, assumed in-
dependence in Telingāna. He did not use the royal title but is
usually described by historians as Sultān Quli Qutb Shāh? .
In 1514 Amir 'Ali Barid conferred on Jahāngir Khān, the
adopted son of Dastūr Dinār, the title of Dastūr-ul-Mamālik, and
established him as provincial governor of Gulbarga In order to
deter Ismā'il 'Ādil Shāh from molesting him he obtained assistance
from Sultan Quli Qutb Shāh and Burhān Nizām Shāh, and inva ded
the kingdom of Bījāpur, carrying Mahmud Shāh with him. Ismā‘il
defeated the invaders, captured Mahmūd, who was wounded in the
action, and his son Ahmad, and conciliated his captive by his
courtesy and deference. He marched with him to Gulbarga, where
Bibi Sati was delivered to her affianced husband, Prince Ahmad,
and dispatched 5000 horse to escort Mahmūd to Bidar. On the
approach of this force Amir 'Ali Barid fled to Ausa, but, having
obtained help from Burhān Nizām Shāh, returned to Bidar, com-
pelled the cavalry from Bījāpur to retire, and again resumed
control of the king and what remained of his kingdom.
The miserable king made one more effort to free himself from
this thraldom, and fled to Berar, where he sought an asylum with
‘Alā-ud-din 'Imād Shāh, who readily espoused his cause and marched
with him to Bīdar, but Amir 'Ali Barid had again obtained help
from Burhān Nizām Shāh and drew up his army before Bidar to
oppose
his master and 'Alā-ud-din. The latter could not take the
field without Mahmūd, whose presence was his sole justification for
appearing in arms before Bidar, but Mahmūd, when he should
have been at the head of his troops, was loitering in his bath, and
was so annoyed by an impatient message which he received from
'Alā-ud. din that when he was dressed he rode to Amir ‘Ali Barid's
camp, and 'Alā-ud-din was compelled to retreat. Henceforth none
would help the wretched puppet, who was interned in a villa at
Kamthāna, two leagues from Bidar.
1 Some English and Hindu historians, ignorant of the meaning of his name,
Sultan Quli, have taken the first half of it to be a royal title, and described him
as King Quli Quib Shāh. This is a mistake. The word Sultan was part of his
name, which means 'the Sļave of the King'. 'King Quli’ is nonsense,


## p. 431 (#477) ############################################

XVI)
LAST DAYS OF THE DYNASTY
431
In 1517 Amir 'Ali Barid, taking Mahmūd Shāh with him,
marched to punish Sharza Khān, the son and successor of Khudā-
vand Khān of Māhūr, who had plundered Kandhār and Udgir.
Sharza Khan and one of his brothers were slain in the field, and
Māhūr was besieged, but 'Alā-ud-din 'Imād Shāh marched to its
relief and compelled Amir 'Ali Barid to retire. He placed Ghālib
Khān, another son of Khudāvand Khān, in Māhūr as his vassal,
and thus established his authority in southern as well as northern
Berar.
Mahmud Shāh died, worn out with debauchery, on December 7,
1518, and his son Ahmad was placed on the throne by Amir 'Ali
Barid. He died in 1521 and his brother 'Alā-ud-din was permitted
to succeed.
'Alā-ud-din Bahmani was a spirited prince, and chafed under
the yoke of the maire du palais, of which he resolved to free
himself. Having deceived him with specious expressions of his
appreciation of his great services to the house of Bahman he arrang-
ed that the regent should be assassinated on the occasion of one
of his monthly visits to him, but as he entered the royal apartment
one of the assassins concealed behind the hangings sneezed, and
Amir 'Ali Barid withdrew in alarm and sent the eunuchs to search
the inner apartment. The conspirators were discovered and were
executed in circumstances of great cruelty and 'Alā-ud-din was de-
posed and imprisoned, and shortly afterwards put to death.
Amir 'Ali Barid would not yet venture to ascend the throne,
but proclaimed Walī-Ullāh, the brother of 'Alā-ud-din. The new
king, after a nominal reign of three years, was detected in an
attempt to rid himself of his minister, and was deposed and put to
death by Amir ‘Ali Barid, who married his widow and placed on
the throne Kalimullāh, the brother of the three preceding kings.
Warned by the example of his predecessors he at first submitted
meekly to the domination of the regent, but the news of the capture
of Delhi by Bābur encouraged him to seek aid of the conqueror,
and he secretly sent to his court one of his servants, bearing a letter
in which he promised to surrender the provinces of Berar and
Daulatābād in return for restoration to the remainder of the king-
dom of his ancestors and liberation from the thraldom in which
he lived. He received no answer and Amir 'Ali Barid's discovery
of the secret mission so excited his apprehensions that in 1527
he fled to Bījāpur. Ismāil 'Adil Shāh received him coldly, and he
left his court for that of Burhān Nizām Shāh I at Ahmadnagar.
6


## p. 432 (#478) ############################################

432
(CH XVI
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
Burhān received him with extravagant demonstrations of respect,
treated him as his sovereign, and promised to recover Bidar for
him, but he soon discovered that his host had no intention of ful-
filling his promise. Burhān's chief adviser, Shāh Tāhir, condemned
the folly of according the honours of royalty to a stray mendicant,
and the unfortunate Kalimullāh was no longer admitted to court,
but when he shortly afterwards died, not without suspicion of
poison, his body was sent for burial to Bidar, where it still rests.
He was the last of his line, and on his flight from Bidar Amir Ali
Barid was free to assert openly that independence which he had long
enjoyed in fact.
The relations of the Bahmanids with their subjects closely
resembled those of their contemporaries and co-religionists with
the peoples of northern India, and where it differed, differed, per.
haps, for the worse. Little heed was paid to the interests of the
Hindu peasantry, and the Russian merchant, Athanasius Nikitin,
describes the poverty and misery of the children of the soil and the
wealth and luxury of the nobles. Muhammad III who was reigning
when he was sojourning in the Deccan was, even in 1474, described
as being 'in the power of the nobles,' of whom the chief was
Mahmûd Gāvān, Malik-ut-Tujjār, who kept an army of 200,000
men. Another kept 100,000 and another 20,000 men, and many
khāns kept 10,000.
Drink was the curse of the race, and of the long line of eightcen
kings there were few who were not habitual drunkards. Their
addiction to this vice was the opportunity of informers, delators,
and self-seekers, and inclined them to rash and inconsiderate action
on the reports of such wretches. Such actions, as in the case of the
murders of Nizām-ul-Mulk Ghūri and Mahmud Gāvān, were the
proximate cause of the ruin of the dynasty and of the dismember-
ment of its kingdom.
Some of the line were bigots, but their carelessness of the welfare
of their Hindu subjects is to be attributed neither to their bigotry
nor to the apathy bred of habitual drunkenness. It was merely the
fashion of an age in which subjects were believed to exist for their
rulers, not rulers for their subjects, and the peasantry of the Hindu
kingdom of Vijayanagar was equally neglected and equally
miserable.


## p. 432 (#479) ############################################

76
18
80
82
KHAN DESH
Asie Topli
Täpti
Gawil
THE FIVE KINGDOMS
OF THE DECCAN AND
NEIGHBOURING STATES
BURHANPURS
Narnāla
Ellichpūr
N. Pūrnia
The boundaries belween States are shown thus:
ARĀ
B
o Bälāpur
E
TRAGLANA
Mehkar
Wardha
20
Shading indicates disputed territory When
Countries and Peoples lhus
GUJARAT
(BURHĀNPŪR 20
Towns
Narnāla
Rivers
Tāpli
E U S
Daulatābād
Kalnah
Nasik
R
The Cambridge History of India, Vol. III
Penganga
Godavari
Dūdna
S. Pürna
Māhur
Α Η Μ Α
Paithan
Pathri
Scales
D
U
Nander
0
20
40
60
80
200
Godāvari
Junnar
Chakan
100
English Miles
R
N
AHSYDNACAR
Sonpeto
Kandhario
50
100
200
olndur
Chaul
Revdanda
С А
R!
Kaulās o
Kilometres
Sing
18
Godavari
18
Warangal
Error
O
BIRAR
Dabhol
Kaliyani
Naldrug
Gulbarsa;
Bhima
GOLCONDA
G
N A
OL C O N D A
Rajahmundry
o BIJAPTR
Krishna
B Ī Ā P
R
Kondavīr
Vinukonda
Mudgal
16
Raichur
16
Tungobhadra
nolakarma
GOA
Map 6
VIJAYANAGAR
VilAYANAGAR
74
76
78
30
82


