No More Learning

In the latter
he emphasizes the importance of introspection.
Fortunatus, Venantius Honorius Clemen.
tianus. A Latin poet; born near Treviso, in
northern Italy, about 530; died at Poitiers,
France, about 609. He was educated at Milan
and Ravenna; in 565 went to France, where
he was welcomed at the court of Sigebert,


## p. 197 (#213) ############################################

FORTUNE - FOUQUÉ
197
king of Austrasia. At Poitiers he became
chaplain to Queen Radegonda, and about 592
succeeded to the episcopate of Poitiers. His
prose is mechanical, but his poetry has an easy
rhythmical flow. Besides the beautiful hymn
beginning Vexilla regis prodeunt” (The ban-
ners of the king advance), which has been
translated into several modern languages, he
wrote lives of St. Martin of Tours, Saint Rade-
gonda, etc. ; hymns; epitaphs, poetical epistles,
and some other verses.
Fortune, Robert. An English botanist ; born
at Kelloe, Berwickshire, Sept. 16, 1813, died at
South Kensington, April 13, 1880. His (Three
Years' Wanderings in China' (1847) and (A
Residence among the Chinese, Inland, on the
Coast, and at Sea) (1857), in addition to the
charm of their plant lore, possess literary grace.
Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley. An English
antiquary; born in London, May 27, 1770; died
at Walford, Herefordshire, Jan. I, 1842. His
devotion to archæology and the older Anglo-
Saxon lore inspired (British Monachism) (1802)
and an Encyclopædia of Antiquities) (1825),
which show learning and patient investigation.
Foscolo, Ugo (fos’ko-lo). A celebrated Italian
poet and patriot; born on the island of Zante,
Jan. 26, 1778; died Oct. 10, 1827, in London.
His tragedy (Thyeste) was received with great
favor at Venice in 1797. "The True Story of
Two Luckless Lovers, or Last Letters of Ja-
copo Ortis! (1799), afterward rewritten and
renamed (Italy) (1802), voices his disappoint-
ment that the French armies did not liberate
Italy; as did an outspoken apostrophe to Bona-
parte. In 1807 was published his finest poem,
(The Graves. His second tragedy, Ajax,
brought out at Milan in 1809, caused his expul-
sion from Lombardy; he went to Florence and
there produced the tragedy Ricciarda' (1813);
compelled to flee from Italy, he composed in
Switzerland the bitter satire against his ene-
mies, “The One-Volume Book of the Super-
Revelations of the Cleric Didymus, Least of
the Prophets. He wrote many critical and
literary essays.
Fosdick, Charles Austin. A popular Amer-
ican writer of juvenile books; born at Kan-
dolph, N. Y. , in 1842. He served in the Union
navy in the Civil War from 1862 to 1865.
Besides contributions to periodicals, he has
published under the pseudonym "Harry Cas-
tlemon over thirty books for boys, among
which are : "The Gunboat Series) (1864-68);
(Rocky Mountain Series) (1868–71); (Rod and
Gun Series) (1883-84); (The Buried Treasure);
(The Steel Horse. )
Fosdick, William Whiteman. An American
poet; born in Cincinnati, (). , Jan. 28, 1825; died
there, March 8, 1862. He gained some distinc-
tion as a poet by a drama entitled “Tecumseh.
He also published Malmiztic the Toltec) (1851)
and Ariel and Other Poems) (1855).
Foster, Hannah (Webster). An American
novelist; born 1759; died at Montreal, Canada,
April 17, 1840. Her published works are: “The
Coquette, or the History of Eliza Wharton,'
one of the eariiest of American novels ; (The
Boarding School (1796); and Lessons of a
Preceptress) (1798).
Foster, John. An English essayist; born
(probably) in Halifax, Yorkshire, Sept. 17, 1770;
died at Stapleton, near Bristol, Oct. 14 or 15, 1843.
A clergyman, self-educated and with an ad-
vanced point of view, he wrote regularly and
delightfully; but his volume of (Essays) (1805)
constitutes his chief title to recognition. Four
in number, these compositions are respectively:
(On a Man's Writing Memoirs of Himself);
(On Decision of Character); “On the Applica-
tion of the Epithet Romantic); and On Some
of the Causes by which Evangelical Religion
has been Rendered Less Acceptable to Persons
of Cultivated Taste. )
Foster, Stephen Collins. A famous Amer-
ican song-writer and composer; born at Pitts-
burg, Pa. , July 4, 1826; died in New York city,
Jan. 13, 1864. He was educated at Athens
Academy and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania.
