and, after emerging
from this sheet of water, disappears under ground,
from which it again rises and pursues its course to the
sea.
from this sheet of water, disappears under ground,
from which it again rises and pursues its course to the
sea.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
The city is now called Acre,
? ? more properly Acca, and lies at the northern angle of
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? ACH
ACH
in it to the Oms or Ochus, both of which rivers have
undergone considerable changes in their courses.
. 'i'. "(. m\iiii: Vid. Supplement.
Actsis. Vid. Supplement.
Acesus. Vid. Supplement.
AcesTjtks, a large and rapid river of India, falling
into the Indus. It is commonly supposed to lie the
Rarei, but Kennel! makes it, more correctly, the Jc-
naut. ( Vincent's C? omm. and A'ac. of the Anc. )
Acksils, I. a surname of Apollo, under which he
was worshipped in Klis. where he had a splendid tem-
ple in the agora. This surname is the same as 'A? . c? i-
Koxoc, and means the averter of evil. --II. (Vid. Sup-
plement. )
Acestes. Vid. . . ^gestes.
Acestodoeds. Vitl. Supplement.
Acestor, I. an ancient statuary mentioned hy Pausa-
nias (6, 7. 2). He was a native of Cnossus, or at least
exercised his art there for some time, and was the fa-
ther of that Amphion who was the pupil of Ptolichus
of Corcyra. Ptolichus lived about Olymp. 80, 82,
and Acestor must have been his contemporary. (Silhg,
Diet- of A. ne. Artists. ) II. Vid. Supplement.
Ach,k. >>, 'Axctia, a surname of Pallas. Her temple
among the Daunians, in Apulia, contained the arms of
Diomerie and his followers. It was defended by dogs,
which fawned on the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all
other persons (Aristot. dc Mirab. ). --II. Ceres was
also called Achsa, from her grief (d;f or) at the loss of
Proserpina (Flat, tn Is. et Os). Other explanations are
given by the scholiast {ad Ansiofh. Acliarn. 674). Con-
sult also ICuslcr and jirunck, ad luc. , and Suidas, s. v.
AcHii, one of the main branches of the great ,Eo-
lic race. ( Vid. Achaia and Gracia, especially the latter
article. }
A' 11 >'m e n es, the . founder of the Persian monarchy,
according to some -writers, who identify him with the
Gum SchieL, or Djcmschid, of the Oriental historians
(rtd. Persia). Trie genealogy of the royal line is giv-
en by Herodotus (7, 1 1) from Achremenes to Xerxes.
The earlier descent, as given by the Grecian writers,
and according to -which, Perses, son of Perseus and
Andromeda, was the first of the line, and the individual
from whom the Persians derived their national appella-
tion, is purely fabulous. -Eschylus (Vers. 762) makes
the Persians to have been first governed by a Mede,
who was succeeded by his son; then came Cyrus,
succeeded by one of his sons; next Merdis, Marapliis,
Artaphemes, and Darius; the last not being, howev-
er, a lineal descendant. For a discussion on this sub-
ject, consult Stanley, ad loc. : Larcher, ad Herod. 7,
11, and Schutas, Excurs. 2, ad &sch. Pcrs. I. c.
AcHjEMENides, I. a branch of the Persian tribe of
Pasargadae, named from Achsemencs, the founder of
the line. From this family the kings of Persia were
descended (Herod. 1, 126). Cambyses, on his death-
bed entreated the Achounenides not to suffer the king-
dom to pass into the hands of the Medcs (3, 65). --II.
^ Persian of the royal line, whom Ctcsias (32) makes
the brother, but Herodotus (7, 7) and Diodorus Sicu-
lns (11, 74) call the uncle of Artaxcrxes I. The lat-
ter stvles him Achemeno. (Bachr, ad Cles. I. c. --
Wessel. ad Herod. I- c. )
Ai-H. -E5*c* statIo, J. a place on the coast of the
Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyxcna was sacrificed
to the shade of Achilles, and where Hecuba killed
Polvmncstor, who had murdered her son Polydorus. --
? ? [I The name of Achseorum Portus was given to the
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? ACHAIA.
ACH
The origin of the -Egialii appears to connect them
with the great Ionic race. Ion, son of Xuthus, came
from Attica, according to the received accounts, set-
tled in this quarter (Pain. 7, 1. --Strabo, 383), obtain-
ed in marriage the daughter of King Sclinus, and from
this period the inhabitants were denominated -Egia-
lean Ionians. Pausanias, however, probably from other
sources of information, makes Xuthus, not Ion, to
have settled here. The Pelasgi appear also to have
spread over this region, and to have gradually blended
with the primitive inhabitants into one community,
under the name of Pelasgic -Egialcans (Herod. 7,94).
