Notwithstanding the frustration of his hopes,
Ethelfrid scorned to retire, and he accordingly prepared for battle.
Ethelfrid scorned to retire, and he accordingly prepared for battle.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v8
2 In 604, the
Abbot Mellitus was invited to settle in his metropolis. However, the death
of Saberct soon followed, and this proved most injurious to the conversion
of his 1 ^ In his people.
three sons addicted to the of their worship
stead,
ancestors were in power. They were contemners of the Christian religion
and rites. With
Justus,
x ? 4
Mellitus 1 ? 5
had been
recently However,
invested with the
1? 6
the Holy Sacrifice in his church, the three sons of Saberct entered during the
170 See Rev. Jeremy Collier's " Ecclesi- tical History of Britain," vol. i. , book ii. ,
episcopal
celebrating
rank and
while
dignity by Augustine.
time when the Bishop was administering Communion to the people. They
astical History of Great Britain," vol. i. , book ii. , cent, vi. , p. 152.
171 See Rev. Dr. John JLingard's " Anti- quities of the Anglo-Saxon Church," chap. i. , p. 24.
172 He was nephew to Ethelbert, through his sister Ricula. See Venerable Bede's *. ' Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. ii. , cap. iii. , pp. 180, 181.
x? 3 See Rev. Jeremy Collier's " Ecclesias-
cent, vii. , pp. 188, 189.
I74 He is- venerated as a saint, and he
diedA. D. 632.
I7S He afterwards became Archhbishop of
Canterbury. His feast occurs on the 24th of April.
I? 6 In the year 604.
I77 He had reigned gloriously for fifty-six
years.
x? 8 See Venerable Bede's " Historia
'
I6
466 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 31.
demanded a portion of the sacred elements with the rest, but were refused
by Mellitus. Then he was ordered to leave Essex. Obliged to withdraw,
he sought refuge with his brethren in Kent. It so happened, however,
that after the death of Bertha, Ethelbert had married a second wife, who
was young and of remarkable beauty. On the death of Ethelbert, a. d.
6i6,'77 his son Eadbald succeeded him in Kent. But, abandoned to the
gratification of lawless and sensual desire, on his accession to the throne,
he took the widow of his father as a concubine, and, when the Christian
missionaries attempted to remonstrate, he declared an intention to renounce
their religion, which should place such a curb on the gratification of his
18
unnatural passion. ? Disheartened by their want of success, Mellitus, with
Justus of Rochester, retired into Gaul, to await a more favourable result. ^ The Church of St. Peter and St. Paul had been already in course of erection at Canterbury by St. Augustine, and it was richly endowed with lands and possessions by King Ethelbert. 180 The death of St. Augustine took place May 26th, a. d. 605, before that church had been completed, and his body was at first deposited without, but soon as the dedication was completed, the remains were decently buried in the north porch. After his death, Laurentius was his successor in the See. Afflicted greatly by the dissolute and incorrigible character of the King, and despairing of effecting any good in Kent, that prelate had also resolved to leave the Kingdom. The night before his intended departure, however, was spent in the Church of St. Peter, and, it is stated, that the Chief of the Apostles appeared to him, reproached him with cowardice, and to mark his displeasure inflicted stripes on his shoulders. 181 Next morning he appeared before Eadbald, and relating what had previously occurred, showed him those marks, which were a cause of astonishment and confusion to the King. He seemed to feel contrition for his past grievous offences, and expressed his willingness to atone for them. In fine, he dismissed his father's widow from his bed, and recalled
182
the Mellitus and fugitive bishops,
he the proved
Afterwards,
sincerity of his conversion by a total change of life. He also supported the causeofChristianitybyhispowerandinfluence. ,83 ThenceforwardinKent,
it assumed an ascendancy, which in the future it maintained.
During the Saxon incursions on the shores of Britain, Ida,18* an Anglian chief, commanded a fleet of forty chiules, and landed with his adventurers on
the north-eastern shores of 18* the Britons of
England. There, Bryneich,
after many severe conflicts, were removed from the coast. Then, Ida fixed his residence on a lofty promontory, where he built a strong castle. 186 From
Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. ii. ,
cap. v. , pp. 190, 191.
'79 See Rev. Jeremy Collier's " Ecclesias-
tical History of Great Britain," vol. i. ,
book ii. , cent, vii. , p. 189.
,8o "
"
Eoppa was son of Esa, Esa was son of Ingui,
Ingui of Angewit, Angewit of Aloe, Aloe of Benoc, Benoc of Biand, Brand of Boeldog, Boeldog of Woden, Woden of Freothelaf,
Justus.
gives his pedigree :
Ida was son of Eoppa,
See Venerable Bede's Historia Freothelaf of Freothewulf, Freothewulf of
Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. ii. , cap. iii. , pp. 178 to 183.
Finn, Finn of Godulf, Godulf of Geat. "—
Edited with a translation by Benjamin
Thorpe, vol. ii. , p. 15.
181 tical
See Rev. Jeremy Collier's
"
Ecclesias-
vol.
of Great bookii. , cent, vii. , pp. 189, 190.
,8s Matthew of that he had Paris, states,
History
Britain,"
See Matthaei Parisiensis, Monachi Theodoric, Athelric, Osmer and Theofred.
i. ,
Chronica Majora," edited by Henry Richards Luard, M. A. , vol. i. ,
pp. 226, 227.
183 See Venerable Bede's " Historia
six sons by his queen, viz. :—Adda, Elric
183
Sancti Albani,
"
Six others were the sons of his concubines, viz. :—Oga, Aliric, Ecca, Osbald, Segor
Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum," lib.
Flemesburc
'
cap, vi. , pp. 192, 193.
184 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle " thus
ii. ,
applicuerunt M. A. , vol i„ p. 243.
"
Britanniam cum navibus sexaginta, et apud
and Sogother.
Isti omnes venerunt in
—"Chronica Ma- jora," edited by Henry Richards Luard,
August 31. J LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 467 the name of his consort Bebba, l8 7 it was called Bebbanburgh or Bebbanburh.
and it lasted to a. d. 188 From its former 559.