He composed the music and wrote the words
of over 125 popular songs and melodies, among
which are: (Old Folks at Home); Nelly Bly);
(Old Dog Tray); 'Come Where my Love Lies
Dreaming'; (Suwanee River); etc.
Fothergill, Jessie. An English story-teller;
born at Manchester, June 7, 1881; died at Lon-
don, July 1891. Her stories show a keen faculty
of observation; among them are : Healey, a
Romance (1875); (The First Violin) (1878),
in which German life is faithfully portrayed ;
(Probation) (1879); Kith and Kin) (1881);
(The Lasses of Laverhouse) (1888); "Oriole's
Daughter) (1893).
Foucher, Paul (fö-shā'). A French play-
wright (1810-75). Partly in collaboration with
others and partly alone, he composed about 70
romantic dramas of very unequal value for the
Boulevard Théâtre of Paris. His Notre Dame
de Paris,' after Victor Hugo's novel, alone of
all his pieces now holds the stage.
Foucher de Careil, Louis Alexandre, Count
(fö-shā' dė kär-ā'ē). A French diplomatist and
philosophical essayist and critic; born in Paris,
March 1, 1826; died there, Jan. 10, 1891. He
aimed at popularizing, or at least propagating,
the philosophy of Leibnitz; for which purpose
he vrote (Letters and Minor Works of Leib-
nitz) (1854), Leibnitz, Descartes, and Spinoza)
(1863), and other books; as well as (Goethe and
his Work) (1865), and studies of Hegel and
Schopenhauer.
Fouqué, Baron Friedrich de la Motte (fö-
kā'). A German romancist in various forms;
born at Brandenburg, Feb. 12, 1777; died at
Berlin, Jan. 23, 1843. His first contributions to
literature were : (Romances from the Vale of
Roncesval (1805); “Story of the Noble Knight
Galmy and a Fair Duchess of Britanny) (1806);
(Alwin (1808); followed by the hero-drama
"Sigurd the Snake-Killer) (1808): the titles
(


## p. 198 (#214) ############################################

198
FOUQUIER – FRANCE
(
show his thoughts to have been filled with
legends of mediæval France and the Scandi-
navian North. The work by which he is chiefly
known to-day is Undine) (1811); (Sintram)
is also familiar. Among his other works
are : The Voyages of Thiodulf the Icelander)
(1815); (Short Stories) (6 vols. , 1814-19); several
dramas, as (Alf and Yngwi, (Runes, (The Jarl
of the Orkneys); the epics (Corona, (Charle-
magne, (Bertrand du Guesclin. Karoline Au-
guste, his second wife (1773-1831), wrote many
novels and tales, including : (Roderic) (1807);
(The Heroic Maid of La Vendée) (1816);
(Valerie) (1827). *
Fouquier, Henry (fö-kyā'). A French jour-
nalist and topical writer; born in Marseilles,
Sept. 1, 1838. For many years his lively talent
has enriched the columns of Gil Blas, Figaro,
and L'Écho de Paris, both over his own name
and such pseudonyms as Nestor,) « Colum-
bine,) and “Columba. )) The volumes called
(Artistic Studies) (1859), 'In the Last Century)
(1884), and Parisian Goodness) (1885), are
happy dashes at men and women and things.
Fourier, François Marie Charles (fö-ryā').
A French social economist, a very original and
interesting figure ; born in Besançon, April 7,
1772; died in Paris, Oct. 10, 1837. At first in
trade, then in the army, the seeing a cargo of
rice thrown into the sea to raise its price led
him to attempt a reform abolishing the com-
petitive system, by means of associated produc-
tion and life in “phalansteries. " The Theory
of the Four Movements) (1808), «The New
Industrial and Social World (1829), and (False
Industry) (1835), set forth his scheme.
Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, Baron. A
celebrated French mathematician and physicist ;
born in Auxerre, March 21, 1768; died in
Paris (? ), May 16, 1830. He was an active
Jacobin during the French Revolution. His
later energies were divorced from politics and
given up to science. Analytical Theory of
Heat' (1822) is his most noted work; but in
mathematics his speculations and methods are
of high permanent utility.
