Generated for (University of
Chicago)
on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl.
Ovid - 1934 - Metamorphoses in European Culture - v1
Ovid's Metamorphoses in European culture .
.
.
by Willaim Brewer.
Brewer, Wilmon, 1895-
Francestown, N. H. , Marshall Jones Co. , [1933-1957]
http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125
Public Domain, Google-digitized
http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
We have determined this work to be in the public domain, meaning that it is not subject to copyright. Users are free to copy, use, and redistribute the work in part or in whole. It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc. (indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly, non-commercial purposes.
? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? OVID'S METAMORPHOSES
IN
EUROPEAN CULTURE
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? OVID'S METAMORPHOSES
IN EUROPEAN CULTURE
(Books I-II-III-IV-V)
WILMON BREWER
(Published together with)
OVID'S METAMORPHOSES
(Books I-II-III-IV-V)
In English Blank Verse
Brookes More
THE CORNHILL PUBLISHING COMPANY
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, U. S. A.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? Ovid'b Metamorphoses In European Culture
Copyright, 1933
Bt WILMON BREWER
Printed in the United States of America
THE JORDAN & MORE PRESS
BOSTON
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CONTENTS
PAGE
Introductory Survey 1
Book One 43
Book Two 77
Book Three Ill
Book Four 147
Book Five 183
Chronological Table of Authors, Artists, and Musicians . 211
Bibliography 213
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? INTRODUCTORY SURVEY
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? OVID'S LIFE: APPROXIMATE DATES
B. C. 43 Ovid's birth at Sulmo, March twentieth
Ovid educated at Sulmo, Rome, and Athens
The Battle of Gods and Giants (Gigantomachia)
Ovid for a while a Minor Official at Rome
B. C. 18 The Amores (First Edition)
Medea
The Heroides (Fifteen Epistles)
B. C. 11 The Amores (Second Edition)
The Heroides (Six more Epistles)
Travel in Greece, Asia Minor, and Sicily
A Poem on Cosmetics (De Medicamina Formes')
B. C. 1 The Art of Love (Ars Amatoria)
Remedies for Love (Rimedia Amoris)
A. D. 8 Ovid banished. The Metamorphoses published
At least six books of the Fasti complete
The Tristia
The Fasti revised
A Treatise on Fishes (Halieutica)
Epistles from Pontus
The Ibis
A. D. 18 Ovid's Death
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? INTRODUCTORY SURVEY
In the Metamorphoses Ovid composed his masterpiece. When he
began this work, a long and brilliant poetical career had given him
unconscious preparation, his ability was at its height, and he was
acclaimed as the greatest and most popular author of his time. Under
these happy auspices, Ovid wrote the last great poem of the Augustan
era and one of the most important for the subsequent culture of
Europe.
Until Ovid finished the Metamorphoses, his life was unusually happy
and successful. Sulmo, his native town, escaped the chief evils of the
Roman Civil Wars. The poet himself was born in B. C. 43, the year of
Cicero's death, and was therefore too young to share the dread and
uncertainty preceding the reign of Augustus. Ovid's family was of
fairly high rank and well to do. His father seems to have been anxious
that his sons should have the best possible education. His early
training Ovid received at Sulmo. The town occupied part of a beau-
tiful, well watered valley and was sheltered by the highest peaks of
the Apennines.