Twelve cities now arose, the capital being Helice,
founded by Ion. At the period of the Trojan war,
these cities were subject to the Achsans, and ac-
knowledged the sway of Agamemnon as the head of
that race. Matters continued in this state until the
Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus. The Aehieaiis,
driven by the Dorians from Argos and Lacedsmon,
took refuge in -Egialea, under the guidance of Tisa-
menos, son of Orestes. The Ionians gavo their new
visiters an unwelcome reception; a battle ensued, the
Ionians were defeated, and shut up in Helice; and at
last were allowed by treaty to leave this city unmolest-
ed, on condition of removing entirely from their former
settlements. They migrated, therefore, into Attica
(Pans. 7, 1), but soon after left this latter country for
Asia Minor (vid. Iones and Ionia). The Achsans now
took possession of the vacated territory, and changed
its name to Achaia. Tisamenos having fallen in the
war with the Ionians, his sons and the other leaders
divided the land among themselves by lot, and hence
the old division of twelve cantons or districts, as well
as the regal form of government, continued until the
time of Ogygus or Gygus. (Strabo, 3Si. --Paus. 7,
6. --Polyb. 2, 41. ) After this monarch's decease,
each city assumed a republican government. The
Dorians, from the very first, had made several attempts
to drivo the Achsans from their newly-acquired pos-
sessions, and had so far succeeded as to wrest from
them Sicyon, with its territory, which was ever after
regarded as a Dorian state. All farther attempts at
conquest were unsuccessful, from the defence made
by the Achteans, and the aid afforded to them by their
Pelasgic neighbours in Arcadia. The result of this
was an aversion on the part of the Achteans to every-
thing Dorian. Hence they took no part with the rest
of the Greeks against Xerxes; hence, too, we find
them, even before the Peloponncsian war, in alliance
with the Athenians; though, in the course of that war,
they were forced to remain neutral, or else at times,
from a consciousness of their weakness, to admit the
Dorian fleets into their harbours. (Thucyd. 1, 111
and 115-- Id. 2, 9--Id. 8, 3-- Id. 2, 84. ) The
Acheans preserved their neutrality also in the wars
raised by the ambition of Macedon: but the result
proved most unfortunate. The successors of Alex-
ander seemed to consider the cities of Achaia as
fair booty, and what they spared became the prey of
domestic tyrants. Even after the Peloponnesus had
Ceased to be the theatre of war, and a Macedonian
garrison was merely kept at the Isthmus, the public
troubles seemed only on the increase. The whole
country, too, began to be infested by predatory bands,
whose numbers were daily augmented by the starving
cultivators of the soil. At length, four of the princi-
pal cities of Achaia, viz. , Patras, Dyme, Triteja, and
? ? Phar<<, formed a mutual league for their common safe-
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? ACH
who pretend to see in history an explanation of this le
pad, make the ri%-er Aehelous to have laid waste, by
its frequent inundations, the plains of Calydon This
raitoduciiyg confusion among the landmarks, became
the occasion of continual wars between the -Etolians
and Acarnanians, whose territories the river divided
u above stated, until Hercules, by means of dikes, re-
trained its ravages, and made the course of the stream
uniform Hence, according to this explanation, the
serpent denoted the windings of the stream, and the
bull its sweUings and impetuosity, while the tearing off
of the horn refers to the turning away of a part of the
waters of the river, by means of a canal, the result of
which draining; was shown in tho fertility that succeed-
ed (Diod. Sic. 4, 35. ) The Achelous must have
been considered a river of great antiquity as well as
celebrity, since it is often introduced as a general rep-
resentative of rivers, ami is likewise frequently used
for the element of water. (Euilatk ad II. 21, 194. --
Earip. Batch. 625. Id. . Androm. 167. --Ansloph.
Lynstr. 381--Hcyne, ari II. 21, 194) The reason
of this peculiar use of the term will be found in the
remarks of the scholiast. The Achelous was the lar-
gest river in Epirus and . Ut oli;i, in which quarter were
the early settlements of the Pclasgic race, from whom
the Greeks derived so much of their religion and my-
tholoTv. Hence the frequent directions of the Oracle
at Dodona, "to sacrifice to the Achelous," and hence
the name of the stream became associated with some
of their oldest religious rites, and was eventually used
in the language of poetry as an appellation, HOT't&xiv,
for the element of ? water and formers, as stated above
(*A? t? . uoy --uv trriyaiov vAup)--II. There was an-
other river of the same name, of which nothing farther
is known, than that, according to Pausanias (8,38), it
flowed from "Mount Sipylus. Home;-, in relating the
story of Niobe (7Z. 24, 615), speaks of the desert
mountains in Sipylus, where are the beds of the god-
dess-nvmphs, who dance around the Acheloiis. --III.
A river of Thesaaly, flowing near I^amia. (Sirab. 434. )
AI-HERDCS, a borough of the tribe Hippothoontis, in
Attica. (Slepfi B. Anstoph. Eceles. 360. )
ACHERON, I. a river of Epirus, rising in the mount-
ains to the west of the chain of Pindus. and falling
into the Ionian sea near Gtyky>> Litncn (FAi<<ct)f \ift7Jv)
In the early part of its course, it forms the Pains
Achenam ('A,t? pow<Tia Aifivt;).
and, after emerging
from this sheet of water, disappears under ground,
from which it again rises and pursues its course to the
sea. Strabo (324) makes mention of this stream only
after its leaving the Palus Acherusia, and appears to
have been unacquainted with the previous part of its
coarse. Thucydides, on the other hand (1. 46), would
seem to have misunderstood the information which he
had received respecting it. His account is certainly a
confused one, and has given rise to an inaccuracy in
D'Anville's map. The error of D'Anville and others
consists in placing the Palus Acherusia directly on the
coast, and the city of Ephyre at its northeastern ex-
tremitv; in the position of the latter contradicting the
very words of the writer on whom they rely. No
other ancient authority places the Palus Acherusia on,
the coast. Pausanias (1, 17) makes the marsh, tho
river, and the city, to have been situated in the interior
of Tbesprotis; and he mentions also the stream Co-
rytus (which he styles vdup uTip-xevrarov), as being in
the same quarter. He likewise states it as his opin-
ion, that Homer, having visited these rivers in tho
? ? coarse of his wanderings, assigned them, on account
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? ACHILLES.