Fournel, François Victor (för-nel'). A
writer on the antiquities and curiosities of
Paris; born near Varennes, Feb. 8, 1829. Among
his writings are: (What One Sees in the Streets
of Paris) (1854); (Theatrical Curiosities) (1859);
(Pictures of Old Paris) (1863); Paris and its
Ruins in 1871) (1874); (Paris Cries) (1886).
He also wrote (The Contemporaries of Molière)
(1863); (To the Sun Lands, sketches of travel
(1883); <Contemporary French Artists) (1883).
Fournier, August (för-nyā'). A distin
guished Austrian historian; born in Vienna,
June 19, 1850. Historical Studies and Sketches)
(1885) and Napoleon I: a Biography) (1886-
89) have confirmed the presage of a high uni-
versity standing. He has written also many
biographies and sketches of special periods.
Fournier, Édouard. A French historical and
descriptive writer; born in Orléans, June 15,
1819; died in Paris, May 10, 1880. The annals
of the capital and its topographical features
have received interesting treatment at his
hands ; (The Street Lamps) (1854), (Riddles of
Parisian Streets) (1859), and Paris Through
the Ages) (1876), being typical themes. In
other lines he is instructive and pleasing, as
in Music among the People) (1847) and 'La
Bruyère's Comedy) (1866).
Fournier, Marc Jean Louis. A French
dramatist; born in Geneva, 1818; died in St.
Mandé, Jan. 5, 1879. He first entered journal-
ism, but afterwards wrote several strong and
original plays, Nights on the Seine) (1852)
among them; besides work done in collabora-
tion, notably Paillasse) (1849) and (Manon
Lescaut) (1852).
Fowler, William Worthington. An Amer-
ican prose-writer; born in Middlebury, Vt. ,
June 24, 1833; died in Durham, Conn. , Sept. 18,
1881. He was the author of (Ten Years in
Wall Street) (1870); Fighting Fire) (1873);
(Woman on the American Frontier) (1877);
(Twenty Years of Inside Life in Wall Street)
(1880),
Fox, George. Founder of the sect of Quak-
ers, and an English diarist and epistolary and
doctrinal writer; born at Fenny Drayton,
Leicestershire, July 1624; died in London, Jan.
13, 1691. His works are his Journal) (1694);
(Epistles' (1698); and Doctrinal Pieces) (1706):
the first especially made a very deep im-
pression.
Fox, John (William). An American writer
of dialect stories ; born about 1860. He is a
contributor to magazines, and has published
(The Cumberland Vendetta, and Other Stories)
(1895); (Hell Fer Sartain, and Other Stories)
(1897).
Foxe, John.
An English divine and martyr-
ologist ; born at Boston, Lincolnshire, in 1516;
died April 1587. He studied at Oxford, but
was expelled in 1545 after becoming a convert
to Protestantism. His fame as author
mainly rests upon his “History of the Acts and
Monuments of the Church, commonly known
as (Foxe's Book of Martyrs. This celebrated
work, upon which he labored for eleven years,
was published in 1563.
Fraknói, Wilhelm (fränk-no'). A Hun-
garian historian ; born in Ürmény, Feb. 7, 1843.
His country's annals and vicissitudes are graph-
ically and accurately elaborated in Peter
Pázmán and his Time) (1868–69); History of
Hungary) (1873-74); and (Hungary and the
League of Cambray) (1883).
France, Anatole (fräns). (Jacques Anatole
Thibault. ) A French novelist and poet of great
perfection and distinction of style; born at
Paris, April 16, 1844. His first volume of
(Poems) was published in 1873, and his dra-
matic poem (Corinthian Revels) in 1876. The
humorous story Jocaste and the Lean Cat)
(1879) was received with indifference; but
he had brilliant success with (The Crime of
an


## p. 199 (#215) ############################################

FRANCE – FRANÇOIS
199
Sylvester Bonnard) (1881); (The Yule Log)
(1881); and (The Wishes of Jean Servien)
(1881). His other works include: (Our Child-
ren: Scenes in Town and in the Fields) (1886);
"Queen Pédauque's Cook-Shop); “Opinions of
the Abbé Jérôme Coignard (1893); (The Gar-
den of Epicurus); Abeille); My Friend's
Book'; 'Our Children'; 'Balthazar); (Thais);
Literary Life); Alfred de Vigny'; etc. *
France, Hector. A French novelist; born
at Mirecourt, Vosges, 1840. By profession a sol-
dier, he writes ably on military and economic
subjects, as (John Bull's Army) (1887) and
several pamphlets evince. His fictions show a
loving care of form and effect, also a delight
in dwelling on painful and revolting aspects
of passion. The Pastor's Romance? (1879);
Love in the Blue Country) (1880); and “Sister
Kuhnegunde's Sins) (1880), exemplify both.
