It was
exempted
from the
jurisdiction of the East Anglian bishop, and subject to Wilfrid.
jurisdiction of the East Anglian bishop, and subject to Wilfrid.
bede
_infra_ c.
15.
617 He also brought about the reconversion of the East Saxons by sending
Bishop Jaruman to them. Cf. III, 30.
618 Wulfhere had invaded Wessex, probably in 661 (Sax. Chron. ), and
conquered the Isle of Wight and the district of the Meanware,
_i. e. _, the district from Southampton Water to the South Downs. The
inhabitants were Jutes. The name survives in the hundreds,
Meonstoke, and East and West Meon. For the termination “ware” =
dwellers, cf. Lindisfari, Cantuarii, Boructuari, etc.
619 Cf. c. 14.
620 Cf. II, 2, p. 84, note 2.
621 They were probably joint kings of the Hwiccas.
622 “Scottish,” as usual, means Irish. There is another Dicul mentioned
in III, 19. Stevenson suggests the identification of this Dicul with
the Irish monk who wrote a geographical work, the “De Mensura Orbis
Terrae,” but he lived in the ninth century.
623 Bosham, near Chichester. It was the favourite South Saxon abode of
Harold and Godwine (Freeman, “Norman Conquest”).
624 Selsey, the island of the seal (“sea-calf”), south of Chichester. It
was a royal “vill. ” It became the episcopal see for the South Saxons
at some time about 709 (cf. V, 18, _ad fin. _ and note), transferred
to Chichester in 1075.
625 Egfrid fell at the battle of Nechtansmere in 685 (_v. _ c. 26), and
Wilfrid was restored to his bishopric “in the second year of
Aldfrid,” Egfrid’s successor (V, 19, p. 353). He was in Wessex with
Caedwalla for part of the year 686 (cf. c. 16).
626 III, 13, note.
627 C. 13.
628 This English equivalent for “viaticum” is used by Stapleton in his
translation (1565).
629 Calendars to show the proper days for commemorative Masses, cf.
_infra_ “chronicle” (“annale”). The burial was generally on the day
of death, hence “depositio” of the festival of a saint.
630 It must be remembered that this was a monastery of Northumbrians.
But Oswald is said to have held an “imperium” over all England
except Kent (II, 5).
631 C. 12, note.
632 The West Saxons, _v. _ II, 5 and note. Cf. III, 7.
633 C. 13.
_ 634 v. _ V, 7 _ad fin. _ Like Caedwalla, a descendant of Ceaulin, “A king
who deserves the name of great” (Bright), great both as a conqueror
and a legislator. He was probably the first king to introduce
written law into Wessex, viz. , his famous “Dooms,” enacted by a West
Saxon witenagemot in the early years of his reign.
635 Winchester. At this time Haedde was bishop there (c. 12). For the
creation of a South Saxon bishopric _v. _ V, 18 _ad fin. _
636 Eddius says that Caedwalla sent for him and made him his counsellor;
Wilfrid had befriended him when in exile.
637 Roger of Wendover calls him a _subregulus_.
638 Cf. I, 15.
639 Stoneham on the Itchen, near Southampton. For the preposition, cf.
II, 14, p. 119, note 5.
640 Redbridge in Hampshire.
641 Pref. , p. 3 and note; V, 18.
642 The Solent.
643 The Hamble.
644 Eutyches was Archimandrite of a monastery near Constantinople. He
was condemned by the synod of Constantinople in 448, and by the
council of Chalcedon in 451. He was the originator of the
Monophysite heresy which denied the existence of the two natures,
the Divine and human, in the Incarnate Son. Monothelitism, which was
the subject of the controversy alluded to here, arose out of an
attempt to reconcile the Monophysites by the assertion of one will
and operation (activity, ἐνέργεια) in our Lord. It was condemned in
the General Council of Constantinople, 680-681. In anticipation of
this council various provincial synods were held, as well as the
synod at Rome assembled by Pope Agatho, at which Wilfrid represented
the English church (_v. _ V. 19).
645 The year was 680 (cf. V, 24), but it falls in the eighth year of
Hlothere of Kent, who succeeded in July, 673. For Egfrid, _v. s. _ c.
5, _ad init. _ Probably he succeeded in 671. Ethelred of Mercia
succeeded in 675 (V, 24), so that Sept. , 680, might easily fall in
his sixth year; Aldwulf, of East Anglia, in 663 or 664 (_v. _ II, 15;
IV, 23). The eighth indiction, whether Cæsarean or Pontifical
(_v. s. _ c. 5, note), includes Sept. 17, 680.
646 Generally identified with Hatfield in Hertfordshire, but T. Kerslake
(“Vestiges of the supremacy of Mercia”) supposes it to be Clovesho
(Cliff-at-Hoe); _v. s. _ c. 5, and note.
