Because the kingdom was pro- tected by the true doctrine, Tibet is known to have enjoyed the
happiness
of paradise.
Dudjom Rinpoche - Fundamentals and History of the Nyingmapa
and five linking kings called Tsen.
Introduction 509
By the blessing that came from worshipping and venerating them the king, a man of sixty-one years, was rejuvenated and became a sixteen- year-old youth once more. He lived on for sixty more years, and so
reached the age of one hundred and twenty. The king obtained a
prediction that the meaning ofthe Awesome Secret would be understood
after five generations. This was the beginning of the true doctrine in Tibet. 537
But there are various other aCCOUnts of how it happened: Nelpa PaJ). c;iita [in his History] said:
The Piinpos claim that the casket fell down from the sky because they adore the sky; but in reality those two books were brought by the scholar and the translator
Thilise. When they arrived in Tibet they found that the king
could neither read, nor understand the meaning. So the scholar and the translator returned.
This account appears to be true.
At a later date Ba Selnang went to Nepal, where he met the preceptor Santarak$ita. The preceptor said to him, "While the Buddba Kasyapa was teaching the doctrine, the king of Tibet, yourself, and I were the
three sons of a woman poultry-keeper. We made a vow to propagate the teaching in Tibet. As the king had not been reborn and yoU had not come of age, I have been waiting here for nine reigns. " Because this tale is said to Occur in tbe "pure" Testament of Ba (rba-bzhed
gtsang-ma),538 and because it accords with known facts, some scholars hold it to be true.
Lek' eight middle kIngs De, P" these ancient reIgns. onpos,
who relied on legends and
. . edthekmgdom.
d. rz-ma
enigmatIc govern Now, it says m the Prophecy
med-pa lung bstan-pa):
emgs. . hotori Nyentsen, the twenty-eighth heredit- Accordingly, when Lha T . f the bodhisattva Samantabhadra,
ary king, who was an °palace a casket fell down upon the was residing in the Yumbu :rang I d the Sutra ofthe Rites ofRenun- palace roof. It was opened, an e -brgya-pa'i mdo, T 267), a mould ciation and Fulfilment Gem (CintamaTJidhiira'lO, engravedWiththeDharaTJIof Avalokitefvara'sAttributes
the Sutra ofthe Cornucopw of bl M tra and a golden stupa. The ) h S' -Sylla e an , .
Addressed to Vimaladevf (lha-mo
. _
vyuhasutra, T 116 , t e IX ere but understood them to be auspI-
king did not know what they cious, and so called them the Awesome
Lha Thotori Nyentsen
ears after my finalmrvaJ). a d in the land of red-faced
Secret" (gnyan-po gsang-ba).
1 The Three Ancestral Religious Kings
h
. mao It others th 1
KING SONGTSEN GAMP0539
[151. 6-154. 4] There is a prophecy in the Root Tantra of Maiijusrf:
In the place called the divine land, Surrounded by snowy mountains,
A king called "God among Men" will be born Into the Licchavi race. 540
The fifth hereditary monarch after Lha Thotori was the religious king Songtsen Gampo, an emanation of Avalokitesvara in the form of a mighty lord of men, who began to rule the kingdom at the age of thirteen. When he was fifteen the emanational monk A-kar MatisIla brought him a self-created image of the Sublime One [Avalokitesvara]. Then, the king commanded the religious minister Gar, an emanation of VajrapaJ)i, to invite the Nepalese princess Trhitsiin, an emanation of Bhtku! I, and the Chinese princess Wen-ch'eng K'ong-jo, an emanation of Tara, both of whom were agreeable to the people, to be his two consorts. 54l This he did in order to introduce two images ofthe Teacher, representative of the Buddha himself, which were, respectively, the size of an eight-year-old, and that of a twe1ve-year-old. 542 The princesses came to be known as the two "Lotuses of the Lake".
While the Trhiilnang Temple [i. e. the Jokhang, the "Cathedral of Lhasa"] was being constructed the building-work was disrupted by non-human beings. Therefore, the king and his two consorts went into retreat in the palace known as Maru, at Nyangdren Phawongkha in the valley of the Kyicu. They attained accomplishment by propitiating their meditative deity, on whose advice the king built the Border Tam- ing, Further Taming, and District Controlling temples, which were situated on geomantic sites on the body of the supine ogress [that is
543
Tibet]; and so it was that he exorcised the malignant earth spirits. He then erected the Trhtilnang and Ramoche temples and the images they housed.
Songtsen Campo
about a h G
d
un red long-haired 0 i .
S The Three Ancestral Religious Kings 511 ongtsen Gampo invited the mast K
from India,544 the master "-Ila _. erfj usara and the brahman Sarikara
manJu romNep1 d h
sang MO-ho-yen from Ch· W· h a ,an t e master Ho-
ofthe Tripitaka and ofthe t ,. ey. trans ated many sec- to Tibet. Though no actual and thus mtroduced the teach-
hImself secretly gave instruction on the g or study took place, the king
the Great Compassionate 0 peaceful and wrathful forms of
practised these teachings Nne to many beings, who then
h " . 0 onewasordamed[
t e seven men who were tested" b . . . as a monk] prior to
reat Compassionate One at NY g ns engaged m the practices of the which formed the k Phawongkha. At that time the In three separate treasures L mg s testament were collected and hidden
master treasures were revealed by the hoday they are renowned as the C II yang, and the teacher Sakya-o. t eMantra"OmManiPadm ected. WorksoftheKingconcerning doctrinal work. ·545· e HU1? l (ma1Jz bka'-'bum), the first Tibetan
,
ut It IS SaId that there were always
512 History: Origin ofthe Teaching in Tibet _0
00 0 bhota anemanationof The king also sent Thonml Sam 0 : ' On the basis of the Indian
d mmar and wntmgo
to India to stu Y gra f the Tibetan letters, and he compose
reigns from now, in the time of my descendant, King De, the true
scripts he created the forms 0 546
eight treatises on Tibetan had been no in the
Just so, when Trhisong Detsen was thirteen he began to govern the kingdom. At twenty he made a solemn resolution to propagate the true doctrine and he invited to Tibet the Bodhisattva, the
Before Songtsen Gampo s tIm d
ccord with the doctnne, but
Land of SnoWs 0
f
a co
0
d ofcon uct edt
lOne and of theories m accor rod
d preceptor from Sahor. The latter granted the eight vows to some, but when he taught the doctrines of the ten virtues and of the eighteen
thereafter the great o
d
fthetrue oc oor 0 fi
Thus thekingmnovate 0'00
nedforthe lrsttIme
with the doctnne was ope °llustrated by the ten dIVme
psychophysical bases, the savage demons and deities of Tibet became angry. Lightning struck Marpori [the "Red Mountain", site of the present Potala Palace] and the palace at Phangtang was swept away by a flood. The harvest was destroyed and great calamities befell the coun- try. Evil ministers said, "This is due to the practice of the doctrine. The master should be banished to his own country. "
The king offered much gold to the preceptor and told him of the situation. replied, "The spirits of Tibet are displeased. I will go to Nepal for the time being. In order to subdue the savage spirits and demons of Tibet, there is a mantra adept called Padmasam- bhava, who is, at present, the most powerful in the world. I will send him an invitation, and Your Majesty should do the same. " So they sent messengers consecutively.
Master Padmasambhava, however, already knew that the delegation, which included Nanam Dorje DUjom, was speeding on its way. In an instant he travelled to Kungtang, in Mangytil, where he met the group. He scattered their offering of gold in the direction of Ngari and said, "Everything I perceive is gold. " In this way he turned Tibet into an abundant gold-producing land.
Then the Bodhisattva, set out for Tibet in advance, along with a skilled Nepali stonemason. Master Padmasambhava ad- vanced from Kyirong, whereupon the gods and demons of Tibet launched a raging storm of snow and rain, which blocked the mountain passes. The master retired to a mountain cave, imprisoned the gods and demons by the power of his contemplation, and bound them under an oath of allegiance. From that time on, by his miraculous powers, he gradually covered the whole of Tibet on foot, from Ngari, Central Tibet, and Tsang [in the west], to Dokam [Kham and Amdo in the east]. He bound all the powerful spirits under oath, among whom the foremost were the twelve goddesses of the earth, the thirteen hunting gods, and the twenty-one genyen;549 and he assumed control of their vital heart-mantras.
In the tamarisk forest of Trakmar he met the sovereign. While con- secrating the Drinzang Temple at Trakmar, he invited the images of the deities to a place of feasting. That night the temple was empty. The next morning the deities were actually seen eating the offerings and conversing in the temple. That day all the musical instruments of
the just splntua an o
1 547 In these ways, mg pure human awso
mao
oo ld temporal laws, as I KO
f TObet to become a prosperous and luxurious source of the true doctnne 0
KING TRHISONG DETSEN AND THE COMING OF P ADMASAMBHA V A
o f Son tsen Gampo, King Trhisong
[154 4-16605] In the fifth reIgn a ter g d His royal ancestor o 0 f M fijughosa, appeare 0 " 0
Detsen, an emanatIOn 0 a 0 late to the effect that, FIve had inscribed a prophecy on a copper P ,
'--c
virtues and the SIxteen
Songtsen Gampo blessed the country I
0
Trhisong Detsen
doctrine will be propagated. " He had concealed the copper plate in a d confined place. 548
The Three Ancestral Religious Kings 513
514
History: Origin ofthe Teaching in Tibet
and made a great din. At the same time worship by ht before some sensitive children who
the oracular mlrror was g d . dences of all the malignant indicated the names, conduct, an the teaching of the doctrine m .
and nagas, who had With threats of intimidation the Tibet by the preceptor, 0 lSdat v . th of allegiance and secured
b d those spirits un er an oa
o u n . ured their vital heart-mantras, an
d the
master
them in the doctnne. He proc f h . d he subdued those who
rituals for the propitiation of t and so forth. Pad-
still remained unconverted. Wlt urn masambhava did this two nmes.