Franchi, Ausonio (frän'ke), pseudonym of
Cristoforo Bonavino. An Italian philosopher;
born in Pegli, Feb. 24, 1821. He wrote (The
Rationalism of the People) (1856); (The Reli-
gion of the Nineteenth Century) (1853); and
other works in which the Kantian standpoint
is reconciled as much as possible with deistic
mysticism.
Francillon, Robert Edward. An English
novelist; born at Gloucester, 1841. Among his
novels are : Pearl and Emerald) ( 1872 );
(Queen Cophetua) (1880); (King or Knave)
(1888). He wrote also many Christmas stories,
as (Streaked with Gold); (Rare Good Luck);
(In the Dark); and the cantatas (The Rose
Maiden) and (The Corsair. He delights in
realistic descriptions of scenes of adventure.
Francis d'Assisi, St. An Italian preacher,
poet, and great spiritual force, founder of the
Franciscan order; born at Assisi in Umbria,
Italy, 1182; died Oct. 12, 1226. His literary
works consist of letters, sermons, ascetic trea-
tises, proverbs, moral apothegms, and hymns.
The most celebrated of his hymns is the "Can-
ticle of the Sun. His memory is held in great
reverence and love on account of his devotion
to religion and his love for all living creatures.
Many anecdotes on this point are contained in
a collection called “The Little Flowers of St.
Francis,' which is still very popular in Italy. *
Francis, Philip, Sir. An Irish-English pub-
lic man and writer, the best accredited of the
candidates for authorship of the Junius » let-
ters; born in Dublin, Oct. 22, 1740; died in
London, Dec. 23, 1818. He entered the civil
service at 23, and was rapidly advanced, owing
partly to his abilities and partly to personal
influence curiously accordant with partialities
shown in the Letters. Suddenly raised to
the lofty position of one of the resident India
council appointed by Parliament to control
those affairs, he went out to India; spent his
time there in a furious contest for supremacy
with Warren Hastings; was finally vanquished,
but achieved a terrible revenge after his return
to England, by inciting Hastings's impeach-
ment and coaching Burke; entered Parliament,
prepared many pamphlets and made many
speeches of much ability and unfailing acri-
mony. The Letters) – savage assaults on the
heads of the party in power, up to George III.
himself --- appeared in the Public Advertiser of
London from 1768 to 1772; ceasing with the
dispersion of the party faction most liked by
Francis, and a year before his great promotion
and his departure from England. The case
for his authorship is most effectively put in
Macaulay's Essay on Warren Hastings.
Franck, Adolphe (fronk). A French phi-
losopher; born in Liocourt, Meurthe, Oct. 9,
1809; died in Paris, April 11, 1893. He has
made a specialty of the Jewish side of meta-
physical and humanist subjects, being himself
of Jewish origin. His works are: (Sketches of
a History of Logic) (1838); (The Cabbala, or
Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews) (1843);
"Oriental Studies) (1861); and many similar
productions.
Franck, Johann (frängk). A German hymn-
writer; born in Guben, 1618; died in the Nie-
derlausitz, 1677. His hymns are distinguished
for a fervent, ecstatic quality, as shown in the
collection (Spiritual Zion (1674); among the
best remembered being Adorn Thyself, Loved
Soul, and Jesus, My Joy. )
Franck, Sebastian. A German prose Pietist
and spiritual and ethical writer; born in Don-
auwörth, 1499; died in Basle, Switzerland, 1543.
He was a priest who enlisted warmly in the
cause of the Reformation, and wrote two com-
pilations, (Proverbs (1541) and a World-Book)
(1534), abounding in instructive and edifying
miscellany; in addition to which he produced
historical and descriptive tracts and monographs.
Francke, Kuno. An American scholar and
author; born in Schleswig, Germany, in 1855.
He is professor of German literature in Har-
vard University. His notable book (Social
Forces in German Literature appeared in 1896.