647 The five Oecumenical Councils which had been held before this time,
viz. , Nicaea, in 325; Constantinople, in 381-382; Ephesus, in 431;
Chalcedon, in 451; Constantinople, in 553. For the Arian heresy,
_v. _ I, 8 (and note), where “madness” (“vesania”) is, as here, the
word used to describe it. Macedonius was a “semi-Arian,” Eudoxius an
Arian; both were bishops of Constantinople. Nestorius was
consecrated Bishop of Constantinople in 428. He popularized the
heresy which originated with Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia,
392-428. It consisted in emphasizing the human element in our Lord’s
Nature to the practical exclusion of the Divine, as a reaction
against Apollinarianism which explained away His real Humanity. “The
Christ of Nestorius was, after all, simply a deified man, not God
incarnate” (Gore, “Bampton Lectures”). Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus in
Syria (died 457) and Ibas, Bishop of Edessa, 435-457, were disciples
of Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia, and opponents of Cyril of
Alexandria, who is accused of Apollinarianism in the letter of Ibas.
648 Justinian I, 527-565.
649 The first Lateran Council, in 649, against the Monothelites. Martin
I, Pope 649-655, died in the Crimea, exiled and imprisoned by the
Emperor Constans II in consequence of his resistance to the heresy.
650 Constantine IV, more generally known as Constans II, 641-688.
651 We have here, under the auspices of an Eastern Archbishop, a clear
enunciation of the doctrine which afterwards divided the east and
west: the Double Procession of the Holy Spirit. The “filioque”
clause, which formed no part of the Nicene Creed, nor of its
Constantinopolitan recension, had been formally adopted at the Third
Council of Toledo in 589 and at subsequent Spanish councils. The
English prelates at Hatfield were probably influenced by this
precedent.
652 Cf. Bede’s “History of the Abbots,” § 6.
_ 653 I. e. _, St. Peter’s at Rome. The Monastery of St. Martin was on the
Esquiline. It was founded by Pope Symmachus in honour of SS.
Sylvester and Martin.
654 Cf. c. 1, notes. (For his life, v. Bede’s “History of the Abbots,”
and the Anon. “History of the Abbots. ”) He has not been mentioned
before in this history. His ecclesiastical surname was Benedict,
“Baducing” was probably his patronymic. He was of noble birth and a
thegn of King Oswy, born in 628. He was the companion of Wilfrid on
his first journey to Rome (V, 19). In his native province of
Northumbria he founded the monasteries of Wearmouth (in 674) and
Jarrow (_circ. _ 681), where Bede’s life was passed, and enriched
them with furniture, vestments, relics, pictures, and a library of
valuable books which he brought from the Continent. The rule which
he framed for his monasteries was Benedictine, compiled from
seventeen different monasteries which he had visited. He died Jan.
12, 689.
655 Cf. V, 21. Bede’s “History of the Abbots,” and Anon. “History of the
Abbots. ” He added to Benedict’s library. He had been a monk at Ripon
under Wilfrid, became Abbot of Jarrow in 681, and of Wearmouth in
addition to Jarrow in 688. In 716 he resigned and set out for Rome,
but died at Langres in the same year. Bede was trained under him (V,
24) and was probably the little boy left alone with him to recite
the offices when the pestilence of 686 swept away the monks. (Anon.
Hist. Abb. § 14. )
656 Cf. II, 20, _ad fin. _, note.
657 Cf. c. 17, and note.
658 In the Council of Constantinople, 680-681 (_v. s. _ c. 17 _ad init. _,
note. )
659 To St. Martin’s own church at Tours, where, as Abbot of St. Martin’s
monastery at Rome, it was specially fitting that he should find
burial.
660 Cf. III, 7, note.
661 “Princeps,” A. S. Ealdorman. The county of the Southern Gyrwas was
South Cambridgeshire. Cf. III, 20, note.
662 Cf. c. 25. Bede tells us in the “Life of Cuthbert,” that she was a
half sister of Oswy’s on the mother’s side. Her name survives in
Ebchester on the Derwent, where she founded a nunnery; in St. Abb’s
Head, near which she afterwards founded the double monastery of
Coldingham; and in St. Ebbe’s, Oxford. She was the friend of
Cuthbert, and it was to her exhortations to Egfrid that Wilfrid owed
his release from prison.
663 Coldingham in Berwickshire. It was a mixed monastery. Cf. c. 25.
664 Ely. The Isle of Ely was her jointure from her first husband. She
received the help and support of Aldwulf, king of East Anglia (II,
15; IV, 17, 23), her cousin (he was the son of Ethelhere and nephew
of Anna). The monastery was founded in 673.
It was exempted from the
jurisdiction of the East Anglian bishop, and subject to Wilfrid.
