No More Learning

40:
George Washington University Student Women
Maritime School Men Middle-Class Women Middle-Class Men Working-Class Men
Totals:
Over-all totals:
3. 95
3. 63 15 5. 10
\
TABlE 14 (V)
MEAN A-S OR E SCCI\ESa FOR GROUPS SHOWING VARIOUS RELATIONS BETWEEN SUBJECT'S AND FATHER'S POLITICAL PREFERENCE
Relation between Subject's and Patber' s Political Preference
Same Different
Relation between Subject? s and Father's Political Preference
Groups ? taking Form 78:
U. C. Public Speaking Class Women u. c. Public Speaking Class Men Extension Psychology Class Wore. n Professional Women
Totals:
Groups taking Fora 60:
University of Oregon Student Women
Un! v. of Oregon and Univ. of California Student Women 33 3. 48 18 Un! v. of Oregon and Un! v. of California Student Men 29 3. 07 13
----------------------------------
F None
~ ~NMeaii
F Has
S Blank
N Mean
F Blank
S Has
N Mean
Both None OVer-all
or Blank
N Mean Mean S. D.
99 3. 49 19
37 3. 63
21 3. 51
3. 10 2. 50 11 3. 07 2. 7622. 50 0
2. 25 3 I. 50 0 2. 73
3. 92
19 3. 08
4. 62 2. 45 2. 85
2. 93 140 3. 32 I. 43
24 2. 59
2. 16
I. 10 2. 20
------
181 3. 40 63
2. 68
12 23
1. 49 I. 36 I. 37
1. 46
2. 45 o
2. 81
2. 67 2. 16
91 3. 42 44 2. 66 2. 61
107 4. 32 20 4. 16 4. 58
29 3. 70 13
I. 38 I. 29
78 4. 28
94 5. 17
71 3. 88
34 4. 75 19 2. 07 22 4. 26 17 2. 71
4. 10
3. 86 4. 86 4. 94 3. 80 4. 09
4. 50
4. 03
24 4. 14
13 3, 62 4. 80 10 3. 98 s. 50 4. 06
39 4. 14
75 3. 79
2. 99 0
3. 61 2. 35
20 3. 19
4. 30 2. 30
2. 96
3. 74 4. 57
52 3. 34 42 3. 40 63 2. 57
297 3. 18
47 3. 42
54 3. 24
57 2. 93 I. 25
12 3. 85 3. 33 26 4. 64 5. 07 47 2. 90 1. 60
299 4. 52 121 3. 2110 3. 68 729 4. 05 278 3. 04 23 3. 39
S Has
3. 17 ---------------------------------
aThe following scales were used in the various forms: Form 78: A-S Scale (10 items) Form 45: Form so: E Scale (12 items) Form 40:
E Scale (5 items) brhe San Quentin group was not tncluded in the over? all total.
? 1 94 THE AUTHORIT ARIAN PERSONALITY
engage in liberal group activity more on the basis of economic self-interest than on that of a complete anti-ethnocentric point of view. This is also shown by the fact that the members of the United Electrical Workers, a militant C. I. O. union, had an E mean of 3? 45, a value slightly higher than that (3. 12) for the Parent-Teachers' Association group containing mostly middle-class members with a relatively high education level. These results suggest that union membership and college education are in themselves important forces, but by no means guarantees, against ethnocentrism. The basic question, it
Group:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Parent-Teachers' AssoCiation
Labor School (middle-class membership) Suburban Church Group
Unitarian Church Group
League of Women Voters
Upper Middle-Class Women's Club
Group:
TABLE 15 (V)
MEAN E SCORE FOR VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FORM 40 SAMPLE
1. Labor School (middle-class membership) 2. Parent-Teachers' Association
3. Suburban Church Group
Working-Class Men
Group:
1. United Electrical Workers (CIO) (old members)
li
12 3. 45 15 2. 41
26 4. 60 8 4. 74
2. 3.
4.
Labor School
International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (CIO) (new members)
United Seamen's Service
Middle-Class women
l:i. .
46 3. 13 11 1. 20 29 5. 23 15 2. 32 17 2. 06 36 5. 05
154 3. 64 1. 96
9 1. 27 29 3. 12 31 5. 38
Over-all totals
Standard Deviation 2. 08
Over-all totals Standard Deviation
Middle-Class Men
Over-all totals 61 Standard Deviation
3. 83 1. 72
would seem, is whether the individual has been able to assimilate the broader democratic ideology supplied by the group environment-and here again we find wide individual differences in receptiveness to democratic thinking.
