Paris,
him the honorary appellations of a friend and ally 1752, and Eckhel, vol.
him the honorary appellations of a friend and ally 1752, and Eckhel, vol.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
12).
Curt.
vii.
l.
$ 10, 2.
$ 1-10.
)
He is the same as the person called simply Servius 2. Son of Megacles, a Macedonian of Pella,
in another passage (ad Q. Fr. ii. 6), and is sup- who was one of the officers appointed by Alex-
posed by Pighius to be the same as the Servius, ander to command the garrison at Memphis, B. Co
who was condemned in B. C. 51, when he was tri- 331. (Arr. Anab. iii. 5. § 4. )
bune of the plebs elect (ad Fam. viii. 4).
3. Son of Theramenes, a Macedonian officer,
POLEMĀRCHUS (Nonémapxos). 1. The pupil who was left by Alexander in the command of a
of the celebrated astronomer Eudoxus, whose in- fleet of thirty triremes which was destined to
structions he received in Cyzicus, his native place, guard the mouths of the Nile, and the sea-coast of
and the teacher of the more celebrated Calippus, Egypt, B. C. 331. (Arr. Anab. iii. 5. § 6; Curt.
who accompanied him to Athens (Simplicius, de iv. 8. $ 4. )
Caelo, ii. p. 120, a. ). He lived about the middle 4. A Macedonian officer of rank, who, in the
of the fourth century B. Co
disputes that followed the death of Alexander,
2. Of Tarentum, and a follower of Pythagoras distinguished himself as a warm partizan of Per-
(lamblich. Vit. Pyth. ). Fabricius conjectures (Bibl. diccas. In order to conciliate the favour of the
Graec. vol. i. p. 864) that he is the same with regent, he endeavoured, though ineffectually, to
Polyarchus, surnamed rounadňs, who is men- prevent Arrhidaeus from transporting the body of
tioned by Athenaeus (xii. p. 545), as having been the deceased monarch to Egypt (Arrian, ap. Phot.
sent by Dionysius the younger, on an embassy to p. 70, b. ) He afterwards served under Alcetas,
Tarentum, where, being intimate with Archytas, the brother of Perdiccas, and was taken prisoner
he dilated to that philosopher on the excellency of by Antigonus in Pisidia, together with Attalus
pleasure ; his discourse being given by Athenaeus, and Docimus, B. C. 320. From this time he shared
on the authority of Aristoxenus. But this seems the fortunes of Attalus ; the history of their capti-
an unhappy conjecture. The doctrines ascribed vity, escape, and final defeat has been already
10 Polyarchus are certainly not those of the school given. [ATTALUS, No. 2. ) (Diod. xviii. 45, xix.
of Pythagoras ; nor is it even hinted that he was a 16. ) It is highly probable, as suggested by Droy-
native of Tarentum.
sen, that this Polemon is the same with the son of
3. A writer of this name is quoted by Athenaeus Andromenes (No. 1), and that he was consequently
(iv. p. 111, c. ), whom, from his being named along a brother of Attalus, with whom we find him so
with Artemidorus and Heracleon, we should judge closely connected.
to be a grammarian.
[W. M. G. ) 5. A dynast of Olba in Cilicia, whose name ap-
POLE'MIUS, or SAʼLVIUS, OF SY'LVIUS, pears on the coins of that city, with the titles of
the author of a sacred calendar, drawn up A. D. | Apxiepeús and Auváotns. As it is associated with
448, which is entitled Laterculus 8. Index Dieruin that of M. Antony, there is little doubt that he is
Festorum, and which includes Heathen as well as the same person who is mentioned by Appian (B. C.
VOL. IIL
## p. 434 (#450) ############################################
434
POLEMON.
POLEMON.