His dates from a. d. reign
547,
British name of Bryneich, his kingdom, which lay northwards of the River
Tees, was subsequently known as Bernicia. This was subsequently the premier province of Northumbria, and over this northern kingdom of the
l8
Saxons, Ida ruled for eleven years.
9 Those Britons who lived south of the
Tees are said to have been named from Deyfyr. They were assailed and
defeated by an Anglian Chief, named Seomil. In 560, one of his descend-
ants, Ella, obtained undisputed possession of that district, and he formed it
into a new kingdom, preserving its British appellation in the word Deira.
Its southern boundary was the River Humber. When both of those divisions
had attained their fullest extent, Bernicia on the north, and Deira on the
south of the Tees, reached from the Forth to the Humber, and from the
easterntothewesternseas. Bothdivisionsafterwardsconstitutedthepower-
ful Kingdom of Northumbria. When Ida died, Northumbria was divided
into two separate kingdoms. Adda, his son, succeeded in Bernicia, a. d.
560, and reigned seven years. After him, from a. d. 567, Glappa reigned
1^ the son of
In Bernicia, Edilfrid son of Ethelfric, and the grandson of Ida, began to reign in 592 or 593. 192 He had married the daughter of
Ella, founder of the Kingdom of Deira, and after his death, Edilfrid took possession of Deira. ^ At that time, Ella had left a male child, named Edwin, then only three years old, and who was rightful heir to his father's kingdom. Ethelfrid was known to be a sanguinary and an unscrupulous tyrant ; and for several years, he had directed all his efforts against the neighbouring Britons, In many districts, they had been exterminated by force of his arms, and so ruthlessly that he was known by a surname, the Ravager. TheinfantEdwinwasconveyed,however,beyondthetyrant's reach, and for protection he was intrusted to the protection of Cadvan, the KingofNorthWales. ThisdrewuponCadvanthehostilityoftheNorthum- brian King, who sought the death of the child. This, he thought, should strengthen thoroughly his own usurpation. In the vicinity of Chester, when the British and Saxon armies engaged, Ethelfrid obtained a signal victory.
Incessantly harassed by the jealousy and vengeance of Ethelfrid, the young sonofEllawasobligedtoleavehisfirstprotector,Cadvan; and,forsometime, hewanderedthroughthedifferentBritishandSaxondistricts. Atthatperiod, the East-Anglian throne was filled by Redwald. Having paid a visit to Ethelbert, King of Kent, he had become a professed Christian, owing to his
five In years.
Deira, Elle,
Yffe,
from a. d. there 560, reigned
for thirty years. ^
1
186 At first it was enclosed by a hedge and afterwards by a wall.
187 NowBamborough.
I9° His pedigree is thus traced in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle : "^Elle was son of Yffe,YffeofUxfrea,UxfreaofWilgils,Wil- gils of Westerfalena, Westerfalena of Saefugl,. Saefugl of Ssebald, Saebald of Sigegeat, Sige-
188 Chronicle.
According to the
189 According to Roger de Hoveden, who geat of Swebdoeg, Swebdoeg of Sigegar,
was Ethelfrid, the eighth in succession, who "
,92 According to the Chronology of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
ruled twenty-eight years. See Chronica," edited by William Stubbs, M. A. , vol. i. ,
I93 See Rev. Dr. Lingard's "History of
England," vol. i„ chap, ii. , p. 82.
Pars
Prior, Prologus, pp. 3, 4.
l** See "
Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden
Anglo-Saxon
thus follows out the succession of Northum-
brian kings, after his death : Glappa reigned
one year, and Adda succeeded him for eight
years; then followed Ethelric for seven Sancti Albani Chronica Majora," edited years, and afterwards Theoderic for four by Henry Richards Xuard, M. A. , vol. i. , years; next Friduwuld reigned for seven pp. 245, 247.
years, and Hass for a like term. After him
Sigegar of Woegdoeg, Woegdceg of Woden,
"
Woden of Frithowulf.
I91 See Matthsei Parisiensis, Monachi "
468 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 31.
However, the importunities of his wife and the opposition of his people, caused him to relapse into his former errors. Yet, to silence his conscience, in the same temple by the side of the statue of Woden, he dedicated an altar to the God of the Christians ; thus endeavouring to unite a worship so utterly irreconcilable in principle and practice with the heathen- ish superstitions. In his extremity, the fugitive Edwin had recourse to
In the year 6i6,'9S Ethelfrid assembled a small body of his forces, and
hastened, as he thought, to take Redwald by surprise. Notwithstanding,
the latter had been well prepared for his movements. The whole East-
Anglian army was marshalled, and marched to the right bank of the Idel
River, in Nottinghamshire. The warriors were skilfully arrayed in three
bodies, while their helmets, spears and banners, gave them a formidable and
an impressive appearance.
Notwithstanding the frustration of his hopes,
Ethelfrid scorned to retire, and he accordingly prepared for battle. Regen-
heri or Rainer, the son of Redwald, directed the first division of his father's
forces. Immediately Ethelfrid led the attack, and rushing onwards with his
warriors,destroyedthatcorpsandkilleditsleader. However,themultitude
of the East- Anglian s quickly trampled down the Northumbrians. Their
king fought with his accustomed desperate courage, and opening a way with his sword into the ranks of his enemies, he slew many, but at last he fell
lifeless over their bodies. Afterwards, his army was routed and completely
On the death of their father, Ethelfrid, and when the host of his enemies
persuasion.
andreceived fromhim. 1^ Learningthequarterin hospitality
Redwald,
which the young prince had found an asylum, Edilfrid sought, by threats and promises, to tempt the fidelity of Redwald, and had very nearly succeeded in his object, as the latter greatly feared the hostility of his powerful neigh- bour. Nevertheless, the solicitations of Redwald's queen, saved the solitary exile, and Redwald took the resolution of bidding defiance to the tyrant's resentment.