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? OVID'S METAMORPHOSES
IN
EUROPEAN CULTURE
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? OVID'S METAMORPHOSES
IN EUROPEAN CULTURE
(Books I-II-III-IV-V)
WILMON BREWER
(Published together with)
OVID'S METAMORPHOSES
(Books I-II-III-IV-V)
In English Blank Verse
Brookes More
THE CORNHILL PUBLISHING COMPANY
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, U. S. A.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? Ovid'b Metamorphoses In European Culture
Copyright, 1933
Bt WILMON BREWER
Printed in the United States of America
THE JORDAN & MORE PRESS
BOSTON
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CONTENTS
PAGE
Introductory Survey 1
Book One 43
Book Two 77
Book Three Ill
Book Four 147
Book Five 183
Chronological Table of Authors, Artists, and Musicians . 211
Bibliography 213
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? INTRODUCTORY SURVEY
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? OVID'S LIFE: APPROXIMATE DATES
B. C. 43 Ovid's birth at Sulmo, March twentieth
Ovid educated at Sulmo, Rome, and Athens
The Battle of Gods and Giants (Gigantomachia)
Ovid for a while a Minor Official at Rome
B. C. 18 The Amores (First Edition)
Medea
The Heroides (Fifteen Epistles)
B. C. 11 The Amores (Second Edition)
The Heroides (Six more Epistles)
Travel in Greece, Asia Minor, and Sicily
A Poem on Cosmetics (De Medicamina Formes')
B. C. 1 The Art of Love (Ars Amatoria)
Remedies for Love (Rimedia Amoris)
A. D. 8 Ovid banished. The Metamorphoses published
At least six books of the Fasti complete
The Tristia
The Fasti revised
A Treatise on Fishes (Halieutica)
Epistles from Pontus
The Ibis
A. D. 18 Ovid's Death
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? INTRODUCTORY SURVEY
In the Metamorphoses Ovid composed his masterpiece. When he
began this work, a long and brilliant poetical career had given him
unconscious preparation, his ability was at its height, and he was
acclaimed as the greatest and most popular author of his time. Under
these happy auspices, Ovid wrote the last great poem of the Augustan
era and one of the most important for the subsequent culture of
Europe.
Until Ovid finished the Metamorphoses, his life was unusually happy
and successful. Sulmo, his native town, escaped the chief evils of the
Roman Civil Wars. The poet himself was born in B. C. 43, the year of
Cicero's death, and was therefore too young to share the dread and
uncertainty preceding the reign of Augustus. Ovid's family was of
fairly high rank and well to do. His father seems to have been anxious
that his sons should have the best possible education. His early
training Ovid received at Sulmo. The town occupied part of a beau-
tiful, well watered valley and was sheltered by the highest peaks of
the Apennines. In later years, the great author often remembered
pleasantly his native valley and profited by his early acquaintance with
simple people, beautiful groves, and clear streams.
For more advanced training, the father took Ovid and his brother
to Rome. There they were taught by the two leading rhetoricians of
the day, Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro. They studied myth-
ology and poetry as preparation for oratorical training, and learned
how to plead the cause of a character in mythology with originality
and skill. For young Romans in general such training was too far
removed from the needs of actual life and in the following century it
led to excessive artificiality and the decline of literature. Even for
Ovid such training was not wholly fortunate; but it bore rich fruit
and made possible the justly famous debate between Ajax and Ulysses
(Book 13). The most advanced part of his education Ovid received
at Athens, which had become once more the chief center of Greek cul-
ture. Here he gained an acquaintance with Greek painting and sculp-
ture, which influenced him more than it influenced any other Roman
poet and appears continually in his masterpiece.
Although in ancient times books were somewhat rare and difficult
to obtain, Ovid read eagerly and not only enjoyed the best formal
1
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? METAMORPHOSES IN EUROPEAN CULTURE
education but had access to comparatively good public and private
libraries. He read for pleasure rather than for scholarship and he
enjoyed the obvious merits of an author without weighing his impli-
cations or looking for any deeper significance. But he was catholic in
taste, and many of the authors whom he read were among the very
best.
Among the older poets of Greece, Ovid was familiar with the Iliad
and the Odyssey. He was acquainted with Hesiod's great didactic
poem, The Works and Days. In all probability he had read at least
some lyric poetry of Sappho and Anacreon. And he surely knew two
tragedies of Sophocles (the Ajax and the Trachinian Women) and
several tragedies of Euripides.
Among the later Greek poets, Ovid appears to have had a quite
extensive acquaintance. To us these poets are often little more than
names; but to him they were early favorites, from each of whom he
profited even in his masterpiece. He had enjoyed the love poetry of
Antimachus and all the then celebrated comedies of Menander. He
knew something of the minor Alexandrian poets Phanocles, Herme-
sianax, and Philetas. He was familiar with the chief works of such im-
portant Alexandrians as Callimachus and Theocritus. He had some
knowledge of the mimes of Herondas and the pastorals of Bion.
