No More Learning

351) in a
sitions.
bloody battle, in which Constantius erinced more
Being thus engaged in the east, Constantius was piety than courage, but where the flower of both
prevented from paying due intention to the west, arnies perished. The conquest of Illyricum and
and he was obliged to be a quiet spectator of the Italy was the fruit of that victory, and Magnentius
civil war between his brothers, in which Constan-fied into Gaul. There he was attacked in the
tine was slain at Aquileia, and Constans got pos- east by the army under Constantius, and in the
session of the whole share of Constantine in the west by another army, which, after having con-
division of the empire (A. D. 340). In 350, quered Africa and Spain, crossed the Pyrenees and
Constans was murdered by the troops of Magnen- penetrated into Gaul. After another complete de-
tius, who assumed the purple and was obeyed as feat at mount Seleucus in the Cossian Alps, and
emperor in Britain, Gaul, and Spain ; at the same the rebellion of the principal cities in Gaul, Mag-
time Vetranio, commander of the legions in the nentius, reduced to extremity, put an end to his
extensive province of Illyricum, was forced by his life, and his brother Decentius followed his exam-
troops to imitate the example of Magentius, and ple. (A. D. 353. ) (MAGNENTIUS. ) Constantius
he likewise assumed the purple. It was now time became thus master of the whole West. He
for Constantius to prove with his sword that none avenged the murder of his brother Constans, and
but a son of the great Constantine should rule over established his authority by cruel measures, and
Rome. At the head of his army he marched from neither the guilty nor the innocent were exempt
the Persian frontier to the West. At Heracleia in from his resentment.
Thrace ambassadors of Magnentius waited upon
Once more the immense extent of the Roman


## p. 848 (#868) ############################################

848
CONSTANTIUS.
CONSTANTIUS.
$9. 49
COIN OF CONSTANTIUS II.
empire was ruled by one man. The administra- denly proclaimed him emperor. (A. D. 360. ) It is
tion of the government and the public and private related in the life of Julian how he acted under
life of Constantius, approached more and more these circumstances; his protestations of innocence
those of an Asiatic monarch : eunuchs reigned at were misconstrued ; bis ambassadors, who met
the court, and secret murders, dictated by jealousy with Constantius at Caesarcia, were dismissed
or suspicion, were committed by order of the em- with anger, and war was declared. Constantius,
peror, whenever justice disdained or was too weak with the greater part of his army, marched to the
to assist him in his plans. One of the victims of West, and the empire was on the eve of being
his malice was his cousin, Gallus Caesar. Guilty shaken by a dreadful civil war, when the sudden
of negligence, disobedience, and cruelty in his ad- death of Constantius at Mopsocrene, near Tarsus
ministration of the East, he deserved punishment; in Cilicin (3rd of November, A. D. 361), prevented
and his guilt became still greater when he put to that calamity, and made Julian the sole master of
death the imperial commissioners, Domitian, prae the empire. [JULIANUS. ] By his third wife,
fectus praetorio Orientis, and Montius, quaestor Maxima Faustina, Constantius left one daughter,
palatii, who were sent to his residence, Antioch, who was afterwards married to the emperor Gra-
to inquire into his conduct, but conducted them- tian. (Amm. Marc. lib. xiv. -xxi. ; Zosimus, lib.
selves with the most imprudent haughtines, threat- i. iii. ; Agathias, lib. iv. ; Euseb. Vila Constantin.
ening and defying Gallus, when they ought to lib. iv. ; Eutrop. lib. x. 5, &c. ; Julian. Orat. i. ii. ;
have ensnared himn with gentle persuasions and Liban. Orat. iii. -x. ; Zonar. lib. xiii. ; the authori-
intrigues, according to their instructions. They ties referred to under Constantinus Il. and Con-
were torn to pieces by the mob excited by Gallus, stans I. ; Tillemont, Histoire des Empereurs. ) [W. P. ]
who after such an atrocious act seemed to have
had but one means of saving himself from the em-
peror's resentment,---rebellion. But deceived hy
