would
probably
be Narbal, or rather, Naarbaal.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
i.
1.
53) show that his works,
flight from Troy, his visit to Carthage and amour if not so much read as formerly, were still fresh in
with Dido, together with other legends connected the memories of men.
with the early history both of Carthage and of The fragments of Naevius have been published,
Rome. Originally the poem was not divided into together with those of other Latin poets, by the
books, and we learn from Suetonius (De II. Stephani, 8vo. Paris, 1564; but in this collection
Gramm. 2), that Lampadio distributed it into many are wrongly attributed to Naevius. There
It was extensively copied both by Ennius is another collection by Almeloveen, 12mo. Am-
and Virgil. The latter author took many passages ster. 1686. The fragments of the Bellum Punicum,
from it; particularly the description of the storm in together with those of Ennius, were published by
the first Aeneïd, the speech with which Aneas con- P. Merula, 4to. Leyden, 1595; and by Spangen-
soles bis companions, and the address of Venus to berg, 8vo. Leipzig, 1825. They have also been
Jupiter. (Cic. Brut. 19; Macrob. Sat. vi. 2 ; Serv. collected by Hermann in his Elementa Doctrinae
ad Aen. i. 198. )
Metricae (iii. 9), and by Düntzer and Lersch, in a
A translation of the Cypria Nias has been as- treatise entitled De versu quem vocant Saturnio,
cribed to Naevius ; but the heroic metre in which 8vo. Bonn, 1839. The dramatic fragments by
it is executed is a sufficient proof that it was the Delrio, Syntagma Tragoediae Latinae, 4to. Paris,
production of some later writer, probably Laevius, 1619; Maittaire, London, 1713; Bothe, Poetarum
whose fragments seem to have been frequently con- Latii scenicorum fragmenta, Leipzig, 1834. The
founded with those of Naevius. (Pontan. ad most convenient collection of the entire fragments
Macrob. Sat. i 18. )
is that of Klussmann, 8vo. Jena, 1843, accom-
His dramatic writings comprised both tragedies panied with a life of Naevius, and an essa
and comedies; and, among the latter, that more poetry. See also Weichert, Poetarum Latinorum
peculiarly Roman species of composition, the Co Reliquiae ; and Neukirch, De fubula togata Ro-
moedia Togata. Welcker, however, doubts about manorum, Leipsig, 1833.
(T. D. ]
his claims to be considered as a tragic poet, and NAEVIUS SERTO'RIUS MACRO.
altogether denies that he wrote Togatae. (Die (MACRO. ]
Griech. Tragödien, pp. 1345, 1372. ) Among his NAIADES. [NYMPHAE. )
tragedies have been reckoned Andromache sire NAMU'SA, AUFI'DIUS, one of the numerous
Hector Proficiscens, Danaë, Hesione, Iphigenia, pupils of Serv. Sulpicius. There were ten of the
Lycurgus (by some thought to have been a comedy), pupils of Sulpicius who wrote books, and from the
the Equus Trujunus (also ascribed to Livius), and works of eight of them Namusa compiled a work
the Dolus, a title variously spelt (see Müller, ad which was distributed into one hundred and eighty
Varr. L. L. p. 163). Klussmann (p. 100) holds parts or divisions (libri). The work of Namusa is
the Equus Trojanus and Dolus to be one and the cited by Ulpian (Dig. 13. tit. 6. 6. 5. $ 7), Javo-
same play. Several other tragedies seem to have lenus (Dig. 35. tit. 1. s. 40. § 3), and Paulus (Dig.
been wrongly ascribed to Naevius, whose dramatic 39. tit. 3. 8. 2. 8 6); and we are thus made ac-
fragments have been frequently confounded with quainted with some of the legal opinions of Servius.
those of Livius, Ennius, and other writers. As to the expression “ his auditoribus," used by
Of his Togatae the titles of two only can be Pomponius (Dig. 1. tit. 2 s. 2. § 44) see Grotius,
cited; the Romulus, a Praetextata, and the Clas- Vitae Jurisconsult. and Zimmern, Geschichte des
tidium, probably a Tubernaria. (Donat. ad Ter. Röm. Privatrechts, vol. i. p. 293. [G. L. ]
Adelph. iv. 1, 21; Varr. L. L. p. 163, Müll. ) NANNII or NANNEII, persons of property
In addition to these, we find the titles of be- prescribed by Sulla. (Cic. de Pet. Cons. c. 2. )
4 D
;
leteili Naerio poetze).
ied, therefore, that the peso
'aecilius Veiena con
on his
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d to let such attacks
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offence, and Vetejes 23
ution bf indieting less
ith his life, bar na
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jent to which Pian di
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bred upon l'ica Bert
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is we learn from Cie
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died; bat as to the extreet
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VOL. II.
## p. 1138 (#1154) ##########################################
1138
NARCISSUS.
NARCISSUS.
11 34. ) Agrip
for her son, les
ace ordingly sen
the present of
for the gout,
ałected. Her
diately on be
34. (TaL. As
fore his death
which were i
enormous fort
Cassius, to 4
3,125,000% of
329. ) If the
he had a wife
CLAYDLAE 1
CISSUS LIBI
GALISSI
R 177. ) In
TL CLAVDI 1
(Orell. La
also occurs i
2 A free
pat to dea:
Inir. 3. )
NARCIS
Commodus
nastic exerc
the ein pero
nistered to
A. D. 192.
Commod. 1
Narcissus
When Cicero speaks (ad Att. i. 16. & 3) of Cuxus NARCISSUS AUG. L. AB. EPISTULIS. (Comp. Suet.
ex Nanneianis illc, he means to indicate Crassus, Claud. 28 ; Zonar. p. 563, d. ) When Messallina
who was one of the purchasers of the confiscated wished to compass the death of C. Appius Silanus,
property of the Nannii.