665 III, 8, cf. III, 7, note. After her husband’s death she acted as
regent for a time, then founded a monastery in the Isle of Sheppey,
and became abbess of it. Thence she retired to Ely, where, after
being a simple nun, she succeeded Ethelthryth as abbess. She was
herself succeeded first at Sheppey, and afterwards at Ely, by her
daughter Ermingild, widow of Wulfhere of Mercia.
666 Grantchester, near Cambridge.
667 A Roman sarcophagus. A number of fragments of very ancient stone
coffins have been found there, built into the wall of the church
(Mayor and Lumby).
668 “Audrey” is the popular form of the name Ethelthryth. A “tawdry
lace” (_i. e. _ St. Audrey lace) is a necklace; cf. “Winter’s Tale,”
iv. 3. Hence our word “tawdry,” which possibly only derives its
meaning from the cheap necklaces, etc. , sold at St. Audrey’s fair at
Ely on the saint’s day, October 17 (the day of her translation), but
may also be a reminiscence of this anecdote.
669 The poem is (1) alphabetical; _i. e. _, the first letters of the
hexameter lines form the alphabet, and there are four additional
couplets at the end, in which the first letters form the word
“Amen”; (2) “serpentine,” reciprocal or echoing; _i. e. _, the last
half of the pentameter repeats the first two and a half feet of the
hexameter. Such verses are common in mediaeval Latin, and are
doubtless a development from the occasional instances of echoing
lines which occur in the classical poets (_e. g. _, Martial VIII, xxi,
1-2; IX, 97; Ovid, Fasti IV, 365-366), as the extreme form of that
impulse to give emphasis by iteration which is a marked feature of
Latin poetry, particularly of the Ovidian elegiac.
670 Agatha suffered 5th February, 251 A. D. , in the Decian persecution,
according to her “Acta” (the Diocletian, according to the
Martyrology and Aldhelm). Eulalia was burnt to death at the age of
twelve in the Diocletian persecution, having denounced herself. The
legend tells that a white dove hovered over her ashes till snow fell
and covered them. Tecla, the disciple of St. Paul, is said to have
been the first virgin martyr. She was miraculously saved from her
martyrdom and died in peace long after. Euphemia was torn by wild
beasts at Chalcedon in 307 A. D. in the Diocletian persecution.
Asterius, Bishop of Amasea, 400 A. D. , says that he saw a tablet in
the church at Chalcedon depicting her sufferings. We have thus very
early evidence for her history. Agnes is said to have been beheaded
in 304 A. D. , in the Diocletian persecution, at the age of twelve or
thirteen. The date of St. Cecilia is very uncertain; Fortunatus,
Bishop of Poitiers, says that she died _circ. _ 176-180 A. D. , but
another account places her martyrdom as late as the time of
Diocletian. Her connection with music does not appear in the
legends, and is probably due to the fact that Pope Paschal endowed
the monastery which he built in connection with her church at Rome
to provide for musical services at her tomb day and night.
671 She had not been a queen twelve years. The dates are probably these:
she was born about 630 at Ermynge (Ixning) in Suffolk, and married
to Tondbert in 652. Tondbert died in 655, and she was married to
Egfrid (who must then have been only fifteen) in 660. Egfrid
succeeded to the throne in 670 or 671, and it must have been in 672
that she retired to Coldingham. She was, therefore, queen for not
more than two years, though perhaps we may accept the statement of
the Liber Eliensis that Egfrid was sub-king of Deira for some years
before his accession.
_ 672 I. e. _, she had been buried sixteen years; _v. s. _ c. 19.
673 Literally the water snake, ὕδρος, used generally for any serpent,
and so = the Devil; _Chelydrus_ is similarly used (_v. _ Ducange).
674 The Battle of the Trent in 679 (cf. V, 24). It was on the
anniversary of Wilfrid’s expulsion; he is said to have foretold a
calamity. The place may, perhaps, be identified with
Elford-on-Trent, in Staffordshire; it is supposed that the name may
be a reminiscence of Aelfwine. By this battle Mercia regained
Lindsey, which never again became Northumbrian (cf. c. 12, _ad
fin. _).
675 Cf. c. 22, where he is called “King Aelfwine,” as also twice in
Eddius. He may have been sub-king of Deira.
676 III, 11; V, 24. When Wilfrid took refuge in Mercia in 681, she and
her husband expelled him “pro adulatione Egfridi regis” (Eddius).
677 The “Wergild,” _i. e. _, pecuniary value set upon every man’s life
according to his status (_v. _ Stubbs, “Constitutional History”).
678 “Comes,” A. S. “gesith. ” Above, Imma is described as “de militia ejus
juvenis,” _i. e. _, a young “king’s thegn” (the term applied to him in
the A. S. version).
679 Towcester (“Tovecester,” in Domesday Book) in Northamptonshire,
Doncaster, and Littleborough have all been suggested, but the place
has not been identified. The name indicates that it had been a Roman
station.