ACHILLES
apud Photrum, Bibliolh. . vol. i. . p 152, ed. Hckker. )
--II. The preceptor of Chiron (Id. ). --III. The invent-
or of the ostracism {Id. ). --IV. A son of Jupiter and
Lamia. His beauty was so perfect, that, in the judg-
ment of Pan, he bore away the prize from every com-
petitor. Venus was so offended at this decision, that
she inspired Pan with a fruitless passion for the nymph
Echo, and also wrought a hideous change in his own
person {Id. ). --V. A son of Galatus, remarkable for
his light coloured, or, rather, whitish hair {Id. ). --VI.
The son of Pclcus, king of Phthiotis in Thessaly.
His mother's name appears to have been a matter of
some dispute among the ancient expounders of my-
thology {Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. 1, 558), although the
more numerous authorities are in favour of Thetis,
one of the sea-deities. According to Lycophron {v.
178), Thetis became the mother of seven male chil-
dren by Pclcus, six of whom she threw into the fire,
because, as Tzetzes informs us in his scholia, they
were not of the same nature with herself, and the
treatment she had received was unworthy of her rank
as a goddess. The scholiast on Homer, however (II.
16, 37), states, that Thetis threw her children into the
fire in order to ascertain whether they were mortal or
not, the goddess supposing that the fire would consume
what was mortal in their natures, while she would
preserve what was immortal. The scholiast adds,
that six of her children perished by this harsh experi-
ment, and thafc she had, in like manner, thrown (he
seventh, afterward named Achilles, into the flames,
when Peleus, having beheld the deed, rescued his off-
spring from this perilous situation. Tzetzes (ubi su-
pra) assigns a different motive to Thetis in the case
of Achilles. He makes her to have been desirous of
conferring immortality upon him, and states that ti ith
this view she anointed him (Ixpttv) with ambrosia
during the day, and threw him into fire at evening.
Peleus, having discovered the goddess in the act of
consigning his child to the flames, cried out with
alarm, whereupon Thetis, abandoning the object she
had in view, left the court of Pclcus and rejoined the
nymphs of the ocean. Dictys Crctensis makes Peleus
to have rescued Achilles from the fire before any part
of his body had been injured but the heel. Tzetzes,
following the authority of Apollodorus, gives his first
name as Ligyron (Aiyvpav), but the account of Aga-
mestor, cited by the same scholiast, is more in ac-
cordance with the current tradition mentioned above.
Agamestor says, that the first name given to Achilles
was Pyrisous (Uvpioooc), i. e. , " saved from the fire. "
What has thus far been stated in relation to Achilles,
with the single exception of the names of his parents,
Peleus and Thetis, is directly at variance with the nu-
thority of Homer, and must therefore be regarded as
a mere posthomeric fable. The poet makes Achilles
say, that Thetis had no other child but himself: and
though a daughter of Peleus, named Polydora, is men-
tioned in a part of the Iliad (16, 175), she must have
been, according to the best commentators, only a half
sister of the hero. (Compare Hey ne, ad loe. ) Equally
at variance with the account given by the bard, is the
more popular fiction, that Thetis plunged her son into
the waters of the Styx, and by that immersion render-
ed the whole of his body invulnerable, except the heel
by which she held him. On this subject Homer is al-
together silent; and, indeed, such a protection from
danger would have derogated too much from the char-
? ? acter of his favourite hero. There are several passa-
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? ACHILLES.
ACHILLES.
of Priam by the reduction of the tributary cities of
Asia Minor. ^Vitri a. fleet of eleven vessels he rav-
aged the coasts of Mysia, made frequent discmbarca-
tions of his forces, and succeeded eventually in de-
stroying eleven cities, among which, according to
Strabo (584), were Hypoplacian Thebe, Lyrnessus,
and Pedasus, ami in laying waste the island of Lesbos.
(Compare Homer, II. 9, 328. ) Among the spoils of
Lyrnessus, Achilles obtained the beautiful Briseis,
while, at the taking of" Thebe, Ghryscis the daughter
of Chryscs, a priest of Apollo at Chrysa, became the
prize of Agamemnon. A pestilence shortly after ap-
peared in the Grecian camp, and Calchas, encouraged
by the proffered protection of Achilles, ventured to
attribute it to Agamemnon's detention of the daughter
of Chryses, whom her father had endeavoured to ran-
som, but in vain The monarch, although . deeply of-
fended, was compelled at last to surrender his captive,
but, as an act of retaliation, and to testify his resent-
ment, he deprived AcHillcs of Briseis. Hence arose
"the anger of the son of Pelcus," on which is based
the action of the Iliad. Achilles on his part withdrew
his forces from the contest, and neither prayers, nor
entreaties, nor direct offers of reconciliation, couched
in the most tempting and flattering terms (II. 9, 119,
*c<iq ), could induce him to return to the field. Among
other things the monarch promised him, if he would
forget the injurious treatment which he had received,
the hand of one of his daughters, and the sovereignty
of seven cities of tho Peloponnesus. (//. 9, l->>2 and
M9. ) The death of his friend Patroclus, however,
by the hand of Hector (7/. 16, 821, scqq. ), roused him
at length to action and revenge, and a reconciliation
having thereupon taken place between the two Grecian
leaders, Briseis was restored. (//. 19, 78, scqq. --Id.
