During his last visit, in July, 1873, he took the accompanying sketch,
transferred
to the wood, and engraved by Gregor Grey, Dublin.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v3
,
Eugene O'Curry's
belonged
Conall Cearnach, according to the O'Clerys.
him,
By the side of the cold clear Eoir," &c.
'' See vol. ii. "The Writers of Ireland,"
book i. , p. 51.
'* "
" It is at Cluain eidhneach he was nursed ;
It is given in these words
sius filius ^ngavani, F. Hoblenii, F. Fidrai,
:
S.
iEngus-
many crosses,
" Lee-
" as "accord- They superadd, authority,
Colgan's
Martii, nn. I, 3, p. 582.
'* Chapter xxiii.
^ See Colgan's "Acta Sanctorum Hiber- niae," xi. Martii. De S. ^ngussio Hagiogra- pho Episcopo et Confessore, cap. i. , p. 579.
ing to th—is verse, which is in a poem. " It
begins
:
At Cluain-eidhneach he was buried
At Cluain-eidhneach of He read his psalms first. "
;
March ii. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 297
psalms first, and there he was afterwards buried. Thus, we may probably infer, that his birth took place, near the celebrated monastery, founded by St. Fintan. "
From the dawning perceptions of childhood, ^Engus felt an earnest desire of devoting himself to a religious life. He practised mortification, to an ex- traordinary degree, even in his youth ; and, he conceived most exalted ideas of Christian perfection, the attainment of which was an object, ever upper- most in his mind. Almost from infancy, he deserved the appellation Culdee,'3 or worshipper of God, which surname he afterwards bore. It has been stated,^* that the surname Ceile De, given to y5i)ngus, indicated an office, or a particular sort of profession, and that he was one of that clerical body, who had been afterwards called Culdees. ^5 However, according to Rev. Dr.
Lanigan, the title, Ceile De, as applied to ^ngus, had nothing to do with them ; and, he thinks, it is more than probable, about that time, there was
not as yet any such institution as the Culdees, in their corporate capacity. Dr. Lanigan maintains, that the Culdees were the secular canons of cathedral
or collegiate churches, such as those we call prebendaries. He thinks it a palpable mistake to suppose, that they were a monastic o—rder. ^^
About this time, the great Monastery of Clonenagh incorrectly said to have been in East Meath, by Bishop Challenor,='7 a—nd by others to have been in Ossory, but rather it should be stated, in Leix then under direction of
the saintly Abbot Malathgenius,^^ enjoyed a high reputation, both for the numberandsanctityofitsinmates. ^9 ^nguspreterredhissuitforadmission within its enclosure, and his request was favourably received. But his early novitiate, in the exercise of all virtues, had preceded the care bestowed by that holy abbot, on his youthful disciple. His daily progress in the paths of Christian sanctity, and his advancement in sacred learning, were aided by application and capacity, to such an extraordinary degree, that in a short time, ^ngus bore the reputation of being one among the most sanctified and erudite men, of whom Ireland could then boast. Our saint must have been his disciple belore the year 767,3° since this is the period, to which the demise of Maelaithgen has been referred. 3'
" See his Life, at the 17th of February.
"3 The Keledei, Cele de, Caelicolae, or Colidei, first appear as "Culdees," in the eighth century. They were the socii, mariti,
brought under the canonical rule along with
the secular clergy, retaining, however, to some extent the nomenclature of the monas-
tery, until at length the name of Keledeus,
or servi of God, which is the meaning of the or Culdee, became almo—st synonymous with ""
word Ceile. "
that of secular canon. " Celtic Scotland :
=* By Toland, in "Nazarenus," Letter ii,, sect. 3.
=^5 After citing various proofs and illustra-
tions, William F. Skene arrives at the con-
elusion, "that the Culdees originally sprang
from that ascetic order who adopted a soli-
tary service of God in an isolated cell as the
highest form of religious life, and who were
then became as-
a History of Ancient Alban," vol. ii. , chap,
Dr. Lanigan adds : ^Engus's surname was peculiar to himself, unless it should be supposed that all that is said of his having been a monk, etc. , is false. Many Irish names began with Ceile, Cele, or with the
corresponding word Gila, follow—ed by that
termed Deicolae
sociated in communities of anchorites, or
hermits ; that they were clerics, and might
be called monks, but only in the sense in
which anchorites were monks ; that they
made their appearance in the eastern dis-
tricts of Scotland at the same time as the
secular clergy were introduced, and sue-
ceeded the Columban monks who had been
driven across the great mountain range of Kelly's Dissertations chiefly on Irish Drumalban, the western frontier of the Church History. " Edited by Rev. D. Pictish kingdom 5 and that they were finally M'Carthy, D. Y),, pp. 209 to 219.
;
that
they
vi. , p. 277.
** "
of our Saviour or some Saint. "
siastical History of Ireland," vol. iii,, chap, xx. , sect, x. , n. 96, p. 248.
^? See "Britaimia Sancta," part i. , p. 167.