,
Z· fLake Manasarovar,
After he had such He was offered four-
Padmasambhava culnvated the kmg s fr P I The Bodhisattva
f d edgoldtoerectatempe.
power P dmasambhava went to
teen mule-loads 0
inspected the land while the great o:erpowered all the local Hepori [a mountain near Samye], W. erhe e d d them to sublimate
l' VOice eorere h gods and demons. In a g d f indestructible reality in t e
their pride, and, by n lines he summoned
sky, he blessed the slte. Whlle g[ h r ] Cokro pucungmen and by contemplation the twO [splnts 0 ea mg ,
The Three Ancestral Religious Kings 515
Lhabumen, to guide the ends of the measuring thread. The foundations were laid following the model of OdantapurI Monastery, in accord with
551
Since the great master employed all of the arrogant spirits, the walls which were raised during the day by men were made even higher at night by the spirits. Thus, glorious Samye, the Temple of Unchanging Spontaneous Presence, which was designed to resemble Mount Sumeru, with its four continents, and its subcontin- ents, sun, moon, and iron perimeter, was entirely completed in about five years, along with the three shrines of the three queens. 552 During the consecration performed by the preceptor and the master, astonishing and inconceivable miracles occurred. For example, the deities enshrined
in the central shrine (dbu-rtse) went outside.
Then the sovereign decided to introduce the foundations of the sutra
and mantra teachings by translating the true doctrine [from Sanskrit into Tibetan]. Intelligent Tibetan youths were instructed in the art of translation. Trhisong Detsen invited from India great scholars, who were learned in the pi! aka - monks such as the masters Jinamitra, SarvajfHideva, and DanasIla; holders of indestructible reality such as Vimalamitra and Santigarbha; and twelve monks of the Sarvastivada order as well. 553
To test whether or not Tibetans were suitable for monastic ordination, the king at first requested that those masters ordain his faithful minister, Ba Trhizi ofthe Zhang family. Under the supervision ofthe Bodhisattva, who officiated as preceptor, of DanasIla and Jinamitra, who acted as master of ceremonies and exposer of secrets, and of ten other pa1). <;iitas, who made up the quorum, Trhizi renounced the world and was fully ordained as a monk. He received the name Pelyang, and also became known as Ba-ratna, the "Jewel of the Ba Family"; for the king had praised him thus. Through meditation he acquired five supernormal cognitive powers.
After that, Ba Selnang, Pagor Vairocana, Ngenlam Gyelwa Choyang, Ma Rincen-chok, Khon Luiwangpo Sungwa, and Lasum Gyelwa Cangcup gradually renounced the world. They were fully ordained as monks; and their names were changed to Yeshe Wangpo, and so forth. Together, they became known as the "seven men who were tested"; and they were the first monks in Tibet.
The king then decided that Tibetans were suitable for ordination. Trama, the minister of the Zhang family, and three hundred intelligent subjects were ordained. Scholars, such as the preceptor and master Padmasambhava, along with the translators Vairocana, Kawa Peltsek, Cokro Lui Gyeltsen, and Zhang Yeshe De translated the transmitted precepts of the sutra, and mantra traditions, as well as the foremost commentarial treatises, into Tibetan. Vairocana and Nam- kei Nyingpo were sent to India, where Vairocana studied the Great Perfection under SrI Si. qlha, and Namkei Nyingpo studied the doctrines
the preceptor's orders.
516 History: Origin o/the Teaching in Tibet
of Yangdak Heruka under Hllrpkara. When they had attained ac- complishment they propagated these teachings in Tibet.
Moreover, the great master Padmasambhava gave numerous em- powerments for the lower mantras, as well as the Unsurpassed [Yoga] tantras, to the king and some fortunate subjects. He taught the Hundred Thousand Verses of the Vajrakfla Tantra, the Garland of Views: A Collec- tion of Esoteric Instructions, and other works.
On one occasion the master spoke to the king as follows, "Your Majesty should make this country prosperous. You should turn the sands of Ngamsho into groves and meadows. You should irrigate the barren regions like the three districts of Tra and Tol (gra-dol-yul-gsum). You should reclaim all the swamps for cultivation. You should obtain
554
and make the country a source of wealth. You should redirect the rivers, by means of canals, and make Tibet
hold dominion over all the kings of China and Central Asia. "
To this the king replied, "I beg you to do sol"
The master remained engaged in this intention for just a morning
when water appeared in the desert of Trakmar. The sandy plain became an alpine meadow, in which was situated the so-called "Peacock Lake" (Tshomo Gtilngon) of Trakmar. In Trak Daweidong a vast forest appeared instantly. And in Zurkar, a wide, flowing river sprang up without a source.
Then, though he was certainly about to complete all the rest according to his word, the remaining works and the performance of burnt offerings to increase the power of the royal dynasty were left undone, due to the common misfortune of the populace and, as a further circumstance, due to the harmful misconduct of hostile, evil ministers, who, because they could not endure the master's miraculous and supernormal cognitive powers, persuaded [the king] to delay. The deities and nagas could not be bound under an oath of allegiance for yet a third time. At this point, Padmasambhava declared, "The result of the perverse aspirations of the ministers of Tibet will be the decline of happiness in Tibet. Although the great wheel of the doctrine will have made one complete cycle there will be great strife at an intermediate time. The nagas and Gyelpo spirits will be ill-disposed and the dynasty itself will disintegrate, due to its neglect of the law. " It is said that because he knew the future would be so, Padmasambhava suddenly departed to subdue the ogres [in Camaradvlpa], but only after he had first delivered many wrathful mantras and had concealed many books as treasures in Tibet.
Concerning the duration of Padmasambhava's stay in Tibet: Some maintain that it was but a short period, six or eighteen months. The moderate opinion holds that it was three, six or twelve years; and there are those who say that it was as long as one hundred and nine solstices, or fifty-four years and six months, altogether. The guru came to Tibet
wealth from VaisravaI). a
when King Trhiso . ' .
. ng was m
Padmakara
h'
IS twenty-first year; and the k' d
The Three Ancestral Religious Kings 517
sIxty-ninth. ? o it is evident that
mast or fIve years SIX months after the king's passing. The learned ers 0 our tradItIOn do not . .
statements. 555 see any contradIctIOn among these
PaThe Testament of Ba and other works, which tell us that
thed:asambhava stayed in Tibet for but a brief period, do so because
Then emanated a body to be seen by the evil ministers , . IS escorts saw hIm fly into the sky from the sum't .
on the frontier of India and Tibet, across the n a r r : and the clouds, with his robe fluttering, hermitagesg staff But his real body remained in solitary
elsewhere 'I n m mountam caves in ZhotO Tidro, Chimpu and he to turn the wheel ;f the At one time th doctnne for the kmg his fortunate subjects. of attainment. was perceIved dwelling in such places
wishing to w en t . at rumour the king,
the Samye M whether It was true or false, mVIted him to consecrate onastery.
518 History: Origin ofthe Teaching in Tibet
It is also said that in the interval between the lifetime of Trhisong Detsen and the reign of his son Mutrhi, the master departed into the sky, riding upon his horse from the summit of Kungtang Mountain. This is known from the lament, uttered by Mutrhi when he took leave of Padmasambhava:
My one and only royal father has died.
My guru is going to 099iyana.
o royal father! your life was too short;
The happiness ofyour Tibetan subjects has passed. Why did I, Mutrhi Tsenpo, not die,
While my father and my guru were present? 556
Furthermore, we should not think that Padmasambhava could not have completed all the bountiful acts he desired during just a short visit. He was adept at inconceivable miraculous powers, like the ability to make his body manifest in all buddha-fields simultaneously. Similarly, when the Buddha himself performed miracles at SravastI, as described in the Siltra of the Wise and the Foolish (mdo mdzangs-blun, T 341),557 and in the Transmissions of the Vinaya, some say that these miracles lasted for a few days, and some for many. In sum, whether his visit appeared to have been long or short depended upon the purity or impurity of his disciples' perception.
In this way, the master continued to consult with his patron, the king, in secret. He traversed the whole of Tibet on foot, down to the last hoof-sized patch ofground, along with Tshogyel and other fortunate companions. He inhabited each of the twenty mountain caves of Ngari; the twenty-one places of attainment in Central Tibet and in Tsang; the twenty-five great pilgrimage places of Kham and Amdo; and the secret lands of upper, lower, and central Tibet which are like three kings, along with five valleys, three districts and one parkland. 558 He blessed all of them, along with their glaciers, caves, mountains and waterways - which are as their roots, branches, flowers, and fruits - to be places of attainment. Since he knew that the teaching would be persecuted later by the king's grandson, an emanation of Mara, he gave many oracles and prophecies to the king. Then, intending that the teaching of the secret mantra should not vanish, nor the genuine blessing be weakened or adulterated by sophistry, and that disciples should gradu- ally appear, he concealed countless treasures, both named and un- named. The foremost of these treasures were the hundred treasures which were the master copies of King Trhisong, the five great mind treasures, and the twenty-five great profound treasures. . For each one, he predicted the time of revelation, the discoverer, his fortunate spiritual successors, and so forth.