Franco, Niccolò (frän'ko). An Italian poet
(1505-69). He was long the intimate friend
of Pietro Aretino, and his rival in licentious-
ness of verse; at Rome he was punished re-
peatedly for his offenses against decency, and
at last hanged for his satires against Pius V.
Among his works are : Popular Epistles)
(1538); Piscatorial Eclogues); Priapea.
François, Luise von (frän'swä' or fron-
swä'). A German novelist (1817-93). Her
first considerable story, (The Last Recken-
burgerin (1871), was very warmly praised by
the critics for its power in character delinea-
tion: it was followed by Frau Erdmuthen's
Twin Boys) (1872); (Climacteric Years of a
Lucky Fellow! (1877); Judith the House-
keeper) (1868), a peasant counterpart to (The
Last Reckenburgerin,' aná next after that
her best story. She wrote a Popular History
of the Prussian War of Liberation, 1813-15);
and a comedy relating to the Seven Years'
War, “Woman's Station (1882).


## p. 200 (#216) ############################################

200
FRANÇOIS DE NEUFCHÂTEAU – FRAUENLOB
François de Neufchâteau, Nicolas Louis,
Count (fron-swä' dè né-shä-to'). A French
public man and minor poet; born in Saffais,
Meurthe, April 17, 1750; died in Paris (? ), Jan.
10, 1828.
He was admitted into the Academy
as the author of Discourse on the Way to Read
Verse) (1775); New Moral Tales in Verse)
(1781); (Fables and Tales in Verse) (1814); and
similar productions.
Francq van Berkhey, Johannes le (frangk
fvan berkſhi). A Dutch poet and naturalist;
born in Leyden, Jan. 23, 1729; died there (? ),
March 13, 1812. He was a physician in Am-
sterdam, whose (Flora and Fauna of Holland
(1769-79), and Natural History of Horned
Cattle (1805-11), received high praise. In his
(Poems) (1776-79), and the (Song of Gratitude)
(1773), he shows talent.
Frankl, Ludwig August, Chevalier von
Hochwart (fränkl). An Austrian poet (1810-
94). His literary début was made with (A
Lay of Hapsburg) (1832), a series of historical
ballads, followed (1836) by the romantic epic
(Christopher Columbus); the Biblical romantic
poem (Rachel (1842); a poem (The Univer-
sity' (1848), the first publication in Austria not
subjected to the official censorship; Don
John of Austria,' a heroic poem (1846); Lyric
Poems, and Epic and Lyric Poetry. )
Franklin, Benjamin. A celebrated Ameri-
can philosopher, statesman, and didactic writer;
born in Boston, Jan. 16, 1706; died in Phila-
delphia, April 17, 1790. Bred a printer from
early boyhood, he was a hard student, and
a wide and judicious reader. He early con-
tributed political articles to the local press.
Removing to Philadelphia, he established a
printing business and founded the Pennsyl.
vania Gazette. He was a promoter of every
enterprise for the public good. His talent for
invention and practical scientific research soon
made itself felt. In 1752 he made his memor-
able discovery of the electrical nature of thun-
derstorms. He issued the first Poor Richard's
Almanac in 1732, to supplant the current al-
manacs — full of worthless astrological predic-
tions and stupid jests — with maxims of thrift
and homely practical philosophy. As Deputy
Postmaster-General he organized a paying
postal system for the colonies. He was twice
agent of Pennsylvania at London to procure
redress of grievances; he passed several years
abroad in public service before the Revolution,
returning to Philadelphia in 1775. Thencefor-
ward, both at home and especially as agent
and diplomat in foreign countries, his life was
devoted to his country's interests. He wrote
his (Autobiography,' reaching down to the year
1757; it has been edited by John Bigelow, and
published in 3 vols. (3d ed. 1893). His (Works)
(19 vols. , 1887-89) contain also his fugitive
pieces - many of them classics for style and
matter, and furnishing some proverbial say.
ings- and his correspondence. *
Franul von Weissenthurn, Johanna (frän'-
öl fōn vis'en-törn). A German dramatist and
actress; born at Grünberg in Coblentz, 1773;
died in Vienna, May 17, 1845. Her interpreta-
tions of stage emotions and characters made
her an international celebrity; and her plays,
in the edition of Newest Dramas) (1821), are
works of great power.