Narcissus, between whom and herself ihere existed
NANNO (Navvu), a Aute-player, beloved by at that time a good understanding, pretended to
Minnermus, and repeatedly celebrated by him, as the emperor that in a dream he had seen him fall
well as mentioned in connection with his name by by the hand of Silanus. The preconcerted entrance
Poseidippus (Anth. Graec, vol. ii. p. 48, vol. viii
. of Silanus immediately afterwards was alleged as a
p. 142, ed. Jacobs ; Stobaeus, vol. i. p. 303, vol confirmation of the vision, and the unfortunate
iii. pp. 332, 435, ed. Gaisford. ) (W. M. G. ) youth was immediately put to death. The empe-
NAPAEAE. (NYMPHAE. ]
ror thanked his freedman in the senate, A. D. 42.
NARAVAS (Napatas,, a Numidian chief, who (Suet Claud. 37 ; Dion Cass. lx. 14. ) Narcissus
bears a conspicuous part in the war of the Car- soon afterwards seized the opportunity afforded by
thaginians against their revolted mercenaries and the conspiracy of Furius Camillus Scribonianus to
African subjects. He at first espoused the cause get the emperor to order the death of a number of
of the rebels, and joined the army of Spendius innocent persons. Messallina and Narcissus even
with a considerable force, but was afterwards in- went so far as to put to the torture many knights
duced to go over to the Carthaginians. The latter and senators. (Dion Cass. lx. 15, 16. ) Several
change, which took place at so critical a period of those most involved in the conspiracy, who
that it was probably the means of saving the could propitiate Narcissus and Messallina by
whole army of Hamilcar Barca from destruction, is money, escaped. In A. D. 43 we find Vespasianus
ascribed to the influence exercised over the mind sent as legatus of a legion into Germany through
of Naravas by the personal character of that gene the influence of Narcissus (Suet. Vesp. 4. ) When
ral, who received him with open arms and pro- the soldiers under A. Plautius in Britain mutinied,
mised him his daughter in marriage. Throughout Narcissus was sent by the emperor to restore order;
the remainder of the war Naravas was distinguished but on his attempting to address the soldiers he
for his zeal and fidelity in the Carthaginian cause, was received with shouts of indignation, and not
and contributed essentially to the ultimate success suffered to speak. His mission, however, accom-
of Hamilcar. (Polyb. i. 78, 82, 84, 86. ) Naravas plished its purpose, for the soldiers, under the in-
is the Greek form of the name, which is not men- fluence of this revulsion of feeling, suffered Plautius
tioned by any Latin writer: the more correct form to take the command of them. (Dion Cass. lx.
would probably be Narbal, or rather, Naarbaal. | 19. )
(Gesenius, Liny. Phoen. Mon. p. 410. ) [E. H. B. ] When Messallina, having lost the confidence
NARCAEUS (Napraius), a son of Dionysus of the freedmen of the palace, in consequence of her
and Narcaea, established a sanctuary of Athena having caused the death of Polybius, proceeded
Narcaea in Elis, and also introduced there the in her mad extravagance to marry C. Silius, in-
worship of Dionysus. (Paus. v. 16. $ 5. ) (L. S. ] furmation was given to the emperor, who at the
NARCISSUS (Nápriooos), a son of Cephissus time was at Ostia, by Narcissus through some
and the nymph Liriope of Thespiae. He was a
Narcissus persuaded the emperor that
very handsome youth, but wholly inaccessible to his only chance of safety lay in entrusting to him
the feeling of love. The nymph Echo, who loved the command of the praetorian soldiers ; and to
him, but in vain, died away with grief. One of prevent any one else from having access to the ear
his rejected lovers, however, prayed to Nemesis to of Claudius, he asked and obtained permission to
punish him for his unfeeling heart. Nemesis ac- ride back to Rome in the same carriage with him.
cordingly caused Narcissus to see his own face re- As they approached the city he diverted the atten-
flected in a well, and to fall in love with his own tion of the emperor from the appeals of Messallina,
image. As this shadow was unapproachable Nar- who had come out to meet them, and prevented
cissus gradually perished with love, and his corpse her children from being brought to their father.
was metamorphosed into the flower called after him Finding Claudius not so prompt in ordering the
narcissus. This beautiful story is related at length death of Messallina as he wished, and fearing the
by Ovid (Met. iii. 341, &c. ). According to some effects of her habitual influence over him, Narcissus
traditions, Narcissus sent a sword to one of his himself gave orders for putting her to death. The
lovers, Ameinius, who killed himself with it at the emperor was told that she had perished, and made
very door of Narcissus' house, and called upon the no further inquiries. Narcissus shortly after re-
gods to avenge his death. Narcissus, tormented ceived the insignia of a praetor. (Tac. Ann. xi.
by love of himself and by repentance, put an 30—38; Suet. Claud. 28. ) In the discussions
end to his life, and from his blood there sprang up which ensued as to whom Claudius should marry,
the flower narcissus (Conon, Narrat. 24). Other Narcissus supported the claims of Aelia Petina.
accounts again state that Narcissus melted away (Tac. Ann. xii. 1. ) Dion Cassius (lx. 34) relates
into the well in which he had beheld his own image an anecdote which shows that Narcissus thoroughly
(Paus. ix. 31. $ 6); or that he had a beloved twin appreciated the stupidity of the emperor. He how-
sister perfectly like him, who died, whereupon he ever got into considerable disgrace on account of
looked at his own image reflected in a well, to the insufficient manner in which the canal for
satify his longing after his sister. Eustathius (ad draining the lake Fucinus, the construction of
Hom. p. 266) says that Narcissus was drowned in which he had superintended, had been made.
the well.