246, scqq. } As the arm) of Achilles, having been
worn by Patroclus, had become the prize of Hector,
Vulcan, at the request of Thetis, fabricated a suit of
impenetrable armour for her son. (II. 18, 408, scqq. )
Arrayed in this, Achilles took the field, and after a
great slaughter of the Trojans, and a contest with the
god of the Scarnander, by whose waters he was nearly
overwhelmed, met Hector, chased him thrice around
the walls of Troy, and finally slew him by the aid of
Minerva (II. 22, 136. seqq ) According to Homer
(//. 24, 14. scqq ), Achilles dragged tho corpse of Hec-
tor, at his chariot-wheels, thrice round the tomb of
Patroclus and from the language of the poet, he
would appear to have done this for several days in
? ucces. sion Virgil, however, makes Achilles to have
dra<<cred 'he body of Hector twice round the walls of
Troy. In this it is probable that the Koman poet fol-
lowed one of the Cyclic, or else Tragic writers. (Hcync,
Ercttrs. 18, ad JEn. 1. ) Tho corpse of the Trojan
hero was at last yielded up to the tears and supplica-
tions of Priam, who had come for that purpose to the
tent of Achilles, and a truce was granted the Trojans
for the performance of the funeral obsequies. (//. 24,
593--Id. 669. ) Achilles did not long survive his il-
lustrious opponent. Some accounts make him to have
died the day after Hector was slain. The common
authorities, however, interpose the combats with Pen-
the-ilea and Mcmnon previous to his death. (Com-
pare Hcync, Excurs. 19, ad &n. 1. --Quint. Smyrn.
1, "I. scqq. ) According to the more received account,
as it is given by the scholiast on Lycophron (r. 269),
and also by Dietys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius,
? ? Achilles, having become enamoured of Polyxena, the
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? ACHILLES
ACI
him with the author of the " Introduction to the Phie-
noinena of Aratus" (rid. No. VIII). Achilles Tatius
is the author of a romance, entitled, T<1 Kara Aev-
KtTnrrfv Kai KXiroQuvra, " The loves of Lcucippe and
Ciitophon," as it is commonly translated. Some crit-
ics, such as Huet and Saumaise, have preferred it to
the work of Heliodorus; but Villoison, Coray, Wyt-
tenbach, Pussow, Villemain, and Schoell, restore the
pre-eminence to the latter. (Schoell, Hist. Lilt. Gr. ,
vol. vi. , p 233 --Foreign Quarterly Review, No 9, p
131. ) "The book," says Villemain, " is written under
an influence altogether pagan, and in constant allusion
to the voluptuous fables of mythology. " The remark
is perfectly correct. Pictures of the utmost licen-
tiousness, and traces of everything that is infamous in
ancient manners, arc seen throughout. Unchaste in
imagination, and coarse in sentiment, the author has
made his hero despise at once the laws of morality
and those of love. Ciitophon is a human body, unin-
formed by the human soul, but delivered up to all the
instincts of nature and the senses. He neither com-
mands respect by his courage nor affection by his
constancy Struggling, however, in the writer's mind,
some liner ideas may be seen wandering through the
gloom, and some pure and lofty aspirations contrasting
strangely with the chaos of animal instincts anil de-
sires. His Leucippe glides like a spirit among actors
of mere flesh and blood. Patient, high-minded, re-
signed, and firm, she endures adversity with grace;
preserving, throughout the helplessness and tempta-
tions of captivity, irreproachable purity, and constancy
unchangeable. The critics, while visiting with proper
severity the sins both of the author and the man, do
not refuse to render full justice to the merits of the
work. It possesses interest, variety, probability, and
simplicity. "The Romance of Achilles Tatius," says
Villemain, "purified as it should be, will appear one
of the most agreeable in the collection of the Greek
Romances, 'lhe adventures it relates present a preg-
nant variety ; the succession of incidents is rapid; its
wonders are natural; and its style, although some-
what affected, is not wanting in spirit and effect. "
Photius also, as rigorous in morals as a bishop should
be, praises warmly the elegance of the style, observ-
ing that the author's periods are precise, clear, and cu-
phonous. (Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 9, p. 131. )
Saumaise was of opinion, that Achilles Tatius liad
given to the world two several editions of his romance,
and that some of the manuscripts which remain be-
long to the first publication of the work, while others
supply us with the production in its revised state. Ja-
cobs, however, in the prolegomena to his edition, has
shown that tho variations in the manuscripts, which
gave rise to this opinion, are to be ascribed solely to
the negligence of copyists, as they occur only in those
words which have some resemblance to others, and in
which it was easy to err. Few works, moreover, were
as often copied as this of Achilles Tatius. The best
edition is that of Jacobs, 2 vols. 8vo, Lips. , 1821, in
which may be seen a very just, though unfavourable,
critique on the editions of Saumaise and Boden, the
former of which appeared in 1640, 12mo, Lugd. Bat. ,
and the latter in 1776, 8vo, Lips. A French version
of the work is given in the " Collection des Romans
Grccs, traduits en Francais; avec des notes, par MM.
Courier, Larchcr, el aulrcs Hellcnistcs," 14 vols
16mo, Paris, 1822-1828. -- VIII. Tatius, an astro-
? ? nomical writer, supposed to have lived in the first half
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? A CR
witti P. Corn. Scipio IVasica, A. U. C. 561, and the
ro^ueror of Antioehus at ThermopylnB. (Lin. 35,
. 4--Id. 36, 19. ) V. Glabrio M. , son of the precc-
dmz, a decemvir. He built a temple to Piety, in ful-
filment of a vow -which his father had made when
fitting against Antiochus. He erected also a gilded
statue (ttatnam. aura tarn) to his father, the first of the
kind ever seen at Rome. ( Vol. Max. 2,5. --Liv. 40,34.