Franzén, Frans Michael (fränt-sān'). A
Swedish poet; born at Uleåborg in Finland,
Feb. 9, 1772; died Aug. 14, 1847. He was pro-
fessor of literature and ethics in the University
of Åbo; but after the annexation of Finland to
Russia he settled in Sweden, and in 1831 was
made Bishop of Hernösand. As a poet he
refused to adopt the didactic manner then
regnant in Swedish poetry, and wrote in an
unaffected idyllic vein with singular grace of
style. His collected works were published in
5 vols. (1824-36).
Franzos, Karl Emil (fränt-sõs'). An Aus-
trian novelist ; born in Podolia, Oct. 25, 1848, of
Jewish parentage. First studying jurisprudence,
he became a newspaper correspondent, traveled
extensively in Europe and Asia, edited an illus-
trated paper in Vienna, and finally studied in
Berlin as a man of letters. His first volume-
(Semi-Asia : Pictures of Life in Galicia, Buko-
wina, Southern Russia, and Roumania) (1876)
- was a brilliant success all over Europe, being
translated everywhere; and he has maintained
high rank. Among his lively and graceful
novels are: (A Struggle for the Right' (1881);
(Tragic Stories) (1880); Judith Trachtenberg
(1890); (The Old Doctor's God' (1892); “The
Truth-Seeker) (1894).
Frapan, Ilse (fräpſän), pseudonym of Ilse
Levien. A German story-writer; born in Ham-
burg, Feb. 3, 1852. She is most at home in
delineations of the life and traits of the people;
as in “Bitter-Sweet) (1891), (Familiar Faces)
(1893), and other stories in this field.
Fraser, Alexander Campbell. A Scotch
philosophical writer; born at Ardchattan, Ar-
gyleshire, September 1819. He was a lecturer
on mental philosophy in the New College, Edin-
burgh, 1846; editor of the North British Review
1850 -50; professor of logic in Edinburgh Uni-
versity. His principal productions are: (Es-
says in Philosophy) (1856); (Rational Phi-
losophy) (1858); a memoir of Bishop Berkeley,
with a collected edition of his works (1871);
an annotated edition of Locke's Essay on
Human Understanding' (1894).
Fraser, James Baillie. An English traveler
and man of letters; born at Reelick, Inverness-
shire, June 11, 1783; died January 1856. He
went to the West Indies, and thence to India,
in 1815 making explorations in the Himala-
yas. He wrote (A Historical and Descriptive
Account of Persia,' and other works.
Frauenlob (frou'en-lõb), pseudonym of Hein-
rich von Meissen. A German mastersinger
(1250-1318). He was a roving minstrel, prac-
ticing his art in the courts of the princes of
southern and northern Germany; at last he
settled in Mayence, and is believed to have


## p. 201 (#217) ############################################

FRÉCHETTE - FRENCH
201
a
established there the first school of minstrelsy.
His pseudonym or nickname, “Panegyric of
Woman, he won from contending in a poetical
competition for the word lady » (frau) instead
of “woman » (weib). Tradition
says that
women bore his corpse to the cathedral.
Fréchette, Louis Honoré (frā-shet'). A
French-Canadian poet; born at Quebec about
1839. He has written many odes and lyrics
exquisite in form and inspired by genuine
passion: they are collected in the volumes (My
Leisure Hours); Pell-Mell); (The Legend
of a People. He translated for the Théâtre
Français of Paris several of Shakespeare's plays.
His poem Northern Blooms) was crowned
by the French Academy. *
Frederic, Harold. An American journalist
and novelist; born in Utica, N. Y. , Aug. 19,
1856. He has for several years been London
correspondent for the American press. Among
his stories are: (The Lawton Girl); "In the
Valley); “The Copperhead,' a tale of the Civil
War; "The Damnation of Theron Ware);
(March Hares,' a study of contemporary social
life. *
Frederica, Paul (fred-er-ek'). A Belgian
historian; born in Ghent, Aug. 12, 1850. Ac-
curacy of scholarship, liberality view, and
ease of style are manifest in his (Essay on the
Political and Social Part Played by the Dukes
of Burgundy in the Low Countries! (1875),
(The Netherlands under the Emperor Charles
V. (1885), and other studies in Flemish and
Netherlandish chronicles.
Fredro, Count Alexander (frād'ro). A nota-
ble Polish dramatist, called “the Molière of
Poland » ; born at Suchorow in Galicia, 1793;
died at Lemberg, July 15, 1876. He is the
founder of Polish comedy, those who preceded
him having worked over French plays. Mr.