In thirteen places all called "tiger dens", such as Nering Sengedzong in Manka [Bhutan], Padmasambhava assumed an awesome dis-
The Three Ancestral Religious Kings 5I9
Dorje Trolii
figured, wrathful form and bou d I
of Tibet, both great sm 11 n I the arrogant deities and demons pointed them to guard the t a , un erAoaths of allegiance; and he ap-
reasures t that t' h
renowned as Dorje TroW ( V ' p ' b t e master became
. aJra ot-elly)ToId f:. h. generatIOns the guru and h' . n Uce an In future
signs, such handprints behind countless wonderful o
Such are the imprint of h'· bOd prmts, m all the places ofattainment h· IS0YatDor'Tk. . andpnnt at Namtso Ch k Je se pa In Bumthang the
in Paro. u mo, and the footprint on the White Rock
Once, the prince Murup Tse 0 ;;s a military expedition]
and destroyed the hermitages oftb
away their property the . e ara or. When he was carrying Shingjachen. 560 pursued by the Gyelpo spirit Trakpo (Wrathful Guru) bo ava t en. the form of Guru
and commanded him to spInt under an oath ofallegiance The master founded ar t e wealth of the temples. '
a? d meditation schools C;:;lege; to teach the dialectical vehicle
hIS subjects acclaimed him h yo secret mantra. The king and all
the king established the e worshipful of renunciates; and IVlSlOn of the religious community,
520 History: Origin ofthe Teaching in Tibet
consisting of the shaven-headed followers of the siitras [the monks], and the followers of the way of mantras, who wore long, braided locks. He erected pillars [e. g. the Zhol Pillar] inscribed with the great decree
" d' 561 A h ' th concerning protocol and WIth Important e ICtS. t t at . e
kingdom of Tibet reached the zenith of its power and held dommIOn over two-thirds of eastern Jambudvlpa.
Because the kingdom was pro- tected by the true doctrine, Tibet is known to have enjoyed the happiness of paradise.
When master Padmasambhava was about to leave to convert the ogres in the south-west, the king, ministers, and subjects of Tibet begged him to stay on. But he declined. To each of them he gave detailed instructions, and precepts concerning loving kindness. Then, riding on a lion, or on an excellent horse, he set out, from the of Kungtang Mountain for Camaradvlpa, in the mIdst of an mfi,nIte mass of divine offerings. In Camaradvlpa, on the peak of the glonous Copper-coloured Mountain, he "liberated" the ogre Thotreng (Skull- garlanded), the king of ogres, and entered into his corpse. He materialised the inconceivable Palace of Lotus Light; and there he resides, ruling in his eight emanations over eight ogre islands, teaching
the eight transmitted precepts concerning the eight means for attainment and other doctrines, and protecting the people of Jambudvlpa from deathly fears. He continues to dwell, even now, as the regent of the Sixth Conqueror, Vajradhara, the holder of the awareness that is the spontaneous presence of the final path; and so will he remain, without moving, until the dissolution of the universe.
Pehar
Trhi Relpacen
KING RELP ACEN
[166. 5-168. 5] The religious king, Trhisong Detsen, had three royal sons. The eldest was named Mune Tsepo, the middle one Murup Tsepo, and the youngest Mutik Tsepo, or Senalek Jingyon. They further propagated the teaching. In particular, Mune Tsepo founded the four cycles of worship (mchod-pa chen-po bzhi) at Samye during his
reIgn; three times he alleviated the hunger ofhis Tibetan subjects. Muuk Tsepo built the Temple of the Indestructible Expanse at Kar- Cung. had about five sons, among whom the most distinguished Was Trhl Relpacen, an emanation of Vajrapal). i, who was also known as Detsukten. Relpacen appointed seven householders among his SUbjects to serve each of the monks; and he is famed for having built
The Three Ancestral Religious Kings 521
522 History: Origin ofthe Teaching in Tibet
a thousand temples and shrines. He humbly honoured and venerated the two orders - those of the traditions of the sutras and mantras, with their gurus and venerable adherents - while placing at their feet the two silken ribbons which hung from his braided hair. Through these and other acts he displayed infinite veneration to the most precious teaching of the Conqueror.
In the lower valley of the Kyicu, Relpacen built the temple of On- cangdo Peme Trashi Gepel. He invited Surendrabodhi, SIlendrabodhi, DanasIla, and many other scholars from India. He commanded them, along with the Tibetan preceptors and DharmatasIla, and the translator Jfianasena, as follows:
Formerly, when the doctrine was translated by scholars and translators in the time of my paternal ancestors, many terms were used which were unknown to the Tibetan language. Replace those terms among them which contradict the texts of the doctrine and grammatical usage, as well as those which are hard to understand, by searching [for alternatives] among the familiar terms of the colloquial language. Thus, you should revise the translations according to the texts of the greater and lesser vehicles. 562
Therefore, at Kawa Namoche in Phenyul, they revised the translation of the Great Mother [the Transcendental Perfection of Discriminative Awareness in One Hundred Thousand Lines], and divided it into sixteen sections. They also established, in accord with the laws of contemporary language, the translations of most of the scriptures translated during the time of the king's paternal ancestors. But, owing to the strictness of the inner tantras of the way of secret mantra, whereby they cannot be grasped by ordinary persons who are not fit vessels for them, the translators preserved the ancient translations intact. 563
So it was that the three ancestral religious kings [Songtsen Gampo, Trhisong Detsen, and Relpacen] made the greatest impact on the teach- ing of the Conqueror in the Land of Snows, and thus were most gracious to its inhabitants. Among those kings, Songtsen Gampo and Trhisong Detsen were particularly great in their kindness. The scholars San- and Padmasambhava, and the translators Thonmi Sambhota, Vairocana, Kawa Peltsek, Cokro Lui Gyeltsen and Zhang Yeshe De were all most gracious and wonderful.
2 The Decline and Expansion of the DO,ctrine During the Intermedzate Period
At; date, Langdarma Udumtsen, the elder brother . e r. 1 Relpacen, was possessed by a demon because of
hIS aspIratIOns, and he persecuted the doctrine Not Ion afte the kIng was assassinated by Lhalung Pelgi D "564 g
r, tfe kings Osung and Pelkortsen reviv':Je;he ancient cus-
Pr an U1 t and so forth out of devotion to the Three ecIOUS Jewels. At that time there were no monks but h h Id
d'
who were d
in 1 d· hevote to the PrecIOUS Jewels carefully saved the temples
at Lhasa and Samye, from destruction. Ngari seceded . e Ingdom] and the royal dynasty disintegrated Though the
CIrcumstances under which the whole of Tibet had b . b'
bl f:'l . . eensu Jecttothe
y had changed, the mantra adepts, white- use 0 ers, maIntaIned the exegesis and attainment of th
of creation and perfection in their own homes and
ISO ated They insured that the continuity of secret
to t? e Ancient School was never inter-
. p . By theIr to the teachIng In general, and their kindness In carefully preservIng the texts of the transmitted rec
treatises, which had been previously tions of the t _ree ancedstral rehgIO. us kIngs, most of the ancient transla-
e sutras an
tantras eXIst for our use, even today.
, ouse0ers
3 The Revival and Later Expansion of the Teaching
ejung, and Tsang Rapsel allowed hi . a. yamuni, Yo they were his seniors] because he : to gIVe the [although because there was a most urgent need tas an extraOr? Inary person and
[169. 6-173. 5] During the decline of the teaching following Langdarma's persecution, Mar Sakyamuni, a disciple of Ba-ratna, together with Yo Gejung and Tsang Rapsel, loaded the Vinaya texts onto a mule and set out for the Qarloq and Uighur country. 566 But, because they were unable to propagate the doctrine in that direction, they went to Kham. While they were meditating at Dorjei Trakra Encung Namdzong in Malung, or at the "Crystal Retreat" in Tentik, one Muzu Labar approached them, and in faith he asked for ordination. He was ordained as a novice by Mar Sakyamuni, who acted as the preceptor, and Yo Gejung, who acted as the master; and he received the name of Sakya Gewarapsel. But when he requested the complete ordination they did not have the quorum of five monks. They sought out Lhalung Pelgi Dorje in Den, who said, "Since I have killed the evil king, I cannot come to complete the group. But I will find another and send him. "
He sent two Chinese monks, named Ke-wang and Gyi-phan, and ordination was granted by the group offive. For fifteen years Gewarapsel studied the Vinaya under his preceptor and master. Later, he studied Vinaya under Senge-trak of Korong, Transcendental Perfection under Kawa b-chokdra, and the Mental Class of the Great Perfection under Yudra Nyingpo. The exegesis of the Tantra of the All-Accomplishing King, which continued even at a later time, came through his lineage. This illustrates his most sublime, enlightened activity, and his great learning. For this reason he became renowned as Lacen Gongpa Rapsel, the "Great Guru whose Enlightened Intention was Utterly Clear".
Five years after Gewarapsel's complete ordination, the king Yeshe Gyeltsen and others sent five men from Central Tibet, including Luroe Tshtiltrim Sherap, and five from Tsang, including Loton Dorje Wangcuk, to Kham, so that they might revive the feeble doctrine in Central Tibet. Gewarapsel gave them all three levels of ordination in a single sitting, and they became learned in the Vinaya. Since he gave the full ordination simultaneously and not by precise stages over a period of ten years,567 he became renowned as a bodhisattva whose
Lhalung Pelgi Dorje
te? during the aforementioned ordinatio ] M
alIve at the time, but said th n. ar, Yo, and Tsang were
and so they acted as masterseYfwere too old to educate the disciples;
Rapsel] appointed Lum 0 ceremony. The great guru [Gongpa Central Tibet and T e a s a preceptor, and when the ten men from
. Revival and Later Expansion 525
practIce was based on devotI·on 0 th .
G. . n atoccaSIOnM S-k
Therefore, genuine authorities
alt
. . 0 hh the declIne ofthe teaching.
mamtamt attherewasnofault[commit-
. sang returned home th b pnests of their kings. ey
ecame the gurus and
Lume had four disciples h 1 · .
thirty-two like rafters a d WhO were . Ike pIllars, eight like beams
' natousandlIkepI k Th ' the foundation of the feeble d . an s. us, he restored
those at Lamo, Rag Y octnne. He set up countless centres like
spiritual benefactors Yaen'd erpa, Pare, and Tshongdti. The disciples
, monksatYah·· I ' up one hundred and ei ht ms. u a one are said to have set
and of hi. s disciples cov:red IthIS way, the of Lume
commUlllty of monks mult" r d d and. In fact, WIth each day the Ip Ie ,an became known as the Lower
526 History: Origin ofthe Teaching in Tibet
Tibetan Lineage of the Vinaya. 568 The ordained monks of the Ancient Translation School, and later the great translator DharmasrI, the em- anation ofYudra Nyingpo, widely propagated its exegesis and practical application. The seminary of Orgyen MindrOling, the sole ornament ofTibet, and its branches preserved this Vinaya lineage. 569 Then, during the later propagation of the teaching, most of the early generations of the great men who adhered to the monastic vows, and also most of the spiritual benefactors in the ancient and new Kadampa schools adhered to this Vinaya lineage.