That the union has been at least partially successful in its educative effort
69 3. 89
? POLITICO-ECO~OMIC IDEOLOGY AND GROUP MEMBERSHIPS 195
is suggested by the fact that the New Members Class of the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (I. L. W. U. ) has an E mean of 4. 6o (Table 15(V)). Because of the small number of cases, the large differ- ence of 1. 15 between the new I. L. W. U. members and the old U. E. W. members is probably not statistically significant; but if it should be borne out in further studies, it would indicate that certain unions, at least, are doing a great deal to combat ethnocentrism.
The highest scoring groups, with E means of 5. 05 to 5? 38 (significantly higher than any other middle-class groups), are the Suburban Church men and women,14 and the Upper Middle-Class Women's Club. Since neither of these groups is organized primarily or explicitly on the basis of ethnocentric ideology, their relative uniformity in this respect supports the hypothesis that ethnocentrism is correlated with patterns of ideology in other areas. The striking difference of 3-0 points between the E means of the Unitarian and Suburban Churches suggests that similar differences might well be found in the content of their religious ideologies; but these issues must await con- sideration of the over-all material on religion (Chapter VI). Similarly, what characterizes the Women's Club as compared, for example, with the League of Women Voters, is not its actual class or educational level, but psycho- logical trends such as upper-class identification, upward economic mobility, conservative values, and the like. Moreover, it is not likely that membership in the group caused deep-lying personality trends such as these in the mem- bers, but rather that individuals with such dispositions gravitate toward this group-or, indeed, organize it in the first place-rather than toward the League of Women Voters or the Oakland Labor School. While no intensive case studies could be obtained from the Women's Club, because of resistance to such "investigation," the relation of the above and similar trends to ethno- centrism was studied in other groups and is reported in the chapters which follow.
Mean E scores for the various maritime unions, as represented in the Mari- time School, are presented in Table I 5(V) These results should probably be regarded as suggestive rather than conclusive, in view of the small N in each group and the fact that this sample is above the maritime union average in intelligence (AGCT score) and educational level, and probably in class level and economic aspiration. Among the well-represented unions, th~ lowest E mean (4. 12) is made by the National Maritime Union (C. I. O. ), \ which is also the most militantly left-wing. The most ethnocentric of the \ larger groups are the Sailor's Union of the Pacific (A. F. L. ) and the Sailor's ? International Union (A. F. L. ), with means of 4? 97 and 4.
81 respectively; both of these unions tend to be politically conservative and to be strongly anti-
14 This interdenominational church is in a small town near Berkeley, California. It has several suburban features: it contains a number of small industries; many residents com- mute to Berkeley and San Francisco, and it is not culturally or economically isolated.
? THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
C. I. O. and anti-Communist. The Marine Firemen, Oilers and Wipers (Inde- pendent), with a mean of 4. 24 is only slightly higher than the National Maritime Union; that this finding is valid is suggested by the fact that the M. F. O. W. actively joined with the C. I. O. a few years ago during a period of waterfront labor-management strife.
When the various union groups are combined into major categories, the following order is obtained (from most to least ethnocentric): blank or "none" (4. 94), combined A. F. L. (4. 79), combined C. I. O. (4. 41), and com- bined Independent (4. 30). While union membership, particularly in a C. I. O. or independent union, appears to play a significant role in decreasing ethno- centrism, there is clearly much that remains to be done. The National Mari- time Union, for example, can take pride in having the lowest of the obtained means, but the value of 4? 12 indicates only a so-so balance around the neutral point-still a long way from the democratic principles of its educa- tional program and its constitutional regulations. It would be of considerable social as well as theoretical significance to understand why intensive anti- prejudice programs such as that of the N. M. U. are not more successful, and to determine how they might be improved.
The Form 40 data in Table 16(V) differ from the Form 4S data in two important respects: the over-all E mean is higher (s. o8 to 4? 34), and the differences among the various unions are smaller. The differences are due in part to the fact that the Form 4S data are based on the Io-item EAB scale, while Form 40 contained the s-item EA scale. The EA mean for the Form 4S sample was 4. 82 (Chapter IV, Table 17, C), a value slightly but not signifi- cantly lower than the Form 40 EA mean of s. o8. However, the Form 4S EB
subscale (of which four items deal with anti-Semitism) had a mean of only 3. 8s, and the EA-EB correlation, corrected by the Spearman-Brown formula, was only ? 73? It would appear, then, that the two samples are similar with respect to the opinions and attitudes in EA (Negroes, foreigners, zootsuiters, patriot- ism). Moreover, the greater interunion differences on Form 4S than on Form 40 are probably due to the EB items in Form 4S; that is, the unions differ more with respect to anti-Semitism than with respect to other forms of prejudice. For example, the N. M. U. mean for Form 4S is 3. 76, conspicuously lower than the sample mean of 4? 34; but the N. M. U. Form 40 mean of 4. 87 is only slightly lower than the sample mean of s. o8. While sampling differ- ences and other uncontrolled factors probably influenced these results, the possibility is raised that the N. M. U. educational program has been less suc- cessful in combating some forms of prejudice (EA) than others (EB). 15
Our attempts to determine income-class level and background of the sub- jects were relatively unsuccessful for several reasons. It was not possible to
15 Had time permitted, it would have been worthwhile to obtain separate EA and EB means for each union group in the Form 45 sample, and to compare these with the Form 40 data.