:
v. 75) as being appointed by Antony to the sove appears to have had no children. (Dion Cass. liv.
reignty of a part of Cilicia, and who subsequently 24); and secondly to PYTHODORIS, who succeeded
became king of Pontus (POLEMON I. ] The him on the throne. By her he left two sons, Po-
grounds on which this identity is denied by Eckhel | lemon 11. , and Zenou king of Armenia, and one
(vol. iii. p. 63) are not satisfactory. (Visconti, Icono- daughter who was married to Cotys king of
graphic Grecque, vol. iii. p. 5, &c. ) [E. H. B. ] Thrace. (Strab. xii. p. 556 ; Tac. Ann. ii. 56. )
POʻLEMON (Tonéuwv), the name of two 2. POLEMON II. , was a son of the preceding
kings of Pontus and the Bosporus.
and of Pythodoris. During the lifetime of his
1. POLEMON I. , was the son of Zenon, the mother he was content to remain in a private
ortor of Laodiceia, and it was as a reward for the station, while he assisted her in the administration
services rendered by his father as well as himself of her dominions : but in A. D. 39, he was raised
that he was appointed by Antony in B. c. 39 to by Caligula to the sovereignty not only of Pontus,
the government of a part of Cilicia. (Appian, B. C. which had been held by Pythodoris, but of the
v. 75 ; Strab. xii. p. 578. ) At a subsequent | Bosporus also. This last was, however, after-
period he obtained from the triumvir in exchange wards taken from him by Claudius, who assigned
for this principality the more important govern- it to Mithridates, while he gave Polemon a portion
ment of Pontus with the title of king. The pre- of Cilicia in its stead, A. D. 41. (Dion Cass. lix. 12,
cise date of this change is unknown, but Polemon lx. 8. ) He appears to have been a man of a weak
is already called by Dion Cassius king of Pontus character, and in A. D. 48 allowed himself to be
in B. c. 36, in which year he co-operated with persuaded by Berenice, the widow of Herod, king
Antony in his campaign against the Parthians. of Chalcis, to adopt the Jewish religion in order
On this occasion he shared in the defeat of Appius that he might marry that princess, who possessed
Statianus, and was taken prisoner by the Parthian vast wealth. But Berenice had sought this mar-
king, but allowed to ransom bimself, and restored riage only as a cloak for her illicit amours [Be-
to liberty. (Dion Cass. xlix. 25; Plut. Ant. 38. ) RENICE, No. 2. ): it was in consequence soon
In B. c. 35 he was employed by Antony to nego- dissolved, and Polemon ceased to profess Judaism
tiate with the Median king Artavasdes, whom (Joseph. Ant
. xx. 7. & 3). At a subsequent period
he succeeded in detaching from the alliance of he was induced by Nero to abdicate the throne,
Parthia, and gaining over to that of Rome : a and Pontus was reduced to the condition of a
service for which he was subsequently rewarded | Roman province. This appears to have taken
by the triumvir by the addition to his dominions place about the year A. d. 62 (Suet. Nero, 18;
of the Lesser Armenia. (Dion Cass. xlix. 33, 44. ) | Eutrop. vii. 14; Aur. Vict. de Caes. 5. & 2; Eck-
But though he thus owed his elevation to Antony hel, vol. ii. p. 873). As the city of Polemonium
he was fortunate enough not to share in his fall, on the Euxine (Scynın. Ch. Fr. i. 177; Steph.
and although he had sent an auxiliary force to the Byz. s. v. Honeuviov) is not mentioned by Strabo,
assistance of his patron in B. C. 30, shortly before it appears certain that we must ascribe its founda-
the battle of Actium, he was able to make his tion to Polemon II. , and not to his father. Con-
peace with Octavian, who confirmed him in his cerning the coins of the two Polemons, see Cary,
kingdom, and some years afterwards bestowed on Hist. des Rois de Thrace et du Bosphore, 4to.
Paris,
him the honorary appellations of a friend and ally 1752, and Eckhel, vol. ii. pp. 368—373. [E. H. B.
of the Roman people. (Plut. Ant. 61 ; Strab. xii.