new promises from the artful Constantius, he went
to meet him at Milan. At Petovio in Pannonia
he was arrested, and sent to Pola in Istria, where
O
he was beheaded in a prison. (A. d. 354. ) Julian,
the brother of Gallus was likewise arrested; but,
after having spent about a year in prison and exije,
was pardoned at the intervention of his protectress,
the empress Eusebia, and in November, 355, was CONSTA'NTIUS III. , emperor of the West,
created Caesar and appointed to the command-in- A. D. 421, was born in Illyria in the latter part
chief in Gaul, which was suffering from the con- of the 4th century of our aera. He became early
sequences of the rebellion of Sylvants, who had known by his military deeds, and was beloved at
assumed the purple, but was ensnared by Ursicinus, the court of the emperor Honorius, as well as
by whom he was murdered in the church of St. among the people and the soldiers, for his talents
Severin at Cologne in September, 355.
and amiable yet energetic character, which were
In 357, Constantius visited Rome, where he enhanced by extraordinary manly beauty. When
celebrated an undeserved triumph. Imitating the the tyrant Constantine, after his return from Italy,
example of Augustus, he ordered the great obelisk was besieged in Arles by his rebellious and successful
which stood before the temple of the Sun at Helio general, Gerontius, Constantius was despatched by
polis to be carried to Rome, where it was erected in Honorius to reduce Gaul and Spain to obedience;
the Circus Maximus. (Having been thrown down, but the emperor refrained from sending troops over
it was placed by order of pope Sixtus V. before the to Britain, since this country was then in a hope-
portal of the church of St. John Lateran, and is less state of revolt against everything Roman. It is
known as the Lateran obelisk. ) From Rome related under Constantine the tyrant [p. 831 ] how
Constantius went to Illyricum, where his generals Constantius, whose first lieutenant was Ulphilas, a
made a successful campaign against the Quadi Goth, compelled Gerontius to raise the siege and
and Sarmatians, and thence returned in 359 to to fly to the Pyrenees, where he perished. Con-
Asia to meet the armies of Sapor, who had once stantius then continued the siege ; but, although
more invaded Mesopotamia, and taken Amida, now closely confined, his adversary found means to send
Diyarbekr, and the minor fortresses of Singara and one Edobicus or Edovinchus into Germany, for the
Bezabde. Before Sapor appeared in the field, purpose of calling the nations beyond the Rhine to
Gaul was in raded by the Alemanni and the Franks, his assistance. Edobicus soon returned at the
but their power was broken in a three years' cam- head of a body of Frankish and Alemannic auxili-
paign by Julian, who made Chnodomarius, the aries ; but, instead of surprising Constantius, the
king of the Alemanni prisoner (CHNODOMARIUS]; latter surprised him, having suddenly left his camp.
and not only by his martial deeds, but also by his and marched to attack the barbarians, whom he
excellent administration, wbich won him the hearts and Ulphilas met with beyond the Rhône and de
of the inhabitants, he excited the jealousy of Con- feated entirely. Edovicus was murdered by a
stantius. Accordingly, orders arrived in Gaul friend in whose house he had taken refuge, and
that the legions employed there should march to the murderer presented the head of Edovicus to
the defence of the East. The pretext for this the victor, expecting a recompense. With the
command was, that Gaul being tranquil, no great virtue of an ancient Roman, Constantius refused
army was required there, but the real motive was
to accept the hideous present, and ordered the
the fear thai Julian might abuse his popularity, murderer to be turned out of his camp straight-
and assume the purple. Instead of preventing way. Constantius hastened back to Arles, re-
that event, the imprudent order caused it. The sumed the interrupted siege, and forced Constan-
troops refused to march; and Julian having ne- tine to surrender, whose fate is related in his life.
vertheless brought them into motion, they sud- Constantius was rewarded for his victory by