*^ The feast of St. Malathgenius is ob- served, on the 21st of October,
*9 See an excellent memoir, chiefly taken
from Colgan, and publisned in Rev. Dr. "
" Eccle-
298 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [March ii
An ingenious and a distinguished French writer, 3* capable from his pecu- liar line of study to pronounce opinions on this subject, has ably vindicated the progress made in sacred learning and science, among the pupils ot our early schools. When the Celt became a Christian and a monk, his love of
numbers still remained, and liis conceptions becoming spiritualized by aspira- tions after pericciion, which he daily breathed heavenward, poetic inspiration was the happy result. Study with manual labour divided cloistral occupa- tions, and through study, this inspiration became fruitful. The saints ol Ire-
land, intent only on making their disciples spiritual men, one day found to their surprise they had created poets. The genms of these poets was varied,
as the crowd of strangers that thronged the schools. Their compositions may be reduced, under the heads of didactic poetry, lyrical poetry, Ainras or
panegyrics, legends strictly so called, Felires or Festilogies, visions, and navigations or voyages. All these have their special features of interest and edification. However, owuig to various causes, facts were now and then changed into fictions. But M. de la Villemarque is far from agreeing with those, who consider romances regarding the samts as worthless. According to him, the portraits of saints simply underwent the tate of all heroes belong- ing to early ages ; and yet, between the sacred and profane legends, there exists a great difference. In what profane ley,end do we ever find an express caution to the reader, that, beside the literal and historical sense, there is also a spiritual meaning to be drawn from the narrative . -* 33 That delicate and sound morality, which marks the legends of the Breton and Irish Saints, has beenspeciallydweltonbyamoderncritic. Forfreshness,richnessofinven- tion, and national characteristics, no Church has aught to compare with them. And all Celtic scholars will acknowledge this high degree of praise to be fully deserved.
Accounts which are given, respecting the miracles and sanctity of ^ngus, and the evidences of his learning that yet remain, are more than equalled by
that profound humility, which led him to form a most abject opinion regard- ing his own deserts. The manner, in which he renounced this world and the
applause of mankind, must deserve unbounded admiration, although it may fail to induce the imitation of all protessing Christians. His mind was re- plenished with heavenly graces, and he was favoured with celestial visions. He combmed the rare gifts of profound wisdom and ot singular zeal, in all his actions and affections; while, it would be a difficult question to deciiie, whether his virtues were greater than his miracles, in sight both of God and ofman. Onething,however,iscertain,thattlienobilityofhisdescentwas more than surpassed by tlie lustre 01 his virtues.
After spending a course of religious training, and of sacred study, at
3= M. de la of the French Villemarque,
In^tiiute, has publislieu a most interesiing article, on the Poetry ol the Celtic Lioi-lers. It appeared, in the November number of Le Correspondant, tor ii^03.
33 jyi. jg la Viileinarque shows, that Dante fully realized this double nature of the
ancient legends,
" Ye of intellect,
Sound and entire, mark well the lore con-
ceal'd
Under close texture of the mystic strain. "
3° The death of "
Abbot of Cluain-Eidhiieach," occurred, in the year
767. See Dr. O'Donovan's
'"
Annals ol tae
Maelaithgen,
Four Masters," vol. i , pp. 370, 371.
3' Thai otiier ^ngus, who wrote the
eulogy 01 our saint in elegant metre, has told us, ^ngus the Cuidee studied from
boyhood in the monastery of Cloneiiagh ; and, afterwards, when he had been cele- brated for his miracles, he lived in the mon- asteiy of Tallagh, before St. Melruan's death, A. D. 787. It is supposed, thereiore, to tollow, that he studied in the monastery of Clonenagh, under the aforesaid abbot. See Colgan's " Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae," xi. Martii. De S. ^ngussio Hai;iographo Episcopo et Confessore, n. 4, p. 582.
—
3« The old church in this parish of Dysart-
—Inferno, canto ix. , 62. lation.
Gary's
Trans-
March ii. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 299
Clonenagh, the holy disciple felt called, by Heaven, to a state of higher per- fection. Some six or seven miles trom Clonenagh, and at a place, since called after hun Dysartenos,^* it is stated, that ^ngus had built a cell3s for himself. Thither he frequently retired, to put in practice, unknown and un- noticed, those rigorous observances which he followed. However, it may not be improbable, that the place of his first retreat was much nearer to Clonenagh, and that it was not tar from the River Nore. The anonymous Scholiast, already mentioned, calls it Disert Unguis ; and, the other ^ngus, who wrote our saint's eulogy, writes it down as Disert-Bethech. 36 He Uke- wise indicates, that it lay very near to Clonenagh ; and, indeed, the present townland of Dysartbeytagh, or Dysartbeagh,37 on which the town of Mount- rath stands, must furnish this site, now apparently lost. Colgan, in a very
shrewd conjecture, supposed it was not distinct from Clonenagh 38
; ygt,
it was separated by the distance of a mile, or perhaps two miles, and he allows, that St. yEngus died perchance, and had been buried, at Disert Be-
' thech. our Annals39 Again,
that another Desertum
differed trom Cluain-edhneach, and, even from Disert Bethech, or from
Dysart-Enos, in the Queen's County.