680 Sexburg. Cf. III, 8; IV, 19, p. 261, and note.
681 Cf. III, 24, 25; IV, 24; V, 24.
_ 682 Ibid. _
683 Cf. _infra_, this Chapter. He was the son of Edwin’s elder brother,
who died in exile after the invasion of Deira by Ethelric, king of
Bernicia, in 589.
684 II, 9, foll.
685 Her sister, Heresuid, had married Ethelhere, brother of Anna, of
East Anglia, whom he succeeded. In 647, when Hilda took the veil,
Anna was still king.
686 III, 8, note.
687 Cf. II, 15; IV, 17.
688 A small cell, not otherwise known.
689 Hartlepool, _v. _ III, 24, p. 190, note.
690 Bede is the sole authority for her life. A fifteenth century gloss
on one of the MSS. has led to her being wrongly identified with the
Irish Bega, the supposed foundress of St. Bees.
691 A Roman station on the Wharfe, now Tadcaster. Probably the nunnery
was at Healaugh (Heiu’s _laeg_ = territory), three miles north of
Calcaria. A gravestone bearing Heiu’s name has been found there.
692 Cf. c. 12.
693 His name does not appear in any of the lists of bishops. There is no
evidence that a see of Dorchester (cf. III, 7, and note) existed at
this time, except from this passage and the statement of Florence of
Worcester to the effect that a fivefold division of the Mercian
diocese took place in 679, that Dorchester was included in Mercia,
and that Aetla was appointed as its bishop. Probably this latter
statement is derived from Bede. It has been proposed to identify
Aetla with Haedde, Bishop of the West Saxons (III, 7; IV, 12; V,
18), but it seems unlikely that Bede should not have mentioned their
identity. The most probable explanation seems to be that a see was
established about 679 at Dorchester (which may have been under
Mercia at the time) and that Aetla was its bishop, but that it had
only a very short existence.
694 Cf. _infra_, notes.
695 John of Beverley, “Inderauuda” (_v. _ V, 2). He and Berthun (_ibid. _)
are said to have founded Beverley. He was consecrated Bishop of
Hexham, probably in 687, transferred to York 705, when Wilfrid was
restored to Hexham, and died in 721, soon after his retirement to
Beverley (V, 6, _ad fin. _). As Bishop of Hexham he ordained Bede
both deacon and priest (V. 24). He had been a pupil of Archbishop
Theodore (cf. V. 3).
696 Wilfrid II, Bishop of York. He succeeded John (V, 6) in 718, and was
still Bishop of York in 731 when Bede finished the History (cf. V,
23). In 732 he resigned and was succeeded by Egbert (to whom Bede
addressed the Ep. ad Egb. , and who in 735 received the pallium as
Archbishop of York). Wilfrid died in 745 (_v. _ Continuation, 732,
735, and 745). His character is highly praised by Alcuin (De Sanct.
Ebor. ).
697 Hartlepool and Whitby, both apparently double monasteries.
698 Cf. II, 2, p. 84.
699 Dr. Stubbs suggests that this sub-king of the Hwiccas may possibly
be the same as Osric of Northumbria, _v. _ V, 23, and note.
700 The see was at Worcester. The foundation of the bishopric is
assigned by Florence of Worcester to the year 679, the date of the
alleged fivefold division of the Mercian diocese (_v. s. _ p. 272,
note 2), Bosel being appointed bishop.
701 Cf. c. 12 and note.
702 The consecration of Oftfor is generally placed in 691. It was after
Wilfrid’s second expulsion, when he was acting as Bishop of
Leicester. Theodore had died in 690, and Bertwald was not
consecrated till 693 (_v. _ V, 8).
703 So Florence of Worcester.
704 He was king of the Britons of Loidis and Elmet. It was probably to
avenge the death of his nephew, Hereric, that Edwin conquered Loidis
and drove out Cerdic.
705 Cf. c. 14, note.
706 Hackness, thirteen miles from Whitby and three to the west of
Scarborough. It was a cell belonging to Whitby. At the dissolution
under Henry VIII, it contained only four monks, of the Benedictine
order (Dugdale, “Monasticon”).
707 She has been confused with Heiu and with Bega, _v. s. _ p. 271, note
7.
_ 708 I. e. _, the Prioress.
709 Obviously ballads, probably of a warlike character, existed before
Caedmon, but he is regarded as the father of English sacred poetry.
It is a question how far the new impulse arose independently among
the Anglo-Saxons, or is to be connected with Old Saxon religious
poetry of which the “Heliand” is the only extant specimen (cf.
Plummer, _ad loc. _). Of the mass of poetry attributed to Caedmon,
much must be regarded as not his actual work. The fragment
translated here by Bede has been accepted as genuine by most
critics. It exists in the Northumbrian dialect at the end of the
Moore MS. of Bede, and in a West Saxon form in other MSS. , as well
as in the Anglo-Saxon translation of Bede’s History, the
Northumbrian version being the oldest.