## p. 849 (#869) ############################################

CONSTANTIUS.
8-19
CONSUS.
Honorius with the consulship (A. D. 414), and was I belonging to his church to Constantius, requesting
also created comes and patricius. In a. D. 414 he that he would keep them as his ransom in case the
marched against Ataulphus, who supported the town should be taken and he fall into the hands of
claims of the rival emperor Attalus, but was de- the victors. But Constantius kept those vessels for
feated and compelled to give him up to his vic- himself, and pledged them to a banker of the name
tor in 416. [ATTALUS. ) The reward of Con- of Sylvanus. When after the capture of Sirmium
stantius was the hand of Placidia, the sister of and the captivity of the bishop, Attila was in-
Honorius, who, after being a captive of the West- formed of the robbery, he requested Theodosius to
Gothic kings, Ataulphus (to whom she was mar- give up Sylvanus and his property, and Theodosius
ried), Sigericus, and Wallia, since 410, was having refused to comply with the demand, Attila
given up in 417 by Wallia, who became an prolonged the war on that ground. Constantius
ally of the Romans. Constantius afterwards in- was afterwards charged with high treason, and
duced him to cede the conquests which he had crucified by order of his master. (Priscis, in Er-
made in Spain to Honorius, and Wallia received cerpt. de Legal. pp. 54, 57, 69, ed. Paris. ) [W. P. ]
in compensation Aquitania II. and probably also CONSTANTIUS, a presbyter of Lyons, who
Novempopulania, or Aquitania III. From this Aourished towards the close of the fifth century,
time Toulouse became the capital of the West has been characterised by a French writer as at
Gothic kings. In 421 (8th of February), Ho- once the Maecenas and the Aristarchus of the lite-
norius conferred upon Constantius the dignity rary men of that period, fostering them by his
of Augustus and the authority of a co-emperor of munificence and training them to excellence by his
the West. Theodosius 11. , emperor of the East, counsel. We find four letters addressed to him
having refused to recognize him as Augustus, Con- by his friend Sidonius Apollinaris, froin the first
stantius prepared to make war against him; but, of which we learn, that this collection of epistles
before actual hostilities had broken out, he died was made at his suggestion and submitted to his
at Ravenna, on the 11th of September, 421, after criticism and correction.
a short reign of not quite seven months. After Constantius, at the request of Patiens, bishop of
his accession he was more severe than be used to Lyons, drew up a biography of Germanus, bishop
be, but it seems that he does not deserve reproaches of Auxerre, who died in A. D. 448. This work,
for it, since he shewed that severity in restoring entitled Vita S. Germani Episcopi Autissiodorensis,
domestic peace to Italy and Rome, where ambitious appears from the second dedication to have been
men of all nations caused disturbances of the worst completed about A. D. 488, and is contained in the
description. His children by Placidia were Flavius compilations of Surius and of the Bollandists under
Placidius Valentinianus, afterwards Valentinian the Saints of July. It was rendered into verse
Ill. , emperor, and Justa Grata Honoria, afterwards by Ericus, a Benedictine monk of Auxerre, who
betrothed to Attila. Only gold coins of Constan- lived about A. D. 989, and translated into French
tius have been found ; they are very rare. (Zosim. by Arnauld d'Andilly.
lib. v. ult. and lib. vi. , the chief authority ; Sozom. Some persons have ascribed to Constantius the
ix. 13–16; Oros. vii. 42, 43; Philostorg. xii. “Vita S. Justi Lugdunensis Episcopi," who died
4, 12; Theoph. pp. 66–72, ed. Pams; Prosper, in A. D. 390, but there is no evidence that he was
Chron. Theodosio Aug. IV. Cons. &c. ) (W. P. ) the author. This performance also will be found
in Surius under September 2nd, and has been
translated into French by Le Maitre de Sacy in
his “ Vies des Pères du Désert. " [W. R. )
CONSUS, an ancient Roman divinity, whose
name is derived by some from conso, i. e. consulo
(Plut. Rom. 14; Tertull. de Spect. 5), while others
regard it as a contraction of conditus. (Pseudo-
Ascon. in Cic. Verr. ii. 10. ) All we know about
the nature of this divinity is limited to what may
be inferred from the etymology the name, and
CONSTANTIUS GALLUS. [CONSTAN- from the rites and ceremonies which were observed
TIUS. )
at his festival, the Consualia. (Dict. of Ant. s. r. )
CONSTANTIUS, a native of Gaul, was pri- With regard to the former, some call him the god
vate secretary to Attila and his brother Bleda, to of secret deliberations, and others the hidden or
whom he was recommended by Aëtius. Constan mysterious god, that is, a god of the lower regions.
tius was a very rapacious man. Having been the story about the introduction of his worship
sent to the court of Theodosius II. to negotiate throws no light upon the question, since both ex-
a lasting peace, he promised to promote the in- planations are equally in accordance with it.
terest of the emperor if he would give him a rich When after the building of Rome the Romans had
woman in marriage.
Theodosius offered him the no women, it is said, and when their suit to obtain
hand of a daughter of Saturninus, Comes Domesti- them from the ncighbouring tribes was rejected,
corum, who was very rich, but who had been Romulus spread a report, that he had found the
car off hy Zeno, Praefectus Orienti. Con- altar of an unknown god buried under the earth.
stantius having complained about it to Attila, this The god was called Consus, and Romulus vowed
king threatened to invade Greece if the emperor sacrifices and a festival to him, if he succeeded in
did not produce the woman, and as Theodosius the plan he devised to obtain wives for his Ro-
was unable to do so, Attila availed himself of the mans. (Plut. l. c. ; Dionys. ii. 30, &c. ) Livy (i.
circumstance as a pretext for making war upon the 9) calls the god Neptunus Equestris. Hartung
emperor. During this war (A. D. 441) he laid (Dic Relig, d. Röm. ii. p. 87) has pointed out
sjege to Sirmium. The bishop of Sirmium sent a reasons sufficient to shew, that Consus must be re-
considerable quantity of gold and silver resscis garded as an infernal divinity; this notion is
EM
COIN OF CONSTANTIUS III.
a
31