p. 578 ; Dion Cass. liii. 25. ) At a subsequent
period (about B. C. 16) he was intrusted by
Agrippa with the charge of reducing the kingdom
of Bosporus, which had been usurped by Scri-
bonius after the death of Asander. The usurper
was put to death by the Bosporans before the
arrival of Polemon, who notwithstanding some op-
position established himself in the sovereignty of
the country, in which he was confirmed, first by
Agrippa and then by Augustus himself. (Dion POʻLEMON (Todéuwv), literary. 1. Of Athens,
Cass. liv. 24. ) His reign after this was long an eminent Platonic philosopher, and for some
and prosperous : his dominions comprised, besides time the head of the Academy, was the son of
Pontus itself
, Colchis and the other provinces, as Philostratus, a man of wealth and political dis-
far as the kingdom of the Bosporus, the confines of tinction. In his youth, Polemon was extremely
which last he extended to the river Tanaïs, and profligate ; but one day, when he was about
destroyed the city of that name, which had ven- thirty, on his bursting into the school of Xeno-
tured to throw off his yoke (Strab. xi. pp. 493, crates, at the head of a band of revellers, his
495, 499. ) But having engaged in an expedition attention was so arrested by the discourse, which
against the barbarian tribe of the Aspurgians the master continued calmly' in spite of the inter-
(who inhabited the mountains above Phanagoria) ruption, and which chanced to be upon temperance,
he was not only defeated by them, but taken that he tore off his garland and remained an atten-
prisoner, and immediately put to death. (Id. xi. tive listener, and from that day he adopted an
p. 495, xii. p. 556. ) The date of this event is abstemious course of life, and continued to fre-
unknown ; but it appears from an inscription that quent the school, of which, on the death of Xeno-
he must have been still on the throne as late as crates, he became the head, in Ol. 116, B. C. 315.
B. c. 2. (Böckh, Corp. Inscr. vol. ii. No. 3524; | According to Eusebius (Chron. ) he died in Ol.
Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 369. )
1:26. 4, B. C. 273. Diogenes also says that he
Polemon had been twice married : first to Dy- died at a great age, and of natural decay. He
namis, a daughter of Pharnaces, and grand-esteemed the object of philosophy to be, to exer-
daughter of Mithridates the Great, by whom he cise men in things and deeds, not in dialectic
COIN OF POLEMON II.
## p. 435 (#451) ############################################
POLEMON,
435
POLEMON.
speculations ; his character was grave and severe ; ) and the first Antoninus, and was in high favour
and he took pride in displaying the mastery which with the two former emperors. (Suid. s. v. ; Phi-
he had acquired over emotions of every sort. He lostr. Vit. Soph. p. 532. ) He is placed at the six-
was a close follower of Xenocrates in all things, teenth year of Hadrian, A. D. 133, by Eusebius
and an intimate friend of Crates and Crantor, who (Chron. ). His life is related at considerable
were his disciples, as well as Zeno and Arcesilas ; length by Philostratus (Vit. Sophist. ii. 25, pp. 530
Crates was his successor in the Academy. In -544). He was born of a consular family, at
literature he most admired Homer and Sophocles, Laodiceia, but spent the greater part of his life at
and he is said to have been the author of the Smyrna, the people of which city conferred upon hiin
remark, that Homer is an epic Sophocles, and at a very early age the highest honours, in return
Sophocles a tragic Homer. He left, according to for which he did much to promote their prosperity,
Diogenes, sereral treatises, none of which were especially by his influence with the emperors.
extant in the time of Suidas. There is, however, Nor, in performing these services, did he neglect
a quotation made by Clemens Alexandrinus, his native city Laodiceia. An interesting account
either from him or from another philosopher of of his relations with the emperors Hadrian and
the same name, év Tois nepl ToŮ Katà qúow Biov Antoninus is given by Philostratus (pp. 533, 534).
(Strom, vii. p. 117), and another passage (Strom. Among the sophists and rhetoricians, whom he
ii. p. 410), upon happiness, which agrees precisely heard, were Timocrates, Scopelianus, Dion Chry-
with the stntcment of Cicero (de Fin. iv. 6), that sostom and Apollophanes. His most celebrated
Polenion placed the summum bonum in living ac- disciple was Aristeides. His chief contemporaries
cording to the laws of nature. (Diog. Laërt. iv. were Herodes Atticus, Marcus Byzantinus, Diony-
16–20 ; Suid. s. v. ; Plut. de Adul. et Amic. 32, sius Milesius, and Favorinus, who was his chief
p. 71, e. ; Lucian. Bis Accusat. 16, vol. ii. p. 811; rival. Among his imitators in subsequent times
Ath. ii. p. 44, e. ; Cic. Acad. i. 9, ii. 35, 42, de was S. Gregory Nazianzen. His style of oratory
Orat. iii. 18, de Fin. ii. 6, 11, iv. 2, 6, 16, 18, was imposing rather than pleasing; and his cha-
v. 1, 5, 7, et alib. ; Horat. Serm. ii. 3. 253, fol. ; racter was haughty and reserved. During the
Val. Max. vi. 9; Menag. ad Diog. Laërt. l. c. ; latter part of his life he was so tortured by the
Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol. iii. p. 183 ; comp. p. 323, gout, that he resolved to put an end to his existence ;
n. hhh. )
he had himself shut up in the tomb of his ancestors
2. Another Platonic philosopher, the disciple of at Laodiceia, where he died of hunger, at the age
Plotinus. (Porphyr. Plot. Vit. ; Fabric. l. c. ; of sixty-five. The exact time of his death is not
Clinton, F. H. sub anno B. c. 315, vol. ii. 3d ed. ) known ; but it must have been some time after A. D.