Apollonius's great poem on the voyage of the Argo, Ovid seems to
have known only from a rather crude Roman adaptation.
Brewer, Wilmon, 1895-
Francestown, N. H. , Marshall Jones Co. , [1933-1957]
http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125
Public Domain, Google-digitized
http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
We have determined this work to be in the public domain, meaning that it is not subject to copyright. Users are free to copy, use, and redistribute the work in part or in whole. It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc. (indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly, non-commercial purposes.
? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? OVID'S METAMORPHOSES
IN
EUROPEAN CULTURE
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? OVID'S METAMORPHOSES
IN EUROPEAN CULTURE
(Books I-II-III-IV-V)
WILMON BREWER
(Published together with)
OVID'S METAMORPHOSES
(Books I-II-III-IV-V)
In English Blank Verse
Brookes More
THE CORNHILL PUBLISHING COMPANY
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, U. S. A.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? Ovid'b Metamorphoses In European Culture
Copyright, 1933
Bt WILMON BREWER
Printed in the United States of America
THE JORDAN & MORE PRESS
BOSTON
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CONTENTS
PAGE
Introductory Survey 1
Book One 43
Book Two 77
Book Three Ill
Book Four 147
Book Five 183
Chronological Table of Authors, Artists, and Musicians . 211
Bibliography 213
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? INTRODUCTORY SURVEY
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? OVID'S LIFE: APPROXIMATE DATES
B. C. 43 Ovid's birth at Sulmo, March twentieth
Ovid educated at Sulmo, Rome, and Athens
The Battle of Gods and Giants (Gigantomachia)
Ovid for a while a Minor Official at Rome
B. C. 18 The Amores (First Edition)
Medea
The Heroides (Fifteen Epistles)
B. C. 11 The Amores (Second Edition)
The Heroides (Six more Epistles)
Travel in Greece, Asia Minor, and Sicily
A Poem on Cosmetics (De Medicamina Formes')
B. C. 1 The Art of Love (Ars Amatoria)
Remedies for Love (Rimedia Amoris)
A. D. 8 Ovid banished. The Metamorphoses published
At least six books of the Fasti complete
The Tristia
The Fasti revised
A Treatise on Fishes (Halieutica)
Epistles from Pontus
The Ibis
A. D. 18 Ovid's Death
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? INTRODUCTORY SURVEY
In the Metamorphoses Ovid composed his masterpiece. When he
began this work, a long and brilliant poetical career had given him
unconscious preparation, his ability was at its height, and he was
acclaimed as the greatest and most popular author of his time. Under
these happy auspices, Ovid wrote the last great poem of the Augustan
era and one of the most important for the subsequent culture of
Europe.
Until Ovid finished the Metamorphoses, his life was unusually happy
and successful. Sulmo, his native town, escaped the chief evils of the
Roman Civil Wars. The poet himself was born in B. C. 43, the year of
Cicero's death, and was therefore too young to share the dread and
uncertainty preceding the reign of Augustus. Ovid's family was of
fairly high rank and well to do. His father seems to have been anxious
that his sons should have the best possible education. His early
training Ovid received at Sulmo. The town occupied part of a beau-
tiful, well watered valley and was sheltered by the highest peaks of
the Apennines.
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015003854125 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? OVID'S METAMORPHOSES
IN
EUROPEAN CULTURE
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? OVID'S METAMORPHOSES
IN EUROPEAN CULTURE
(Books I-II-III-IV-V)
WILMON BREWER
(Published together with)
OVID'S METAMORPHOSES
(Books I-II-III-IV-V)
In English Blank Verse
Brookes More
THE CORNHILL PUBLISHING COMPANY
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, U. S. A.