710 “Villicus,” A. S. “tun-gerefa” = town-reeve, _i. e. _, headman of the
township.
617 He also brought about the reconversion of the East Saxons by sending
Bishop Jaruman to them. Cf. III, 30.
618 Wulfhere had invaded Wessex, probably in 661 (Sax. Chron. ), and
conquered the Isle of Wight and the district of the Meanware,
_i. e. _, the district from Southampton Water to the South Downs. The
inhabitants were Jutes. The name survives in the hundreds,
Meonstoke, and East and West Meon. For the termination “ware” =
dwellers, cf. Lindisfari, Cantuarii, Boructuari, etc.
619 Cf. c. 14.
620 Cf. II, 2, p. 84, note 2.
621 They were probably joint kings of the Hwiccas.
622 “Scottish,” as usual, means Irish. There is another Dicul mentioned
in III, 19. Stevenson suggests the identification of this Dicul with
the Irish monk who wrote a geographical work, the “De Mensura Orbis
Terrae,” but he lived in the ninth century.
623 Bosham, near Chichester. It was the favourite South Saxon abode of
Harold and Godwine (Freeman, “Norman Conquest”).
624 Selsey, the island of the seal (“sea-calf”), south of Chichester. It
was a royal “vill. ” It became the episcopal see for the South Saxons
at some time about 709 (cf. V, 18, _ad fin. _ and note), transferred
to Chichester in 1075.
625 Egfrid fell at the battle of Nechtansmere in 685 (_v. _ c. 26), and
Wilfrid was restored to his bishopric “in the second year of
Aldfrid,” Egfrid’s successor (V, 19, p. 353). He was in Wessex with
Caedwalla for part of the year 686 (cf. c. 16).
626 III, 13, note.
627 C. 13.
628 This English equivalent for “viaticum” is used by Stapleton in his
translation (1565).
629 Calendars to show the proper days for commemorative Masses, cf.
_infra_ “chronicle” (“annale”). The burial was generally on the day
of death, hence “depositio” of the festival of a saint.
630 It must be remembered that this was a monastery of Northumbrians.
But Oswald is said to have held an “imperium” over all England
except Kent (II, 5).
631 C. 12, note.
632 The West Saxons, _v. _ II, 5 and note. Cf. III, 7.
633 C. 13.
_ 634 v. _ V, 7 _ad fin. _ Like Caedwalla, a descendant of Ceaulin, “A king
who deserves the name of great” (Bright), great both as a conqueror
and a legislator. He was probably the first king to introduce
written law into Wessex, viz. , his famous “Dooms,” enacted by a West
Saxon witenagemot in the early years of his reign.
635 Winchester. At this time Haedde was bishop there (c. 12). For the
creation of a South Saxon bishopric _v. _ V, 18 _ad fin. _
636 Eddius says that Caedwalla sent for him and made him his counsellor;
Wilfrid had befriended him when in exile.
637 Roger of Wendover calls him a _subregulus_.
638 Cf. I, 15.
639 Stoneham on the Itchen, near Southampton. For the preposition, cf.
II, 14, p. 119, note 5.
640 Redbridge in Hampshire.
641 Pref. , p. 3 and note; V, 18.
642 The Solent.
643 The Hamble.
644 Eutyches was Archimandrite of a monastery near Constantinople. He
was condemned by the synod of Constantinople in 448, and by the
council of Chalcedon in 451. He was the originator of the
Monophysite heresy which denied the existence of the two natures,
the Divine and human, in the Incarnate Son. Monothelitism, which was
the subject of the controversy alluded to here, arose out of an
attempt to reconcile the Monophysites by the assertion of one will
and operation (activity, ἐνέργεια) in our Lord. It was condemned in
the General Council of Constantinople, 680-681. In anticipation of
this council various provincial synods were held, as well as the
synod at Rome assembled by Pope Agatho, at which Wilfrid represented
the English church (_v. _ V. 19).
645 The year was 680 (cf. V, 24), but it falls in the eighth year of
Hlothere of Kent, who succeeded in July, 673. For Egfrid, _v. s. _ c.
5, _ad init. _ Probably he succeeded in 671. Ethelred of Mercia
succeeded in 675 (V, 24), so that Sept. , 680, might easily fall in
his sixth year; Aldwulf, of East Anglia, in 663 or 664 (_v. _ II, 15;
IV, 23). The eighth indiction, whether Cæsarean or Pontifical
(_v. s. _ c. 5, note), includes Sept. 17, 680.
646 Generally identified with Hatfield in Hertfordshire, but T. Kerslake
(“Vestiges of the supremacy of Mercia”) supposes it to be Clovesho
(Cliff-at-Hoe); _v. s. _ c. 5, and note.