Compare Haw, ad lac. ) VI. A consul, A. U. G.
? ? more properly Acca, and lies at the northern angle of
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? ACH
ACH
in it to the Oms or Ochus, both of which rivers have
undergone considerable changes in their courses.
. 'i'. "(. m\iiii: Vid. Supplement.
Actsis. Vid. Supplement.
Acesus. Vid. Supplement.
AcesTjtks, a large and rapid river of India, falling
into the Indus. It is commonly supposed to lie the
Rarei, but Kennel! makes it, more correctly, the Jc-
naut. ( Vincent's C? omm. and A'ac. of the Anc. )
Acksils, I. a surname of Apollo, under which he
was worshipped in Klis. where he had a splendid tem-
ple in the agora. This surname is the same as 'A? . c? i-
Koxoc, and means the averter of evil. --II. (Vid. Sup-
plement. )
Acestes. Vid. . . ^gestes.
Acestodoeds. Vitl. Supplement.
Acestor, I. an ancient statuary mentioned hy Pausa-
nias (6, 7. 2). He was a native of Cnossus, or at least
exercised his art there for some time, and was the fa-
ther of that Amphion who was the pupil of Ptolichus
of Corcyra. Ptolichus lived about Olymp. 80, 82,
and Acestor must have been his contemporary. (Silhg,
Diet- of A. ne. Artists. ) II. Vid. Supplement.
Ach,k. >>, 'Axctia, a surname of Pallas. Her temple
among the Daunians, in Apulia, contained the arms of
Diomerie and his followers. It was defended by dogs,
which fawned on the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all
other persons (Aristot. dc Mirab. ). --II. Ceres was
also called Achsa, from her grief (d;f or) at the loss of
Proserpina (Flat, tn Is. et Os). Other explanations are
given by the scholiast {ad Ansiofh. Acliarn. 674). Con-
sult also ICuslcr and jirunck, ad luc. , and Suidas, s. v.
AcHii, one of the main branches of the great ,Eo-
lic race. ( Vid. Achaia and Gracia, especially the latter
article. }
A' 11 >'m e n es, the . founder of the Persian monarchy,
according to some -writers, who identify him with the
Gum SchieL, or Djcmschid, of the Oriental historians
(rtd. Persia). Trie genealogy of the royal line is giv-
en by Herodotus (7, 1 1) from Achremenes to Xerxes.
The earlier descent, as given by the Grecian writers,
and according to -which, Perses, son of Perseus and
Andromeda, was the first of the line, and the individual
from whom the Persians derived their national appella-
tion, is purely fabulous. -Eschylus (Vers. 762) makes
the Persians to have been first governed by a Mede,
who was succeeded by his son; then came Cyrus,
succeeded by one of his sons; next Merdis, Marapliis,
Artaphemes, and Darius; the last not being, howev-
er, a lineal descendant. For a discussion on this sub-
ject, consult Stanley, ad loc. : Larcher, ad Herod. 7,
11, and Schutas, Excurs. 2, ad &sch. Pcrs. I. c.
AcHjEMENides, I. a branch of the Persian tribe of
Pasargadae, named from Achsemencs, the founder of
the line. From this family the kings of Persia were
descended (Herod. 1, 126). Cambyses, on his death-
bed entreated the Achounenides not to suffer the king-
dom to pass into the hands of the Medcs (3, 65). --II.
^ Persian of the royal line, whom Ctcsias (32) makes
the brother, but Herodotus (7, 7) and Diodorus Sicu-
lns (11, 74) call the uncle of Artaxcrxes I. The lat-
ter stvles him Achemeno. (Bachr, ad Cles. I. c. --
Wessel. ad Herod. I- c. )
Ai-H. -E5*c* statIo, J. a place on the coast of the
Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyxcna was sacrificed
to the shade of Achilles, and where Hecuba killed
Polvmncstor, who had murdered her son Polydorus. --
? ? [I The name of Achseorum Portus was given to the
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? ACHAIA.
ACH
The origin of the -Egialii appears to connect them
with the great Ionic race. Ion, son of Xuthus, came
from Attica, according to the received accounts, set-
tled in this quarter (Pain. 7, 1. --Strabo, 383), obtain-
ed in marriage the daughter of King Sclinus, and from
this period the inhabitants were denominated -Egia-
lean Ionians. Pausanias, however, probably from other
sources of information, makes Xuthus, not Ion, to
have settled here. The Pelasgi appear also to have
spread over this region, and to have gradually blended
with the primitive inhabitants into one community,
under the name of Pelasgic -Egialcans (Herod. 7,94).