Furthermore, the scholar Jinamitra, the translator Kawa Peltsek, and others translated the Treasury ofthe Abhidharma, and the Compendium ofthe Abhidharma [from Sanskrit into Tibetan]. They instructed Nanam Dawei Dorje, Lhalung Pelgi Dorje and E Yeshe Gyelwa. The latter went to Kham and transmitted this teaching, which has been widely propagated until the present day. 570
. Revival and Later Expansion 527
exegesIS, and study. All of the sutras which be
of the doctrine were translated and th . l? ng to t? e final wheel teaching and study by Kaw p' 1 k elr exegesIs establIshed through
, a etse,CokroLii'G 1 .
Lacen Gongpa Rapsel
Regarding the sutras: Lang Khampa Gocha memorised the Transcend- ental Perfection of Discriminative Awareness in One Hundred Thousand Lines, and he propagated this and other sutras of India, which belong to the intermediate wheel of the doctrine, by means of translation,
and others. Their tradition of ex . d until the present day. egesls an
. 1 ye tsen, Valrocana attaInment has continued
It would be appropriate here t o ' d '
of the ancestral religious kings wh gIve a 1 etaIled account of the lives
the true doctrine. But owing; th0 y and propagated not enlarge Upon this brief d O . of the literature, I will
f
esCnptIOn. TheIr hves m rom the other royal histories of Tibet. 571 ay
b
.
e ascertaIned
This completes the general d ' .
b y t h e l a m p o f t h e C o n
o f t h e f i r s t i l l u m i n a t i o n o f T i b e t queror s teachmg th th' d .
Thunder from the Great Co . B ' e Ir part of thIS book, . nquenng attle-Drum ,/'D d .
a hIstory of the precious doctr' f h . OJ even ra, whIch is
according to the Ancient T
mle t Se vehIcle of indestructible reality
rans atIOn
choo! .
Part Four
The Development of the Three Inner Classes of Tantra in Tibet
Introduction
[179. 1-3] Now, in particular, the development [in Tibet] of the three inner classes ofthe tantras ofthe way of secret mantra will be explained.
Although the Kriya, Carya and Yoga tantras of secret mantra were much studied and taught in the time of the religious king Trhisong Detsen and his master, Padmasambhava, the Unsurpassed [Yoga] tan- tras were propagated most of all. They have three divisions: Mahayoga, which concerns primarily the stage of creation; Anuyoga, which con- cerns primarily the stage of perfection; and Atiyoga, which concerns primarily the Great Perfection. 572
1 Mahayoga and Anuyoga
MAHAYOGA, THE STAGE OF CREATION
[179. 4] Mahayoga is divided into the class of tantras (*tantravarga) and the class of means for attainment (*sadhanavarga).
The Mahayoga Class of Tantras
[179. 4-182. 1] The master Vimalamitra expounded [the eight tantras, known collectively as] the Eight Sections ofthe Magical Net, which form the cycle of texts associated with the Magical Net of Vajrasattva, the Secret Nucleus which is the root or most general of the Eighteen Great Tantrapitaka. He expounded them to Ma Rincen-chok, and translated them with the latter's assistance. Ma Rincen-chok instructed Tsukru Rincen Zhonu and Kyere Chokyong, who both instructed Zhang Gyel- wei Yonten and Tarje Pelgi Trakpa. The former taught this tantra many times in Central Tibet and in Tsang. He also went to Kham and gave this teaching. The lineages of Zhang became known as "the transmitted precepts of Chimpu", or as "the lineage of esoteric instructions".
Moreover, the master Padmasambhava taught [this Secret Nucleus] to Nyak Jfianakumara, along with his own celebrated composition entitled the Garland ofViews: A Collection ofEsoteric Instructions. Jfiana- kumara instructed the Sogdian Pelgi Yeshe, and, with Zhang, he in- structed Nup Sangye Yeshe. 573 At Mount Kailash the master Bud- dhaguhya also gave instruction on texts belonging to the Secret Nucleus cycle, such as the Array ofthe Path ofthe Magical Net, to disciples such as We Jampel and Trenka Mukti.
Similarly, the glorious Guhyasamaja was propagated according to master Vajrahasya's exegetical tradition [T 1909], and the tradition of study, exegesis, and attainment derived from the commentaries of Visvamitra. Also propagated were the commentaries on the Buddha- samayoga belonging to the aural lineage of Kukkuraja [the Six Arrays ofEsoteric Meaning] and of Hfirpkara [Elucidation ofthe Significance ofthe Four Limbs, Caturangarthaloka, T 1676], and the lineage of its teaching,
. ee Inner Classes of Tantra in Tibet
534 HlSWry: The Thr G t Commentary on the . ment which follow the rea - a k"n of
study, and attam m lished master Indranal , a I g Buddhasamayoga, by the acco p
Oddiyana. . ranted meditational deities based . on
"Other fortunate beIngs were 7the Supreme Horse. Of these,.
the mandalas of Heruka and 0 _ with the result that the neIghIng . . . opitiated Hayagnva,
the means for attainment and esoteric instructions for the deities on whom their flowers respectively alighted, each of them saw his or her deity in a vision. 574
By propitiating Mahottara [Chemcok] Heruka, the king developed special contemplation; and owing to the development of discriminative awareness which is born of meditation, he composed works such as the Treatise on the ProofofAuthentic Transmitted Precepts (bka'yang-dag- pa'i tshad-ma'i bstan-bcos, T 4352). 575
By propitiating [glorious] Yangdak Heruka, Namkei Nyingpo as- cended on the rays of the sun.
By propitiating MafijusrI [Yamantaka], Sangye Yeshe drove a kiia into solid rock.
By propitiating Mahesvara [Hayagrlva], the head of a horse emerged from the crown of Gyelwa Choyang's head, and neighing resounded.
By propitiating VajrakIla, Kharcen-za [Yeshe Tshogyel] could resur- rect the dead.
By propitiating Matara! ). , Pelgi Yeshe employed the host of female protectors as servants.
By propitiating Mundane Praise, Pelgi Senge was served by the eightfold groups of spirits.
And by propitiating Malign Mantra, Vairocana acquired the eye of pristine cognition, and miraculous powers.
Moreover, regarding those disciples of master Padmasambhava who obtained accomplishment sooner or later by his empowerment, instruc- tions and further advice: Nyak Jfianakumara could extract nectar from dry rock.
Gyelmo Y udra Nyingpo could transform his body into a golden vajra. Nanam Dorje Dtijom could pass through a mountain of solid rock. Master Y esheyang could actually travel to the realms of sky-farers. 576 The Sogdian Lhapel could seize savage beasts of prey by the neck
[with his bare hands]. 577
Nanam Zhang Yeshe De could fly like a bird in the sky.
Kharcen Pelgi Wangcuk, by merely brandishing his kIla, could "lib-
erate" those at whom he brandished it.
Denma Tsemang obtained retention of all doctrines, such that he
forgot none.
Kawa Peltsek intuited the minds of others without obstruction. Shlipu Pelgi Senge could reverse the flow of a river.
Dre Gyelwei Lodro could transform a zombie into gold. 578 Drokben Khyeucung Lotsawa could summon birds in the sky, merely
through his gaze and a gesture of menace.
Odren Pelgi Wangcuk could swim like a fish in a wide river. Ma Rincen-chok could crush and digest boulders as food.
Trhlsong Detsen pr of a horse was heard
throughout Jambudvlpa.
. rM The Mahayoga Class OJ
Namkei Nyingpo for Attainment
eans
k"
_.
the Yaman cyc e d he
(182. 1-187 . 11 spea lng,
Tibet by master Santlgarbha. Mk --nakumara and others. Most 0
aster Vimalamitra propagate t f Va-iramrta cycle, teaching it to NYda Jdnadisseminated solely by master
". J •
the other cycles were p
ropagate an
h reat master in lorious Chimpu, t e . g lete
Padmasambhava.
In particular, at Trhrsong Detsen by
answered the prayer 0 g. d secret ma1)Q. alas 0 empowerments in the outer'£ to a most fortunate
Great Classes of the Mear:s or d his subjects. When they had prac I of eight, consisting of the kIng an
1 was propagated in
Mahayoga and Anuyoga 535
536
History: The Three Inner Classes ofTantra in Tibet
Gyelwa Choyang
Lhalung Pelgi Dorje could pass unobstructedly through mountains
of solid rock. .
Langdro Koncok Jungne could hurl mighty thunderb? lts hke arro,:s.
And Lasum Gyelwa Cangcup could sit cross-legged m the sky, WIth- out any support.
There were also women who were accomplished masters: e
of Sahor obtained immortality, miraculous powers, and unsurpass ,
supreme accomplishment. . . . . I 01- Kharcen Yeshe Tshogyel achieved indestructIble hfe, mfalhb e rec
lection, miraculous powers, the abode ofthe a? d the accomplishment of great bliss. Th. e two_ n:>ble ladles Just me
were actually no different from VaJravarahl,
Tshenamza Sangyetsho vanished in a body of hght:
Shekar Dorjetsho crossed rivers as if they. were plams. . h body Tshombuza Pematsho's vital energy and mmd matured mto t e
Rilza Tondrupma used her gaze to employ the services ofthe twelve goddesses of the earth.
Shilbuza Sherapma knew all the transmitted precepts of the buddhas, as well as the commentarial treatises, without having studied them.
While Yamdrokza Choki Dronma taught the scriptures she was applauded by celestial deities.