647 The five Oecumenical Councils which had been held before this time,
viz. , Nicaea, in 325; Constantinople, in 381-382; Ephesus, in 431;
Chalcedon, in 451; Constantinople, in 553. For the Arian heresy,
_v. _ I, 8 (and note), where “madness” (“vesania”) is, as here, the
word used to describe it. Macedonius was a “semi-Arian,” Eudoxius an
Arian; both were bishops of Constantinople. Nestorius was
consecrated Bishop of Constantinople in 428. He popularized the
heresy which originated with Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia,
392-428. It consisted in emphasizing the human element in our Lord’s
Nature to the practical exclusion of the Divine, as a reaction
against Apollinarianism which explained away His real Humanity. “The
Christ of Nestorius was, after all, simply a deified man, not God
incarnate” (Gore, “Bampton Lectures”). Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus in
Syria (died 457) and Ibas, Bishop of Edessa, 435-457, were disciples
of Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia, and opponents of Cyril of
Alexandria, who is accused of Apollinarianism in the letter of Ibas.
648 Justinian I, 527-565.
649 The first Lateran Council, in 649, against the Monothelites. Martin
I, Pope 649-655, died in the Crimea, exiled and imprisoned by the
Emperor Constans II in consequence of his resistance to the heresy.
650 Constantine IV, more generally known as Constans II, 641-688.
651 We have here, under the auspices of an Eastern Archbishop, a clear
enunciation of the doctrine which afterwards divided the east and
west: the Double Procession of the Holy Spirit. The “filioque”
clause, which formed no part of the Nicene Creed, nor of its
Constantinopolitan recension, had been formally adopted at the Third
Council of Toledo in 589 and at subsequent Spanish councils. The
English prelates at Hatfield were probably influenced by this
precedent.
652 Cf. Bede’s “History of the Abbots,” § 6.
_ 653 I. e. _, St. Peter’s at Rome. The Monastery of St. Martin was on the
Esquiline. It was founded by Pope Symmachus in honour of SS.
Sylvester and Martin.
654 Cf. c. 1, notes. (For his life, v. Bede’s “History of the Abbots,”
and the Anon. “History of the Abbots. ”) He has not been mentioned
before in this history. His ecclesiastical surname was Benedict,
“Baducing” was probably his patronymic. He was of noble birth and a
thegn of King Oswy, born in 628. He was the companion of Wilfrid on
his first journey to Rome (V, 19). In his native province of
Northumbria he founded the monasteries of Wearmouth (in 674) and
Jarrow (_circ. _ 681), where Bede’s life was passed, and enriched
them with furniture, vestments, relics, pictures, and a library of
valuable books which he brought from the Continent. The rule which
he framed for his monasteries was Benedictine, compiled from
seventeen different monasteries which he had visited. He died Jan.
12, 689.
655 Cf. V, 21. Bede’s “History of the Abbots,” and Anon. “History of the
Abbots. ” He added to Benedict’s library. He had been a monk at Ripon
under Wilfrid, became Abbot of Jarrow in 681, and of Wearmouth in
addition to Jarrow in 688. In 716 he resigned and set out for Rome,
but died at Langres in the same year. Bede was trained under him (V,
24) and was probably the little boy left alone with him to recite
the offices when the pestilence of 686 swept away the monks. (Anon.
Hist. Abb. § 14. )
656 Cf. II, 20, _ad fin. _, note.
657 Cf. c. 17, and note.
658 In the Council of Constantinople, 680-681 (_v. s. _ c. 17 _ad init. _,
note. )
659 To St. Martin’s own church at Tours, where, as Abbot of St. Martin’s
monastery at Rome, it was specially fitting that he should find
burial.
660 Cf. III, 7, note.
661 “Princeps,” A. S. Ealdorman. The county of the Southern Gyrwas was
South Cambridgeshire. Cf. III, 20, note.
662 Cf. c. 25. Bede tells us in the “Life of Cuthbert,” that she was a
half sister of Oswy’s on the mother’s side. Her name survives in
Ebchester on the Derwent, where she founded a nunnery; in St. Abb’s
Head, near which she afterwards founded the double monastery of
Coldingham; and in St. Ebbe’s, Oxford. She was the friend of
Cuthbert, and it was to her exhortations to Egfrid that Wilfrid owed
his release from prison.
663 Coldingham in Berwickshire. It was a mixed monastery. Cf. c. 25.
664 Ely. The Isle of Ely was her jointure from her first husband. She
received the help and support of Aldwulf, king of East Anglia (II,
15; IV, 17, 23), her cousin (he was the son of Ethelhere and nephew
of Anna). The monastery was founded in 673.
It was exempted from the
jurisdiction of the East Anglian bishop, and subject to Wilfrid.
665 III, 8, cf. III, 7, note. After her husband’s death she acted as
regent for a time, then founded a monastery in the Isle of Sheppey,
and became abbess of it. Thence she retired to Ely, where, after
being a simple nun, she succeeded Ethelthryth as abbess. She was
herself succeeded first at Sheppey, and afterwards at Ely, by her
daughter Ermingild, widow of Wulfhere of Mercia.