6 Then Redwald, in the son of Ella back to triumph, brought
dispersed. ^
the men of Deira, who received him joyfully, while the people of Berenicia submitted cheerfully to his rule. He thus obtained possession of all Northumbria, and became the fifth Bretwalda of the Saxon Confederacy. 1 ^
over Northumbria, Oswald J 98 and his six OswinorOswy,Oslac,Oswudu,Oslaf,Offa,ao°andhissister,Ebba,2? 1 asalso some of his followers, were obliged to fly into Ireland, There, these strangers became converts to the Christian religion. Whether Oswald was acquainted with Aidan or not, during the term of his exile, is unrecorded. However, the term of Oswald's banishment |from his paternal Kingdom lasted from a. d. 616 to a. d. 633, while Edwin, his maternal uncle, ruled over Northumbria. It seems likely enough, that the refugees fled over the border, and into Scotland, in the first instance ; but how long they remained there, before seeking greater security in Ireland, is unknown. The example and
swept
brothers,
Monachi Cestrensis," edited by Rev. Joseph of August. Owing to his residence in
Rawson Lumby, B. D. , vol. v. , p. 432. '95 The " Anglo-Saxon Chronicle "
places this event in the year 617. See vol. ii. , p.
20. Edition of'Benjamin Thorpe.
'* See at a. d. 6i7,"Matthaei Parisiensis,
"
Monachi Sancti Albani,
edited by Henry Richards Luard, M. A. , vol. i. , p. 267.
" of History
*» See Rev. Dr.
See the edition of vol. Benjamin Thorpe,
Lingard's England," vol. i. , chap. ii. , pp. 83, 84.
ii. ,
'»"Heisveneratedasa onthe Martyr
5th
p. 20.
20t Her
festival occurs on the 25th of
Chronica Majora,"
seven of her brothers were in exile, in the office of St. Ebba. See Pars Estiva, fol. Ixxxvii.
80°
Thus are they denominated in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle," at a. d. 617.
Eanfrith or 1 ^ Eanfrid,
Ireland, at that date, his acts are to be found in the present volume. Art. ii.
w The of Aberdeen that Breviary states,
August 31. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 469
influence of a Christian population, no less than gratitude for the protection afforded them, must have happily induced them to turn from the worship of idols. We are told by Maihew, that when the king took refuge in Ireland, he there became a Christian. 202 That period of his history, however, is burie—d in
Fr—om Bede's 3°3 that the sons of Aedilfrid of complete obscurity. stating,
whom Oswald was one and many young noblemen, had been in exile
among the Scots and Picts 2°4 it has been argued by Dean Cressy, that the ;
northern province alluded to is referable to that of the Scots in North
Britain. 2^ Yet,he haveobserved,thatwhenBede oftheBritish might speaks
Scots, he usually calls them the Scots in Britain, or those who inhabited Britain. 206 Nevertheless,thismaybewellunderstood,regardingsomeofthose exiles having taken shelter in Ireland, and others in Pictland. 50? It has been stated, that during the time of his exile, Oswald had concealed himself in the mountainsofScotland 2o8 butFleuryobserves,that,theScotsamongwhom
;
20
Oswald was baptized were natives of Ireland. ^ Colgan very justly remarks,
it is altogether improbable, that he or his followers would entrust themselves to the protection of the British Scots, who had been defeated some years
210
Ireland, on many occasions, had shown hospitality and kindness to the
2" we may fairly conclude, they were also protectors of Oswald and his companions, at a time when these were obliged to become refugees. So much as can well be known regarding the exile of those princes has been already set forth, when treating the Acts of St. Oswald, King and Martyr, at the 5th day of this month. Enough for us to state, that he felt consoled for his family misfortunes, by re- ceiving the gift of Divine Faith,212 and that he lived in a manner com- formable to his profession ; having the qualities of a valiant soldier, a good and just man, and destined to be venerated in after time as a great saint.
While the sons of Ethelfrid were in exile,213 King Edwin21* their maternal
uncle, who had been married to Ethelberga, otherwise called Tate, and a
daughter to Ethelbert, King of Kent, governed Northumbria with great dignity, justice and moderation. He had asked her in marriage of her brother Eadbald, who then ruled in Kent, and Edwin sent ambassadors to procure his consent. However, an answer was returned, that it was not lawful for a Christian virgin to marry a pagan husband, lest the Faith and
before, by Aedilfrid, the father of Oswald.
Moreover, as the people of
Anglo-Saxons ;
August, where notices should have been
given of her, as having lived for a consider-
able term of years in Ireland.
2o8
See Rev. Dr. Lingard's "Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church," chap. i.
2°9 See " Histoire Ecclesiastique," tome
viii. , liv. xxxviii. , sect, xviii. , p. 345.
2I0 See Colgan's "Acta Sanctorum
Hibernise," ix. Januarii, n. 4, p. 45.
202
See "Trophsea. " Vita S. Aidani,
Augusti xxxi.
203 See " Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis
Anglorum," lib. iii. , cap. i.
20* AccordingtotheBreviaryofAberdeen,
in the Life of St. Ebba, she and her seven brothers were protected by Donald Brek, King of Scotland. See Pars Estiva, fol. lxxxvii.
ts See "Church-History of Brittany. "
206 See " Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis from A. D. 559 to 588, and his grandfather was
Bookxv. , iii. , 348. chap, p.
xiii. , chap, i. , p. 13.
2'3 Their mother was named Acha, prin-
cess of Deira.
2I+ HewassonofElla,whoruledinDeira
Anglorum," lib. i. , cap. xxxiv.
207 *< ThjS) however, is a question of little
Yffi, said to have been descended from Odin, in the tenth degree. Ella had a brother named Elfric, who had a son named Osrie, afterwards a ruler for only a short period in Deira, when he was slain by Cadwallon, A. D.
importance, and the reader may choose for
himself between Maihew and Cressy. "—Dr.
Lanigan's "Ecclesiastical History of Ire-
land, vol. ii. , chap, xv. , sect, xii. , n. 98, p. 634. Osric's son, Oswin, surnamed the 418. martyr,wasKingofDeirafromA. D. 64Sto6si.
s" mony.