When Oceza Kargyelma had a question about the doctrine she asked her meditational deity.
Introduction 509
By the blessing that came from worshipping and venerating them the king, a man of sixty-one years, was rejuvenated and became a sixteen- year-old youth once more. He lived on for sixty more years, and so
reached the age of one hundred and twenty. The king obtained a
prediction that the meaning ofthe Awesome Secret would be understood
after five generations. This was the beginning of the true doctrine in Tibet. 537
But there are various other aCCOUnts of how it happened: Nelpa PaJ). c;iita [in his History] said:
The Piinpos claim that the casket fell down from the sky because they adore the sky; but in reality those two books were brought by the scholar and the translator
Thilise. When they arrived in Tibet they found that the king
could neither read, nor understand the meaning. So the scholar and the translator returned.
This account appears to be true.
At a later date Ba Selnang went to Nepal, where he met the preceptor Santarak$ita. The preceptor said to him, "While the Buddba Kasyapa was teaching the doctrine, the king of Tibet, yourself, and I were the
three sons of a woman poultry-keeper. We made a vow to propagate the teaching in Tibet. As the king had not been reborn and yoU had not come of age, I have been waiting here for nine reigns. " Because this tale is said to Occur in tbe "pure" Testament of Ba (rba-bzhed
gtsang-ma),538 and because it accords with known facts, some scholars hold it to be true.
Lek' eight middle kIngs De, P" these ancient reIgns. onpos,
who relied on legends and
. . edthekmgdom.
d. rz-ma
enigmatIc govern Now, it says m the Prophecy
med-pa lung bstan-pa):
emgs. . hotori Nyentsen, the twenty-eighth heredit- Accordingly, when Lha T . f the bodhisattva Samantabhadra,
ary king, who was an °palace a casket fell down upon the was residing in the Yumbu :rang I d the Sutra ofthe Rites ofRenun- palace roof. It was opened, an e -brgya-pa'i mdo, T 267), a mould ciation and Fulfilment Gem (CintamaTJidhiira'lO, engravedWiththeDharaTJIof Avalokitefvara'sAttributes
the Sutra ofthe Cornucopw of bl M tra and a golden stupa. The ) h S' -Sylla e an , .
Addressed to Vimaladevf (lha-mo
. _
vyuhasutra, T 116 , t e IX ere but understood them to be auspI-
king did not know what they cious, and so called them the Awesome
Lha Thotori Nyentsen
ears after my finalmrvaJ). a d in the land of red-faced
Secret" (gnyan-po gsang-ba).
1 The Three Ancestral Religious Kings
h
. mao It others th 1
KING SONGTSEN GAMP0539
[151. 6-154. 4] There is a prophecy in the Root Tantra of Maiijusrf:
In the place called the divine land, Surrounded by snowy mountains,
A king called "God among Men" will be born Into the Licchavi race. 540
The fifth hereditary monarch after Lha Thotori was the religious king Songtsen Gampo, an emanation of Avalokitesvara in the form of a mighty lord of men, who began to rule the kingdom at the age of thirteen. When he was fifteen the emanational monk A-kar MatisIla brought him a self-created image of the Sublime One [Avalokitesvara]. Then, the king commanded the religious minister Gar, an emanation of VajrapaJ)i, to invite the Nepalese princess Trhitsiin, an emanation of Bhtku! I, and the Chinese princess Wen-ch'eng K'ong-jo, an emanation of Tara, both of whom were agreeable to the people, to be his two consorts. 54l This he did in order to introduce two images ofthe Teacher, representative of the Buddha himself, which were, respectively, the size of an eight-year-old, and that of a twe1ve-year-old. 542 The princesses came to be known as the two "Lotuses of the Lake".
While the Trhiilnang Temple [i. e. the Jokhang, the "Cathedral of Lhasa"] was being constructed the building-work was disrupted by non-human beings. Therefore, the king and his two consorts went into retreat in the palace known as Maru, at Nyangdren Phawongkha in the valley of the Kyicu. They attained accomplishment by propitiating their meditative deity, on whose advice the king built the Border Tam- ing, Further Taming, and District Controlling temples, which were situated on geomantic sites on the body of the supine ogress [that is
543
Tibet]; and so it was that he exorcised the malignant earth spirits. He then erected the Trhtilnang and Ramoche temples and the images they housed.
Songtsen Campo
about a h G
d
un red long-haired 0 i .
S The Three Ancestral Religious Kings 511 ongtsen Gampo invited the mast K
from India,544 the master "-Ila _. erfj usara and the brahman Sarikara
manJu romNep1 d h
sang MO-ho-yen from Ch· W· h a ,an t e master Ho-
ofthe Tripitaka and ofthe t ,. ey. trans ated many sec- to Tibet. Though no actual and thus mtroduced the teach-
hImself secretly gave instruction on the g or study took place, the king
the Great Compassionate 0 peaceful and wrathful forms of
practised these teachings Nne to many beings, who then
h " . 0 onewasordamed[
t e seven men who were tested" b . . . as a monk] prior to
reat Compassionate One at NY g ns engaged m the practices of the which formed the k Phawongkha. At that time the In three separate treasures L mg s testament were collected and hidden
master treasures were revealed by the hoday they are renowned as the C II yang, and the teacher Sakya-o. t eMantra"OmManiPadm ected. WorksoftheKingconcerning doctrinal work. ·545· e HU1? l (ma1Jz bka'-'bum), the first Tibetan
,
ut It IS SaId that there were always
512 History: Origin ofthe Teaching in Tibet _0
00 0 bhota anemanationof The king also sent Thonml Sam 0 : ' On the basis of the Indian
d mmar and wntmgo
to India to stu Y gra f the Tibetan letters, and he compose
reigns from now, in the time of my descendant, King De, the true
scripts he created the forms 0 546
eight treatises on Tibetan had been no in the
Just so, when Trhisong Detsen was thirteen he began to govern the kingdom. At twenty he made a solemn resolution to propagate the true doctrine and he invited to Tibet the Bodhisattva, the
Before Songtsen Gampo s tIm d
ccord with the doctnne, but
Land of SnoWs 0
f
a co
0
d ofcon uct edt
lOne and of theories m accor rod
d preceptor from Sahor. The latter granted the eight vows to some, but when he taught the doctrines of the ten virtues and of the eighteen
thereafter the great o
d
fthetrue oc oor 0 fi
Thus thekingmnovate 0'00
nedforthe lrsttIme
with the doctnne was ope °llustrated by the ten dIVme
psychophysical bases, the savage demons and deities of Tibet became angry. Lightning struck Marpori [the "Red Mountain", site of the present Potala Palace] and the palace at Phangtang was swept away by a flood. The harvest was destroyed and great calamities befell the coun- try. Evil ministers said, "This is due to the practice of the doctrine. The master should be banished to his own country. "
The king offered much gold to the preceptor and told him of the situation. replied, "The spirits of Tibet are displeased. I will go to Nepal for the time being. In order to subdue the savage spirits and demons of Tibet, there is a mantra adept called Padmasam- bhava, who is, at present, the most powerful in the world. I will send him an invitation, and Your Majesty should do the same. " So they sent messengers consecutively.
Master Padmasambhava, however, already knew that the delegation, which included Nanam Dorje DUjom, was speeding on its way. In an instant he travelled to Kungtang, in Mangytil, where he met the group. He scattered their offering of gold in the direction of Ngari and said, "Everything I perceive is gold. " In this way he turned Tibet into an abundant gold-producing land.
Then the Bodhisattva, set out for Tibet in advance, along with a skilled Nepali stonemason. Master Padmasambhava ad- vanced from Kyirong, whereupon the gods and demons of Tibet launched a raging storm of snow and rain, which blocked the mountain passes. The master retired to a mountain cave, imprisoned the gods and demons by the power of his contemplation, and bound them under an oath of allegiance. From that time on, by his miraculous powers, he gradually covered the whole of Tibet on foot, from Ngari, Central Tibet, and Tsang [in the west], to Dokam [Kham and Amdo in the east]. He bound all the powerful spirits under oath, among whom the foremost were the twelve goddesses of the earth, the thirteen hunting gods, and the twenty-one genyen;549 and he assumed control of their vital heart-mantras.
In the tamarisk forest of Trakmar he met the sovereign. While con- secrating the Drinzang Temple at Trakmar, he invited the images of the deities to a place of feasting. That night the temple was empty. The next morning the deities were actually seen eating the offerings and conversing in the temple. That day all the musical instruments of
the just splntua an o
1 547 In these ways, mg pure human awso
mao
oo ld temporal laws, as I KO
f TObet to become a prosperous and luxurious source of the true doctnne 0
KING TRHISONG DETSEN AND THE COMING OF P ADMASAMBHA V A
o f Son tsen Gampo, King Trhisong
[154 4-16605] In the fifth reIgn a ter g d His royal ancestor o 0 f M fijughosa, appeare 0 " 0
Detsen, an emanatIOn 0 a 0 late to the effect that, FIve had inscribed a prophecy on a copper P ,
'--c
virtues and the SIxteen
Songtsen Gampo blessed the country I
0
Trhisong Detsen
doctrine will be propagated. " He had concealed the copper plate in a d confined place. 548
The Three Ancestral Religious Kings 513
514
History: Origin ofthe Teaching in Tibet
and made a great din. At the same time worship by ht before some sensitive children who
the oracular mlrror was g d . dences of all the malignant indicated the names, conduct, an the teaching of the doctrine m .
and nagas, who had With threats of intimidation the Tibet by the preceptor, 0 lSdat v . th of allegiance and secured
b d those spirits un er an oa
o u n . ured their vital heart-mantras, an
d the
master
them in the doctnne. He proc f h . d he subdued those who
rituals for the propitiation of t and so forth. Pad-
still remained unconverted. Wlt urn masambhava did this two nmes.