(L. S. ) Agrippina charged him with the fraudulent appro-
NARCISSUS. 1. A freedman of the emperor priation of great part of the money apportioned for
Claudius, over whom he possessed unbounded in the work. Narcissus, in return, did not leave un-
fluence. He had charge of the emperor's letters. noticed her imperious temper and ambitious designs,
Reimar (ad Dion. Cilss. 1x. 34) quotes an old in- and threw his influence into the scale in favour of
scription (ap. Fubrettum, p. 543) which runs thus: | Britannicus. (Tac. Ann. xii. 57, 65 ; Dion Cass
this empen
gestion tt
Commodus
(Spartian
women,
wards esp
on accour
(Dion Cas
NARS
NARS
NARS
This cele
born as es
and of a
that his
prisoner
that of
was cast
He came
ployed
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ein pero
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## p. 1139 (#1155) ##########################################
NARSES.
1133
NARSES.
&
lx 34. ) Agrippina, to make sure of the succession 2000 Herules, savage but gallant warriors, and one
for her son, resolved to poison the emperor. She of his lieutenants was another Narses, the brother
accordingly sent away Narcissus to Campania, on of Aratius, an excellent general, whom Baronius
the pretext of his making use of the warm baths would not have confounded with the great Narses
for the gout, with which he seems to have been had he been aware that the second Narses fell in
affected. Here he was put to death almost imme the battle of Anglone in 543. Narses and Belisa-
diately on che accession of the emperor Nero, A. D. rius effected their junction at Firmium, and soon
54. (Tac. Ann. xiii. 1 ; Dion Cass, le 34. ) Be- afterwards they relieved Rimini, an exploit the
fore his death he burnt all the letters of Claudius honour of which was attributed to Narses, though
which were in his possession. He amassed an the fact was that he tried to persuade Belisarius
enormous fortune, amounting, according to Dion from venturing his army in such an expedition.
Cassius, to 400,000,000 sesterces, equivalent to Belisarius became soon aware that Narses had nut
3,125,000L of our money. (Comp. Juvenal
, xiv. only secret designs against him, but acted agree-
329. ) If the following inscription refers to him, ably to Justinian's wishes ; for in the council of
he had a wife named Claudia Dicaeosyna : D. M. war he never proposed any measure of importance
CLAVDIAE | DICA EOSYNAE | TL CLAVDIVS NAR- without finding Narses of a contrary opinion, and
CISSUS LIB. EID. Corv. PIENTISSIMAE / ET PRV had the mortification, moreover, to see him sup
GALISSI | B. M. (Orell. Inscript. Lat. Select. vol. i. ported by a crowd of jealons or disaffected officers.
p. 177. ) In another inscription we have: NARCISL Vexed at these unfair proceedings, Belisarius
T1. CLAVDI | BRITANIC I 1. I svPKA | INSVLAS. claimed absolute obedience, and produced his im-
(Orell. l. c. and No. 2927, p. 505. ) His name perial commission in which Justinian commanded
also occurs in Inscript. No. 4902, vol. ii. p. 414. the officers of every degree to obey him implicitly ;
2. A freedman of the emperor Nero, who was but Narses, pointing out the last words of the
put to death by the emperor Galba (Dion Casa letter, in which it was said “that the officers
Ixiv. 3. )
(C. P. M. ] should obey him in every thing compatible with
NARCISSUS, a celebrated athlete, with whom the welfare of the empire,” continued in his dis-
Commodus was in the habit of practising his gym- obedience, pretending that the plans of Belisarius
nastic exercises, was employed by Marcia to strangle were dangerous to the empire. Hence arose vio-
the emperor, when the poison that had been admi- lent quarrels, and Narses with his troops separated
nistered to him proved too slow in its operation, himself from Belisarius. About this time the Goths,
A. D, 192 (Dion Cass. lxxii. 22; Lamprid. or, more correctly speaking, the Franks and Bur-
Commod. 17 ; Aur. Vict. de Cass. 18, Epit. 17. ) gundians, their allies, had reduced Milan to ex-
Narcissus appears to have had great influence with tremities, after besieging it for a considerable time ;
this emperor, for we are told that it was at his sug- and, anxious to save that large city, Belisarius
gestion that Pescennius Niger was placed by sent orders to Joannes and Justin to hasten to its
Commodus in the command of the Syrian armies. relief. They answered that they had only to obey
(Spartian. Pescen. Nig. 1. ) Narcissus was after orders emanating from Narses. Belisarius endured
wards exposed to the lions by the emperor Severus this insult with forbearance, and at last prevailed
on account of his having strangled Commodus. upon Narses to give his consent to the contem-
(Dion Cass. lxxiii. 16 ; Spartian. Sever. 14. ) plated expedition of those two generals ; but it
NARSES, son of Artaxerxes III. (ARSES) was then too late, the Roman garrison of Milan
NAKSES, king of Persia. (SASSANIDAE. ) surrendered, and that splendid city was reduced to
NARSES (Napoñs), the rival of Belisarius. a heap of ruins, while its inhabitants were massa-
This celebrated general and statesman was perhaps cred by the victors. Justinian now became afraid
born as early as a. D. 472. He was of foreign descent that the jealousy between the two commanders
and of quite obscure parentage ; indeed, it seems would lead to still greater calamities, and he con-
that his parents sold him, or that he was made a sequently recalled Narses (539). This was the
prisoner of war when a mere boy, and his fate was first equivocal début of a general who afterwards
that of so many other boys captured in war: he put an end to the Gothic dominion in Italy.