Moneybags) (his first piece, 1821), 'Ladies and
Hussars, Man and Wife,' and Revenge,' are
his titles. The scenes are taken from real life.
Fredro, Johann Alexander. A Polish dram-
atist, son of Count Alexander (1829-91). Не
served in the Polish-Hungarian legion in the
Hungarian revolt of 1848, and after its sup-
pression lived in exile till 1857. Of his numer-
ous comedies these may be mentioned : Before
Breakfast! (1864); Foreign Elements) (1872);
(The Goloshes (1879); "Poor or Rich) (1880).
Freeman, Edward Augustus. A distin-
guished English historian; born at Harborne
in Staffordshire, Aug. 2, 1823; died at Alicante
in Spain, March 16, 1892. He was appointed
professor of history at Oxford, 1884. The prin-
cipal of his very numerous works are: (His-
tory and Conquests of the Saracens) (1856);
History of the Norman Conquest of England'
(6 vols. , 1867-79); "General Sketch of European
History) (1872); "Growth of the English Con-
stitution' (1872); Reign of William Rufus and
Accession of Henry L. (2 vols. , 1882); (Fifty
Years European History) (1888 At the
time of his death he was engaged on a great
(History of Sicily, of which four volumes have
been published. Among his miscellaneous
writings are: Lectures to American Audi-
ences) (1882) and (Some Impressions of the
United States) (1883). His contributions to
the periodicals of his day were frequent and
of great weight; and he was a fiery and un-
varying champion of national freedom. *
Freiligrath, Ferdinand (fri'lig-rät). A nota-
ble German poet; born in Detmold, June 17,
1810; died in Cannstatt, March 18, 1876. His
first volume of Poems) (1838), full of grand
Oriental imagery, won universal favor - and a
royal pension, which he renounced as discredit-
ing his liberalism, publishing a 'Confession of
Faith) in verse (1844). Banished as a sower
of sedition, he took refuge in London till the
revolution of 1848. Returning, he was tried
for high treason for his poem (The Dead to
the Living, but acquitted ; then threatened with
prosecution for Political and Social Poems);
and once more flying to London, lived there
till 1808. His poems are imaginative and pas-
sionate, with ringing and spirited diction ; many
of his songs are widely popular. He was
an admirable translator, notably from Scott,
Shakespeare, and Longfellow. *
Frémont, Mrs. Jessie Benton. An Ameri-
can prose-writer, wife of John Charles ; born in
Virginia, 1824. Her father was Thomas H.
Benton of Missouri. She has published : 'Story
of the Guard : A Chronicle of the War, with
a German translation (1863); a sketch of her
father prefixed to her husband's memoirs (1886);
(Souvenirs of my Time) (1887); and (The Will
and the Way Stories.
Frémont, John Charles. An American ex-
plorer, politician, general, and writer; born in
Savannah, Ga. , Jan. 21, 1813; died in New
York city, July 13, 1890. Не was the first
Republican nominee for the Presidency, and
served as major-general in the United States
army during the Civil War. His publications
include : (Report of the Exploring Expedition
to the Rocky Mountains in 1842, and to Ore-
gon and Northern California in 1843-44'; 'Fré-
mont's Explorations); and Memoirs of my
Life) (1886).
French, Alice. See Thanet.
French, Henry Willard. An American lect-
urer and author; born in Connecticut in 1853.
Among his numerous works are :'Castle Foam
(1880), a Russian story; 'Ego) (1880), a novel ;
"Gems of Genius) (1880); (Vuna, the Brahmin
Girl? (1881); (Our Boys in China (1883);
(Through Arctics and Tropics) (1892).
French, L. Virginia (Smith). An Ameri-
can poet; born in Maryland in 1830; died at
McMinnville, Tenn. , March 31, 1881. She was
associate editor of the Southern Lady's Book,
a fashion magazine, published in New Orleans
(1852). Her collected works are : (Wind
Whispers,' poems (1856); "Iztalilxo,' a tragedy
(1859); and (Legends of the South) (1867).
:


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FRENEAU – FRIEDRICHS
202
Freneau, Philip. An American poet; born
in New York city, Jan. 2, 1752; died near
Freehold, N. J. , Dec. 18, 1832. His connection
with Jefferson and other men of the time made
him conspicuous. "The Home of Night,' an
imaginative poem, possesses merit and will en-
dure. (The College Examination,' 'Eutaw
Springs, and “The Indian Student,' are favor-
ably remembered. A competent critic com-
mends his "Lines to a Wild Honeysuckle) as
sincere and delicate.