3. Of Athens by citizenship, but by birth either 143, as he was heard in that year by Verus.
of Ilium, or Samos, or Sicyon, a Stoic philosopher The only extant work of Polemon is the funeral
and an eminent geographer, surnamed ó tepi- orations for Cynaegeirus and Callimachus, the ge-
mitas, was the son of Euegetes, and a contempo nerals who fell at Marathon, which are supposed
rary of Aristophanes of Byzantium, in the time of) to be pronounced by their fathers, each extolling
Ptolemy Epiphanes, at the beginning of the second his own son above the other. Philostratus men-
century B. C. (Suid. s. v. ; Ath. vi. p. 234 ; Clin. tions several others of his rhetorical compositions,
ton, P. H. vol. iii. sub ann. B. C. 199). In philo- the subjects of which are chiefly taken from Athe-
sophy he was a disciple of Panaetius. He made nian history, and an oration which he pronounced,
extensive journeys through Greece, to collect mate by command of Hadrian, at the dedication of the
rials for his geographical works, in the course of temple of Zeus Olympius at Athens, in A. D. 135.
which he paid particular attention to the inscrip- His λόγοι επιτάφιοι were first printed by H.
tions on votive offerings and on columns, whence Stephanus, in his collection of the declamations of
he obtained the surname of Etnaokómas.
He is the same as the person called simply Servius 2. Son of Megacles, a Macedonian of Pella,
in another passage (ad Q. Fr. ii. 6), and is sup- who was one of the officers appointed by Alex-
posed by Pighius to be the same as the Servius, ander to command the garrison at Memphis, B. Co
who was condemned in B. C. 51, when he was tri- 331. (Arr. Anab. iii. 5. § 4. )
bune of the plebs elect (ad Fam. viii. 4).
3. Son of Theramenes, a Macedonian officer,
POLEMĀRCHUS (Nonémapxos). 1. The pupil who was left by Alexander in the command of a
of the celebrated astronomer Eudoxus, whose in- fleet of thirty triremes which was destined to
structions he received in Cyzicus, his native place, guard the mouths of the Nile, and the sea-coast of
and the teacher of the more celebrated Calippus, Egypt, B. C. 331. (Arr. Anab. iii. 5. § 6; Curt.
who accompanied him to Athens (Simplicius, de iv. 8. $ 4. )
Caelo, ii. p. 120, a. ). He lived about the middle 4. A Macedonian officer of rank, who, in the
of the fourth century B. Co
disputes that followed the death of Alexander,
2. Of Tarentum, and a follower of Pythagoras distinguished himself as a warm partizan of Per-
(lamblich. Vit. Pyth. ). Fabricius conjectures (Bibl. diccas. In order to conciliate the favour of the
Graec. vol. i. p. 864) that he is the same with regent, he endeavoured, though ineffectually, to
Polyarchus, surnamed rounadňs, who is men- prevent Arrhidaeus from transporting the body of
tioned by Athenaeus (xii. p. 545), as having been the deceased monarch to Egypt (Arrian, ap. Phot.