## p. 432 (#480) ############################################

9
1


## p. 433 (#481) ############################################

CHAPTER XVII
THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN. A. D. 1527-1599
When Kalimullah, the last of Bahman Shāh's line, fled from
Bīrdar. Amir ‘Ali Barid, 'the Fox of the Deccan,' who had never
ventured to offend his powerful neighbours by a formal assumption
of independence, became independent by the act of his victim, and
the tale of the five kingdoms of the Deccan was complete.
The history of these kingdoms is a record of almost continuous
striſe. Yûsuf 'Adil Shāh and Sultân Quli Qutb Shāh had always
been Shiahs, Burhān, the son and successors of Ahmad Nizām Shāh,
was converted to that faith, to which his successors adhered except
during the brief reign of Ismāʻil, and the small Sunni states of
Berar and Bīdar, the former absorbed by Ahmadnagar in 1574 and
the latter by Bijāpur in 1619, could not have disturbed the har. .
mony which should have existed between them ; but community of
religion, community of interests, and frequent intermarriages were
alike powerless to curb the ambition of the rulers of the three
greater states, each of whom aspired to the hegemony of the
Deccan. Coinmon jealousies not only prolonged the existence of
the smaller states, but saved each of the larger from annihilation,
and the usual course of warfare was a campaign of two of the
larger states against the third, the smaller states ranging them-
selves as the policy of the moment might dictate. The assistance
given to an ally was so measured as to restrain him from over-
whelming his adversary, and a decisive victory was often forestalled
by a shameless change of sides, the perfidy of which bred a new
casus belli. The bitterness thus engendered led to alliances between
Muslims and 'misbelievers' against Muslims, but this policy, ap-
parently suicidal, produced a situation which enabled the petty
kingdoms to succeed where the Bahmanids had failed, and to crush
for ever the hereditary enemy.
There was not wanting subject-matter of dispute. The subjec-
tion of the weaker governors in the four pairs of provinces into
which the Bahmani dominions had been divided by Mahmud Gāvān,
who were often supported by their powerful neighbours; the mis-
chievous grant to Ahmadnagar by Qāsim Barid, acting in the name
of Mahmud Bahmanī, of Sholāpur and the district surrounding it,
claimed by Bijāpur ; the refusal of the king of Berar to surrender
28
C. H. I. III.


## p. 434 (#482) ############################################

434
[ch.
THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN
peacefully Pāthrī, the ancestral home of the kings of Ahmadnagar,
on whose border it lay; minor frontier disputes ; and the occasional
defection of members of the 'Adil Shāhi dynasty from the Shiah
faith, reviving the old feud between Deccanis and Foreigners, with
its intrigues and bloodshed, combined to banish peace from the
Deccan. Even the attacks on Ahmadnagar by the Mughal emperors
produced but a semblance of unity. Help came from the other
kingdoms, but none put forth its full strength to avert a danger
common to all. In later years, when only Golconda and Bījāpur
remained to stem the tide of imperialism, sympathy, between the
doomed states was more cordial but selfishness and cowardice so
restricted the assistance given by the former to the latter that
Aurangzib, instead of meeting an alliance, was enabled to crush his
victims singly.
The condition of Bījāpur at the time of the accession, at the
age of thirteen, of Ismā'il 'Adil Shāh was deplorable. All power
was in the hands of the minister, Kamāl Khān, a Deccani, who re-
established the Sunni religion and was preparing to cede the old
province of Gulbarga to Amir 'All Barid in order that he might
establish his own independence in the rest of the kingdom. The
Portuguese captured Goa on March 5, 1510, and the young Ismail
recovered it on May 20, but in November the Portuguese returned,
recaptured it, and established themselves permanently in the port.
Kamāl Khān was assassinated, his plot was frustrated, and the
Foreigners expelled by him returned from the neigbouring king-
doms in which they had taken refuge. Khusrav, a Turk of Lār,
received the title of Asad Khān and the great fief of Belgaum, and
a royal decree declared Deccanis, Africans, and even the children
of Foreigners, born in India, to be incapable of holding office in the
state.
Meanwhile events in Ahmadnagar followed a similar course.
That state was in fact ruled by the minister, Mukammal Khān a
Deccani, and the Foreigners, having been foiled in an attempt to
place Rājāji, Burhān Nizām Shāh's brother, on the throne, fled to
Berar and enlisted the aid of Alā-ud-din 'Imad Shāh, who espoused
their cause and invaded the kingdom of Ahmadnagar, but was de-
feated at Rāhuri by Mukammal Khān, who drove him into Khāndesh
and laid waste his kingdom.
The campaign of 1511 between Isınā'il 'Adil Shāh and 'Ali
Barid Shāh, in the course of which Mahmūd Shāh Bahmani fell
into the hands of the former, has already been described. Shortly
after this campaign Ismā'il was enabled to render to Shāh Ismā'il


## p. 435 (#483) ############################################

XVII ]
PĀTHRI AND SHOLĀPUR
435
Safavi of Persia a service which earned for him a much prized
honour. A persian ambassador had been unnecessarily detained
and humiliated at Bidar by the Sunni bigot Amir 'Ali Barid, and
obtained his dismissal by means of the representations of Ismā'il
‘Adil Shāh. In the letter acknowledging this courtesy the Persian
monarch accorded to the ruler of Bījāpur the royal title, thus
exalting him above his rivals, none of whom had received inde-
pendent recognition of his royalty.
A fresh quarrel broke out between Ahmadnagar and Berar.
The town of Pāthrī, north of the Godāvari and in the latter king-
dom had been the home of the Brāhman ancestors of Burhān
Nizām Shāh, and their descendants wished to enjoy the protection
and patronage of their royal kinsman. Burhān therefore begged
that the town might be ceded to him, offering a favourable exchange
of territory, but ‘Alā-ud-din 'Imád Shāh rejected the offer and
fortified the town, whereupon Burhān, in 1518, invaded his kingdom
and captured Pāthri.
On the death of Yusūf 'Adil Shāh Krishnarāya of Vijayanagar
had invaded the Bījāpur kingdom at the instigation of Amir ‘Ali
Barid and annexed the Rāichūr Doāb, and it was not until 1521
that Ismā'il 'Adil Shāh was in a position to attempt to recover the
province. He led a small army from Bījāpur and encamped on the
north bank of the Krishna, which he crossed one evening, in a fit
of drunkenness, at the head of no more than 2,000 men. His fol-
lowers were cut to pieces and he himself escaped with difficulty and
retired to Bījāpur, where he forswore the use of wine until he
should have recovered the Doāb.
Asad Khān Lāri, who directed the policy of Bījāpur, resolved to
form an alliance with Ahmadnagar with the object of punishing
Amir 'Ali Barid for his having incited the Hindu to attack a Muslim
kingdom. The two kings met, in 1524, at Sholāpur, and Bibi Mariyam,
the sister of Ismā'il, was married to Burhān, but the alliance, instead
of cementing friendship, bred enmity, for Ismā'il's ministers had
promised that the fortress of Sholāpur should be the dowry of the
princess, but Ismā'il, when its cession was demanded, professed
ignorance of the obligation and refused to fulfil it, whereupon
Burhān returned to Ahmadnagar and invited 'Alā-ud-din 'Imad
Shāh and Amir 'Ali Barīd to assist him in capturing the fortress.
The three kings invaded Bījāpur in 1525 at the head of 30,000
horse, but were met near the frontier and gave way before the
attack of the foreign mounted archers of Bijāpur. The day was
decided by the collapse of Burhān, who, exhausted by heat and
28-2