,
Z· fLake Manasarovar,
After he had such He was offered four-
Padmasambhava culnvated the kmg s fr P I The Bodhisattva
f d edgoldtoerectatempe.
power P dmasambhava went to
teen mule-loads 0
inspected the land while the great o:erpowered all the local Hepori [a mountain near Samye], W. erhe e d d them to sublimate
l' VOice eorere h gods and demons. In a g d f indestructible reality in t e
their pride, and, by n lines he summoned
sky, he blessed the slte. Whlle g[ h r ] Cokro pucungmen and by contemplation the twO [splnts 0 ea mg ,
The Three Ancestral Religious Kings 515
Lhabumen, to guide the ends of the measuring thread. The foundations were laid following the model of OdantapurI Monastery, in accord with
551
Since the great master employed all of the arrogant spirits, the walls which were raised during the day by men were made even higher at night by the spirits. Thus, glorious Samye, the Temple of Unchanging Spontaneous Presence, which was designed to resemble Mount Sumeru, with its four continents, and its subcontin- ents, sun, moon, and iron perimeter, was entirely completed in about five years, along with the three shrines of the three queens. 552 During the consecration performed by the preceptor and the master, astonishing and inconceivable miracles occurred. For example, the deities enshrined
in the central shrine (dbu-rtse) went outside.
Then the sovereign decided to introduce the foundations of the sutra
and mantra teachings by translating the true doctrine [from Sanskrit into Tibetan]. Intelligent Tibetan youths were instructed in the art of translation. Trhisong Detsen invited from India great scholars, who were learned in the pi! aka - monks such as the masters Jinamitra, SarvajfHideva, and DanasIla; holders of indestructible reality such as Vimalamitra and Santigarbha; and twelve monks of the Sarvastivada order as well. 553
To test whether or not Tibetans were suitable for monastic ordination, the king at first requested that those masters ordain his faithful minister, Ba Trhizi ofthe Zhang family. Under the supervision ofthe Bodhisattva, who officiated as preceptor, of DanasIla and Jinamitra, who acted as master of ceremonies and exposer of secrets, and of ten other pa1). <;iitas, who made up the quorum, Trhizi renounced the world and was fully ordained as a monk. He received the name Pelyang, and also became known as Ba-ratna, the "Jewel of the Ba Family"; for the king had praised him thus. Through meditation he acquired five supernormal cognitive powers.
After that, Ba Selnang, Pagor Vairocana, Ngenlam Gyelwa Choyang, Ma Rincen-chok, Khon Luiwangpo Sungwa, and Lasum Gyelwa Cangcup gradually renounced the world. They were fully ordained as monks; and their names were changed to Yeshe Wangpo, and so forth. Together, they became known as the "seven men who were tested"; and they were the first monks in Tibet.
The king then decided that Tibetans were suitable for ordination. Trama, the minister of the Zhang family, and three hundred intelligent subjects were ordained. Scholars, such as the preceptor and master Padmasambhava, along with the translators Vairocana, Kawa Peltsek, Cokro Lui Gyeltsen, and Zhang Yeshe De translated the transmitted precepts of the sutra, and mantra traditions, as well as the foremost commentarial treatises, into Tibetan. Vairocana and Nam- kei Nyingpo were sent to India, where Vairocana studied the Great Perfection under SrI Si. qlha, and Namkei Nyingpo studied the doctrines
the preceptor's orders.
516 History: Origin o/the Teaching in Tibet
of Yangdak Heruka under Hllrpkara. When they had attained ac- complishment they propagated these teachings in Tibet.
Moreover, the great master Padmasambhava gave numerous em- powerments for the lower mantras, as well as the Unsurpassed [Yoga] tantras, to the king and some fortunate subjects. He taught the Hundred Thousand Verses of the Vajrakfla Tantra, the Garland of Views: A Collec- tion of Esoteric Instructions, and other works.
On one occasion the master spoke to the king as follows, "Your Majesty should make this country prosperous. You should turn the sands of Ngamsho into groves and meadows. You should irrigate the barren regions like the three districts of Tra and Tol (gra-dol-yul-gsum). You should reclaim all the swamps for cultivation. You should obtain
554
and make the country a source of wealth. You should redirect the rivers, by means of canals, and make Tibet
hold dominion over all the kings of China and Central Asia. "
To this the king replied, "I beg you to do sol"
The master remained engaged in this intention for just a morning
when water appeared in the desert of Trakmar. The sandy plain became an alpine meadow, in which was situated the so-called "Peacock Lake" (Tshomo Gtilngon) of Trakmar. In Trak Daweidong a vast forest appeared instantly. And in Zurkar, a wide, flowing river sprang up without a source.
Then, though he was certainly about to complete all the rest according to his word, the remaining works and the performance of burnt offerings to increase the power of the royal dynasty were left undone, due to the common misfortune of the populace and, as a further circumstance, due to the harmful misconduct of hostile, evil ministers, who, because they could not endure the master's miraculous and supernormal cognitive powers, persuaded [the king] to delay. The deities and nagas could not be bound under an oath of allegiance for yet a third time. At this point, Padmasambhava declared, "The result of the perverse aspirations of the ministers of Tibet will be the decline of happiness in Tibet. Although the great wheel of the doctrine will have made one complete cycle there will be great strife at an intermediate time. The nagas and Gyelpo spirits will be ill-disposed and the dynasty itself will disintegrate, due to its neglect of the law. " It is said that because he knew the future would be so, Padmasambhava suddenly departed to subdue the ogres [in Camaradvlpa], but only after he had first delivered many wrathful mantras and had concealed many books as treasures in Tibet.
Concerning the duration of Padmasambhava's stay in Tibet: Some maintain that it was but a short period, six or eighteen months. The moderate opinion holds that it was three, six or twelve years; and there are those who say that it was as long as one hundred and nine solstices, or fifty-four years and six months, altogether. The guru came to Tibet
wealth from VaisravaI). a
when King Trhiso . ' .
. ng was m
Padmakara
h'
IS twenty-first year; and the k' d
The Three Ancestral Religious Kings 517
sIxty-ninth. ? o it is evident that
mast or fIve years SIX months after the king's passing. The learned ers 0 our tradItIOn do not . .
statements. 555 see any contradIctIOn among these
PaThe Testament of Ba and other works, which tell us that
thed:asambhava stayed in Tibet for but a brief period, do so because
Then emanated a body to be seen by the evil ministers , . IS escorts saw hIm fly into the sky from the sum't .
on the frontier of India and Tibet, across the n a r r : and the clouds, with his robe fluttering, hermitagesg staff But his real body remained in solitary
elsewhere 'I n m mountam caves in ZhotO Tidro, Chimpu and he to turn the wheel ;f the At one time th doctnne for the kmg his fortunate subjects. of attainment. was perceIved dwelling in such places
wishing to w en t . at rumour the king,
the Samye M whether It was true or false, mVIted him to consecrate onastery.
518 History: Origin ofthe Teaching in Tibet
It is also said that in the interval between the lifetime of Trhisong Detsen and the reign of his son Mutrhi, the master departed into the sky, riding upon his horse from the summit of Kungtang Mountain. This is known from the lament, uttered by Mutrhi when he took leave of Padmasambhava:
My one and only royal father has died.
My guru is going to 099iyana.
o royal father! your life was too short;
The happiness ofyour Tibetan subjects has passed. Why did I, Mutrhi Tsenpo, not die,
While my father and my guru were present? 556
Furthermore, we should not think that Padmasambhava could not have completed all the bountiful acts he desired during just a short visit. He was adept at inconceivable miraculous powers, like the ability to make his body manifest in all buddha-fields simultaneously. Similarly, when the Buddha himself performed miracles at SravastI, as described in the Siltra of the Wise and the Foolish (mdo mdzangs-blun, T 341),557 and in the Transmissions of the Vinaya, some say that these miracles lasted for a few days, and some for many. In sum, whether his visit appeared to have been long or short depended upon the purity or impurity of his disciples' perception.
In this way, the master continued to consult with his patron, the king, in secret. He traversed the whole of Tibet on foot, down to the last hoof-sized patch ofground, along with Tshogyel and other fortunate companions. He inhabited each of the twenty mountain caves of Ngari; the twenty-one places of attainment in Central Tibet and in Tsang; the twenty-five great pilgrimage places of Kham and Amdo; and the secret lands of upper, lower, and central Tibet which are like three kings, along with five valleys, three districts and one parkland. 558 He blessed all of them, along with their glaciers, caves, mountains and waterways - which are as their roots, branches, flowers, and fruits - to be places of attainment. Since he knew that the teaching would be persecuted later by the king's grandson, an emanation of Mara, he gave many oracles and prophecies to the king. Then, intending that the teaching of the secret mantra should not vanish, nor the genuine blessing be weakened or adulterated by sophistry, and that disciples should gradu- ally appear, he concealed countless treasures, both named and un- named. The foremost of these treasures were the hundred treasures which were the master copies of King Trhisong, the five great mind treasures, and the twenty-five great profound treasures. . For each one, he predicted the time of revelation, the discoverer, his fortunate spiritual successors, and so forth.