"
2I2 See Le Comte de Montalembert's
Les Moines d'Occident," tome iv. , liv.
According to Venerable Bede's testi-
47o LIVES OE THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 31.
the mysteries of a heavenly King should be profaned, by her cohabiting with a king altogether a stranger to the worship of the true God. When his
messengers had brought such answer to Edwin, he promised in no manner to act in opposition to the Christian Faith which she professed ; but that he would give leave to her, and all that went with her, men and women, priests or ministers, to follow their faith and worship after the custom of the Chris- tians. Nor did he deny, but that himself would embrace the same religion, when examined by wise persons, if it were found to be more holy and more worthy of God. Hereupon the virgin was promised and sent to Edwin. Meantime, Paulinus, a man beloved of God, was consecrated Bishop, on the 21st day of July, in the year of our Lord 625, and he was sent with her, so that by daily exhortations and by celebrating the Divine mysteries, he might confirm her and her company, lest they should be corrupted by companionship with the pagans. Resolved on converting the people to whom he had been sent, and to bring them to a knowledge of the true religion, Paulinus laboured much, not alone to preserve the queen's retinue in the faith, but to convert some of the natives of Northumbria, through his exhortations and preaching.
At length, Edwin embraced the Christian religion, after much deliberation,
a. d. 627. He was baptized by St. Paulinus on the Holy Day of Easter, being the 12th of April in that year, and in the Church of St. Peter at York, which he had built of timber, while under instruction preparatory to his receiving Baptism. Moved by the example of their king Edwin, nearly all the nobles of Northumbria professed the Faith of Christ, as also a large number of the common people. Afterwards, the king became most earnest in his endeavours to propagate Christianity in his kingdom, and St. Paulinus was truly zealous in preaching the word of God among his subjects, with the greatest possible success. The contemporary king of North Wales, named Cathlon or Cadwallon,21 * a nominal Christian, and of a turbulent, enterprising character, had resolved on vindicating his claim to rule over the Britons of Strathclyde, who had submitted to the King of Northumbria. Having assembled a force consisting of many thousand men, in the year 633, an engagement took place between the Britons and Saxons under King Edwin. The former were signally defeated, and with great loss. Cadwallon was put to flight, and pursued by the Northumbrian monarch, who brought the war into Wales. He ravaged all that country, burning towns and taking forts, until Cadwallon was obliged to seek refuge in Ireland. Edwin led his army into the provinces of Demecia, of Venedocia, and of Menevia, which he brought under his sway. However, Cadwallon contrived to collect some of his bands, and he endeavoured to return back into his own country ; but, Edwin is said to have had a friendly astrologer named Pellitus, who indicated all the movements of the banished king, so that his rival of Northumbria was able to anticipate him and prevent his entry at any port on the coast.
Finding all his attempts to result in failure, in despair he sought Solomon, who then ruled in Lesser Britain. By him, Cadwallon was favourably
received, and on stating his case, aid and advice were freely promised. According to Solomon's recommendation, the fugitive sought a man of a
daring and wily disposition to seek Edwin's court in guise of a pilgrim, when he was to lie in waiting for an opportunity to assassinate Pellitus the
astrologer. Such a person was found in Cadwallon's own nephew Brien, andheacceptedthatcommission. Takingthepilgrim'shabit,andastart with a sharp iron point in his hand, and having a wallet slung from his left shoulder, Brien entered Britain, and hastened to York, where he knew that
"5SometimeswrittenCatguallon,Catguol- briae," pp. 6, 7. Edited by Rev. John laun, or Catguollan. See " Annalcs C? m- Williams ab Ithel, M. A.
August 31. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 471
Edwin resided. It was customary for a crowd of mendicants to beset the
passages towards the King's court, while expecting his alms, and entering that city, Brien mixed with the crowd of paupers. It so happened, that he had a sister, who had been made captive when the city of Worcester was takenbyEdwin,aftertheflightofCadwallon. Shewasthenaslaveinthe palace of Edwin, and coming out with a bucket in her hand to carry water for domestic use, she recognised her brother under his disguise among the paupers. Fearing for his safety, she nevertheless had a few brief and furtive wordswithhim. Brienthuslearnedsomethingregardingthestateofthings about the household, and the astrologer whom he sought was pointed out tohimwalkingamongthecrowd. Havingarrangedwithhissister,thatshe should steal out to meet him that night, at a certain old temple near the city, Brien then went to where the astrologer was arranging the poor in their proper places. Then dexterously raising his staff he struck it deep in the breast of Pellitus. Then dropping it from his grasp, he drew back into the crowd, so that in the confusion none had a knowledge of the individual who committedthatmurder. Withoutsuspicionofhisagencyinthattransaction, Brien sought the haunt he had selected at the old temple. Meanwhile, the rumour of an assassination within the courtyard of the palace caused great commotion and excitement throughout the city, while. King Edwin stationed guards around the palace, to detect and arrest if possible the perpetrator of that crime. The sister of Brien could not venture to keep her appointment, in consequence ; but, the assassin of Pellitus, taking advantage of the dense woods with which the country was then covered, managed to elude all pur- suit, and reached Exeter. There he collected an army of Britons, who were informed about what he had done, and soon the news spread over the whole country. Having fortified and garrisoned Exeter, the Britons awaited there the expected arrival of Cadwallon. 216 Soon Penda, King of Mercia, collected a large army of Saxons, and marched to besiege Brien in Exeter. Having heard of his deed—the assassination of Pellitus—Cadwallon collected ten thousand soldiers, and landing in the Island of Britain, he hastened to relieve Exeter. Penda was surprised and defeated with his army, while he was
taken prisoner. He found no other means for escape than by swearing
fealty to the conqueror, and by surrendering hostages for his future submission. About this time, an alliance had been formed between Penda, the
powerful pagan King of Mercia and Cathlon or Cadwallon, King of North Wales. Theyhadmotivesofpolicyincommon,andthesewerenowdirected to curb the power of the northern Bretwalda.