was castrated. Of his earlier life nothing is known. During the following twelve years the name of
He came, however, to Constantinople and was em- Narses is scarcely mentioned in the annals of the
ployed in the imperial household. He was of empire, but he continued nevertheless to exercise a
material service to the emperor Justinian during predominant influence in the privy council of Jus-
the Níka riots (532), in which the name of Belisa- tinian. The world, however, was more accustomed
rius likewise became conspicuous. Narses was to look upon him as a statesman than as a general,
then cubicularius or chamberlain, as Theophanes and great was consequently the surprise when,
states, and it was perhaps the judicial use he made in 551, the emperor put him at the head of a for-
of the funds entrusted to him, by bribing over the midable expedition destined to retrieve the fortune
emperor's opponents, which caused him to be ap- of the Roman arms in Italy, where the Goths had
pointed treasurer to his master. In later years he had the upper hand ever since the recall of Belisarius
was employed in several embassies, and discharged in 548. The campaign of Narses in Italy 538, had
his duties to the complete satisfaction of his master, been no proof of his military skill, and the Roman
whose cunfidence he enjoyed in the highest degree. veterans revolted at fighting under a eunuch, whom
In 538 he was sent to Italy with reinforcements the very laws of the country seemed to exclude
for Belisarius, who was then in the field against from any command over men. Little affected by
the Goths; but it is more than probable that their demonstrations, and despising the ridicule
had secret instructions to thwart that great com- which the people tried to throw upon him, Narses,
mander, and prevent him from obtaining advan- availing himself of the unlimited confidence of Jus-
tages which might have rendered him dangerous to tinian, drained the imperial treasury, and vigorousiy
the suspicious Justinian. The contingent com- puslied on his preparations for the ensuing cam-
manded by Narses consisted of 5000 veterans and I paigu. In the spring of 552 every thing was ready,
4 D 2
## p. 1140 (#1156) ##########################################
1140
NARSES.
NARSES.
a
a
However, Ancona was the only port left to the Gothic army was utterly defeated, Teias and a
Romans in Italy between Ravenna and Otranto ; countless number were slain, and the rest capitu-
the Gothic fleet covered the sea ; and it was conse- lated, but were allowed to withdraw from
quently dangerous to trust the safety of 100,000 Italy: this condition was never well observed.
men, and the issue of the whole undertaking to the Narses now marched to the north, reducing one
chances of the weather or a naval battle. However, fortress after the other, and gaining the confidence
the Gothic fleet was beaten and destroyed off of the inhabitants through his firm yet generous
Sinigaglia Narses nevertheless resolved to march and faithful conduct. He thought he had subdued
round the Adriatic. This road presented no less Italy when he was undeceived by the appearance
formidable difficulties: the whole low country tra- of a host of 75,000 Alemanni and Franks, who
versed by the Po, the Adige, &c. , and their count- came down the Alps under the command of the two
less branches, was an impassable swamp ; the gallant dukes of the Alemanni, Leutharis and
bridges over the Po and the Adige had been broken Buccellinus. The Roman vanguard, commanded
down by the enemy; and the only remaining pas- by Fulcaris, a brave but rash Herulian, was cut to
sage over the latter river, at Verona, was guarded pieces in the amphitheatre of Parma, and, in spito
by the gallant Teias with a strong body of veteran of the efforts of Narses, the barbarians rushed down
Goths. Narses consequently chose a middle course. into Southern Italy. Leutharis ravaged Apulia
He coasted the Dalmatian shore of the Adriatic as and Calabria, and Buccellinus plundered Campania
fiir as the northern corner of that sea, whence his Lucania, and Bruttium ; but they were more for-
army continued by land, while the fleet took a midable as marauders than as soldiers ; they could
parallel course along the shore, and wherever a overrun the country, but they oppressed it too
river or a canal chocked the progress by land, the much to be able to maintain themselves in it, and
ships conveyed timber and other materials to the they consequently thought of returning to the Alps.
spot for the speedy construction of bridges. Thus Their ranks were thinned through losses and dig
be reached Ravenna, Tejas being all the while quite eases, to which Leutharis fell a rictim with his
unable to molest him. He remained nine days in whole band, and while Buccellinus was staying
that city. Thence he marched upon Rimini, and near Capua, Narses came on with his veterans
the Gothic garrison having dared to insult him, he and slew him and his followers in a fierce battle at
drove them back within their walls, and slew their Casilinum, on the Vulturus. Agathias says, that
commander Usdrilas. Without losing time in be out of 30,000 men only 5000 escaped in this bat-
bieging Rimini he proceeded on the Flaminian way tle. The power of the Goths was now irretrievably
to Rome, where king Totilas awaited him with his ruined, and Italy was once more a province of the
main army. They met in the plain of Lentaglio, Roman empire, which Justinian finally pacified
between Tagina (Taginae, Tadinae) and the tombs and organised by his famous “ Pragmatica. ” Narses
of the Gauls: the left of the Romans was under was appointed governor of Italy, and took up bis
the immediate command of Narses and Joannes, residence at Ravenna.