sent by Dionysius the younger, on an embassy to p. 70, b. ) He afterwards served under Alcetas,
Tarentum, where, being intimate with Archytas, the brother of Perdiccas, and was taken prisoner
he dilated to that philosopher on the excellency of by Antigonus in Pisidia, together with Attalus
pleasure ; his discourse being given by Athenaeus, and Docimus, B. C. 320. From this time he shared
on the authority of Aristoxenus. But this seems the fortunes of Attalus ; the history of their capti-
an unhappy conjecture. The doctrines ascribed vity, escape, and final defeat has been already
10 Polyarchus are certainly not those of the school given. [ATTALUS, No. 2. ) (Diod. xviii. 45, xix.
of Pythagoras ; nor is it even hinted that he was a 16. ) It is highly probable, as suggested by Droy-
native of Tarentum.
sen, that this Polemon is the same with the son of
3. A writer of this name is quoted by Athenaeus Andromenes (No. 1), and that he was consequently
(iv. p. 111, c. ), whom, from his being named along a brother of Attalus, with whom we find him so
with Artemidorus and Heracleon, we should judge closely connected.
to be a grammarian.
[W. M. G. ) 5. A dynast of Olba in Cilicia, whose name ap-
POLE'MIUS, or SAʼLVIUS, OF SY'LVIUS, pears on the coins of that city, with the titles of
the author of a sacred calendar, drawn up A. D. | Apxiepeús and Auváotns. As it is associated with
448, which is entitled Laterculus 8. Index Dieruin that of M. Antony, there is little doubt that he is
Festorum, and which includes Heathen as well as the same person who is mentioned by Appian (B. C.
VOL. IIL
## p. 434 (#450) ############################################
434
POLEMON.
POLEMON.
:
v. 75) as being appointed by Antony to the sove appears to have had no children. (Dion Cass. liv.
reignty of a part of Cilicia, and who subsequently 24); and secondly to PYTHODORIS, who succeeded
became king of Pontus (POLEMON I. ] The him on the throne. By her he left two sons, Po-
grounds on which this identity is denied by Eckhel | lemon 11. , and Zenou king of Armenia, and one
(vol. iii. p. 63) are not satisfactory. (Visconti, Icono- daughter who was married to Cotys king of
graphic Grecque, vol. iii. p. 5, &c. ) [E. H. B. ] Thrace. (Strab. xii. p. 556 ; Tac. Ann. ii. 56. )
POʻLEMON (Tonéuwv), the name of two 2. POLEMON II. , was a son of the preceding
kings of Pontus and the Bosporus.
and of Pythodoris. During the lifetime of his
1. POLEMON I. , was the son of Zenon, the mother he was content to remain in a private
ortor of Laodiceia, and it was as a reward for the station, while he assisted her in the administration
services rendered by his father as well as himself of her dominions : but in A. D. 39, he was raised
that he was appointed by Antony in B. c. 39 to by Caligula to the sovereignty not only of Pontus,
the government of a part of Cilicia. (Appian, B. C. which had been held by Pythodoris, but of the
v. 75 ; Strab. xii. p. 578. ) At a subsequent | Bosporus also. This last was, however, after-
period he obtained from the triumvir in exchange wards taken from him by Claudius, who assigned
for this principality the more important govern- it to Mithridates, while he gave Polemon a portion
ment of Pontus with the title of king. The pre- of Cilicia in its stead, A. D. 41. (Dion Cass. lix. 12,
cise date of this change is unknown, but Polemon lx. 8. ) He appears to have been a man of a weak
is already called by Dion Cassius king of Pontus character, and in A. D. 48 allowed himself to be
in B. c. 36, in which year he co-operated with persuaded by Berenice, the widow of Herod, king
Antony in his campaign against the Parthians. of Chalcis, to adopt the Jewish religion in order
On this occasion he shared in the defeat of Appius that he might marry that princess, who possessed
Statianus, and was taken prisoner by the Parthian vast wealth. But Berenice had sought this mar-
king, but allowed to ransom bimself, and restored riage only as a cloak for her illicit amours [Be-
to liberty. (Dion Cass. xlix. 25; Plut. Ant. 38. ) RENICE, No. 2. ): it was in consequence soon
In B. c. 35 he was employed by Antony to nego- dissolved, and Polemon ceased to profess Judaism
tiate with the Median king Artavasdes, whom (Joseph. Ant
. xx. 7. & 3). At a subsequent period
he succeeded in detaching from the alliance of he was induced by Nero to abdicate the throne,
Parthia, and gaining over to that of Rome : a and Pontus was reduced to the condition of a
service for which he was subsequently rewarded | Roman province. This appears to have taken
by the triumvir by the addition to his dominions place about the year A. d. 62 (Suet. Nero, 18;
of the Lesser Armenia. (Dion Cass. xlix. 33, 44. ) | Eutrop. vii. 14; Aur. Vict. de Caes. 5. & 2; Eck-
But though he thus owed his elevation to Antony hel, vol. ii. p. 873). As the city of Polemonium
he was fortunate enough not to share in his fall, on the Euxine (Scynın. Ch. Fr. i. 177; Steph.