## p. 436 (#484) ############################################

436
[ CH.
THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN
thirst, was borne fainting from the field, accompanied by his
retreating army.
Ismā‘il gave his younger sister in marriage to 'Alā-ud-din of
Berar and persuaded Sultān Quli Qutb Shāh to aid him in re•
covering Pāthrī, but ‘Alā-ud-din was not strong enough to retain it
and in 1527 Burhān again took it and, aided by Amir ‘Ali Barid,
captured the stronger fortress of Māhūr and invaded Berar.
'Alā-ud-din and his ally, Muhammad I of Khāndesh, were defeated
and driven into Khāndesh while the armies of Ahmadnagar and
Bidar ravaged Berar. The fugitives appealed to Bahādur of Gujarāt,
who welcomed the opportunity of extending his influence in the
Deccan and set out in 1528 for Ahmadnagar. The intervention of
Gujarāt temporarily united Bījāpur and Ahmadnagar, and Burhān,
who withdrew to Bir, was joined by contingents of 6000 horse from
Bijāpur and 3000 from Bidar. Bahādur occupied Ahmadnagar,
though his advanced guard suffered two defeats on the way thither,
and Burhān and Amir 'Ali Barid retired to Parenda and thence to
Junnār, from which place their light horse was able to cut off the
invader's supplies. Bahādur, when provisions failed at Ahmad-
nagar, marched to Daultābād and besieged the fortress while the
allies occupied the hilly country in the neighbourhood and re-
peated the tactics which had driven him from Ahmadnagar. It was
evident by now that he was intent solely on his own aggrandisement,
and 'Alā-ud-din of Berar and Muhammad of Khāndesh readily
agreed to desert him in consideration of Burhān's promise to
restore all that he had taken from them. The approach of the
rainy season of 1529 warned Bahādur of the necessity for retreating
before the roads became impassable, and Burhān obtained peace
on paying an indemnity and causing the khutba to be recited in
Bahādur's name. Burhān indemnified Muhammad of Khāndesh for
his losses, but made no reparation to ‘Alā-ud-din, and even retained
Pāthri and Māhūr.
The inveterate plotter Amir 'Ali Barid had endeavoured to
tamper with the loyalty of the contingent sent from Bījapūr to the
assistance of Ahmadnagar, and Burhān could not withhold his
approval from Ismā'il's proposal to punish him. Ismā‘il marched
to Bīdar, and Amir ‘Ali, now an old man, retired, leaving the defence
of the fortress to his sons, and sought aid of Sultan Quli Qutb Shāh.
Ismā'il defeated a relieving force from Golconda and Amir Ali
withdrew to Udgir and begged 'Alā-ud-din 'Imād Shāh to help
him. 'Alā-ud-din would not oppose Ismā'il, but marched to Bidar
and interceded with him, but he refused to hear of negotiations


## p. 437 (#485) ############################################

XVII ]
HUMILIATION OF AMİR 'ALİ BARID
437
until Bidar should have been surrendered. Amir ‘Ali sorrowfully
withdrew to drown his troubles in drink, his troops followed his
example, and Ismāʻil, hearing of their demoralisation, sent Asad
Khān Lārī to attack his camp. He found all, even those on guard,
in a drunken stupor, and he and his followers were able to enter
Amir 'Ali's tent, place the old man in a litter, and bear him away.
The jolting of the litter gradually awoke him from his drunken
sleep, and, starting up in terror, he cried that the jinn were
carrying him off. He was undeceived by Asad Khān, who rebuked
him for his gross indulgence and unsoldierly behaviour, and carried
him before Ismā'il. At the public audience the wretched old man
was compelled to stand for two hours, bareheaded and neglected,
in the burning sun, and was then led forward and sentenced to
death unless Bīdar were immediately surrendered. To the order
which he sent to his son the reply sent was that he was as old man,
the short remainder of whose life would be dearly purchased by
the surrender of such a fortress as Bīdar, but with this official reply
his son sent a private message to the effect that he would surrender
the place should all other means of saving his life fail. It was sur-
rendered when Amir 'Ali was about to be trampled to death by an
elephant before the bastion on which his sons took the air, and
Ismā‘il, after permitting his prisoner's sons to leave the fortress
with their dependants, who smuggled out most of the jewels of the
Bahmanids, entered the capital of the Deccan and took his seat
upon the turquoise throne. He made Amir 'Ali a noble of the
kingdom of Bījāpur, and it was agreed that he and 'Alā-ud-din
'Imād Shāh should first aid him in recovering the Rāichūr Doab,
and that they should then march northwards to recover Mahūr and
Pathri for 'Alā-ud-din.
Krishna Devarāya of Vijayanagar had recently died, and in the
confusion which followed his death Ismā‘il was able to reduce both
Rāichữr and Mudgal within three months. The recovery of the
Doab released him from his vow of abstinence and he celebrated
the occasion by a select symposium, at which only 'Alā-ud-din and
Asad Khān Lāri at first sat with him, but both begged him to
admit Amīr 'Alī, and he consented, but when 'the Fox' entered
quoted from the chapter ‘The Cave' in the Koran the words,
‘Their dog, the fourth of them. ' Amīr 'Ali did not understand
Arabic, but a burst of laughter from ‘Alā-ud-din apprised him that
he was the victim of a jest, and he wept with humiliation and
resentment, while the others laughed. Ismāʻīl pitied his distress
and foolishly promised, in his cups, to restore Bīdar to him.


## p. 438 (#486) ############################################

438
[ CH.
THF FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN
Disturbing rumours that Bahādur meditated another invasion
of the Deccan postponed the joint expedition for the recovery of
Māhūr and Pāthrī, and 'Alā-ud-din hastily returned to Berar, while
Ismāʻīl restored Bīdar to Amir ‘Ali on condition that he ceded
Kaliyāni and Kandhār, a condition which he never fulfilled.
In 1531 Bahādur annexed the kingdom of Mālwa, and this
accession of strength to Gujarāt so alarmed Burhān that he sent
Shāh Tāhir, a famous theologian, to arrange a meeting between
himself and Bahādur. Shāh Tāhir, as the envoy of an inferior, was
at first ill-received, but ample amends were made to him when his
merit was discovered. Burhān was received in the neighbourhoud
of Burhānpur, where Bahādur was visiting Muhammad, but it was
only by means of Shāh Tāhir's ingenious trickery that he received
permission to seat himself in Bahādur's presence. At the cost of
some humiliation he obtained from Bahādur recognition of his royal
title and the insignia of royalty captured from Mahmud II of Mālwa.
Bahādur's conciliatory attitude was adopted for the purpose of
enlisting Burhān's aid in a campaign against Delhi, but failed of its
object, for Burhān ceased not secretly to urge Humāyūn of Delhi
to attack Gujarāt.
Ismāʻīl's attempt, later in the year, to enforce his demand for
the surrender of Kaliyāni and Kandhār drew from Burhān an in-
solent letter commanding him to abandon the enterpise. Ismā‘il's
reply is an interesting example of the jealousy of the Muslim rulers
of the Deccan regarding the use of the royal title. He twitted
Burhān with the use of a title conferred by the leader of a gang of
Gujarātīs and of the second-hand and soiled insignia of Mālwa, and
vaunted his own title, conferred by the Shāh of Persia. War broke
out and Burhān and Amir ‘Ali marched to the Bijāpur frontier,
but Asad Khān Lārī inflicted on them near Naldrug a defeat which
sent Burhān, in headlong flight, to Ahmadnagar. In the autumn of
1532 commissioners from both kingdoms met, and framed a treaty
which permitted Burhān to annex Berar and Ismā'il, who already
claimed Bidar, to annex Golconda, so that the whole of the Deccan
would be divided between Ahmadnagar and Bījāpur, the latter
receiving the lion's share.
In pursuance of this treaty Ismā'il and Amir ‘Ali Barid in 1534
besieged Nalgunda, about sixty miles south of Golconda, and repulsed
the relieving force sent by Sultan Quli Qutb Shāh. The garrison
was on the point of surrendering when Ismā'il fell sick and set out
to recruit his health at Gulbarga, leaving Asad Khān Läri to prose-
cute the siege, but on August 27, as he was starting in a litter, he


## p. 439 (#487) ############################################

XVII)
IBRĀHİM ADIL SHAHI
439
as
suddenly died. Asad Khān sent the body to Gogi for burial, raised
the siege, and retired to Gulbarga, where, with many misgivings he
gave effect to his late master's will by raising to the throne his
cldest son, Mallū Khān, a worthless and debauched youth, and
retired to Belgaum, leaving the youth king's grandmother, Punjī
Khātūn, to manage the affairs of the kingdom as best she could.
Mallu's licentiousness, which did not spare the honour of the leading
families of the kingdom, soon convinced her of the futility of the
attempt and early in March, 1535, Mallū was deposed, with the
approval of Asad Khān, and his next brother was raised to the throne
as Ibrāhim 'Adil Shāh I.
Ibrāhim had imbibed the Sunni doctrines, and on his accession
established that religion in place of Shiah faith, dismissed the
Foreign officers and troops to make way for the less efficient but
more orthodox Deccanis and Africans, and struck a further blow at
foreign influence in the state by substituting the vernacular
languages, Canarese and Marathi, for Persian the official
languages. This measure facilitated the employment of native
Brāhmans in the administration and excluded foreigners,
The first of Ibrāhim's many wars was a campaign against
Vijayanagar, for which the intestine affairs of that state furnished
a pretext. For some years past the actual rulers had been the
ministers, and when Venkatarāya, the regent, attempted in 1530
to assume the style of royalty, public opinion obliged him to en-
throne a child of the royal house, and to appoint as his guardian
his maternal uncle, Hoj Narmal Rāj. While the regent was engaged
with a reſractory chieftain in a remote part of the kingdom the
mob at Vijaya nagar rose in the interests of their young raja, and
Hoj Narmal, intoxicated by the prospect of power, put his nephew
to death and usurped the throne. The people, disgusted by this
outrage, opened communications with Venkatarāya and Hoj Narmal
sought aid of Ibrāhim. Venkatarāya, anxious to prevent, at all
costs, Muhammadan invasion, feigned submission to the usurper
and reminded him of the excesses committed in past time by their
hereditary enemies. Hoj Narmal, beguiled by the regents profes-
sions and terrified by his warnings, assured Ibrāhīm that he had no
need of his services and bribed him with a large sum of money to
retire, and Venkatarāya marched on Vijayanagar. Hoj Narmal's
fantastic tyranny had rendered him odious to all, and when he
discovered that he would probably be surrendered and called to
account for the murder of his nephew the wretched maniac ham-
strung the royal horses, blinded the elephants, ground the jewels to