Twelve cities now arose, the capital being Helice,
founded by Ion. At the period of the Trojan war,
these cities were subject to the Achsans, and ac-
knowledged the sway of Agamemnon as the head of
that race. Matters continued in this state until the
Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus. The Aehieaiis,
driven by the Dorians from Argos and Lacedsmon,
took refuge in -Egialea, under the guidance of Tisa-
menos, son of Orestes. The Ionians gavo their new
visiters an unwelcome reception; a battle ensued, the
Ionians were defeated, and shut up in Helice; and at
last were allowed by treaty to leave this city unmolest-
ed, on condition of removing entirely from their former
settlements. They migrated, therefore, into Attica
(Pans. 7, 1), but soon after left this latter country for
Asia Minor (vid. Iones and Ionia). The Achsans now
took possession of the vacated territory, and changed
its name to Achaia. Tisamenos having fallen in the
war with the Ionians, his sons and the other leaders
divided the land among themselves by lot, and hence
the old division of twelve cantons or districts, as well
as the regal form of government, continued until the
time of Ogygus or Gygus. (Strabo, 3Si. --Paus. 7,
6. --Polyb. 2, 41. ) After this monarch's decease,
each city assumed a republican government. The
Dorians, from the very first, had made several attempts
to drivo the Achsans from their newly-acquired pos-
sessions, and had so far succeeded as to wrest from
them Sicyon, with its territory, which was ever after
regarded as a Dorian state. All farther attempts at
conquest were unsuccessful, from the defence made
by the Achteans, and the aid afforded to them by their
Pelasgic neighbours in Arcadia. The result of this
was an aversion on the part of the Achteans to every-
thing Dorian. Hence they took no part with the rest
of the Greeks against Xerxes; hence, too, we find
them, even before the Peloponncsian war, in alliance
with the Athenians; though, in the course of that war,
they were forced to remain neutral, or else at times,
from a consciousness of their weakness, to admit the
Dorian fleets into their harbours. (Thucyd. 1, 111
and 115-- Id. 2, 9--Id. 8, 3-- Id. 2, 84. ) The
Acheans preserved their neutrality also in the wars
raised by the ambition of Macedon: but the result
proved most unfortunate. The successors of Alex-
ander seemed to consider the cities of Achaia as
fair booty, and what they spared became the prey of
domestic tyrants. Even after the Peloponnesus had
Ceased to be the theatre of war, and a Macedonian
garrison was merely kept at the Isthmus, the public
troubles seemed only on the increase. The whole
country, too, began to be infested by predatory bands,
whose numbers were daily augmented by the starving
cultivators of the soil. At length, four of the princi-
pal cities of Achaia, viz. , Patras, Dyme, Triteja, and
? ? Phar<<, formed a mutual league for their common safe-
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? ACH
who pretend to see in history an explanation of this le
pad, make the ri%-er Aehelous to have laid waste, by
its frequent inundations, the plains of Calydon This
raitoduciiyg confusion among the landmarks, became
the occasion of continual wars between the -Etolians
and Acarnanians, whose territories the river divided
u above stated, until Hercules, by means of dikes, re-
trained its ravages, and made the course of the stream
uniform Hence, according to this explanation, the
serpent denoted the windings of the stream, and the
bull its sweUings and impetuosity, while the tearing off
of the horn refers to the turning away of a part of the
waters of the river, by means of a canal, the result of
which draining; was shown in tho fertility that succeed-
ed (Diod. Sic. 4, 35. ) The Achelous must have
been considered a river of great antiquity as well as
celebrity, since it is often introduced as a general rep-
resentative of rivers, ami is likewise frequently used
for the element of water. (Euilatk ad II. 21, 194. --
Earip. Batch. 625. Id. . Androm. 167. --Ansloph.
Lynstr. 381--Hcyne, ari II. 21, 194) The reason
of this peculiar use of the term will be found in the
remarks of the scholiast. The Achelous was the lar-
gest river in Epirus and . Ut oli;i, in which quarter were
the early settlements of the Pclasgic race, from whom
the Greeks derived so much of their religion and my-
tholoTv. Hence the frequent directions of the Oracle
at Dodona, "to sacrifice to the Achelous," and hence
the name of the stream became associated with some
of their oldest religious rites, and was eventually used
in the language of poetry as an appellation, HOT't&xiv,
for the element of ? water and formers, as stated above
(*A? t? . uoy --uv trriyaiov vAup)--II. There was an-
other river of the same name, of which nothing farther
is known, than that, according to Pausanias (8,38), it
flowed from "Mount Sipylus. Home;-, in relating the
story of Niobe (7Z. 24, 615), speaks of the desert
mountains in Sipylus, where are the beds of the god-
dess-nvmphs, who dance around the Acheloiis. --III.
A river of Thesaaly, flowing near I^amia. (Sirab. 434. )
AI-HERDCS, a borough of the tribe Hippothoontis, in
Attica. (Slepfi B. Anstoph. Eceles. 360. )
ACHERON, I. a river of Epirus, rising in the mount-
ains to the west of the chain of Pindus. and falling
into the Ionian sea near Gtyky>> Litncn (FAi<<ct)f \ift7Jv)
In the early part of its course, it forms the Pains
Achenam ('A,t? pow<Tia Aifivt;).
and, after emerging
from this sheet of water, disappears under ground,
from which it again rises and pursues its course to the
sea. Strabo (324) makes mention of this stream only
after its leaving the Palus Acherusia, and appears to
have been unacquainted with the previous part of its
coarse. Thucydides, on the other hand (1. 46), would
seem to have misunderstood the information which he
had received respecting it. His account is certainly a
confused one, and has given rise to an inaccuracy in
D'Anville's map. The error of D'Anville and others
consists in placing the Palus Acherusia directly on the
coast, and the city of Ephyre at its northeastern ex-
tremitv; in the position of the latter contradicting the
very words of the writer on whom they rely. No
other ancient authority places the Palus Acherusia on,
the coast. Pausanias (1, 17) makes the marsh, tho
river, and the city, to have been situated in the interior
of Tbesprotis; and he mentions also the stream Co-
rytus (which he styles vdup uTip-xevrarov), as being in
the same quarter. He likewise states it as his opin-
ion, that Homer, having visited these rivers in tho
? ? coarse of his wanderings, assigned them, on account
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? ACHILLES.