and although he had sent an auxiliary force to the Byz. s. v. Honeuviov) is not mentioned by Strabo,
assistance of his patron in B. C. 30, shortly before it appears certain that we must ascribe its founda-
the battle of Actium, he was able to make his tion to Polemon II. , and not to his father. Con-
peace with Octavian, who confirmed him in his cerning the coins of the two Polemons, see Cary,
kingdom, and some years afterwards bestowed on Hist. des Rois de Thrace et du Bosphore, 4to.
Paris,
him the honorary appellations of a friend and ally 1752, and Eckhel, vol. ii. pp. 368—373. [E. H. B.
of the Roman people. (Plut. Ant. 61 ; Strab. xii.
p. 578 ; Dion Cass. liii. 25. ) At a subsequent
period (about B. C. 16) he was intrusted by
Agrippa with the charge of reducing the kingdom
of Bosporus, which had been usurped by Scri-
bonius after the death of Asander. The usurper
was put to death by the Bosporans before the
arrival of Polemon, who notwithstanding some op-
position established himself in the sovereignty of
the country, in which he was confirmed, first by
Agrippa and then by Augustus himself. (Dion POʻLEMON (Todéuwv), literary. 1. Of Athens,
Cass. liv. 24. ) His reign after this was long an eminent Platonic philosopher, and for some
and prosperous : his dominions comprised, besides time the head of the Academy, was the son of
Pontus itself
, Colchis and the other provinces, as Philostratus, a man of wealth and political dis-
far as the kingdom of the Bosporus, the confines of tinction. In his youth, Polemon was extremely
which last he extended to the river Tanaïs, and profligate ; but one day, when he was about
destroyed the city of that name, which had ven- thirty, on his bursting into the school of Xeno-
tured to throw off his yoke (Strab. xi. pp. 493, crates, at the head of a band of revellers, his
495, 499. ) But having engaged in an expedition attention was so arrested by the discourse, which
against the barbarian tribe of the Aspurgians the master continued calmly' in spite of the inter-
(who inhabited the mountains above Phanagoria) ruption, and which chanced to be upon temperance,
he was not only defeated by them, but taken that he tore off his garland and remained an atten-
prisoner, and immediately put to death. (Id. xi. tive listener, and from that day he adopted an
p. 495, xii. p. 556. ) The date of this event is abstemious course of life, and continued to fre-
unknown ; but it appears from an inscription that quent the school, of which, on the death of Xeno-
he must have been still on the throne as late as crates, he became the head, in Ol. 116, B. C. 315.
B. c. 2. (Böckh, Corp. Inscr. vol. ii. No. 3524; | According to Eusebius (Chron. ) he died in Ol.
Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 369. )
1:26. 4, B. C. 273. Diogenes also says that he
Polemon had been twice married : first to Dy- died at a great age, and of natural decay. He
namis, a daughter of Pharnaces, and grand-esteemed the object of philosophy to be, to exer-
daughter of Mithridates the Great, by whom he cise men in things and deeds, not in dialectic
COIN OF POLEMON II.