the nephew of Vitalienus, and the right was com- During many subsequent years the name of
manded by Valerianus, John Phagas, and Dagis- Narses is not once mentioned ; but we cannot
theus. The Romans carried the day: 6000 Goths but presume that in regulating the domestic
fell on the field, and king Totilas was slain in his affairs of Italy he acted in a way that did credit
flight: his armour was sent to Constantinople to his genius, although we know that his con-
(July 552). Teias was now chosen king of the duct was far from being free from avarice.
flight from Troy, his visit to Carthage and amour if not so much read as formerly, were still fresh in
with Dido, together with other legends connected the memories of men.
with the early history both of Carthage and of The fragments of Naevius have been published,
Rome. Originally the poem was not divided into together with those of other Latin poets, by the
books, and we learn from Suetonius (De II. Stephani, 8vo. Paris, 1564; but in this collection
Gramm. 2), that Lampadio distributed it into many are wrongly attributed to Naevius. There
It was extensively copied both by Ennius is another collection by Almeloveen, 12mo. Am-
and Virgil. The latter author took many passages ster. 1686. The fragments of the Bellum Punicum,
from it; particularly the description of the storm in together with those of Ennius, were published by
the first Aeneïd, the speech with which Aneas con- P. Merula, 4to. Leyden, 1595; and by Spangen-
soles bis companions, and the address of Venus to berg, 8vo. Leipzig, 1825. They have also been
Jupiter. (Cic. Brut. 19; Macrob. Sat. vi. 2 ; Serv. collected by Hermann in his Elementa Doctrinae
ad Aen. i. 198. )
Metricae (iii. 9), and by Düntzer and Lersch, in a
A translation of the Cypria Nias has been as- treatise entitled De versu quem vocant Saturnio,
cribed to Naevius ; but the heroic metre in which 8vo. Bonn, 1839. The dramatic fragments by
it is executed is a sufficient proof that it was the Delrio, Syntagma Tragoediae Latinae, 4to. Paris,
production of some later writer, probably Laevius, 1619; Maittaire, London, 1713; Bothe, Poetarum
whose fragments seem to have been frequently con- Latii scenicorum fragmenta, Leipzig, 1834. The
founded with those of Naevius. (Pontan. ad most convenient collection of the entire fragments
Macrob. Sat. i 18. )
is that of Klussmann, 8vo. Jena, 1843, accom-
His dramatic writings comprised both tragedies panied with a life of Naevius, and an essa
and comedies; and, among the latter, that more poetry. See also Weichert, Poetarum Latinorum
peculiarly Roman species of composition, the Co Reliquiae ; and Neukirch, De fubula togata Ro-
moedia Togata. Welcker, however, doubts about manorum, Leipsig, 1833.
(T. D. ]
his claims to be considered as a tragic poet, and NAEVIUS SERTO'RIUS MACRO.
altogether denies that he wrote Togatae. (Die (MACRO. ]
Griech. Tragödien, pp. 1345, 1372. ) Among his NAIADES. [NYMPHAE. )
tragedies have been reckoned Andromache sire NAMU'SA, AUFI'DIUS, one of the numerous
Hector Proficiscens, Danaë, Hesione, Iphigenia, pupils of Serv. Sulpicius. There were ten of the
Lycurgus (by some thought to have been a comedy), pupils of Sulpicius who wrote books, and from the
the Equus Trujunus (also ascribed to Livius), and works of eight of them Namusa compiled a work
the Dolus, a title variously spelt (see Müller, ad which was distributed into one hundred and eighty
Varr. L. L. p. 163). Klussmann (p. 100) holds parts or divisions (libri). The work of Namusa is
the Equus Trojanus and Dolus to be one and the cited by Ulpian (Dig. 13. tit. 6. 6. 5. $ 7), Javo-
same play. Several other tragedies seem to have lenus (Dig. 35. tit. 1. s. 40. § 3), and Paulus (Dig.
been wrongly ascribed to Naevius, whose dramatic 39. tit. 3. 8. 2. 8 6); and we are thus made ac-
fragments have been frequently confounded with quainted with some of the legal opinions of Servius.
those of Livius, Ennius, and other writers. As to the expression “ his auditoribus," used by
Of his Togatae the titles of two only can be Pomponius (Dig. 1. tit. 2 s. 2. § 44) see Grotius,
cited; the Romulus, a Praetextata, and the Clas- Vitae Jurisconsult. and Zimmern, Geschichte des
tidium, probably a Tubernaria. (Donat. ad Ter. Röm. Privatrechts, vol. i. p. 293. [G. L. ]
Adelph. iv. 1, 21; Varr. L. L. p. 163, Müll. ) NANNII or NANNEII, persons of property
In addition to these, we find the titles of be- prescribed by Sulla. (Cic. de Pet. Cons. c. 2. )
4 D
;
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VOL. II.
## p. 1138 (#1154) ##########################################
1138
NARCISSUS.
NARCISSUS.
11 34. ) Agrip
for her son, les
ace ordingly sen
the present of
for the gout,
ałected. Her
diately on be
34. (TaL. As
fore his death
which were i
enormous fort
Cassius, to 4
3,125,000% of
329. ) If the
he had a wife
CLAYDLAE 1
CISSUS LIBI
GALISSI
R 177. ) In
TL CLAVDI 1
(Orell. La
also occurs i
2 A free
pat to dea:
Inir. 3. )
NARCIS
Commodus
nastic exerc
the ein pero
nistered to
A. D. 192.
Commod. 1
Narcissus
When Cicero speaks (ad Att. i. 16. & 3) of Cuxus NARCISSUS AUG. L. AB. EPISTULIS. (Comp. Suet.
ex Nanneianis illc, he means to indicate Crassus, Claud. 28 ; Zonar. p. 563, d. ) When Messallina
who was one of the purchasers of the confiscated wished to compass the death of C. Appius Silanus,
property of the Nannii.