666 Grantchester, near Cambridge.
667 A Roman sarcophagus. A number of fragments of very ancient stone
coffins have been found there, built into the wall of the church
(Mayor and Lumby).
668 “Audrey” is the popular form of the name Ethelthryth. A “tawdry
lace” (_i. e. _ St. Audrey lace) is a necklace; cf. “Winter’s Tale,”
iv. 3. Hence our word “tawdry,” which possibly only derives its
meaning from the cheap necklaces, etc. , sold at St. Audrey’s fair at
Ely on the saint’s day, October 17 (the day of her translation), but
may also be a reminiscence of this anecdote.
669 The poem is (1) alphabetical; _i. e. _, the first letters of the
hexameter lines form the alphabet, and there are four additional
couplets at the end, in which the first letters form the word
“Amen”; (2) “serpentine,” reciprocal or echoing; _i. e. _, the last
half of the pentameter repeats the first two and a half feet of the
hexameter. Such verses are common in mediaeval Latin, and are
doubtless a development from the occasional instances of echoing
lines which occur in the classical poets (_e. g. _, Martial VIII, xxi,
1-2; IX, 97; Ovid, Fasti IV, 365-366), as the extreme form of that
impulse to give emphasis by iteration which is a marked feature of
Latin poetry, particularly of the Ovidian elegiac.
670 Agatha suffered 5th February, 251 A. D. , in the Decian persecution,
according to her “Acta” (the Diocletian, according to the
Martyrology and Aldhelm). Eulalia was burnt to death at the age of
twelve in the Diocletian persecution, having denounced herself. The
legend tells that a white dove hovered over her ashes till snow fell
and covered them. Tecla, the disciple of St. Paul, is said to have
been the first virgin martyr. She was miraculously saved from her
martyrdom and died in peace long after. Euphemia was torn by wild
beasts at Chalcedon in 307 A. D. in the Diocletian persecution.
Asterius, Bishop of Amasea, 400 A. D. , says that he saw a tablet in
the church at Chalcedon depicting her sufferings. We have thus very
early evidence for her history. Agnes is said to have been beheaded
in 304 A. D. , in the Diocletian persecution, at the age of twelve or
thirteen. The date of St. Cecilia is very uncertain; Fortunatus,
Bishop of Poitiers, says that she died _circ. _ 176-180 A. D. , but
another account places her martyrdom as late as the time of
Diocletian. Her connection with music does not appear in the
legends, and is probably due to the fact that Pope Paschal endowed
the monastery which he built in connection with her church at Rome
to provide for musical services at her tomb day and night.
671 She had not been a queen twelve years. The dates are probably these:
she was born about 630 at Ermynge (Ixning) in Suffolk, and married
to Tondbert in 652. Tondbert died in 655, and she was married to
Egfrid (who must then have been only fifteen) in 660. Egfrid
succeeded to the throne in 670 or 671, and it must have been in 672
that she retired to Coldingham. She was, therefore, queen for not
more than two years, though perhaps we may accept the statement of
the Liber Eliensis that Egfrid was sub-king of Deira for some years
before his accession.
_ 672 I. e. _, she had been buried sixteen years; _v. s. _ c. 19.
673 Literally the water snake, ὕδρος, used generally for any serpent,
and so = the Devil; _Chelydrus_ is similarly used (_v. _ Ducange).
674 The Battle of the Trent in 679 (cf. V, 24). It was on the
anniversary of Wilfrid’s expulsion; he is said to have foretold a
calamity. The place may, perhaps, be identified with
Elford-on-Trent, in Staffordshire; it is supposed that the name may
be a reminiscence of Aelfwine. By this battle Mercia regained
Lindsey, which never again became Northumbrian (cf. c. 12, _ad
fin. _).
675 Cf. c. 22, where he is called “King Aelfwine,” as also twice in
Eddius. He may have been sub-king of Deira.
676 III, 11; V, 24. When Wilfrid took refuge in Mercia in 681, she and
her husband expelled him “pro adulatione Egfridi regis” (Eddius).
677 The “Wergild,” _i. e. _, pecuniary value set upon every man’s life
according to his status (_v. _ Stubbs, “Constitutional History”).
678 “Comes,” A. S. “gesith. ” Above, Imma is described as “de militia ejus
juvenis,” _i. e. _, a young “king’s thegn” (the term applied to him in
the A. S. version).
679 Towcester (“Tovecester,” in Domesday Book) in Northamptonshire,
Doncaster, and Littleborough have all been suggested, but the place
has not been identified. The name indicates that it had been a Roman
station.
680 Sexburg. Cf. III, 8; IV, 19, p. 261, and note.
681 Cf. III, 24, 25; IV, 24; V, 24.
_ 682 Ibid. _
683 Cf. _infra_, this Chapter. He was the son of Edwin’s elder brother,
who died in exile after the invasion of Deira by Ethelric, king of
Bernicia, in 589.