In thirteen places all called "tiger dens", such as Nering Sengedzong in Manka [Bhutan], Padmasambhava assumed an awesome dis-
The Three Ancestral Religious Kings 5I9
Dorje Trolii
figured, wrathful form and bou d I
of Tibet, both great sm 11 n I the arrogant deities and demons pointed them to guard the t a , un erAoaths of allegiance; and he ap-
reasures t that t' h
renowned as Dorje TroW ( V ' p ' b t e master became
. aJra ot-elly)ToId f:. h. generatIOns the guru and h' . n Uce an In future
signs, such handprints behind countless wonderful o
Such are the imprint of h'· bOd prmts, m all the places ofattainment h· IS0YatDor'Tk. . andpnnt at Namtso Ch k Je se pa In Bumthang the
in Paro. u mo, and the footprint on the White Rock
Once, the prince Murup Tse 0 ;;s a military expedition]
and destroyed the hermitages oftb
away their property the . e ara or. When he was carrying Shingjachen. 560 pursued by the Gyelpo spirit Trakpo (Wrathful Guru) bo ava t en. the form of Guru
and commanded him to spInt under an oath ofallegiance The master founded ar t e wealth of the temples. '
a? d meditation schools C;:;lege; to teach the dialectical vehicle
hIS subjects acclaimed him h yo secret mantra. The king and all
the king established the e worshipful of renunciates; and IVlSlOn of the religious community,
520 History: Origin ofthe Teaching in Tibet
consisting of the shaven-headed followers of the siitras [the monks], and the followers of the way of mantras, who wore long, braided locks. He erected pillars [e. g. the Zhol Pillar] inscribed with the great decree
" d' 561 A h ' th concerning protocol and WIth Important e ICtS. t t at . e
kingdom of Tibet reached the zenith of its power and held dommIOn over two-thirds of eastern Jambudvlpa.
Because the kingdom was pro- tected by the true doctrine, Tibet is known to have enjoyed the happiness of paradise.
When master Padmasambhava was about to leave to convert the ogres in the south-west, the king, ministers, and subjects of Tibet begged him to stay on. But he declined. To each of them he gave detailed instructions, and precepts concerning loving kindness. Then, riding on a lion, or on an excellent horse, he set out, from the of Kungtang Mountain for Camaradvlpa, in the mIdst of an mfi,nIte mass of divine offerings. In Camaradvlpa, on the peak of the glonous Copper-coloured Mountain, he "liberated" the ogre Thotreng (Skull- garlanded), the king of ogres, and entered into his corpse. He materialised the inconceivable Palace of Lotus Light; and there he resides, ruling in his eight emanations over eight ogre islands, teaching
the eight transmitted precepts concerning the eight means for attainment and other doctrines, and protecting the people of Jambudvlpa from deathly fears. He continues to dwell, even now, as the regent of the Sixth Conqueror, Vajradhara, the holder of the awareness that is the spontaneous presence of the final path; and so will he remain, without moving, until the dissolution of the universe.
Pehar
Trhi Relpacen
KING RELP ACEN
[166. 5-168. 5] The religious king, Trhisong Detsen, had three royal sons. The eldest was named Mune Tsepo, the middle one Murup Tsepo, and the youngest Mutik Tsepo, or Senalek Jingyon. They further propagated the teaching. In particular, Mune Tsepo founded the four cycles of worship (mchod-pa chen-po bzhi) at Samye during his
reIgn; three times he alleviated the hunger ofhis Tibetan subjects. Muuk Tsepo built the Temple of the Indestructible Expanse at Kar- Cung. had about five sons, among whom the most distinguished Was Trhl Relpacen, an emanation of Vajrapal). i, who was also known as Detsukten. Relpacen appointed seven householders among his SUbjects to serve each of the monks; and he is famed for having built
The Three Ancestral Religious Kings 521
522 History: Origin ofthe Teaching in Tibet
a thousand temples and shrines. He humbly honoured and venerated the two orders - those of the traditions of the sutras and mantras, with their gurus and venerable adherents - while placing at their feet the two silken ribbons which hung from his braided hair. Through these and other acts he displayed infinite veneration to the most precious teaching of the Conqueror.
In the lower valley of the Kyicu, Relpacen built the temple of On- cangdo Peme Trashi Gepel. He invited Surendrabodhi, SIlendrabodhi, DanasIla, and many other scholars from India. He commanded them, along with the Tibetan preceptors and DharmatasIla, and the translator Jfianasena, as follows:
Formerly, when the doctrine was translated by scholars and translators in the time of my paternal ancestors, many terms were used which were unknown to the Tibetan language. Replace those terms among them which contradict the texts of the doctrine and grammatical usage, as well as those which are hard to understand, by searching [for alternatives] among the familiar terms of the colloquial language. Thus, you should revise the translations according to the texts of the greater and lesser vehicles. 562
Therefore, at Kawa Namoche in Phenyul, they revised the translation of the Great Mother [the Transcendental Perfection of Discriminative Awareness in One Hundred Thousand Lines], and divided it into sixteen sections. They also established, in accord with the laws of contemporary language, the translations of most of the scriptures translated during the time of the king's paternal ancestors. But, owing to the strictness of the inner tantras of the way of secret mantra, whereby they cannot be grasped by ordinary persons who are not fit vessels for them, the translators preserved the ancient translations intact. 563
So it was that the three ancestral religious kings [Songtsen Gampo, Trhisong Detsen, and Relpacen] made the greatest impact on the teach- ing of the Conqueror in the Land of Snows, and thus were most gracious to its inhabitants. Among those kings, Songtsen Gampo and Trhisong Detsen were particularly great in their kindness. The scholars San- and Padmasambhava, and the translators Thonmi Sambhota, Vairocana, Kawa Peltsek, Cokro Lui Gyeltsen and Zhang Yeshe De were all most gracious and wonderful.
2 The Decline and Expansion of the DO,ctrine During the Intermedzate Period
At; date, Langdarma Udumtsen, the elder brother . e r. 1 Relpacen, was possessed by a demon because of
hIS aspIratIOns, and he persecuted the doctrine Not Ion afte the kIng was assassinated by Lhalung Pelgi D "564 g
r, tfe kings Osung and Pelkortsen reviv':Je;he ancient cus-
Pr an U1 t and so forth out of devotion to the Three ecIOUS Jewels. At that time there were no monks but h h Id
d'
who were d
in 1 d· hevote to the PrecIOUS Jewels carefully saved the temples
at Lhasa and Samye, from destruction. Ngari seceded . e Ingdom] and the royal dynasty disintegrated Though the
CIrcumstances under which the whole of Tibet had b . b'
bl f:'l . . eensu Jecttothe
y had changed, the mantra adepts, white- use 0 ers, maIntaIned the exegesis and attainment of th
of creation and perfection in their own homes and
ISO ated They insured that the continuity of secret
to t? e Ancient School was never inter-
. p . By theIr to the teachIng In general, and their kindness In carefully preservIng the texts of the transmitted rec
treatises, which had been previously tions of the t _ree ancedstral rehgIO. us kIngs, most of the ancient transla-
e sutras an
tantras eXIst for our use, even today.
, ouse0ers
3 The Revival and Later Expansion of the Teaching
ejung, and Tsang Rapsel allowed hi . a. yamuni, Yo they were his seniors] because he : to gIVe the [although because there was a most urgent need tas an extraOr? Inary person and
[169. 6-173. 5] During the decline of the teaching following Langdarma's persecution, Mar Sakyamuni, a disciple of Ba-ratna, together with Yo Gejung and Tsang Rapsel, loaded the Vinaya texts onto a mule and set out for the Qarloq and Uighur country. 566 But, because they were unable to propagate the doctrine in that direction, they went to Kham. While they were meditating at Dorjei Trakra Encung Namdzong in Malung, or at the "Crystal Retreat" in Tentik, one Muzu Labar approached them, and in faith he asked for ordination. He was ordained as a novice by Mar Sakyamuni, who acted as the preceptor, and Yo Gejung, who acted as the master; and he received the name of Sakya Gewarapsel. But when he requested the complete ordination they did not have the quorum of five monks. They sought out Lhalung Pelgi Dorje in Den, who said, "Since I have killed the evil king, I cannot come to complete the group. But I will find another and send him. "
He sent two Chinese monks, named Ke-wang and Gyi-phan, and ordination was granted by the group offive. For fifteen years Gewarapsel studied the Vinaya under his preceptor and master. Later, he studied Vinaya under Senge-trak of Korong, Transcendental Perfection under Kawa b-chokdra, and the Mental Class of the Great Perfection under Yudra Nyingpo. The exegesis of the Tantra of the All-Accomplishing King, which continued even at a later time, came through his lineage. This illustrates his most sublime, enlightened activity, and his great learning. For this reason he became renowned as Lacen Gongpa Rapsel, the "Great Guru whose Enlightened Intention was Utterly Clear".
Five years after Gewarapsel's complete ordination, the king Yeshe Gyeltsen and others sent five men from Central Tibet, including Luroe Tshtiltrim Sherap, and five from Tsang, including Loton Dorje Wangcuk, to Kham, so that they might revive the feeble doctrine in Central Tibet. Gewarapsel gave them all three levels of ordination in a single sitting, and they became learned in the Vinaya. Since he gave the full ordination simultaneously and not by precise stages over a period of ten years,567 he became renowned as a bodhisattva whose
Lhalung Pelgi Dorje
te? during the aforementioned ordinatio ] M
alIve at the time, but said th n. ar, Yo, and Tsang were
and so they acted as masterseYfwere too old to educate the disciples;
Rapsel] appointed Lum 0 ceremony. The great guru [Gongpa Central Tibet and T e a s a preceptor, and when the ten men from
. Revival and Later Expansion 525
practIce was based on devotI·on 0 th .
G. . n atoccaSIOnM S-k
Therefore, genuine authorities
alt
. . 0 hh the declIne ofthe teaching.
mamtamt attherewasnofault[commit-
. sang returned home th b pnests of their kings. ey
ecame the gurus and
Lume had four disciples h 1 · .
thirty-two like rafters a d WhO were . Ike pIllars, eight like beams
' natousandlIkepI k Th ' the foundation of the feeble d . an s. us, he restored
those at Lamo, Rag Y octnne. He set up countless centres like
spiritual benefactors Yaen'd erpa, Pare, and Tshongdti. The disciples
, monksatYah·· I ' up one hundred and ei ht ms. u a one are said to have set
and of hi. s disciples cov:red IthIS way, the of Lume
commUlllty of monks mult" r d d and. In fact, WIth each day the Ip Ie ,an became known as the Lower
526 History: Origin ofthe Teaching in Tibet
Tibetan Lineage of the Vinaya. 568 The ordained monks of the Ancient Translation School, and later the great translator DharmasrI, the em- anation ofYudra Nyingpo, widely propagated its exegesis and practical application. The seminary of Orgyen MindrOling, the sole ornament ofTibet, and its branches preserved this Vinaya lineage. 569 Then, during the later propagation of the teaching, most of the early generations of the great men who adhered to the monastic vows, and also most of the spiritual benefactors in the ancient and new Kadampa schools adhered to this Vinaya lineage.