Abbot Mellitus was invited to settle in his metropolis. However, the death
of Saberct soon followed, and this proved most injurious to the conversion
of his 1 ^ In his people.
three sons addicted to the of their worship
stead,
ancestors were in power. They were contemners of the Christian religion
and rites. With
Justus,
x ? 4
Mellitus 1 ? 5
had been
recently However,
invested with the
1? 6
the Holy Sacrifice in his church, the three sons of Saberct entered during the
170 See Rev. Jeremy Collier's " Ecclesi- tical History of Britain," vol. i. , book ii. ,
episcopal
celebrating
rank and
while
dignity by Augustine.
time when the Bishop was administering Communion to the people. They
astical History of Great Britain," vol. i. , book ii. , cent, vi. , p. 152.
171 See Rev. Dr. John JLingard's " Anti- quities of the Anglo-Saxon Church," chap. i. , p. 24.
172 He was nephew to Ethelbert, through his sister Ricula. See Venerable Bede's *. ' Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. ii. , cap. iii. , pp. 180, 181.
x? 3 See Rev. Jeremy Collier's " Ecclesias-
cent, vii. , pp. 188, 189.
I74 He is- venerated as a saint, and he
diedA. D. 632.
I7S He afterwards became Archhbishop of
Canterbury. His feast occurs on the 24th of April.
I? 6 In the year 604.
I77 He had reigned gloriously for fifty-six
years.
x? 8 See Venerable Bede's " Historia
'
I6
466 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 31.
demanded a portion of the sacred elements with the rest, but were refused
by Mellitus. Then he was ordered to leave Essex. Obliged to withdraw,
he sought refuge with his brethren in Kent. It so happened, however,
that after the death of Bertha, Ethelbert had married a second wife, who
was young and of remarkable beauty. On the death of Ethelbert, a. d.
6i6,'77 his son Eadbald succeeded him in Kent. But, abandoned to the
gratification of lawless and sensual desire, on his accession to the throne,
he took the widow of his father as a concubine, and, when the Christian
missionaries attempted to remonstrate, he declared an intention to renounce
their religion, which should place such a curb on the gratification of his
18
unnatural passion. ? Disheartened by their want of success, Mellitus, with
Justus of Rochester, retired into Gaul, to await a more favourable result. ^ The Church of St. Peter and St. Paul had been already in course of erection at Canterbury by St. Augustine, and it was richly endowed with lands and possessions by King Ethelbert. 180 The death of St. Augustine took place May 26th, a. d. 605, before that church had been completed, and his body was at first deposited without, but soon as the dedication was completed, the remains were decently buried in the north porch. After his death, Laurentius was his successor in the See. Afflicted greatly by the dissolute and incorrigible character of the King, and despairing of effecting any good in Kent, that prelate had also resolved to leave the Kingdom. The night before his intended departure, however, was spent in the Church of St. Peter, and, it is stated, that the Chief of the Apostles appeared to him, reproached him with cowardice, and to mark his displeasure inflicted stripes on his shoulders. 181 Next morning he appeared before Eadbald, and relating what had previously occurred, showed him those marks, which were a cause of astonishment and confusion to the King. He seemed to feel contrition for his past grievous offences, and expressed his willingness to atone for them. In fine, he dismissed his father's widow from his bed, and recalled
182
the Mellitus and fugitive bishops,
he the proved
Afterwards,
sincerity of his conversion by a total change of life. He also supported the causeofChristianitybyhispowerandinfluence. ,83 ThenceforwardinKent,
it assumed an ascendancy, which in the future it maintained.
During the Saxon incursions on the shores of Britain, Ida,18* an Anglian chief, commanded a fleet of forty chiules, and landed with his adventurers on
the north-eastern shores of 18* the Britons of
England. There, Bryneich,
after many severe conflicts, were removed from the coast. Then, Ida fixed his residence on a lofty promontory, where he built a strong castle. 186 From
Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. ii. ,
cap. v. , pp. 190, 191.
'79 See Rev. Jeremy Collier's " Ecclesias-
tical History of Great Britain," vol. i. ,
book ii. , cent, vii. , p. 189.
,8o "
"
Eoppa was son of Esa, Esa was son of Ingui,
Ingui of Angewit, Angewit of Aloe, Aloe of Benoc, Benoc of Biand, Brand of Boeldog, Boeldog of Woden, Woden of Freothelaf,
Justus.
gives his pedigree :
Ida was son of Eoppa,
See Venerable Bede's Historia Freothelaf of Freothewulf, Freothewulf of
Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. ii. , cap. iii. , pp. 178 to 183.
Finn, Finn of Godulf, Godulf of Geat. "—
Edited with a translation by Benjamin
Thorpe, vol. ii. , p. 15.
181 tical
See Rev. Jeremy Collier's
"
Ecclesias-
vol.
of Great bookii. , cent, vii. , pp. 189, 190.
,8s Matthew of that he had Paris, states,
History
Britain,"
See Matthaei Parisiensis, Monachi Theodoric, Athelric, Osmer and Theofred.
i. ,
Chronica Majora," edited by Henry Richards Luard, M. A. , vol. i. ,
pp. 226, 227.
183 See Venerable Bede's " Historia
six sons by his queen, viz. :—Adda, Elric
183
Sancti Albani,
"
Six others were the sons of his concubines, viz. :—Oga, Aliric, Ecca, Osbald, Segor
Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum," lib.
Flemesburc
'
cap, vi. , pp. 192, 193.
184 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle " thus
ii. ,
applicuerunt M. A. , vol i„ p. 243.
"
Britanniam cum navibus sexaginta, et apud
and Sogother.
Isti omnes venerunt in
—"Chronica Ma- jora," edited by Henry Richards Luard,
August 31. J LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 467 the name of his consort Bebba, l8 7 it was called Bebbanburgh or Bebbanburh.
and it lasted to a. d. 188 From its former 559.