ACHILLES
apud Photrum, Bibliolh. . vol. i. . p 152, ed. Hckker. )
--II. The preceptor of Chiron (Id. ). --III. The invent-
or of the ostracism {Id. ). --IV. A son of Jupiter and
Lamia. His beauty was so perfect, that, in the judg-
ment of Pan, he bore away the prize from every com-
petitor. Venus was so offended at this decision, that
she inspired Pan with a fruitless passion for the nymph
Echo, and also wrought a hideous change in his own
person {Id. ). --V. A son of Galatus, remarkable for
his light coloured, or, rather, whitish hair {Id. ). --VI.
The son of Pclcus, king of Phthiotis in Thessaly.
His mother's name appears to have been a matter of
some dispute among the ancient expounders of my-
thology {Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. 1, 558), although the
more numerous authorities are in favour of Thetis,
one of the sea-deities. According to Lycophron {v.
178), Thetis became the mother of seven male chil-
dren by Pclcus, six of whom she threw into the fire,
because, as Tzetzes informs us in his scholia, they
were not of the same nature with herself, and the
treatment she had received was unworthy of her rank
as a goddess. The scholiast on Homer, however (II.
16, 37), states, that Thetis threw her children into the
fire in order to ascertain whether they were mortal or
not, the goddess supposing that the fire would consume
what was mortal in their natures, while she would
preserve what was immortal. The scholiast adds,
that six of her children perished by this harsh experi-
ment, and thafc she had, in like manner, thrown (he
seventh, afterward named Achilles, into the flames,
when Peleus, having beheld the deed, rescued his off-
spring from this perilous situation. Tzetzes (ubi su-
pra) assigns a different motive to Thetis in the case
of Achilles. He makes her to have been desirous of
conferring immortality upon him, and states that ti ith
this view she anointed him (Ixpttv) with ambrosia
during the day, and threw him into fire at evening.
Peleus, having discovered the goddess in the act of
consigning his child to the flames, cried out with
alarm, whereupon Thetis, abandoning the object she
had in view, left the court of Pclcus and rejoined the
nymphs of the ocean. Dictys Crctensis makes Peleus
to have rescued Achilles from the fire before any part
of his body had been injured but the heel. Tzetzes,
following the authority of Apollodorus, gives his first
name as Ligyron (Aiyvpav), but the account of Aga-
mestor, cited by the same scholiast, is more in ac-
cordance with the current tradition mentioned above.
Agamestor says, that the first name given to Achilles
was Pyrisous (Uvpioooc), i. e. , " saved from the fire. "
What has thus far been stated in relation to Achilles,
with the single exception of the names of his parents,
Peleus and Thetis, is directly at variance with the nu-
thority of Homer, and must therefore be regarded as
a mere posthomeric fable. The poet makes Achilles
say, that Thetis had no other child but himself: and
though a daughter of Peleus, named Polydora, is men-
tioned in a part of the Iliad (16, 175), she must have
been, according to the best commentators, only a half
sister of the hero. (Compare Hey ne, ad loe. ) Equally
at variance with the account given by the bard, is the
more popular fiction, that Thetis plunged her son into
the waters of the Styx, and by that immersion render-
ed the whole of his body invulnerable, except the heel
by which she held him. On this subject Homer is al-
together silent; and, indeed, such a protection from
danger would have derogated too much from the char-
? ? acter of his favourite hero. There are several passa-
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? ACHILLES.
ACHILLES.
of Priam by the reduction of the tributary cities of
Asia Minor. ^Vitri a. fleet of eleven vessels he rav-
aged the coasts of Mysia, made frequent discmbarca-
tions of his forces, and succeeded eventually in de-
stroying eleven cities, among which, according to
Strabo (584), were Hypoplacian Thebe, Lyrnessus,
and Pedasus, ami in laying waste the island of Lesbos.
(Compare Homer, II. 9, 328. ) Among the spoils of
Lyrnessus, Achilles obtained the beautiful Briseis,
while, at the taking of" Thebe, Ghryscis the daughter
of Chryscs, a priest of Apollo at Chrysa, became the
prize of Agamemnon. A pestilence shortly after ap-
peared in the Grecian camp, and Calchas, encouraged
by the proffered protection of Achilles, ventured to
attribute it to Agamemnon's detention of the daughter
of Chryses, whom her father had endeavoured to ran-
som, but in vain The monarch, although . deeply of-
fended, was compelled at last to surrender his captive,
but, as an act of retaliation, and to testify his resent-
ment, he deprived AcHillcs of Briseis. Hence arose
"the anger of the son of Pelcus," on which is based
the action of the Iliad. Achilles on his part withdrew
his forces from the contest, and neither prayers, nor
entreaties, nor direct offers of reconciliation, couched
in the most tempting and flattering terms (II. 9, 119,
*c<iq ), could induce him to return to the field. Among
other things the monarch promised him, if he would
forget the injurious treatment which he had received,
the hand of one of his daughters, and the sovereignty
of seven cities of tho Peloponnesus. (//. 9, l->>2 and
M9. ) The death of his friend Patroclus, however,
by the hand of Hector (7/. 16, 821, scqq. ), roused him
at length to action and revenge, and a reconciliation
having thereupon taken place between the two Grecian
leaders, Briseis was restored. (//. 19, 78, scqq. --Id.