## p. 440 (#488) ############################################

440
( ch.
THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN
powder, and plunged a dagger into his own breast. Venkataraya
ascended the throne of Vijayanagar without opposition, and Ibrāhīm,
on the pretext that he had broken faith with his late ally, sent an
army under Asad Khān Lāri to besiege Adoni, where he was defeat-
ed by Venkatādri, brother of Venkatarāya. The story told by
Muslim chroniclers of a successful night attack on the Hindu camp,
which redeemed his defeat, is to be regarded with suspicion, for he
was obliged to obtain his master's sinction to a treaty of peace.
In 1537 Burhān Nizām Shāh was converted to the Shiah faith
by Shāh Tāhir, who had taken advantage of his successful treatment
of the dangerous illness of 'Abd-ul-Qādir, a favourite son, to in-
fluence a grateful father. The conversion did not improve Burhān's
relations with his Sunni neighbour, Ibrāhīm, and gave the enemies
of Asad Khān Lări, one of the few Foreign Shiahs left in the
kingdom of Bijāpur, an opportunity of compassing his downfall
by accusing him of being in treasonable correspondence with the
Shiah Burhān. The accusation was false, but it suited Burhān to
assert its truth and in 1540 he marched, with Amir 'Ali Barid, to
Parenda, annexed Sholāpur, and advanced towards Belgaum. His
dexterous use of the false accusation paralyzed resistance, for
Ibrāhīm saw in his advance confirmation of Asad Khān's treason,
and Asad Khān was not strong enough to meet him in the field and
dared not, for fear of misconstruction, march to his master's assist-
ance, and the only course left open to him was to join the invader
with a view to using his influence in his direction of peace.
Ibrāhīm retired to Gulbarga, where he was joined by Daryā
'Imad Shāh, who had succeeded his father in Berar in 1529, and
Burhān and Amir 'Ali occupied and burnt the city of Bījāpur, but
abandoned the siege of its citadel in order to pursue Ibrāhim.
As they approached Gulbarga, Asad Khān, with his 6000 horse,
deserted them and joined his master, and Ibrāhīm and Daryā thus
reinforced, compelled Burhān and Amir 'Ali to retire towards Bir,
and followed them closely. From Bir they were driven to the
hills above Daulatābād where, in 1542, Amir 'Ali Barid died, and
was succeeded in Bidar by his son 'Ali Barid Shāh. Burhān pur-
chased peace by the retrocession of Sholāpur and a promise never
again to molest Bījāpur.
Sultan Quli Qutb Shāh of Golconda had reached the great age
of ninety-eight, and Jamshid, his second surviving son, who had
grown grey in the expectation of succeeding him, caused him to be
assassinated on September 3, 1543, and ascended the throne.
Sultān Quli had been in alliance with Burhān, who, eager to


## p. 441 (#489) ############################################

XVII )
CONFEDERACY AGAINST BIJĀPUR
441
avenge his recent defeat and humiliation, easily persuaded Jamshid
to renew the treaty, and, by inviting the raja of Vijayanagar to
join the alliance against Ibrāhim, committed an act of treachery and
folly which he afterwards had cause to repent bitterly.
In 1543 the kingdom of Bījāpur was invaded by a Hindu army
which besieged Rāichûr, by Jamshid, who occupied the Gulbarga
district and besieged Hippargi, and by Burhān and 'Ali Barid Shāh,
who besieged Sholāpur. Ibrāhim, thus beset, knew not whither to
turn, but by means of flattery and concessions eventually succeeded
in persuading Burhān and Sadāshivarāya of Vijayanagar to retreat,
and left Asad Khān Lāri free to attack Jamshid. He destroyed a
fort which Jamshid had built at Kakni, twice defeated him in the
field, and drove him almost to the gates of Golconda, where he again
defeated him and in single combat, after the manner of the Deccan,
wounded him severely in the face. After such victories it was easy
to enforce satisfactory terms.
In the following year the confederacy was renewed, and Burhān,
at the instance of Sadāshivarāya, besieged Gulbarga, but was
defeated by Ibrāhīm and driven from the kingdom. Burhān en-
deavoured to reconstruct the confederacy, but 'Ali Barid Shāh had
come to the conclusion that it was his duty to support the Sunni
rather than the Shiah, and insulted Shāh Tāhir, Burhān's envoy,
who returned to Ahmadnagar breathing vengeance. Burhān then
invaded the kingdom of Bidar and, in spite of the assistance which it
received from Bījāpur, captured the fortresses of Ausa, Udgir, and
Kandhār.
Ibrāhīm attributed these defeats to the treachery of his own
servants, and put to death without trial seventy Muslim and forty
Brāhman officials whom he suspected, so enraging his courtiers and
officers that they entered into a conspiracy to depose him and raise
to the throne his brother ‘Abdullāh. Asad Khān, who had fallen
under suspicion and retired to Belgaum, opened communications
with the Portuguese of Goa, Burhān, and Jamshid, with a view to
enlisting their support. Ibrāhim's discovery of the plot was followed
by a number of ruthless executions, and 'Abdullāh fled to Goa and
was well received by the Portuguese, who prepared to espouse his
cause in consideration of the cession of the Konkan, which had been
promised to them as the price of their support.
When Burhān and Jamshid marched in person on Bījāpur Asad
Khān refused to join them, fearing lest they should divide the
kingdom between themselves, and while they retired to their own
dominions the Portuguese withdrew their support from the pretender,


## p. 442 (#490) ############################################

442
( ch.
THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN
whose party, both in Bījāpur and in Goa, dissolved, but the Konkan,
disappointed of annexation by the Portuguese, revolted against
Ibrāhīm, who crossed the Ghāts with a large army and crushed the
rebellion. The veteran Asad Khān was reconciled to his master, who
visited him on his deathbed on March 4, 1546.
In 1547 Burhān returned to the fatal policy of an alliance with
Sadāshivarāya and besieged Sholāpur. By his ally's advice he
determined to deal first with 'Ali Barīd Shāh, and, having raised
the siege of Sholāpur, opened that of Kaliyāni. Ibrāhīm marched
to its relief, but was surprised by Burhān on November 14, the
festival which terminated the month of fasting, and his army,
which had neglected every military precaution, fled in confusion.
Kaliyāni fell, but Ibrāhīm, reassembling his army, marched on
Parenda. His troops, finding the gates open, occupied the fortress,
slew some of the garrison and put the rest to flight, and Ibrāhīm,
leaving a Deccani officer in command of the place, retired to Bījāpur.
Rumours of the approach of Burhān so terrified this officer that
without awaiting an attack he fled precipitately, with the garrison,
to Bījāpur, and was executed on his arrival there.
According to
the facetious account of the foreigner Firishta, 'the valiant Deccani
was disturbed in the night by the buzzing of a mosqutio, imagined
that he heard Burhān's trumpets, and, mounting his horse, rode for
his life. '
In 1552 Burhān joined Sadāshivarāya in the Rāichūr Doāb,
which was conquered and annexed to Vijayanagar, and afterwards
took the fortress of Sholāpur. In the following year he and his ally
besieged Bījāpur while Ibrāhim withdrew to Panhāla, but a severe
illness with which Burhān was smitten compelled him to return to
Ahmadnagar, where he died on December 30, his last moments be-
ing embittered by open strife between his sons, two of whom, Husain
and 'Abd-ul-Qādir, contested the succession to the throne. The
former, with the aid of the foreign faction, was victorious, and the
latter fled to Berar. Of his four other sons Haidar, with the aid of
his father-in-law, Khvāja Jahān of Parenda, made an abortive
attempt to seize the throne, and on its failure fled to Bījāpur,
whither he was followed by his brothers 'Ali and Muhammad Bāqir,
and Khudābanda, another son, fled to Bengal.
Jamshid Qutb Shāh, after his defeat by Asad Khān Läri, fell
sick in Golconda, and his malady so embittered his temper as to
render him obnoxious to his courtiers, who conspired to raise to
the throne his brother Haidar. The conspiracy was discovered, and
Haidar fled to Bidar, while Ibrāhim, the king's youngest brother,
>