His dates from a. d. reign
547,
British name of Bryneich, his kingdom, which lay northwards of the River
Tees, was subsequently known as Bernicia. This was subsequently the premier province of Northumbria, and over this northern kingdom of the
l8
Saxons, Ida ruled for eleven years.
9 Those Britons who lived south of the
Tees are said to have been named from Deyfyr. They were assailed and
defeated by an Anglian Chief, named Seomil. In 560, one of his descend-
ants, Ella, obtained undisputed possession of that district, and he formed it
into a new kingdom, preserving its British appellation in the word Deira.
Its southern boundary was the River Humber. When both of those divisions
had attained their fullest extent, Bernicia on the north, and Deira on the
south of the Tees, reached from the Forth to the Humber, and from the
easterntothewesternseas. Bothdivisionsafterwardsconstitutedthepower-
ful Kingdom of Northumbria. When Ida died, Northumbria was divided
into two separate kingdoms. Adda, his son, succeeded in Bernicia, a. d.
560, and reigned seven years. After him, from a. d. 567, Glappa reigned
1^ the son of
In Bernicia, Edilfrid son of Ethelfric, and the grandson of Ida, began to reign in 592 or 593. 192 He had married the daughter of
Ella, founder of the Kingdom of Deira, and after his death, Edilfrid took possession of Deira. ^ At that time, Ella had left a male child, named Edwin, then only three years old, and who was rightful heir to his father's kingdom. Ethelfrid was known to be a sanguinary and an unscrupulous tyrant ; and for several years, he had directed all his efforts against the neighbouring Britons, In many districts, they had been exterminated by force of his arms, and so ruthlessly that he was known by a surname, the Ravager. TheinfantEdwinwasconveyed,however,beyondthetyrant's reach, and for protection he was intrusted to the protection of Cadvan, the KingofNorthWales. ThisdrewuponCadvanthehostilityoftheNorthum- brian King, who sought the death of the child. This, he thought, should strengthen thoroughly his own usurpation. In the vicinity of Chester, when the British and Saxon armies engaged, Ethelfrid obtained a signal victory.
Incessantly harassed by the jealousy and vengeance of Ethelfrid, the young sonofEllawasobligedtoleavehisfirstprotector,Cadvan; and,forsometime, hewanderedthroughthedifferentBritishandSaxondistricts. Atthatperiod, the East-Anglian throne was filled by Redwald. Having paid a visit to Ethelbert, King of Kent, he had become a professed Christian, owing to his
five In years.
Deira, Elle,
Yffe,
from a. d. there 560, reigned
for thirty years. ^
1
186 At first it was enclosed by a hedge and afterwards by a wall.
187 NowBamborough.
I9° His pedigree is thus traced in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle : "^Elle was son of Yffe,YffeofUxfrea,UxfreaofWilgils,Wil- gils of Westerfalena, Westerfalena of Saefugl,. Saefugl of Ssebald, Saebald of Sigegeat, Sige-
188 Chronicle.
According to the
189 According to Roger de Hoveden, who geat of Swebdoeg, Swebdoeg of Sigegar,
was Ethelfrid, the eighth in succession, who "
,92 According to the Chronology of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
ruled twenty-eight years. See Chronica," edited by William Stubbs, M. A. , vol. i. ,
I93 See Rev. Dr. Lingard's "History of
England," vol. i„ chap, ii. , p. 82.
Pars
Prior, Prologus, pp. 3, 4.
l** See "
Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden
Anglo-Saxon
thus follows out the succession of Northum-
brian kings, after his death : Glappa reigned
one year, and Adda succeeded him for eight
years; then followed Ethelric for seven Sancti Albani Chronica Majora," edited years, and afterwards Theoderic for four by Henry Richards Xuard, M. A. , vol. i. , years; next Friduwuld reigned for seven pp. 245, 247.
years, and Hass for a like term. After him
Sigegar of Woegdoeg, Woegdceg of Woden,
"
Woden of Frithowulf.
I91 See Matthsei Parisiensis, Monachi "
468 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 31.
However, the importunities of his wife and the opposition of his people, caused him to relapse into his former errors. Yet, to silence his conscience, in the same temple by the side of the statue of Woden, he dedicated an altar to the God of the Christians ; thus endeavouring to unite a worship so utterly irreconcilable in principle and practice with the heathen- ish superstitions. In his extremity, the fugitive Edwin had recourse to
In the year 6i6,'9S Ethelfrid assembled a small body of his forces, and
hastened, as he thought, to take Redwald by surprise. Notwithstanding,
the latter had been well prepared for his movements. The whole East-
Anglian army was marshalled, and marched to the right bank of the Idel
River, in Nottinghamshire. The warriors were skilfully arrayed in three
bodies, while their helmets, spears and banners, gave them a formidable and
an impressive appearance.
Notwithstanding the frustration of his hopes,
Ethelfrid scorned to retire, and he accordingly prepared for battle. Regen-
heri or Rainer, the son of Redwald, directed the first division of his father's
forces. Immediately Ethelfrid led the attack, and rushing onwards with his
warriors,destroyedthatcorpsandkilleditsleader. However,themultitude
of the East- Anglian s quickly trampled down the Northumbrians. Their
king fought with his accustomed desperate courage, and opening a way with his sword into the ranks of his enemies, he slew many, but at last he fell
lifeless over their bodies. Afterwards, his army was routed and completely
On the death of their father, Ethelfrid, and when the host of his enemies
persuasion.
andreceived fromhim. 1^ Learningthequarterin hospitality
Redwald,
which the young prince had found an asylum, Edilfrid sought, by threats and promises, to tempt the fidelity of Redwald, and had very nearly succeeded in his object, as the latter greatly feared the hostility of his powerful neigh- bour. Nevertheless, the solicitations of Redwald's queen, saved the solitary exile, and Redwald took the resolution of bidding defiance to the tyrant's resentment.