246, scqq. } As the arm) of Achilles, having been
worn by Patroclus, had become the prize of Hector,
Vulcan, at the request of Thetis, fabricated a suit of
impenetrable armour for her son. (II. 18, 408, scqq. )
Arrayed in this, Achilles took the field, and after a
great slaughter of the Trojans, and a contest with the
god of the Scarnander, by whose waters he was nearly
overwhelmed, met Hector, chased him thrice around
the walls of Troy, and finally slew him by the aid of
Minerva (II. 22, 136. seqq ) According to Homer
(//. 24, 14. scqq ), Achilles dragged tho corpse of Hec-
tor, at his chariot-wheels, thrice round the tomb of
Patroclus and from the language of the poet, he
would appear to have done this for several days in
? ucces. sion Virgil, however, makes Achilles to have
dra<<cred 'he body of Hector twice round the walls of
Troy. In this it is probable that the Koman poet fol-
lowed one of the Cyclic, or else Tragic writers. (Hcync,
Ercttrs. 18, ad JEn. 1. ) Tho corpse of the Trojan
hero was at last yielded up to the tears and supplica-
tions of Priam, who had come for that purpose to the
tent of Achilles, and a truce was granted the Trojans
for the performance of the funeral obsequies. (//. 24,
593--Id. 669. ) Achilles did not long survive his il-
lustrious opponent. Some accounts make him to have
died the day after Hector was slain. The common
authorities, however, interpose the combats with Pen-
the-ilea and Mcmnon previous to his death. (Com-
pare Hcync, Excurs. 19, ad &n. 1. --Quint. Smyrn.
1, "I. scqq. ) According to the more received account,
as it is given by the scholiast on Lycophron (r. 269),
and also by Dietys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius,
? ? Achilles, having become enamoured of Polyxena, the
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? ACHILLES
ACI
him with the author of the " Introduction to the Phie-
noinena of Aratus" (rid. No. VIII). Achilles Tatius
is the author of a romance, entitled, T<1 Kara Aev-
KtTnrrfv Kai KXiroQuvra, " The loves of Lcucippe and
Ciitophon," as it is commonly translated. Some crit-
ics, such as Huet and Saumaise, have preferred it to
the work of Heliodorus; but Villoison, Coray, Wyt-
tenbach, Pussow, Villemain, and Schoell, restore the
pre-eminence to the latter. (Schoell, Hist. Lilt. Gr. ,
vol. vi. , p 233 --Foreign Quarterly Review, No 9, p
131. ) "The book," says Villemain, " is written under
an influence altogether pagan, and in constant allusion
to the voluptuous fables of mythology. " The remark
is perfectly correct. Pictures of the utmost licen-
tiousness, and traces of everything that is infamous in
ancient manners, arc seen throughout. Unchaste in
imagination, and coarse in sentiment, the author has
made his hero despise at once the laws of morality
and those of love. Ciitophon is a human body, unin-
formed by the human soul, but delivered up to all the
instincts of nature and the senses. He neither com-
mands respect by his courage nor affection by his
constancy Struggling, however, in the writer's mind,
some liner ideas may be seen wandering through the
gloom, and some pure and lofty aspirations contrasting
strangely with the chaos of animal instincts anil de-
sires. His Leucippe glides like a spirit among actors
of mere flesh and blood. Patient, high-minded, re-
signed, and firm, she endures adversity with grace;
preserving, throughout the helplessness and tempta-
tions of captivity, irreproachable purity, and constancy
unchangeable. The critics, while visiting with proper
severity the sins both of the author and the man, do
not refuse to render full justice to the merits of the
work. It possesses interest, variety, probability, and
simplicity. "The Romance of Achilles Tatius," says
Villemain, "purified as it should be, will appear one
of the most agreeable in the collection of the Greek
Romances, 'lhe adventures it relates present a preg-
nant variety ; the succession of incidents is rapid; its
wonders are natural; and its style, although some-
what affected, is not wanting in spirit and effect. "
Photius also, as rigorous in morals as a bishop should
be, praises warmly the elegance of the style, observ-
ing that the author's periods are precise, clear, and cu-
phonous. (Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 9, p. 131. )
Saumaise was of opinion, that Achilles Tatius liad
given to the world two several editions of his romance,
and that some of the manuscripts which remain be-
long to the first publication of the work, while others
supply us with the production in its revised state. Ja-
cobs, however, in the prolegomena to his edition, has
shown that tho variations in the manuscripts, which
gave rise to this opinion, are to be ascribed solely to
the negligence of copyists, as they occur only in those
words which have some resemblance to others, and in
which it was easy to err. Few works, moreover, were
as often copied as this of Achilles Tatius. The best
edition is that of Jacobs, 2 vols. 8vo, Lips. , 1821, in
which may be seen a very just, though unfavourable,
critique on the editions of Saumaise and Boden, the
former of which appeared in 1640, 12mo, Lugd. Bat. ,
and the latter in 1776, 8vo, Lips. A French version
of the work is given in the " Collection des Romans
Grccs, traduits en Francais; avec des notes, par MM.
Courier, Larchcr, el aulrcs Hellcnistcs," 14 vols
16mo, Paris, 1822-1828. -- VIII. Tatius, an astro-
? ? nomical writer, supposed to have lived in the first half
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? A CR
witti P. Corn. Scipio IVasica, A. U. C. 561, and the
ro^ueror of Antioehus at ThermopylnB. (Lin. 35,
. 4--Id. 36, 19. ) V. Glabrio M. , son of the precc-
dmz, a decemvir. He built a temple to Piety, in ful-
filment of a vow -which his father had made when
fitting against Antiochus. He erected also a gilded
statue (ttatnam. aura tarn) to his father, the first of the
kind ever seen at Rome. ( Vol. Max. 2,5. --Liv. 40,34.
Compare Haw, ad lac. ) VI. A consul, A. U. G.