## p. 443 (#491) ############################################

xvii)
REBELLION OF SAIF AIN-UL-MULK
443
>
fled to Vijayanagar and enjoyed the protection and hospitality of
Sadāshivarāya. Jamshid died in 1550, and the Foreign party en-
throned his son, Subhān Quli, a child of two years of age, but
discovering that without royal support, which a child could not
give them, they were unable to cope with the Deccani faction,
invited Ibrāhim to return. He responded with alacrity, entered
Golconda, and on October 28, 1550, deposed his young nephew and
ascended the throne.
Fresh strife was now brewing between Ahmadnagar and Bījāpur.
In 1551 Khvāja Jahān of Parenda, attacked by Husain Nizām
Shāh I, fled to Bījāpur, and at the same time Saif 'Ain-ul-Mulk, a
Turk who had espoused the cause of 'Abd-ul-Qādir, left Berar and
took refuge with Ibrāhīm 'Adil Shāh, who bestowed on him the
fieſs of the late Asad Khān Lārī, so that he became the richest
and most powerful noble of Bījāpur. The two refugees easily per-
suaded Ibrāhīm to espouse the cause of his nephew 'Alī, half-brother
of Husain, who also had taken refuge at his court, and the prince
was supplied with a small force and was sent to invade his half-
brother's kingdom, where he hoped to find many partisans, while
Ibrāhim besieged Sholāpur, but ‘Ali was disappointed and Husain
marched with Daryā 'Imād Shāh to Sholāpur. Ibrāhīm sent Saif
'Ain-ul-Mulk, with the advanced guard, to check the advance of
Husain and Daryā, and the Turk rashly attacked the whole of
Husain's army. His small force was enveloped, and an officer, who
,
fled panic-stricken, falsely reported to Ibrāhīm that he had seen
Saif 'Ain-ul-Mulk dismount and do reverence to Husain, who had
received him kindly.
Ibrāhīm, without attempting to verify this story, retreated
towards Bījāpur, his march being accelerated by a report that Saif
*Ain-ul-Mulk, who was attempting to rejoin him, was pursuing him
with hostile intent. Husain, whose army had been severely handled,
retired to Ahmadnagar, and Saif 'Ain-ul-Mulk sent a message to
his master assuring him of his unwavering loyalty and asking for
an advance from the treasury to enable him to equip his exhausted
troops, but Ibrāhīm coldly replied that he had no longer any need of
his services, and 'Ain-ul-Mulk, thus summarily dismissed, became
a rebel and a free lance, and in March, 1555, occupied the fertile
Mān district, in the north-western corner of the kingdom, where he
supported his troops by levying taxes on the cultivators. He gained
more than one victory over the royal troops, declared for 'Abdullāh,
who was still at Goa, and at length singally defeated the royal army,
led by Ibrāhīm in person, followed the fugitives as far as Torwa,


## p. 444 (#492) ############################################

444
(CH.
THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN
within four miles of Bījāpur, and there proclaimed 'Abdullāh king.
Ibrāhīm, in his extremity, appealed to Sadāshivarāya, who sent his
brother Venkatādri, with 15,000 horse, to his assistance. 'Ain-ul-
Mulk made a night attack on the Hindu army, but Venkatādri,
accustomed to the tactics of Asad Khān Lāri, was on the alert, and
'Ain-ul-Mulk's force was nearly annihilated. Ibrāhim captured
'Abdullāh and imprisoned him, and Saif 'Ain-ul-Mulk and his
nephew Salābat Khān fled to the borders of Ahmadnagar and
begged to be readmitted to the service of that kingdom. Husain
treacherously returned a favourable answer, and caused 'Ain-ul.
Mulk to be assassinated as he made his obeisance. Some of his
followers saved their lives by accepting service under Husain, but
the rest, including Salābat Khān, were murdered. The ladies of
the murdered man's harem found an asylum at Golconda through
the interest of his principal wife, who was a sister of Ibrāhim Qutb
Shāh.
During the last two years of his reign Ibrāhim 'Adil Shāh
waged unsuccessful warfare against the Portuguese in the northern
Konkan, and in 1558 died at Bījāpur. It had been his intention to
disinherit his eldest son 'Ali, who was a Shiah, in favour of the
younger, lahmāsp, but on discovering that Tahmāsp was even a
more bigoted Shiah than 'Ali he let matters take their course. 'Ali
'Adil Shāh I re-established the Shiah religion and Foreigners were
again encouraged to enter the service of the state, and regained
their old ascendancy.
'Ali immediately sought the assistance of Sadāshivarāya for the
recovery of Sholāpur, and Husain Nizām Shāh and Ibrāhim Qutb
Shāh invaded his kingdom and besieged Gulbarga, but Ibrāhīm,
urged by Sadāshivarāya, who had claims on his gratitude, and
suddenly doubtful of the wisdom of crushing Bijapur, now once
more a Shiah state, in the interests of Ahmadnagar, deserted
.
Husain, who was obliged to raise the siege and retire. In the
following year 'Ali endeavoured to persuade Husain to restore to
him Sholāpur and Kaliyāni, but Husain, though embroiled at the
time with the Portuguese and warned by his advisers that 'Ali was
creating a powerful coalition against him, steadfastly refused to
cede either fortress.
The Portuguese had sought permission to build a fort at Reve
danda, near Chaul, but Husain detained their envoy and sent a
force to build a ſort on the site which they had chosen. Francisco
Barreto, governor of Goa, caused the port to be blockaded until he
could arrive with 4,000 Portuguese and a force af native troops,


## p. 445 (#493) ############################################

XVII ]
CONFEDERACY AGAINST AHMADNAGAR
445
and Husain sued for peace, which was concluded on the condition
that neither party fortified either Chaul or Revdanda.
‘Ali Ādil Shāh had succeeded in drawing Golconda into the
confederacy against Ahmadnagar, and Husain, who stood alone,
looked round for an ally, but could find none better than his
neighbour of Berar. He and Daryā 'Imād Shāh met at Sonpet on
the Godāvarī, where he married Daulat Shāh, Daryā's daughter.
‘Ali nɔw addressed to Husain a more peremptory request for
the surrender of Sholāpur and Kaliyāni, and on receiving an
insulting reply prepared to enforce his demand. He marched
northwards, accompanied by Sadāshivarāya with a large army, and
was joined on his frontier by Ibrāhīm Qutb Shāh. As the allies
advanced towards Ahmadnagar, Husain, leaving a garrison in the
fortress, retired to Paithan, on the Godāvarī, and summoned to his
aid Daryā 'Imād Shāh, who was, however, dissuaded from joining
him by Khānjahān, brother of 'Ali Barid Shāh of Bidar, who joined
'Ali 'Ā lil Shāh, while Daryā's minister, Jahāngir Khān the Deccani,
invaded Ahmadnagar with the army of Berar.
Meanwhile the invaders were laying waste the country which
they occupied, and the Muslims of all the armies were scandalised
by the insults offered by the Hindus to their religion. Mosques
were used as stables, or destroyed, and Muslim women were violated
and enslaved by misbelievers. Ibrāhim Qutb Shāh again began to
tremble for the balance of power, and entered into correspondence
both with the garrison of Ahmadnagar, which he aided with supplies,
and with Husain, whom he assured of his goodwill. This correspond-
ence was discovered, and 'Ali and Sadāshivarāya bitterly upbraided
Ibrāhim, who deserted them by night and retired rapidly to Gol.
conda, while one of his nobles joined the garrison of Ahmadnagar
and eventually entered Husain's service.
Meanwhile Jahāngir Khān of Berar received orders from his
master to change sides, and proceeded to intercept all grain and
provisions coming from the south for the allies. The invaders,
reduced to great straits, raised the siege of Ahmadnagar and
marched to Ashtī, whence an army was sent to besiege Parenda.
Husain, with whom was his ally Daryā, sued for peace, and Sadā.
shivarāya, the dominant partner in the confederacy, insisted on
three conditions, the surrender of Kaliyāni to 'Alī, the death of
Jahāngir Khān, whose interception of convoys had caused famine
and much distress in his camp, and the personal submission of Husain.
The second of these, the execution of an ally for faithful and
efficient service, was impossible of acceptance but by one dead to all