Narcissus, between whom and herself ihere existed
NANNO (Navvu), a Aute-player, beloved by at that time a good understanding, pretended to
Minnermus, and repeatedly celebrated by him, as the emperor that in a dream he had seen him fall
well as mentioned in connection with his name by by the hand of Silanus. The preconcerted entrance
Poseidippus (Anth. Graec, vol. ii. p. 48, vol. viii
. of Silanus immediately afterwards was alleged as a
p. 142, ed. Jacobs ; Stobaeus, vol. i. p. 303, vol confirmation of the vision, and the unfortunate
iii. pp. 332, 435, ed. Gaisford. ) (W. M. G. ) youth was immediately put to death. The empe-
NAPAEAE. (NYMPHAE. ]
ror thanked his freedman in the senate, A. D. 42.
NARAVAS (Napatas,, a Numidian chief, who (Suet Claud. 37 ; Dion Cass. lx. 14. ) Narcissus
bears a conspicuous part in the war of the Car- soon afterwards seized the opportunity afforded by
thaginians against their revolted mercenaries and the conspiracy of Furius Camillus Scribonianus to
African subjects. He at first espoused the cause get the emperor to order the death of a number of
of the rebels, and joined the army of Spendius innocent persons. Messallina and Narcissus even
with a considerable force, but was afterwards in- went so far as to put to the torture many knights
duced to go over to the Carthaginians. The latter and senators. (Dion Cass. lx. 15, 16. ) Several
change, which took place at so critical a period of those most involved in the conspiracy, who
that it was probably the means of saving the could propitiate Narcissus and Messallina by
whole army of Hamilcar Barca from destruction, is money, escaped. In A. D. 43 we find Vespasianus
ascribed to the influence exercised over the mind sent as legatus of a legion into Germany through
of Naravas by the personal character of that gene the influence of Narcissus (Suet. Vesp. 4. ) When
ral, who received him with open arms and pro- the soldiers under A. Plautius in Britain mutinied,
mised him his daughter in marriage. Throughout Narcissus was sent by the emperor to restore order;
the remainder of the war Naravas was distinguished but on his attempting to address the soldiers he
for his zeal and fidelity in the Carthaginian cause, was received with shouts of indignation, and not
and contributed essentially to the ultimate success suffered to speak. His mission, however, accom-
of Hamilcar. (Polyb. i. 78, 82, 84, 86. ) Naravas plished its purpose, for the soldiers, under the in-
is the Greek form of the name, which is not men- fluence of this revulsion of feeling, suffered Plautius
tioned by any Latin writer: the more correct form to take the command of them. (Dion Cass. lx.
would probably be Narbal, or rather, Naarbaal. | 19. )
(Gesenius, Liny. Phoen. Mon. p. 410. ) [E. H. B. ] When Messallina, having lost the confidence
NARCAEUS (Napraius), a son of Dionysus of the freedmen of the palace, in consequence of her
and Narcaea, established a sanctuary of Athena having caused the death of Polybius, proceeded
Narcaea in Elis, and also introduced there the in her mad extravagance to marry C. Silius, in-
worship of Dionysus. (Paus. v. 16. $ 5. ) (L. S. ] furmation was given to the emperor, who at the
NARCISSUS (Nápriooos), a son of Cephissus time was at Ostia, by Narcissus through some
and the nymph Liriope of Thespiae. He was a
Narcissus persuaded the emperor that
very handsome youth, but wholly inaccessible to his only chance of safety lay in entrusting to him
the feeling of love. The nymph Echo, who loved the command of the praetorian soldiers ; and to
him, but in vain, died away with grief. One of prevent any one else from having access to the ear
his rejected lovers, however, prayed to Nemesis to of Claudius, he asked and obtained permission to
punish him for his unfeeling heart. Nemesis ac- ride back to Rome in the same carriage with him.
cordingly caused Narcissus to see his own face re- As they approached the city he diverted the atten-
flected in a well, and to fall in love with his own tion of the emperor from the appeals of Messallina,
image. As this shadow was unapproachable Nar- who had come out to meet them, and prevented
cissus gradually perished with love, and his corpse her children from being brought to their father.
was metamorphosed into the flower called after him Finding Claudius not so prompt in ordering the
narcissus. This beautiful story is related at length death of Messallina as he wished, and fearing the
by Ovid (Met. iii. 341, &c. ). According to some effects of her habitual influence over him, Narcissus
traditions, Narcissus sent a sword to one of his himself gave orders for putting her to death. The
lovers, Ameinius, who killed himself with it at the emperor was told that she had perished, and made
very door of Narcissus' house, and called upon the no further inquiries. Narcissus shortly after re-
gods to avenge his death. Narcissus, tormented ceived the insignia of a praetor. (Tac. Ann. xi.
by love of himself and by repentance, put an 30—38; Suet. Claud. 28. ) In the discussions
end to his life, and from his blood there sprang up which ensued as to whom Claudius should marry,
the flower narcissus (Conon, Narrat. 24). Other Narcissus supported the claims of Aelia Petina.
accounts again state that Narcissus melted away (Tac. Ann. xii. 1. ) Dion Cassius (lx. 34) relates
into the well in which he had beheld his own image an anecdote which shows that Narcissus thoroughly
(Paus. ix. 31. $ 6); or that he had a beloved twin appreciated the stupidity of the emperor. He how-
sister perfectly like him, who died, whereupon he ever got into considerable disgrace on account of
looked at his own image reflected in a well, to the insufficient manner in which the canal for
satify his longing after his sister. Eustathius (ad draining the lake Fucinus, the construction of
Hom. p. 266) says that Narcissus was drowned in which he had superintended, had been made.
the well.