## p. 850 (#870) ############################################

850
COPONIUS.
CORBULO.
implied in the tradition of his altar being ſound scription C. Coronius Pr. S. C. The reverse no
under the carth, and also in the fact that mules doubt has reference to Hercules, whose worship
and horses, which were under the especial protec- prevailed at Tibur.
tion of the infernal divinities, were used in the COPOʻNIUS, a Roman sculptor, author of the
races at the Consualia, and were treated with fourteen statues of nations conquered by Pompey,
especial care and solemnity on that occasion. (L. S. ) which were placed at the entrance of the porticoes
COON (Kówv), a son of Antenor and brother of belonging to the theatre of Pompey at Rome, which
Iphidamas, who wounded Agamemnon, but was gave to this entrance-hall the name of Porticus ad
afterwards slain by him. He was represented on Nationes. This was built by Pompey himself, and
the chest of Cypselus. (Hom. Il. xi. 248, &c. , afterwards restored by Augustus. (Plin. H. N.
xix. 53; Paus. v. 19. $ 1. )
(L. S. ] xxxvi. 4. SS 12, 13; Suet. Claud. 46; Serv. ad
COPHEN or COPHES (Kwohv, Kons), son Virg. Aen. viii. 720; Thiersch, Epoch. p. 296 ; Ur-
of the satrap Artabazus [No. 4, p. 368, b. ), was lichs, Beschreib. der Stadt Rom, iii. 3, p. 59. ) [L. U. ]
appointed to convey to Damascus the treasures of COPREUS (Kompeus), a son of Pelops and
Varcius, when the latter marched from Babylon to father of Periphetes. After having murdered
meet Alexander, B. C. 333. (Arr. Anab. ii. 15; | Iphitus, he fled from Elis to Mycenae, where he
comp. Curt. iii. 10. ) The favour with which
was purified by Eurystheus, who employed him to
Alexander regarded Artabazus was extended also inform Heracles of the labours he had to perform.
to Cophen, whom we find mentioned among the (Hom. I. xv. 639; Apollod. i. 5. Ø 1. ) Euripides
young Asiatic nobles that were enrolled in the in his “ Heracleidae" makes him the herald of
body of cavalry called "Aynua, in the re-organiza Eurystheus.
(L. S. ]
tion of the army in B. C. 424. (Arr. Anal. vii. 6; CORAX (Kópał), a Sicilian, who, after the ex-
comp. Polyb. v. 25, 65, xxxi. 3. )
(E. E. ) pulsion of Thrasybulus from Syracuse (B. C. 467),
COPO'NIUS, the name of a Roman family, by his oratorical powers acquired so much influence
which originally came from Tibur.
The name
over the citizens, that for a considerable time he
occurs in an inscription found at Tibur.
was the leading man in the commonwealth. The
1. T. COPONIUS, of Tibur, a man of distin- great increase of litigation consequent on the con
guished merit and rank, was made a Roman citizen fusion produced by the expulsion of the tyrants
upon the condemnation of C. Masso, whom he and the claims of those whom they had deprived
accused. (Cic. pro Balb. 23. )
of their property, gave a new impulse to the prac-
2. M. COPONIUS, had a celebrated law-guit re- tice of forensic eloquence. Corax applied himself
specting an inheritance with M'. Curius, B. C. 93. to the study of its principles, opened a school of
The cause of Coponius was pleaded by Q. Scaevola rhetoric, and wrote a treatise (entitled Téxun) em-
and that of Curius by L. Crassus, in the court of bodying such rules of the art as he had discovered.
the centumviri. (Cic. de Orat. i. 39, i. 32, Bruto He is commonly mentioned, with his pupil Tisias,
52. ) [CURIUS. )
as the founder of the art of rhetoric; he was at
3, 4. T. and C. COPONII, two grandsons of No. any rate the earliest writer on the subject. His
1, are spoken of by Cicero in B. C. 56 as two work has entirely perished. It has been conjec-
young men of great acquirements. (Cic. pro Balb. tured (by Garnier, Mom. de l'Institut. de France,
23, pro Cael. 10. ) C. Coponius is probably the Classe d'Histoire, vol. ii. p. 44, &c. , and others),
same as No. 6.
though upon very slight and insufficient grounds,
5. COPONIUS, was left in command of Carrae in that the treatise entitled Rhetorica ad Alexandrun,
the expedition of Crassus against the Parthians, found amongst the works of Aristotle, is the sup-
B. C. 53. (Plut. Crass. 27. ) He may also have posed lost work of Corax. (Cic. Brut. 12, de Orat.
been the same as No. 6.
i. 20, iii. 21 ; Aristot. Rhet. ii. 24 ; Quintil. ii. l;
6. C. COPONIUS, one of the praetors on the Mongitor, Bibl. Sicul. i. p. 146, &c. , ii. p. 267, &c;
breaking out of the civil war in B. C. 49. He Westermann, Gesch. der Griech. Beredtsamkeit, i.
espoused the side of Pompey, followed him into $ 27, note 5, &c. , $ 68, notes 8, 27. ) [C. P. M. ]
Greece, and had the command of the Rhodian CORBIS and ORSUA, two Spanish chiefs,
ships conjointly with C. Marcellus. (Cic. ad Att. and cousins-german, fought in the presence of
viii. 12, A. ; Caes.