## p. 446 (#494) ############################################

446
[CH.
THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN
sense of honour and of shame, but Husain accepted it and caused
Jahāngir Khān to be put to death, while his master, being to some
extent in the murderer's power, could do nothing to save his servant,
but retired sullenly to Berar. Husain's humiliation before Sadā.
shivarāya was a fitting punishment for his turpitude. The haughty
Hindu refused to acknowledge his salutation otherwise than by
giving him his hand to kiss, and Husain in his wrath called for
water and washed his hands. The insult was returned by the in-
furiated Sadāshivarāya, who uttered the threat, in Canarese, that
if Husain had not been his guest the largest part of him that would
have been left whole would have been his finger tips. The quarrel
was composed, and Husain was compelled to surrender the keys of
Kaliyāni.
Sadāshivarāya, on his way back to Vijayanagar, treated 'Alī, as
his servant, and the result of this unfortunate campaign was an
increase of the bitterness between the Muslim kings and the
humiliation of all before the Hindu.
Husain's first thought on reaching his capital was revenge, and
his first act was to dismantle the mud fort of Ahmadnagar and to
build in its stead a stronger and inore spacious structure of stone,
known as the Bāgh-i-Nizām. In 1561 he opened negotiations with Ibr-
āhim Qutb Shāh, who had earned his gratitude in the late campaign
and in 1562 the two kings met before Kaliyāni, where Husain's
diughter, Jamāl Bibī, was married to Ibrāhim and the siege of the
fortress was opened. 'Ali and Sadāshivarāya marched to its relief
and the armies of Berar and Bidar set out to join them. Daryā
'Imād Shāh had died in 1561 and had been succeeded by his infant
son, Burhān, but Berar w. is ruled by the minister, Tafā'ul or Tufāl
Khān, who acted as regent and was in this campaign unanimously
supported by the nobles of Berar, who resented the murder of
Jahāngir Khān.
Husain and Ibrāhīm raised the siege of Kaliyāni and marched
to meet their enemies. The rainy season of 1562 was now past, but
an unseasonable storm had filled the rivers and converted the
country into a quagmire. Husain's wonderful train of 700 guns
stuck ſast in the mire, and he found it impossible to extricate more
than forty of them, with which, abandoning his intention of attacking
the enemy on that day, he returned to his camp. 'Ali's advanced
guard discovered the abandoned guns and waggons, and the arm-
ies of Bijāpur and Vijayanagar, having secured them, attacked the
camp of Ibrāhīm Qutb Shāh, who fled.
Having lost nearly all his artillery and discovered Ibrāhim to


## p. 447 (#495) ############################################

XVII]
MUSLIM CONFEDERACY
447
be a broken reed, Husain was constrained to retire. His camp and
that of Ibrāhīm were plundered, and their armies were much
harassed during their retreat. At Ausa Ibrāhīm took his leave, but
left the greater part of his army, under Murtazā Khān Ardistānī,
with Husain, who continued his retreat to Junnār, leaving a garrison
in Ahmadnagar, which was besieged by 'Ali and Sadāshivarāya.
The Hindus repeated, on a more extensive scale, the outrages
which they had committed during the former campaign. Mosques
were desecrated, defiled, or destroyed, the palaces of Ahmadnagar
were thrown down, and the wives and daughters of Muslims were
violated. 'Ali, who was powerless to restrain his allies, persuaded
Sadāshivarāya to raise the siege and join him in pursuing Husain,
who retired to the hills as they approached Junnār, but detached
his light troops to harass them and cut off their supplies.
The rainy season of 1563 was now approaching, and as Husain
was inaccessible in his retreat in the Western Ghāts the allies
returned to the siege of Ahmadnagar. Sadāshivarāya foolishly
permitted his army to encamp in the dry bed of the river, and
when the rains suddenly broke a flood carried away large numbers
of his army. He was already weary of the campaign, and returned
to his own country, while 'Ali retired to Naldrug and rebuilt that
fortress.
The Barīd Shāhi kings, who first committed the error of inviting
the intervention of Vijayanagar in the affairs of the Muslim king-
doms, could plead their own weakness and the neighbourhood
of comparatively powerful states whose rulers they regarded as
heretics; but the kings of Ahmadnagar and Bījāpur, who followed
their example, had no such excuse. The arrogance of Sadāshivarāya
.
had humiliated and disgusted both his allies and his enemies, the
excesses of his troops had horrified all Muslims, and he now
demanded the cession of extensive tracts of territory, from Bījāpur
as the price of his assistance to 'Ali, and from Golconda as the
penalty of Ibrāhīm’s duplicity and hostility.
It was apparent to all that unless prompt measures were taken
to curb his ambition the end of Muslim rule in the Deccan was at
hand; but nothing could be effected without co-operation, and 'Ali
was loth to approach Husain. Ibrāhīm acted as mediator and the
differences between Ahmadnagar and Bijāpur were composed by
two matrimonial alliances, Hadiyya Sultān, 'Ali's sister, being
given in marriage to Murtazā, Husain's heir, and Chānd Bībi,
Husain's daughter, to 'Ali. By this latter alliance the vexed question
of Sholāpur was temporarily laid to rest, and the fortress con-


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448
[CH.
THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN
stituted the dowry of Chānd Bībi, 'the Noble Queen'. 'Ali Barid
Shāh was drawn into the alliance and overtures were made to
Berar, but the murder of Jahāngir Khān was not yet forgotten,
and Tufāl Khān would join no confederacy which included the
treacherous and ungrateful Husain.
The offensive alliance of the four kings was formed in the summer
of 1564, on December 12 they assembled at Sholāpur, and on
December 24 marched thence to Talikota, on the Khon river, near
the Krishna.
Sadāshivarāya had been fully informed of what
was going
forward, and had not been idle. He sent his brothers, Tirumala
and Venkatādri, with 32,000 horse, 300,000 foot, and 1,500 elephants,
to hold the fords of the Krishna, and encamped with the rest of
his army, which brought the strength of the Hindus up to 82,000
horse, 900,000 foot and 2,000 elephants, at a distance of ten miles
from that river.
The allies, having discovered that there was no practicable ford
for a great distance, other than that held in force by the Hindus,
marched upstream and induced the enemy to follow them, leaving
the ford unguarded. After three days' march they suddenly turned
in their tracks, and not only covered, between sunrise and sunset,
the whole distance, but sent their advanced guard across the river
by the deserted ford. During the night the rest of the army crossed,
and advanced towards Sadāshivarāya's camp. The armies were
drawn up for battle on that day, but the Hindus failed to attack,
and on the following day, January 5, 1565, the allies again drew up
their forces. Their centre was commanded by Husain, their right
by 'Ali, and their left by Ibrāhim and 'Ali Barid Shāh. The Hindu
right, 20,000 horse, 200,000 foot, and 500 elephants, was commanded
by Tirumala, their centre by Sadāshivarāya in person, with 37,000
horse, 500,000 foot and 1,000 elephants, and their left by Venka-
tādrī, with 25,000 horse, 200,000 foot, and 500 elephants. The
Muhammadan heavy field and light artillery, the arm in which they
were strongest, was in the centre, under the command of Chalabi
Rūmi Khān, the master of Husain's ordnance.
Sadāshivarāya indulged both his pride and his infirmities by
being borne to the field in a magnificent litter, and when urged to
mount a horse declared that a horse was not necessary against an
enemy so contemptible. He ordered that Husain should be slain
and beheaded, but that 'Ali and Ibrāhim should be taken alive.
The Hindu inſantry, in the first line, opened fire with rockets,
matchlocks, and light guns, and their cavalry then charged the