6 Then Redwald, in the son of Ella back to triumph, brought
dispersed. ^
the men of Deira, who received him joyfully, while the people of Berenicia submitted cheerfully to his rule. He thus obtained possession of all Northumbria, and became the fifth Bretwalda of the Saxon Confederacy. 1 ^
over Northumbria, Oswald J 98 and his six OswinorOswy,Oslac,Oswudu,Oslaf,Offa,ao°andhissister,Ebba,2? 1 asalso some of his followers, were obliged to fly into Ireland, There, these strangers became converts to the Christian religion. Whether Oswald was acquainted with Aidan or not, during the term of his exile, is unrecorded. However, the term of Oswald's banishment |from his paternal Kingdom lasted from a. d. 616 to a. d. 633, while Edwin, his maternal uncle, ruled over Northumbria. It seems likely enough, that the refugees fled over the border, and into Scotland, in the first instance ; but how long they remained there, before seeking greater security in Ireland, is unknown. The example and
swept
brothers,
Monachi Cestrensis," edited by Rev. Joseph of August. Owing to his residence in
Rawson Lumby, B. D. , vol. v. , p. 432. '95 The " Anglo-Saxon Chronicle "
places this event in the year 617. See vol. ii. , p.
20. Edition of'Benjamin Thorpe.
'* See at a. d. 6i7,"Matthaei Parisiensis,
"
Monachi Sancti Albani,
edited by Henry Richards Luard, M. A. , vol. i. , p. 267.
" of History
*» See Rev. Dr.
See the edition of vol. Benjamin Thorpe,
Lingard's England," vol. i. , chap. ii. , pp. 83, 84.
ii. ,
'»"Heisveneratedasa onthe Martyr
5th
p. 20.
20t Her
festival occurs on the 25th of
Chronica Majora,"
seven of her brothers were in exile, in the office of St. Ebba. See Pars Estiva, fol. Ixxxvii.
80°
Thus are they denominated in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle," at a. d. 617.
Eanfrith or 1 ^ Eanfrid,
Ireland, at that date, his acts are to be found in the present volume. Art. ii.
w The of Aberdeen that Breviary states,
August 31. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 469
influence of a Christian population, no less than gratitude for the protection afforded them, must have happily induced them to turn from the worship of idols. We are told by Maihew, that when the king took refuge in Ireland, he there became a Christian. 202 That period of his history, however, is burie—d in
Fr—om Bede's 3°3 that the sons of Aedilfrid of complete obscurity. stating,
whom Oswald was one and many young noblemen, had been in exile
among the Scots and Picts 2°4 it has been argued by Dean Cressy, that the ;
northern province alluded to is referable to that of the Scots in North
Britain. 2^ Yet,he haveobserved,thatwhenBede oftheBritish might speaks
Scots, he usually calls them the Scots in Britain, or those who inhabited Britain. 206 Nevertheless,thismaybewellunderstood,regardingsomeofthose exiles having taken shelter in Ireland, and others in Pictland. 50? It has been stated, that during the time of his exile, Oswald had concealed himself in the mountainsofScotland 2o8 butFleuryobserves,that,theScotsamongwhom
;
20
Oswald was baptized were natives of Ireland. ^ Colgan very justly remarks,
it is altogether improbable, that he or his followers would entrust themselves to the protection of the British Scots, who had been defeated some years
210
Ireland, on many occasions, had shown hospitality and kindness to the
2" we may fairly conclude, they were also protectors of Oswald and his companions, at a time when these were obliged to become refugees. So much as can well be known regarding the exile of those princes has been already set forth, when treating the Acts of St. Oswald, King and Martyr, at the 5th day of this month. Enough for us to state, that he felt consoled for his family misfortunes, by re- ceiving the gift of Divine Faith,212 and that he lived in a manner com- formable to his profession ; having the qualities of a valiant soldier, a good and just man, and destined to be venerated in after time as a great saint.
While the sons of Ethelfrid were in exile,213 King Edwin21* their maternal
uncle, who had been married to Ethelberga, otherwise called Tate, and a
daughter to Ethelbert, King of Kent, governed Northumbria with great dignity, justice and moderation. He had asked her in marriage of her brother Eadbald, who then ruled in Kent, and Edwin sent ambassadors to procure his consent. However, an answer was returned, that it was not lawful for a Christian virgin to marry a pagan husband, lest the Faith and
before, by Aedilfrid, the father of Oswald.
Moreover, as the people of
Anglo-Saxons ;
August, where notices should have been
given of her, as having lived for a consider-
able term of years in Ireland.
2o8
See Rev. Dr. Lingard's "Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church," chap. i.
2°9 See " Histoire Ecclesiastique," tome
viii. , liv. xxxviii. , sect, xviii. , p. 345.
2I0 See Colgan's "Acta Sanctorum
Hibernise," ix. Januarii, n. 4, p. 45.
202
See "Trophsea. " Vita S. Aidani,
Augusti xxxi.
203 See " Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis
Anglorum," lib. iii. , cap. i.
20* AccordingtotheBreviaryofAberdeen,
in the Life of St. Ebba, she and her seven brothers were protected by Donald Brek, King of Scotland. See Pars Estiva, fol. lxxxvii.
ts See "Church-History of Brittany. "
206 See " Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis from A. D. 559 to 588, and his grandfather was
Bookxv. , iii. , 348. chap, p.
xiii. , chap, i. , p. 13.
2'3 Their mother was named Acha, prin-
cess of Deira.
2I+ HewassonofElla,whoruledinDeira
Anglorum," lib. i. , cap. xxxiv.
207 *< ThjS) however, is a question of little
Yffi, said to have been descended from Odin, in the tenth degree. Ella had a brother named Elfric, who had a son named Osrie, afterwards a ruler for only a short period in Deira, when he was slain by Cadwallon, A. D.
importance, and the reader may choose for
himself between Maihew and Cressy. "—Dr.
Lanigan's "Ecclesiastical History of Ire-
land, vol. ii. , chap, xv. , sect, xii. , n. 98, p. 634. Osric's son, Oswin, surnamed the 418. martyr,wasKingofDeirafromA. D. 64Sto6si.
s" mony.