Frenzel, Karl Wilhelm (frents'el). A Ger-
man novelist and essayist; born at Berlin, Dec.
6, 1827. He has published several volumes of
historical essays, as (Poets and Women) (3
vols. , 1859-06), Busts and Pictures) (1864),
(Renaissance and Rococo) (1878), all marked
by fine discernment and just historical per-
spective; also two volumes of dramatic criti-
cism, Berlin Dramaturgy) (1877). Among his
numerous historical novels of the eighteenth
century are: Pope Ganganelli) (1864); (Char-
lotte Corday! (1864); La Pucelle) (1871);
Lucifer: A Story of Napoleon's Time) (1873).
Outside the field of historical fiction he has
written many stories, as Mrs. Venus) (1880);
(Chambord) (1883); (Weary of Life) (1886);
(Woman's Rights) (1892). He is also author
of (German Voyages) (1868).
Frere, John Hookham. An English poet,
translator, and diplomatist; born in London
(not Norfolk), May 21, 1709; died in Malta,
Jan. 7, 1846. He was a Cambridge graduate,
and one of the founders of the Anti-Jacobin
(see Canning). After a career in the diplo-
matic service, he produced his original Pro-
spectus and Specimen of an Intended National
Work . . Relating to King Arthur and his
Round Table) (1817), better known as “The
Monks and the Giants); a literary burlesque,
but full of charming verse and of excellent
character-drawing. It naturalized in English
the ottava rima afterward used by Byron in
(Beppo) and Don Juan. A version of a large
part of Aristophanes succeeded this effort.
Frey, Adolf (fri). A German poet, biogra-
pher, and essayist; born Feb. 18, 1855. In his
(Poems) (1886), and (Recollections of Gottfried
Keller) (1892), culture and scholarship are con-
spicuous; and a volume on Albrecht von Hal-
ler and his Importance in German Literature)
(1879) shows great critical acumen.
Frey, Friedrich Hermann. See Greif.
Frey, Jakob. A Swiss novelist; born at
Gutenschwyl in Aargau, May 13, 1824. His
novels are few in number, but they are to be
classed with the finest productions of Swiss
literary genius. They are : (Between Jura and
Alps) (1858); (The Orphan Girl of Hollizen)
(1863); “Swiss Portraits (in three parts, 1864-77).
Freylinghausen, Johann Anastasius (fri'.
ling-hou'zen). A German theologian and
hymnist; born in Gandersheim, Dec. 2, 1670;
died in Halle, Feb. 12, 1739. His Song-Book
(1704) is one of the most voluminous and
meritorious compilations of sacred verse ever
made; and his work on the Foundation of
Theology) is the masterpiece of the Pietist
movement of Halle.
Freytag, Gustav (fri'täg). A distinguished
German poet and novelist; born at Kreuzburg
in Silesia, July 13, 1816; died at Wiesbaden,
April 30, 1895. His first dramatic composition
was (The Bridal Tour,' a comedy (1844); it
was followed by a little one-act tragedy, “The
Savant) (1844), and by a small volume of poems
(In Breslau) (1845); after which he produced
(The Valentine) (1846), (Count Valdemar)
(1847), and “The Journalists (1853). Among
his works outside of the drama may be men-
tioned his great novel of social life, Debit and
Credit) (3 vols. , 1855; 40th ed. 1893), followed by
another novel of social life, (The Lost MS.
(1864; 23d ed. 1893). His next work, Ances.
tors,' is a cycle of six stories portraying the
German civilization from the beginning of his.
toric times. *
Fric, Joseph Václav (frich). A Czech jour-
nalist, dramatist, agitator, and poet; born in
Prague, Sept. 5, 1829; died there, Oct. 14, 1890.
Political activity and journalistic independ.
ence resulted in his exile, but he was granted
amnesty after wandering through Europe and
writing anti-Austrian books and papers.
His
place in his country's literature is due to
Laments of the Bohemian Crown) (1868), a
political pamphlet; (The Vampire) (1849), a
patriotic poem; “Ulric von Hutten) and (Ma.
zeppa, dramas; and various other productions.
Friedländer, Ludwig (frēd'len-der).