## p. 449 (#497) ############################################

XVII ]
BATTLE OF TALIKOTA
449
Muslims, and pressed them so hard that “Ali, Ibrāhīm and 'Ali
Barid turned to flee, and were only arrested by encouraging
messages from Husain, who stood his ground. The first discharge
of his artillery did great execution among the Hindus, and Sadā.
shivarāya, perceiving that victory was to be contested, left his
litter and ascended a magnificent throne, which had been erected
for him beneath a rich canopy, behind the position of his army,
and here, surrounded by piles of jewels and gold and silver money,
he caused proclamation to be made that any notable success against
the enemy would be rewarded by him on the spot.
Chalabi Rūmi Khān caused the heavier guns to be loaded, for their
second discharge, with copper coin', and this ammunition tore great
gaps in the Hindu ranks, which were now at close quarters. Husain
followed up the advantage with a general charge of his cavalry,
which rode through the shattered ranks of the enemy, and Sadā.
shivarāya, now in personal peril, quitted his throne for his litter,
and though his guards offered a determined resistance they were
thrown into confusion by the repeated charges of the Muslim horse,
supported by the elephants. One of these, driven beyond the rest,
came up with the litter, and the driver, remarking its rich and
costly adornment, but not knowing whom it contained, drove the
elephant against it and overturned it, intending to secure it as
spoil. The raja ſell to the ground, and an attendant Brāhman cried
to the driver, ‘This is Sadāshivarāya. Save his life and he will
make you the greatest man in his kingdom ! The driver at once
caused the elephant to pick the raja up in his trunk and carried
him to Rūmi Khān, who led him before Husain Nizām Shāh. He
was beheaded on the spot, and the spectacle of his head, raised on
a spear, completed the rout of the Hindus, who fled, without striking
another blow, pursued by the victors as far as Anagondi. The
number slain in the battle and the pursued was computed at
100,000, and the spoil, which included large numbers of captives
consigned to slavery, enriched the whole of the Muslim armies, for
the troops were permitted to retain the whole of the plunder except
the elephants.
The victors destroyed Vijayanagar, which they occupied for six
months, plundered the countıy, and completed the reconquest of
the Doāb where Rāichūr and Mudgal held out for some time.
Venkatādri retired to Penukonda, nearly 120 miles south of the
former capital, and established himself beyond the reach of the
1 The copper coinage of the Deccan consisted not of flat discs, but of small, thick
ļumps, most suitable for Rūmi Khān's purpose.
C. H, I, III,


## p. 450 (#498) ############################################

450
[CH.
THE FIVE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
as
>
victors, and Tirumala was permitted to establish himself in Anagondi
a vassal of Bījāpur. The head of the Hindu King', stuffed with
straw, was sent as a warning to Turā) Khān of Berar, who had not
only stood aloof from the confederacy, but had, at the instigation
of Sadāshivarāya, plundered Husain's kingdom as far as Ahmad-
nagar,
Talikota was one of the decisive battles of India, and broke for
ever the power of the great kingdom of Vijayanagar, which had
maintained for a century and a half an equal warfare with the
Bahmani kingdom and threatened to devour piecemeal the smaller
kingdoms into which it had been divided. The victory of the Muslims
against such overwhelming odds has the appearance of a miracle,
but the superiority of their artillery and of their troops, especially
the Foreigners helps to explain it. Their cavalry was better armed,
better mounted, and excelled in horsemanship, and the mounted
archers, of whom the Hindus seem to have had none remaining,
were probably at least twice as efficient as cavalry equal to them
in other respects but armed only with sword or lance. The main
strength of the Hindu army was its infantry, ill-armed, ill-clad, ill-
trained, and deficient in martial spirit. The capture of Sadāshivarāya
was fortuitous, but no oriental army would have stood before the
sight of its lifeless leader's head, carried before an enemy.
Husain died on June 6, 1565, shortly after his return, from the
effects of debauchery, and was succeeded by his son, Murtazā Nizām
Shāh I, a dissipated and self-indulgent young man who, for the first
six years of his reign, left the management of all public business
to his mother, Khānzāda or Khūnza Humāyān, who caused much
discontent by preferring the interests of her brothers, 'Ain-ul-Mulk-
and Tāj Khān, on whom she bestowed vast estates, to those of the
kingdom, but her power could not be broken without the aid of her
son, who was too indolent to stir himself.
In 1566 'Ali `Ādil Shāh joined Murtazā Nizām Shāh with the
object of punishing Tufāl Khăn for his treason to the cause of Islam
and his depredations in Ahmadnagar. The two kings invaded Berar
and advanced as far as Ellichpur, the capital, laying waste the
country. Tufāl Khān retired into fortress of Gāwil and opened
negotiations with ‘Ali, whose heart was not in the campaign, and who,
in consideration of fifty elephants and the equivalent of 40,000 in
1 A stone representation of the head, which still exists, was set up on the
wall of the citadel of Bījāpur and unless it is a gross libel, Sadāshivarāya had a
heavy bestial face with a thick, coarse nosc, practically no forehead, goggle eyes,
and tusks like a boar,
a


## p. 451 (#499) ############################################

xv1]
BIJĀPUR AND AHMADNAGAR AT WAR
451
cash, made the approach of the rainy season a pretext for returning
to his own country and left Murtazā in the lurch.
In 1567 'Alī, provoked by Murtazā's persistent hostility, invaded
his kingdom and captured the fortress of Kondhāna, now Sinhgarh,
and sent a force under Kishvar Khān towards Bīr. Kishvar Khăn
defeated some of Murtazā's troops at Kāij and built there the fort-
ress of Dhārür.
Ahmadnagar was ill-prepared for war. The great fiefs were in
the possession of the brothers and favourites of the queen-mother.
who failed to maintain their contingents, and the situation was so
desperate that even the Africans combined with the Foreigners to
destroy her power, and were frustrated only by the king's cowardice
and treachery. The principal conspirators, among whom was Sayyid
Murtazā Sabzavārī, an able and energetic Persian, fled to Bījāpur
and Gujarāt. A second attempt was, however, more successful than
the first, and she was arrested and imprisoned in Shivner, and her
brothers fled.
Murtazā, emancipated from his mother's control, exhibited un-
usual energy and spirit, and marched on Dhārür with such speed
that he arrived there without artillery. The suddenness of his
appearance startled the garrison, but he would undoubtedly have
been defeated had not one of his officers, Chingiz Khān, mortally
wounded with an arrow Kishvar Khān, who was standing at a
window or loophole. The death of the leader had the usual result,
and the panic-stricken garrison evacuated the fortress and fled, pur-
sued by the victors, who slaughtered many and took much booty.
Chingiz Khān was sent against 'Ain-ul-Mulk of Bījāpur, who
was marching with 10,000 horse to relieve Kishvar Khān, and de-
feated and dispersed his troops, thus enabling Murtazā to invade
the kingdom of Bījāpur. He was joined at Wākdari by Ibrāhīm
Qutb Shāh, but Bījāpur was saved by a series of intrigues. Ibrāhīm,
who was trimming as usual, sent a friendly letter to 'Ali `Adil Shāh.
‘Ali suspected his minister, Shāh Abu-'l-Hasan, a son of Shāh Tāhir,
of being in league with Murtazā, and of having instigated the inva-
sion, and Abu-l-Hasan, who was innocent, sent Murtazā Nizām
Shāh a message through Sayyid Murtazā Sabzavārī, begged him to
avert, by retiring, the danger in which his master's suspicions placed
him, and supported the request by warning him that his ally in-
tended to play him false and sending him a copy of Ibrāhīm's letter
to ‘Ali. Murtazā in his wrath made a night attack on his ally's camp,
captured his elephants, and drove him in headlong flight to Gol-
conda, whither a detachment pursued him, but after returning to
29-2


## p. 452 (#500) ############################################

452
[CH.
THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN
Ahmadnagar repented of his hasty action and, fearing lest Ibrāhīm
should ally himself with 'Ali, strove to conciliate him. He discovered
that Ibrāhīm attributed the sudden and treacherous attaek on his
camp to the machinations of Mullā Husain Tabrizī, Khān Khānān,
lieutenant of the kingdom of Ahmadnagar, and, as the Mullā's recent
conduct supplied a pretext, Murtazā conciliated Ibrāhīm by dis-
missing and imprisoning him, and appointed in his stead, in 1569,
Shāh Haidar, a son of Shāh Tāhir.
In the same year 'Ali, Murtazā, and the Zamorin of Calicut
formed an alliance for the purpose of expelling the Portuguese from
India and dividing their possessions. In January, 1570, the siege
of Goa was opened by 'Ali and that of Chaul by Murtazā, each
placing in the field all his available forces. The indomitable viceroy,
Dom Luiz de Atayde, Conde de Atouguia, not only maintained him.
self in Goa, but, in spite of the pressure brought to bear on him by
his more timorous compatriots, sent aid to Chaul.
The account of the operations resembles a mediaeval romance.
At Chaul an army of 150,000 men, under the eye of their king, be-
sieged for nine months a garrison which never exceeded 3000 and
slew considerably more than its own number of the enemy, com:
pelling him to raise the siege. At Goa, besieged by an army more
numerous than that before Chaul, the heroic viceroy, with a force
which at first numbered 1600 and never exceeded 4000, withstood
the enemy for ten months and finally compelled him to retreat after
he had lost 12,000 men, 300 elephants, 4000 horses and 6000 oxen.
These victories were due no less to the skill with which the
Portuguese exploited the corruption and dissensions of their enemies
than to their valour and discipline. At Chaul most of Murtazā's
nobles supplied the Portuguese not only with intelligence, but with
provisions, and, despite the leniency with which such treachery was
ordinarily regarded in the Deccan, even the foolish Murtazā was
constrained to banish the highly respected Inju Sayyids. At Goa
there were instances not only of information being sold to the Portu-
guese, but of a conspiracy headed by Nüri Khān, commanding the
army of Bījāpur, to assassinate 'Ali 'Ādil Shāh.
Through these mists of treachery, venality, and corruption the
valour and steadfastness of Dom Luiz the Viceroy shone undimmed.
He refused, in Goa's sorest straits, to abandon Chaul, and sent aid
not only to that port, but to the southern settlements attacked by
the Zamorin, to the Moluccas, and to Mozambique. He even re.
fused to delay the sailing to Portugal of the annual fleet of merchant-
men, whose crews would have formed a valuable addition to his