"
2I2 See Le Comte de Montalembert's
Les Moines d'Occident," tome iv. , liv.
According to Venerable Bede's testi-
47o LIVES OE THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 31.
the mysteries of a heavenly King should be profaned, by her cohabiting with a king altogether a stranger to the worship of the true God. When his
messengers had brought such answer to Edwin, he promised in no manner to act in opposition to the Christian Faith which she professed ; but that he would give leave to her, and all that went with her, men and women, priests or ministers, to follow their faith and worship after the custom of the Chris- tians. Nor did he deny, but that himself would embrace the same religion, when examined by wise persons, if it were found to be more holy and more worthy of God. Hereupon the virgin was promised and sent to Edwin. Meantime, Paulinus, a man beloved of God, was consecrated Bishop, on the 21st day of July, in the year of our Lord 625, and he was sent with her, so that by daily exhortations and by celebrating the Divine mysteries, he might confirm her and her company, lest they should be corrupted by companionship with the pagans. Resolved on converting the people to whom he had been sent, and to bring them to a knowledge of the true religion, Paulinus laboured much, not alone to preserve the queen's retinue in the faith, but to convert some of the natives of Northumbria, through his exhortations and preaching.
At length, Edwin embraced the Christian religion, after much deliberation,
a. d. 627. He was baptized by St. Paulinus on the Holy Day of Easter, being the 12th of April in that year, and in the Church of St. Peter at York, which he had built of timber, while under instruction preparatory to his receiving Baptism. Moved by the example of their king Edwin, nearly all the nobles of Northumbria professed the Faith of Christ, as also a large number of the common people. Afterwards, the king became most earnest in his endeavours to propagate Christianity in his kingdom, and St. Paulinus was truly zealous in preaching the word of God among his subjects, with the greatest possible success. The contemporary king of North Wales, named Cathlon or Cadwallon,21 * a nominal Christian, and of a turbulent, enterprising character, had resolved on vindicating his claim to rule over the Britons of Strathclyde, who had submitted to the King of Northumbria. Having assembled a force consisting of many thousand men, in the year 633, an engagement took place between the Britons and Saxons under King Edwin. The former were signally defeated, and with great loss. Cadwallon was put to flight, and pursued by the Northumbrian monarch, who brought the war into Wales. He ravaged all that country, burning towns and taking forts, until Cadwallon was obliged to seek refuge in Ireland. Edwin led his army into the provinces of Demecia, of Venedocia, and of Menevia, which he brought under his sway. However, Cadwallon contrived to collect some of his bands, and he endeavoured to return back into his own country ; but, Edwin is said to have had a friendly astrologer named Pellitus, who indicated all the movements of the banished king, so that his rival of Northumbria was able to anticipate him and prevent his entry at any port on the coast.
Finding all his attempts to result in failure, in despair he sought Solomon, who then ruled in Lesser Britain. By him, Cadwallon was favourably
received, and on stating his case, aid and advice were freely promised. According to Solomon's recommendation, the fugitive sought a man of a
daring and wily disposition to seek Edwin's court in guise of a pilgrim, when he was to lie in waiting for an opportunity to assassinate Pellitus the
astrologer. Such a person was found in Cadwallon's own nephew Brien, andheacceptedthatcommission. Takingthepilgrim'shabit,andastart with a sharp iron point in his hand, and having a wallet slung from his left shoulder, Brien entered Britain, and hastened to York, where he knew that
"5SometimeswrittenCatguallon,Catguol- briae," pp. 6, 7. Edited by Rev. John laun, or Catguollan. See " Annalcs C? m- Williams ab Ithel, M. A.
August 31. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 471
Edwin resided. It was customary for a crowd of mendicants to beset the
passages towards the King's court, while expecting his alms, and entering that city, Brien mixed with the crowd of paupers. It so happened, that he had a sister, who had been made captive when the city of Worcester was takenbyEdwin,aftertheflightofCadwallon. Shewasthenaslaveinthe palace of Edwin, and coming out with a bucket in her hand to carry water for domestic use, she recognised her brother under his disguise among the paupers. Fearing for his safety, she nevertheless had a few brief and furtive wordswithhim. Brienthuslearnedsomethingregardingthestateofthings about the household, and the astrologer whom he sought was pointed out tohimwalkingamongthecrowd. Havingarrangedwithhissister,thatshe should steal out to meet him that night, at a certain old temple near the city, Brien then went to where the astrologer was arranging the poor in their proper places. Then dexterously raising his staff he struck it deep in the breast of Pellitus. Then dropping it from his grasp, he drew back into the crowd, so that in the confusion none had a knowledge of the individual who committedthatmurder. Withoutsuspicionofhisagencyinthattransaction, Brien sought the haunt he had selected at the old temple. Meanwhile, the rumour of an assassination within the courtyard of the palace caused great commotion and excitement throughout the city, while. King Edwin stationed guards around the palace, to detect and arrest if possible the perpetrator of that crime. The sister of Brien could not venture to keep her appointment, in consequence ; but, the assassin of Pellitus, taking advantage of the dense woods with which the country was then covered, managed to elude all pur- suit, and reached Exeter. There he collected an army of Britons, who were informed about what he had done, and soon the news spread over the whole country. Having fortified and garrisoned Exeter, the Britons awaited there the expected arrival of Cadwallon. 216 Soon Penda, King of Mercia, collected a large army of Saxons, and marched to besiege Brien in Exeter. Having heard of his deed—the assassination of Pellitus—Cadwallon collected ten thousand soldiers, and landing in the Island of Britain, he hastened to relieve Exeter. Penda was surprised and defeated with his army, while he was
taken prisoner. He found no other means for escape than by swearing
fealty to the conqueror, and by surrendering hostages for his future submission. About this time, an alliance had been formed between Penda, the
powerful pagan King of Mercia and Cathlon or Cadwallon, King of North Wales. Theyhadmotivesofpolicyincommon,andthesewerenowdirected to curb the power of the northern Bretwalda.