? 1.
2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9, 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Union
Sailor's Union of the Pacific (AFL)
Sailor's International Union (AFL)
"AFL" o n l y
Marine Firemen, Oilers,
Wipers (Independent) Master Mates and Pilots
(Independent)
Marine Engineers' Beneficial
Association (CIO) National Maritime Union
16 4. 11 23 0
4. 34
6. 80
N
52
32 16
39
1
6
43 15 29 (100) ( 64) (40) (233) (109) 38
71
Mean
4. 97
4. 81 4. 19
4. 24
6. 80
5. 25
4. 12
4. 93
4. 64
4. 79
4. 41
4. 30
4. 58
4. 94
5. 08
POLITICO-ECONOMIC IDEOLOGY AND GROUP MEMBERSHIPS 197 TABLE 16 (V) .
MEAN E SCORE FOR GROUPS HAVING VARIOUS MARITIME UNION AFFILIATIONSa
(Maritime School Sample)
(CIO)
"CIO" only
"Union" only
Combined AFL (1,2,3)
Combined CIO (6, 7, 8)
Combined Independent (4,5) (16) 4. 11 (24) 4. 44
All Unions Combined (1-9) Combined "None" and Blank "None"
Blank
(125) 4. 27 (53) 4. 55 17 4. 89
(108) 4. 95
Over-all totals 178 4. 34
Standard Deviation
164 5. 08 342 4. 70 1. 60 1. 76
Form 45b
N Mean EAB
26 4. 79
2 0 4. 52 7 4. 10
Form 40b
N Mean EA
26 5. 15
12 5. 30 9 4. 26
Over-all
2 3. 85
4 5. 95
2 9 3. 76 14 4. 87
8 4. 88 7 5. 00 17 4. 07 12 5. 45 (53) 4. 60 (47) 5. 02 (39) 3. 99 (25) 5. 08
36 4. 38
5. 35
4. 85
aThese data are based on answers to the question:
organizations do you belong to (union, political, fraternal, etc. )? "
In administering the questionnaire, it was stressed that the men should record their union affiliation.
bAs discussed in Chapter IV, the Maritime School population was divided into two roughly equated halves, one of which received Form 45, the other Form 40.
ask the number of questions required to give an adequate index of socio- economic class level. Also, the several questions included were often left blank, out of defensiveness or lack of knowledge (e. g. , of father's or hus- band's income). Many subjects had no current income, due to momentary unemployment or to student or military status. Income had in some cases increased during the war period without a corresponding increase in actual class level. For these and other reasons, the data below must be interpreted only tentatively and with great care.
Table 17(V) presents mean E scores for groups based on present income.
(56)
21
35
5. 31
5. 25
~~--~~----~--~~----~--~~
"What groups or
? Group
Groups taking Fora 60:
Below
. . n. ,QQQ_
N Mean
~$2,000? $3,000- 3 , 9 0 0 an N Mean
Present Income $4,000- $5,000- Above
4 , 9 0 0 1 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 B l a n k None
N Mean N Mean N Mean N Mean N~an N
O v e r - a l l Mean S,D,
3. 42 1. 38 3. 63 1. 29 2. 93 1. 25
TABLE 17 (V)
MEAN E SCORESa FoR GROUPS WHO HAVE VARIOUS PRF. Smr YEARLY INOOMESb
"" \()
00
Univ, of Oregon Student Women 13 3. 21 15 3. 87 0 Univ, of Oregon and Univ, of
California Student Women 11 3. 15 23 3. 27 15 3. 28
>-l II: M
;;. .
c:: . . ,
II:
0
;. I
::l
;;. .
;. I 3. 28 9 4. 08 50 3. 67 1. 59 ;; 3. 20 25 4. 21 71 3. 65 1. 60 z
3. 22 34 4. 17 121 3. 66 1. 62 '0 M ;. I en
Univ. o f Oregon and Univ, California Student Men
Totals:
Groups taking Fora 45:
Psychiatric Clinic Men Psychiatric Clinic Women
Totals:
Groups taking Fora 40:
Middle-Class Women Middle-ClassMen Working-Class Men
Totals: Over-alltotals:
o f
arhe following scales were used in the various forms:
t"' 2. 80 7 2. 71 3 4. 67 0 1 4. 80 7 4. XI 59 3. 83 1. 72 . . ,.
3. 29 XI 3. 56 31 3. 10 2 5. XI 18 3.