Furthermore, the scholar Jinamitra, the translator Kawa Peltsek, and others translated the Treasury ofthe Abhidharma, and the Compendium ofthe Abhidharma [from Sanskrit into Tibetan]. They instructed Nanam Dawei Dorje, Lhalung Pelgi Dorje and E Yeshe Gyelwa. The latter went to Kham and transmitted this teaching, which has been widely propagated until the present day. 570
. Revival and Later Expansion 527
exegesIS, and study. All of the sutras which be
of the doctrine were translated and th . l? ng to t? e final wheel teaching and study by Kaw p' 1 k elr exegesIs establIshed through
, a etse,CokroLii'G 1 .
Lacen Gongpa Rapsel
Regarding the sutras: Lang Khampa Gocha memorised the Transcend- ental Perfection of Discriminative Awareness in One Hundred Thousand Lines, and he propagated this and other sutras of India, which belong to the intermediate wheel of the doctrine, by means of translation,
and others. Their tradition of ex . d until the present day. egesls an
. 1 ye tsen, Valrocana attaInment has continued
It would be appropriate here t o ' d '
of the ancestral religious kings wh gIve a 1 etaIled account of the lives
the true doctrine. But owing; th0 y and propagated not enlarge Upon this brief d O . of the literature, I will
f
esCnptIOn. TheIr hves m rom the other royal histories of Tibet. 571 ay
b
.
e ascertaIned
This completes the general d ' .
b y t h e l a m p o f t h e C o n
o f t h e f i r s t i l l u m i n a t i o n o f T i b e t queror s teachmg th th' d .
Thunder from the Great Co . B ' e Ir part of thIS book, . nquenng attle-Drum ,/'D d .
a hIstory of the precious doctr' f h . OJ even ra, whIch is
according to the Ancient T
mle t Se vehIcle of indestructible reality
rans atIOn
choo! .
Part Four
The Development of the Three Inner Classes of Tantra in Tibet
Introduction
[179. 1-3] Now, in particular, the development [in Tibet] of the three inner classes ofthe tantras ofthe way of secret mantra will be explained.
Although the Kriya, Carya and Yoga tantras of secret mantra were much studied and taught in the time of the religious king Trhisong Detsen and his master, Padmasambhava, the Unsurpassed [Yoga] tan- tras were propagated most of all. They have three divisions: Mahayoga, which concerns primarily the stage of creation; Anuyoga, which con- cerns primarily the stage of perfection; and Atiyoga, which concerns primarily the Great Perfection. 572
1 Mahayoga and Anuyoga
MAHAYOGA, THE STAGE OF CREATION
[179. 4] Mahayoga is divided into the class of tantras (*tantravarga) and the class of means for attainment (*sadhanavarga).
The Mahayoga Class of Tantras
[179. 4-182. 1] The master Vimalamitra expounded [the eight tantras, known collectively as] the Eight Sections ofthe Magical Net, which form the cycle of texts associated with the Magical Net of Vajrasattva, the Secret Nucleus which is the root or most general of the Eighteen Great Tantrapitaka. He expounded them to Ma Rincen-chok, and translated them with the latter's assistance. Ma Rincen-chok instructed Tsukru Rincen Zhonu and Kyere Chokyong, who both instructed Zhang Gyel- wei Yonten and Tarje Pelgi Trakpa. The former taught this tantra many times in Central Tibet and in Tsang. He also went to Kham and gave this teaching. The lineages of Zhang became known as "the transmitted precepts of Chimpu", or as "the lineage of esoteric instructions".
Moreover, the master Padmasambhava taught [this Secret Nucleus] to Nyak Jfianakumara, along with his own celebrated composition entitled the Garland ofViews: A Collection ofEsoteric Instructions. Jfiana- kumara instructed the Sogdian Pelgi Yeshe, and, with Zhang, he in- structed Nup Sangye Yeshe. 573 At Mount Kailash the master Bud- dhaguhya also gave instruction on texts belonging to the Secret Nucleus cycle, such as the Array ofthe Path ofthe Magical Net, to disciples such as We Jampel and Trenka Mukti.
Similarly, the glorious Guhyasamaja was propagated according to master Vajrahasya's exegetical tradition [T 1909], and the tradition of study, exegesis, and attainment derived from the commentaries of Visvamitra. Also propagated were the commentaries on the Buddha- samayoga belonging to the aural lineage of Kukkuraja [the Six Arrays ofEsoteric Meaning] and of Hfirpkara [Elucidation ofthe Significance ofthe Four Limbs, Caturangarthaloka, T 1676], and the lineage of its teaching,
. ee Inner Classes of Tantra in Tibet
534 HlSWry: The Thr G t Commentary on the . ment which follow the rea - a k"n of
study, and attam m lished master Indranal , a I g Buddhasamayoga, by the acco p
Oddiyana. . ranted meditational deities based . on
"Other fortunate beIngs were 7the Supreme Horse. Of these,.
the mandalas of Heruka and 0 _ with the result that the neIghIng . . . opitiated Hayagnva,
the means for attainment and esoteric instructions for the deities on whom their flowers respectively alighted, each of them saw his or her deity in a vision. 574
By propitiating Mahottara [Chemcok] Heruka, the king developed special contemplation; and owing to the development of discriminative awareness which is born of meditation, he composed works such as the Treatise on the ProofofAuthentic Transmitted Precepts (bka'yang-dag- pa'i tshad-ma'i bstan-bcos, T 4352). 575
By propitiating [glorious] Yangdak Heruka, Namkei Nyingpo as- cended on the rays of the sun.
By propitiating MafijusrI [Yamantaka], Sangye Yeshe drove a kiia into solid rock.
By propitiating Mahesvara [Hayagrlva], the head of a horse emerged from the crown of Gyelwa Choyang's head, and neighing resounded.
By propitiating VajrakIla, Kharcen-za [Yeshe Tshogyel] could resur- rect the dead.
By propitiating Matara! ). , Pelgi Yeshe employed the host of female protectors as servants.
By propitiating Mundane Praise, Pelgi Senge was served by the eightfold groups of spirits.
And by propitiating Malign Mantra, Vairocana acquired the eye of pristine cognition, and miraculous powers.
Moreover, regarding those disciples of master Padmasambhava who obtained accomplishment sooner or later by his empowerment, instruc- tions and further advice: Nyak Jfianakumara could extract nectar from dry rock.
Gyelmo Y udra Nyingpo could transform his body into a golden vajra. Nanam Dorje Dtijom could pass through a mountain of solid rock. Master Y esheyang could actually travel to the realms of sky-farers. 576 The Sogdian Lhapel could seize savage beasts of prey by the neck
[with his bare hands]. 577
Nanam Zhang Yeshe De could fly like a bird in the sky.
Kharcen Pelgi Wangcuk, by merely brandishing his kIla, could "lib-
erate" those at whom he brandished it.
Denma Tsemang obtained retention of all doctrines, such that he
forgot none.
Kawa Peltsek intuited the minds of others without obstruction. Shlipu Pelgi Senge could reverse the flow of a river.
Dre Gyelwei Lodro could transform a zombie into gold. 578 Drokben Khyeucung Lotsawa could summon birds in the sky, merely
through his gaze and a gesture of menace.
Odren Pelgi Wangcuk could swim like a fish in a wide river. Ma Rincen-chok could crush and digest boulders as food.
Trhlsong Detsen pr of a horse was heard
throughout Jambudvlpa.
. rM The Mahayoga Class OJ
Namkei Nyingpo for Attainment
eans
k"
_.
the Yaman cyc e d he
(182. 1-187 . 11 spea lng,
Tibet by master Santlgarbha. Mk --nakumara and others. Most 0
aster Vimalamitra propagate t f Va-iramrta cycle, teaching it to NYda Jdnadisseminated solely by master
". J •
the other cycles were p
ropagate an
h reat master in lorious Chimpu, t e . g lete
Padmasambhava.
In particular, at Trhrsong Detsen by
answered the prayer 0 g. d secret ma1)Q. alas 0 empowerments in the outer'£ to a most fortunate
Great Classes of the Mear:s or d his subjects. When they had prac I of eight, consisting of the kIng an
1 was propagated in
Mahayoga and Anuyoga 535
536
History: The Three Inner Classes ofTantra in Tibet
Gyelwa Choyang
Lhalung Pelgi Dorje could pass unobstructedly through mountains
of solid rock. .
Langdro Koncok Jungne could hurl mighty thunderb? lts hke arro,:s.
And Lasum Gyelwa Cangcup could sit cross-legged m the sky, WIth- out any support.
There were also women who were accomplished masters: e
of Sahor obtained immortality, miraculous powers, and unsurpass ,
supreme accomplishment. . . . . I 01- Kharcen Yeshe Tshogyel achieved indestructIble hfe, mfalhb e rec
lection, miraculous powers, the abode ofthe a? d the accomplishment of great bliss. Th. e two_ n:>ble ladles Just me
were actually no different from VaJravarahl,
Tshenamza Sangyetsho vanished in a body of hght:
Shekar Dorjetsho crossed rivers as if they. were plams. . h body Tshombuza Pematsho's vital energy and mmd matured mto t e
Rilza Tondrupma used her gaze to employ the services ofthe twelve goddesses of the earth.
Shilbuza Sherapma knew all the transmitted precepts of the buddhas, as well as the commentarial treatises, without having studied them.
While Yamdrokza Choki Dronma taught the scriptures she was applauded by celestial deities.
When Oceza Kargyelma had a question about the doctrine she asked her meditational deity.