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? Ovid'b Metamorphoses In European Culture
Copyright, 1933
Bt WILMON BREWER
Printed in the United States of America
THE JORDAN & MORE PRESS
BOSTON
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? CONTENTS
PAGE
Introductory Survey 1
Book One 43
Book Two 77
Book Three Ill
Book Four 147
Book Five 183
Chronological Table of Authors, Artists, and Musicians . 211
Bibliography 213
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? INTRODUCTORY SURVEY
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? OVID'S LIFE: APPROXIMATE DATES
B. C. 43 Ovid's birth at Sulmo, March twentieth
Ovid educated at Sulmo, Rome, and Athens
The Battle of Gods and Giants (Gigantomachia)
Ovid for a while a Minor Official at Rome
B. C. 18 The Amores (First Edition)
Medea
The Heroides (Fifteen Epistles)
B. C. 11 The Amores (Second Edition)
The Heroides (Six more Epistles)
Travel in Greece, Asia Minor, and Sicily
A Poem on Cosmetics (De Medicamina Formes')
B. C. 1 The Art of Love (Ars Amatoria)
Remedies for Love (Rimedia Amoris)
A. D. 8 Ovid banished. The Metamorphoses published
At least six books of the Fasti complete
The Tristia
The Fasti revised
A Treatise on Fishes (Halieutica)
Epistles from Pontus
The Ibis
A. D. 18 Ovid's Death
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? INTRODUCTORY SURVEY
In the Metamorphoses Ovid composed his masterpiece. When he
began this work, a long and brilliant poetical career had given him
unconscious preparation, his ability was at its height, and he was
acclaimed as the greatest and most popular author of his time. Under
these happy auspices, Ovid wrote the last great poem of the Augustan
era and one of the most important for the subsequent culture of
Europe.
Until Ovid finished the Metamorphoses, his life was unusually happy
and successful. Sulmo, his native town, escaped the chief evils of the
Roman Civil Wars. The poet himself was born in B. C. 43, the year of
Cicero's death, and was therefore too young to share the dread and
uncertainty preceding the reign of Augustus. Ovid's family was of
fairly high rank and well to do. His father seems to have been anxious
that his sons should have the best possible education. His early
training Ovid received at Sulmo. The town occupied part of a beau-
tiful, well watered valley and was sheltered by the highest peaks of
the Apennines. In later years, the great author often remembered
pleasantly his native valley and profited by his early acquaintance with
simple people, beautiful groves, and clear streams.
For more advanced training, the father took Ovid and his brother
to Rome. There they were taught by the two leading rhetoricians of
the day, Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro. They studied myth-
ology and poetry as preparation for oratorical training, and learned
how to plead the cause of a character in mythology with originality
and skill. For young Romans in general such training was too far
removed from the needs of actual life and in the following century it
led to excessive artificiality and the decline of literature. Even for
Ovid such training was not wholly fortunate; but it bore rich fruit
and made possible the justly famous debate between Ajax and Ulysses
(Book 13). The most advanced part of his education Ovid received
at Athens, which had become once more the chief center of Greek cul-
ture. Here he gained an acquaintance with Greek painting and sculp-
ture, which influenced him more than it influenced any other Roman
poet and appears continually in his masterpiece.
Although in ancient times books were somewhat rare and difficult
to obtain, Ovid read eagerly and not only enjoyed the best formal
1
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? METAMORPHOSES IN EUROPEAN CULTURE
education but had access to comparatively good public and private
libraries. He read for pleasure rather than for scholarship and he
enjoyed the obvious merits of an author without weighing his impli-
cations or looking for any deeper significance. But he was catholic in
taste, and many of the authors whom he read were among the very
best.
Among the older poets of Greece, Ovid was familiar with the Iliad
and the Odyssey. He was acquainted with Hesiod's great didactic
poem, The Works and Days. In all probability he had read at least
some lyric poetry of Sappho and Anacreon. And he surely knew two
tragedies of Sophocles (the Ajax and the Trachinian Women) and
several tragedies of Euripides.
Among the later Greek poets, Ovid appears to have had a quite
extensive acquaintance. To us these poets are often little more than
names; but to him they were early favorites, from each of whom he
profited even in his masterpiece. He had enjoyed the love poetry of
Antimachus and all the then celebrated comedies of Menander. He
knew something of the minor Alexandrian poets Phanocles, Herme-
sianax, and Philetas. He was familiar with the chief works of such im-
portant Alexandrians as Callimachus and Theocritus. He had some
knowledge of the mimes of Herondas and the pastorals of Bion.
Apollonius's great poem on the voyage of the Argo, Ovid seems to
have known only from a rather crude Roman adaptation.