## p. 435 (#451) ############################################
POLEMON,
435
POLEMON.
speculations ; his character was grave and severe ; ) and the first Antoninus, and was in high favour
and he took pride in displaying the mastery which with the two former emperors. (Suid. s. v. ; Phi-
he had acquired over emotions of every sort. He lostr. Vit. Soph. p. 532. ) He is placed at the six-
was a close follower of Xenocrates in all things, teenth year of Hadrian, A. D. 133, by Eusebius
and an intimate friend of Crates and Crantor, who (Chron. ). His life is related at considerable
were his disciples, as well as Zeno and Arcesilas ; length by Philostratus (Vit. Sophist. ii. 25, pp. 530
Crates was his successor in the Academy. In -544). He was born of a consular family, at
literature he most admired Homer and Sophocles, Laodiceia, but spent the greater part of his life at
and he is said to have been the author of the Smyrna, the people of which city conferred upon hiin
remark, that Homer is an epic Sophocles, and at a very early age the highest honours, in return
Sophocles a tragic Homer. He left, according to for which he did much to promote their prosperity,
Diogenes, sereral treatises, none of which were especially by his influence with the emperors.
extant in the time of Suidas. There is, however, Nor, in performing these services, did he neglect
a quotation made by Clemens Alexandrinus, his native city Laodiceia. An interesting account
either from him or from another philosopher of of his relations with the emperors Hadrian and
the same name, év Tois nepl ToŮ Katà qúow Biov Antoninus is given by Philostratus (pp. 533, 534).
(Strom, vii. p. 117), and another passage (Strom. Among the sophists and rhetoricians, whom he
ii. p. 410), upon happiness, which agrees precisely heard, were Timocrates, Scopelianus, Dion Chry-
with the stntcment of Cicero (de Fin. iv. 6), that sostom and Apollophanes. His most celebrated
Polenion placed the summum bonum in living ac- disciple was Aristeides. His chief contemporaries
cording to the laws of nature. (Diog. Laërt. iv. were Herodes Atticus, Marcus Byzantinus, Diony-
16–20 ; Suid. s. v. ; Plut. de Adul. et Amic. 32, sius Milesius, and Favorinus, who was his chief
p. 71, e. ; Lucian. Bis Accusat. 16, vol. ii. p. 811; rival. Among his imitators in subsequent times
Ath. ii. p. 44, e. ; Cic. Acad. i. 9, ii. 35, 42, de was S. Gregory Nazianzen. His style of oratory
Orat. iii. 18, de Fin. ii. 6, 11, iv. 2, 6, 16, 18, was imposing rather than pleasing; and his cha-
v. 1, 5, 7, et alib. ; Horat. Serm. ii. 3. 253, fol. ; racter was haughty and reserved. During the
Val. Max. vi. 9; Menag. ad Diog. Laërt. l. c. ; latter part of his life he was so tortured by the
Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol. iii. p. 183 ; comp. p. 323, gout, that he resolved to put an end to his existence ;
n. hhh. )
he had himself shut up in the tomb of his ancestors
2. Another Platonic philosopher, the disciple of at Laodiceia, where he died of hunger, at the age
Plotinus. (Porphyr. Plot. Vit. ; Fabric. l. c. ; of sixty-five. The exact time of his death is not
Clinton, F. H. sub anno B. c. 315, vol. ii. 3d ed. ) known ; but it must have been some time after A. D.
3. Of Athens by citizenship, but by birth either 143, as he was heard in that year by Verus.
of Ilium, or Samos, or Sicyon, a Stoic philosopher The only extant work of Polemon is the funeral
and an eminent geographer, surnamed ó tepi- orations for Cynaegeirus and Callimachus, the ge-
mitas, was the son of Euegetes, and a contempo nerals who fell at Marathon, which are supposed
rary of Aristophanes of Byzantium, in the time of) to be pronounced by their fathers, each extolling
Ptolemy Epiphanes, at the beginning of the second his own son above the other. Philostratus men-
century B. C. (Suid. s. v. ; Ath. vi. p. 234 ; Clin. tions several others of his rhetorical compositions,
ton, P. H. vol. iii. sub ann. B. C. 199). In philo- the subjects of which are chiefly taken from Athe-
sophy he was a disciple of Panaetius. He made nian history, and an oration which he pronounced,
extensive journeys through Greece, to collect mate by command of Hadrian, at the dedication of the
rials for his geographical works, in the course of temple of Zeus Olympius at Athens, in A. D. 135.
which he paid particular attention to the inscrip- His λόγοι επιτάφιοι were first printed by H.
tions on votive offerings and on columns, whence Stephanus, in his collection of the declamations of
he obtained the surname of Etnaokómas.