(L. S. ) Agrippina charged him with the fraudulent appro-
NARCISSUS. 1. A freedman of the emperor priation of great part of the money apportioned for
Claudius, over whom he possessed unbounded in the work. Narcissus, in return, did not leave un-
fluence. He had charge of the emperor's letters. noticed her imperious temper and ambitious designs,
Reimar (ad Dion. Cilss. 1x. 34) quotes an old in- and threw his influence into the scale in favour of
scription (ap. Fubrettum, p. 543) which runs thus: | Britannicus. (Tac. Ann. xii. 57, 65 ; Dion Cass
this empen
gestion tt
Commodus
(Spartian
women,
wards esp
on accour
(Dion Cas
NARS
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## p. 1139 (#1155) ##########################################
NARSES.
1133
NARSES.
&
lx 34. ) Agrippina, to make sure of the succession 2000 Herules, savage but gallant warriors, and one
for her son, resolved to poison the emperor. She of his lieutenants was another Narses, the brother
accordingly sent away Narcissus to Campania, on of Aratius, an excellent general, whom Baronius
the pretext of his making use of the warm baths would not have confounded with the great Narses
for the gout, with which he seems to have been had he been aware that the second Narses fell in
affected. Here he was put to death almost imme the battle of Anglone in 543. Narses and Belisa-
diately on che accession of the emperor Nero, A. D. rius effected their junction at Firmium, and soon
54. (Tac. Ann. xiii. 1 ; Dion Cass, le 34. ) Be- afterwards they relieved Rimini, an exploit the
fore his death he burnt all the letters of Claudius honour of which was attributed to Narses, though
which were in his possession. He amassed an the fact was that he tried to persuade Belisarius
enormous fortune, amounting, according to Dion from venturing his army in such an expedition.
Cassius, to 400,000,000 sesterces, equivalent to Belisarius became soon aware that Narses had nut
3,125,000L of our money. (Comp. Juvenal
, xiv. only secret designs against him, but acted agree-
329. ) If the following inscription refers to him, ably to Justinian's wishes ; for in the council of
he had a wife named Claudia Dicaeosyna : D. M. war he never proposed any measure of importance
CLAVDIAE | DICA EOSYNAE | TL CLAVDIVS NAR- without finding Narses of a contrary opinion, and
CISSUS LIB. EID. Corv. PIENTISSIMAE / ET PRV had the mortification, moreover, to see him sup
GALISSI | B. M. (Orell. Inscript. Lat. Select. vol. i. ported by a crowd of jealons or disaffected officers.
p. 177. ) In another inscription we have: NARCISL Vexed at these unfair proceedings, Belisarius
T1. CLAVDI | BRITANIC I 1. I svPKA | INSVLAS. claimed absolute obedience, and produced his im-
(Orell. l. c. and No. 2927, p. 505. ) His name perial commission in which Justinian commanded
also occurs in Inscript. No. 4902, vol. ii. p. 414. the officers of every degree to obey him implicitly ;
2. A freedman of the emperor Nero, who was but Narses, pointing out the last words of the
put to death by the emperor Galba (Dion Casa letter, in which it was said “that the officers
Ixiv. 3. )
(C. P. M. ] should obey him in every thing compatible with
NARCISSUS, a celebrated athlete, with whom the welfare of the empire,” continued in his dis-
Commodus was in the habit of practising his gym- obedience, pretending that the plans of Belisarius
nastic exercises, was employed by Marcia to strangle were dangerous to the empire. Hence arose vio-
the emperor, when the poison that had been admi- lent quarrels, and Narses with his troops separated
nistered to him proved too slow in its operation, himself from Belisarius. About this time the Goths,
A. D, 192 (Dion Cass. lxxii. 22; Lamprid. or, more correctly speaking, the Franks and Bur-
Commod. 17 ; Aur. Vict. de Cass. 18, Epit. 17. ) gundians, their allies, had reduced Milan to ex-
Narcissus appears to have had great influence with tremities, after besieging it for a considerable time ;
this emperor, for we are told that it was at his sug- and, anxious to save that large city, Belisarius
gestion that Pescennius Niger was placed by sent orders to Joannes and Justin to hasten to its
Commodus in the command of the Syrian armies. relief. They answered that they had only to obey
(Spartian. Pescen. Nig. 1. ) Narcissus was after orders emanating from Narses. Belisarius endured
wards exposed to the lions by the emperor Severus this insult with forbearance, and at last prevailed
on account of his having strangled Commodus. upon Narses to give his consent to the contem-
(Dion Cass. lxxiii. 16 ; Spartian. Sever. 14. ) plated expedition of those two generals ; but it
NARSES, son of Artaxerxes III. (ARSES) was then too late, the Roman garrison of Milan
NAKSES, king of Persia. (SASSANIDAE. ) surrendered, and that splendid city was reduced to
NARSES (Napoñs), the rival of Belisarius. a heap of ruins, while its inhabitants were massa-
This celebrated general and statesman was perhaps cred by the victors. Justinian now became afraid
born as early as a. D. 472. He was of foreign descent that the jealousy between the two commanders
and of quite obscure parentage ; indeed, it seems would lead to still greater calamities, and he con-
that his parents sold him, or that he was made a sequently recalled Narses (539). This was the
prisoner of war when a mere boy, and his fate was first equivocal début of a general who afterwards
that of so many other boys captured in war: he put an end to the Gothic dominion in Italy.