## p. 453 (#501) ############################################

XVII)
INVASION OF BERAR
453
garrison, and he carried the war into the enemy's country by a
successful attack on Dābhol, led by Dom Fernando de Vasconcellos.
'Alī, after his defeat, concluded on December 17, 1571, a new
treaty with the Portuguese, and Murtazā, after losing 3000 men
in one day before Chaul, entered into an offensive and defensive
alliance with Dom Sebastião, King of Portugal. Chingiz Khān,
the only officer who had refrained, during the siege of Chaul, from
treasonable correspondence with the Portuguese, became lieutenant
of the Ahmadnagar kingdom, which received a further accession of
strength by the return from Bījāpur of the able and energetic Sayyid
Murtazā of Sabzāvār.
'Ali `Adil Shāh consoled himself for his defeat by capturing
Adoni and annexing many other districts of the former kingdom of
Vijayanagar, and Murtazā, alarmed by the increase of his rival's
power and by an alliance which he had formed with Golconda,
assumed a menacing attitude and advanced towards his frontier.
'Ali marched to meet him, but Chingiz Khān and Shāh Abu-'l-Hasan
averted hostilities and concluded a treaty which permitted Ahmad.
nagar to
annex Berar and Bidar and Bijāpur to annex in the
Carnatic the equivalent of those two kingdoms.
In pursuance of this treaty Murtazā sent an envoy to Tufāl Khăn,
demanding that he should resign his power to Burhān 'Irād Shāh,
who was now of full age. His solicitude for the young king was
rightly estimated by Tufāl Khān, who dismissed the envoy without
an answer and prepared to resist invasion. Murtazā was already at
Pāthrī, on the frontier, when the envoy returned and reported the
failure of his mission.
Tufāl Khān first marched towards Bidar, hoping to secure the
co-operation of ‘Ali Barid Shāh, who was threatened, equally with
himself, by the recent treaty, but 'Ali Barid showed no inclination
to assist him and aſter an indecisive action with Murtazā's advanced
guard he retired rapidly on Māhūr, Murtazā, leaving a force at
Kandhār to oppose an anticipated invasion from Golconda, started
in pursuit of him and after another indecisive action he again re-
treated, and Murtazā, after masking the fortress of Māhūr, advanced
into Berar. He received an unexpected reinforcement. In No-
vember, 1572, Akbar had conquered Gujarāt and captured its king
Muzaffar III, and had subsequently been compelled to attack his
rebellious cousins, 'the Mirzās'. They were defeated, and many of
their followers ensured their safety by entering Murtazā's service.
Tufāl Khān sought an asylum with Muhammad II of Khāndesh,
but was expelled by him and shut himself up, with Burhān 'Imād


## p. 454 (#502) ############################################

4$4
[CH,
THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN
Shāh, in Narnāla sending his son, Shamshir-ul-Mulk, to hold
Gāwil.
The siege of Narnāla was protracted until the end of April, 1574,
and during its course the troops of Ibrābim Qutb Shāh invaded the
kingdom of Ahmadnagar, but were defeated and expelled on May 11,
1573.
Long before Narnāla ſell the vacillating Murtazā grew weary
of the siege, and proposed to evacuate Berar and return to Ahmad-
nagar. His desire to return was shared, and perhaps prompted, by
a new favourite, a boy named Husain, who had been a hawker of
fowls in the camp and eventually received the title of Sāhib Khān
and rose to a high position in the state, but his pretext was his
longing to see his own infant son, Husain, at Ahmadnagar. Chingiz
Khān was despairing of success in combating his master's resolve
when a stratagem enabled him to bring the protracted siege to a suc-
cessful conclusion. In April, 1574, a merchant from Lahore arrived
in the camp with horses and other merchandise for Turāl Khān, and
was perinitted to enter the fortress on agreeing to take with him
Khvāja Muhammad Lārī, Murtazā's agent. The agent, who was well
supplied with money, did his work so well that many of Tufāl Khān's
officers deserted to the besiegers and the garrison lost heart. At
the same time the artillery of Ahmadnagar was more vigorously
served and a practicable breach encouraged Murtazā to order an
assault. Tufāl Khān displayed great valour, but his men had no
stomach for the fight, the besiegers entered the fortress, and he was
forced to flee. He was pursued and captured, and his son, on learning
his fate, surrendered Gāwil, and the conquest of Berar was com-
plete. Both father and, son, with Burhān 'Imād Shāh and his family,
were imprisoned in a fortress in the kingdom of Ahmadnagar, where
all died shortly afterwards, not without suspicion of violence.
‘Ali Adil Shāh had meanwhile been pursuing a career of con-
quest in the western Carnatic, and on returning to his capital in
1575, after an absence of more than three years, he left Sayyid
Mustafā Ardistāni at Chandraguni as governor of his southern
conquests, which included, besides extensive tracts administered
directly by his officers, the dominions of numerous petty rajas who
enriched his treasury by the payment of tribute. After his return
he besieged Bālkonda, where Venkatādri had established himself.
Venkatādri escaped to Chandragiri, but leſt a garrison to hold the
fortress, and when, after a siege of three months, it was on the point
of surrendering owing to the failure of its supplies, he saved the
place from falling into the hands of the Muslims by bribing 'Ali's
a


## p. 455 (#503) ############################################

XVI)
INVASION OF KHĀNDESH
455
Marāthā troops, 9000 in number, to change sides. The defection of
this large force, which immediately harassed its former comrades by
cutting off their supplies, rendered the maintenance of the siege im.
possible and 'Alī returned to Bījāpur in 1578.
Murtazā's recent conquest aroused the hostility of Ibrāhīm Qutb
Shāh and Muhammad II of Khāndesh, who regarded with appre-
hension the extension of his kingdom northward, its apparenlty
imminent extension eastward, by the absorption of Bidar, and the
immediate proximity of a neighbour so much more powerful than
themselves. A revolt in which the governor recently appointed by
Murtazā lost his life encouraged Muhammad to intervene, and he
sent an army under the command of his minister Zain-ud-din into
Berar to support the cause of a pretender, probably a genuine scion
of the 'Imād Shāhī family, who had taken refuge at his court. Zain-
ud-din besieged Narnāla, and the officers left by Murtazā in Berar
fled to his camp, now at Māhūr. He retraced his steps, and as he
approached the Tapti Muhammad withdrew from Burhānpur to
Asīr, his fortress-capital, whither the army of Ahmadnagar followed
him, and he purchased peace by the payment of an indemnity of
·1,000,000 muzaffaris of Gujarāt, of which 600,000 went into Mur-
tazā's treasury and 400,000 to Chingiz Khān.
Ibrāhim changed his policy at the same time, and with some
reason began to regard 'Ali Ādil Shāh's southern conquests as a
more real and present danger than the menace to Bīdar. Sayyid
Shāh Mirzā, his envoy, was authorized to conclude an alliance with
Murtazā and to offer a subsidy of 20,000 hūns daily for any army
invading the kingdom of Bijāpur, and an agent from Venkatādri
promised a contribution of 900,000 hūns towards the expenses of
a war on 'Alī. Sayyid Shāh Mirzā found Chingiz Khān inaccessible
to a bribe of 200,000 hūns, to be paid for a guarantee that Murtazā
should be restrained from attacking Bidar, and revenged himself
by compassing his destruction. He found a willing confederate in
Husain, the king's vile favourite, whom the minister had severely
punished for some insolence, and who warned his master that
Chingiz Khān was scheming to establish his independence in Berar,
and, when the king scouted the malicious accusation, appealed for
corroboration to Sayyid Shāh Mirzā. The envoy, by ingeniously
marshalling some specious evidence, persuaded the king of his
minister's guilt, and Murtazā caused his faithful servant to be
poisoned. He died in 1575, leaving a letter protesting his innocence
and commending to his ungrateful master the foreigners in his ser-
vice.