684 II, 9, foll.
685 Her sister, Heresuid, had married Ethelhere, brother of Anna, of
East Anglia, whom he succeeded. In 647, when Hilda took the veil,
Anna was still king.
686 III, 8, note.
687 Cf. II, 15; IV, 17.
688 A small cell, not otherwise known.
689 Hartlepool, _v. _ III, 24, p. 190, note.
690 Bede is the sole authority for her life. A fifteenth century gloss
on one of the MSS. has led to her being wrongly identified with the
Irish Bega, the supposed foundress of St. Bees.
691 A Roman station on the Wharfe, now Tadcaster. Probably the nunnery
was at Healaugh (Heiu’s _laeg_ = territory), three miles north of
Calcaria. A gravestone bearing Heiu’s name has been found there.
692 Cf. c. 12.
693 His name does not appear in any of the lists of bishops. There is no
evidence that a see of Dorchester (cf. III, 7, and note) existed at
this time, except from this passage and the statement of Florence of
Worcester to the effect that a fivefold division of the Mercian
diocese took place in 679, that Dorchester was included in Mercia,
and that Aetla was appointed as its bishop. Probably this latter
statement is derived from Bede. It has been proposed to identify
Aetla with Haedde, Bishop of the West Saxons (III, 7; IV, 12; V,
18), but it seems unlikely that Bede should not have mentioned their
identity. The most probable explanation seems to be that a see was
established about 679 at Dorchester (which may have been under
Mercia at the time) and that Aetla was its bishop, but that it had
only a very short existence.
694 Cf. _infra_, notes.
695 John of Beverley, “Inderauuda” (_v. _ V, 2). He and Berthun (_ibid. _)
are said to have founded Beverley. He was consecrated Bishop of
Hexham, probably in 687, transferred to York 705, when Wilfrid was
restored to Hexham, and died in 721, soon after his retirement to
Beverley (V, 6, _ad fin. _). As Bishop of Hexham he ordained Bede
both deacon and priest (V. 24). He had been a pupil of Archbishop
Theodore (cf. V. 3).
696 Wilfrid II, Bishop of York. He succeeded John (V, 6) in 718, and was
still Bishop of York in 731 when Bede finished the History (cf. V,
23). In 732 he resigned and was succeeded by Egbert (to whom Bede
addressed the Ep. ad Egb. , and who in 735 received the pallium as
Archbishop of York). Wilfrid died in 745 (_v. _ Continuation, 732,
735, and 745). His character is highly praised by Alcuin (De Sanct.
Ebor. ).
697 Hartlepool and Whitby, both apparently double monasteries.
698 Cf. II, 2, p. 84.
699 Dr. Stubbs suggests that this sub-king of the Hwiccas may possibly
be the same as Osric of Northumbria, _v. _ V, 23, and note.
700 The see was at Worcester. The foundation of the bishopric is
assigned by Florence of Worcester to the year 679, the date of the
alleged fivefold division of the Mercian diocese (_v. s. _ p. 272,
note 2), Bosel being appointed bishop.
701 Cf. c. 12 and note.
702 The consecration of Oftfor is generally placed in 691. It was after
Wilfrid’s second expulsion, when he was acting as Bishop of
Leicester. Theodore had died in 690, and Bertwald was not
consecrated till 693 (_v. _ V, 8).
703 So Florence of Worcester.
704 He was king of the Britons of Loidis and Elmet. It was probably to
avenge the death of his nephew, Hereric, that Edwin conquered Loidis
and drove out Cerdic.
705 Cf. c. 14, note.
706 Hackness, thirteen miles from Whitby and three to the west of
Scarborough. It was a cell belonging to Whitby. At the dissolution
under Henry VIII, it contained only four monks, of the Benedictine
order (Dugdale, “Monasticon”).
707 She has been confused with Heiu and with Bega, _v. s. _ p. 271, note
7.
_ 708 I. e. _, the Prioress.
709 Obviously ballads, probably of a warlike character, existed before
Caedmon, but he is regarded as the father of English sacred poetry.
It is a question how far the new impulse arose independently among
the Anglo-Saxons, or is to be connected with Old Saxon religious
poetry of which the “Heliand” is the only extant specimen (cf.
Plummer, _ad loc. _). Of the mass of poetry attributed to Caedmon,
much must be regarded as not his actual work. The fragment
translated here by Bede has been accepted as genuine by most
critics. It exists in the Northumbrian dialect at the end of the
Moore MS. of Bede, and in a West Saxon form in other MSS. , as well
as in the Anglo-Saxon translation of Bede’s History, the
Northumbrian version being the oldest.
710 “Villicus,” A. S. “tun-gerefa” = town-reeve, _i. e. _, headman of the
township.