was castrated. Of his earlier life nothing is known. During the following twelve years the name of
He came, however, to Constantinople and was em- Narses is scarcely mentioned in the annals of the
ployed in the imperial household. He was of empire, but he continued nevertheless to exercise a
material service to the emperor Justinian during predominant influence in the privy council of Jus-
the Níka riots (532), in which the name of Belisa- tinian. The world, however, was more accustomed
rius likewise became conspicuous. Narses was to look upon him as a statesman than as a general,
then cubicularius or chamberlain, as Theophanes and great was consequently the surprise when,
states, and it was perhaps the judicial use he made in 551, the emperor put him at the head of a for-
of the funds entrusted to him, by bribing over the midable expedition destined to retrieve the fortune
emperor's opponents, which caused him to be ap- of the Roman arms in Italy, where the Goths had
pointed treasurer to his master. In later years he had the upper hand ever since the recall of Belisarius
was employed in several embassies, and discharged in 548. The campaign of Narses in Italy 538, had
his duties to the complete satisfaction of his master, been no proof of his military skill, and the Roman
whose cunfidence he enjoyed in the highest degree. veterans revolted at fighting under a eunuch, whom
In 538 he was sent to Italy with reinforcements the very laws of the country seemed to exclude
for Belisarius, who was then in the field against from any command over men. Little affected by
the Goths; but it is more than probable that their demonstrations, and despising the ridicule
had secret instructions to thwart that great com- which the people tried to throw upon him, Narses,
mander, and prevent him from obtaining advan- availing himself of the unlimited confidence of Jus-
tages which might have rendered him dangerous to tinian, drained the imperial treasury, and vigorousiy
the suspicious Justinian. The contingent com- puslied on his preparations for the ensuing cam-
manded by Narses consisted of 5000 veterans and I paigu. In the spring of 552 every thing was ready,
4 D 2
## p. 1140 (#1156) ##########################################
1140
NARSES.
NARSES.
a
a
However, Ancona was the only port left to the Gothic army was utterly defeated, Teias and a
Romans in Italy between Ravenna and Otranto ; countless number were slain, and the rest capitu-
the Gothic fleet covered the sea ; and it was conse- lated, but were allowed to withdraw from
quently dangerous to trust the safety of 100,000 Italy: this condition was never well observed.
men, and the issue of the whole undertaking to the Narses now marched to the north, reducing one
chances of the weather or a naval battle. However, fortress after the other, and gaining the confidence
the Gothic fleet was beaten and destroyed off of the inhabitants through his firm yet generous
Sinigaglia Narses nevertheless resolved to march and faithful conduct. He thought he had subdued
round the Adriatic. This road presented no less Italy when he was undeceived by the appearance
formidable difficulties: the whole low country tra- of a host of 75,000 Alemanni and Franks, who
versed by the Po, the Adige, &c. , and their count- came down the Alps under the command of the two
less branches, was an impassable swamp ; the gallant dukes of the Alemanni, Leutharis and
bridges over the Po and the Adige had been broken Buccellinus. The Roman vanguard, commanded
down by the enemy; and the only remaining pas- by Fulcaris, a brave but rash Herulian, was cut to
sage over the latter river, at Verona, was guarded pieces in the amphitheatre of Parma, and, in spito
by the gallant Teias with a strong body of veteran of the efforts of Narses, the barbarians rushed down
Goths. Narses consequently chose a middle course. into Southern Italy. Leutharis ravaged Apulia
He coasted the Dalmatian shore of the Adriatic as and Calabria, and Buccellinus plundered Campania
fiir as the northern corner of that sea, whence his Lucania, and Bruttium ; but they were more for-
army continued by land, while the fleet took a midable as marauders than as soldiers ; they could
parallel course along the shore, and wherever a overrun the country, but they oppressed it too
river or a canal chocked the progress by land, the much to be able to maintain themselves in it, and
ships conveyed timber and other materials to the they consequently thought of returning to the Alps.
spot for the speedy construction of bridges. Thus Their ranks were thinned through losses and dig
be reached Ravenna, Tejas being all the while quite eases, to which Leutharis fell a rictim with his
unable to molest him. He remained nine days in whole band, and while Buccellinus was staying
that city. Thence he marched upon Rimini, and near Capua, Narses came on with his veterans
the Gothic garrison having dared to insult him, he and slew him and his followers in a fierce battle at
drove them back within their walls, and slew their Casilinum, on the Vulturus. Agathias says, that
commander Usdrilas. Without losing time in be out of 30,000 men only 5000 escaped in this bat-
bieging Rimini he proceeded on the Flaminian way tle. The power of the Goths was now irretrievably
to Rome, where king Totilas awaited him with his ruined, and Italy was once more a province of the
main army. They met in the plain of Lentaglio, Roman empire, which Justinian finally pacified
between Tagina (Taginae, Tadinae) and the tombs and organised by his famous “ Pragmatica. ” Narses
of the Gauls: the left of the Romans was under was appointed governor of Italy, and took up bis
the immediate command of Narses and Joannes, residence at Ravenna.
the nephew of Vitalienus, and the right was com- During many subsequent years the name of
manded by Valerianus, John Phagas, and Dagis- Narses is not once mentioned ; but we cannot
theus. The Romans carried the day: 6000 Goths but presume that in regulating the domestic
fell on the field, and king Totilas was slain in his affairs of Italy he acted in a way that did credit
flight: his armour was sent to Constantinople to his genius, although we know that his con-
(July 552). Teias was now chosen king of the duct was far from being free from avarice.