The locality of this holy coenobite's cell hence derived its name, Dysart-
enos, or the desert of ^ngus, which it yet retains, supposing we are correct in assigning the habitation there, to the present, and not to a different, St.
. ^ngus. Abrokenrangeoflimestonehills,ofromanticandruggedoutline, probably suggested to him the idea of its suitableness as a place for seclusion and retreat. At this day, the scenes of his retirement present an aspect of solitude and grandeur, the effect of which must have been considerably
heightened in that early age. '*" At present, on a slope of those hills, the old graveyard of Dysart, thickly studded over with headstones, tombs, and graves, may be seen there ; and, even yet, it is much resorted to tor the interment of
enos lay within the townland of Dysart, barony of Maryborough West. The parish
Castletown, yet on the north bank of the Nore.
37 This townland, in the united parishes of Clonenagh and Clonagheen, barony of Mary- borough West, is shown, on the "Ordnance Survey Townland Maps for the Queen's Couniy," Sheets 16, 17.
is shown, on the
"
Ordnance Survey 'I'own-
land Maps for the Queen's County," Sheets 13, 14, 18, 19. The townland is on Sheets
13, 18.
35 That he built a cell for himself at Dy-
sart Euos may be inferred, not only from the ""
expression of Colgan, coluit eremum," but also from a statement that he recited the
first fifty psalms "in oratorio," and the
second " sub diu arbo- fiity, juxia proceram
rem oratorio ad|accntem. " See "Acta
Sanctorum Hibernise," xi. Martii. De S.
^ngussio Hagiographo Episcopo et Con- fessore, cap. iii. , p. 579.
3* The site of this old church is
known, with any degree of accuracy, at present; although the student and topo- grapher may see it marked, on Sir William Petty's Map of the district. The writer has been shown a spot, near the Brigitine Con- vent, at Mountraih, where tradition has it, that a church formerly stood ; but, he is in- clined to believe, that Disert-Bethech lay still nearer to the River Nore, as the Map seems to indicate. However, from the most careiul enquiries prosecuted among the people there, every trace of its existence appears to be lost. To the writer's concep- tion, its site was quite near the present
certainly show,
^ngussii
hardly
^s ^Hmjing jq ^^g Scholiast's statement, as Colgan adds, vel forte ab ipso non esse diversum, in quatenus ait in S. ^ngussium esse in jam memorato deserto (et non addit
non m et educatum quod Cluain-edhneach),
et sepultum. "
39 Tiiese record, that Conn, son of Mael-
padraig, Archinnech ot Disert-Oenghusa and of Mungauit, dietl A. D. 1033. See
" Acta Sanctorum
Colgan's fiibemiae," xi.
Martii, n. 6, p. 582 ; and O . bonovan's
"
Annals of the Four Masters," vol. ii. , pp. 820, 627. In a note (y) ibid. , I am certain, Dr. ODonovan fell into an error, by iden-
titying ihe latter Disert- Aengusa, with Dy- sart-Eno,>, in the Queen's Couniy. I feel
satisfied, the Disert-Aengussa and Mungai- rit, already named, were both situated with- in the present county of Limerick. The former lay near Ballingarry, and the latter near Limerick city.
''° Near the Dysart Hills lies a beautiful demesne, called Lamberton Park. Here, during the Wizard of the North's tour
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [March ii. deceased Catholics. No doubt, the very old parish church occupied this
" seven
churches " are clearly visible under favouring circumstances. In what part of
Dysartenos parish the cell of ^Engus, or monastery, if such, was situated, the
300
site. From or near this elevated position, the ruins of Clonenagh's antiquary is not likely to discover. Many remains of curious old monuments,
'rri*Pr<'^^J{
Dysart church and Graveyard, Queen's County.
however, are yet standing in the immediate neighbourhood. If I might be allowed to offer a conjecture, St. ^ngus possibly selected for his cell the site, on which the former Protestant Church of Dysart, erected during the last century,maynowbeseen,asacomparativelymodernruin. -*^ Unroofedand desolate, yet surrounded by a serviceable cemetery wall, the tourist can pene- trate to its interior j^z and, there, he will find the projecting foundations of a former and of a smaller building, which was probably of a very ancient type. An extensive tract of morass and bog now intervenes, between the ruins of Clon- enagh's old monastery and Dysartenos. This moorland must formerly have rendered access, between both places, a matter of some difficulty. In this favourite retreat, we are told by his biographers, . ^ngus was in the habit of
through Ireland, in 1825, he was hospitably- entertained, by a former proprietor, the Right Hon. Judge Moore, as may be seen,
"
by consulting Lockhart's Life of Sir
Walter Scott," chap. Ixiii. What Lockhart
forgets to state, however, is yet traditionally remembered in this neighbourhood. Sir Walter is said to have expressed himself, as being highly gratified, by the scenic beauty of all this surrounding locality ; and, it must be allowed, few persons had truer percep- tions of taste and judgment, in reference to an opinion or a thought about such matters.
"
Queen's County," in 1801, he describes Dy-
^' Not many years back, and within the writer's memory, the few Protestant parish- ioners here were accustomed to hold their meetings within it.
When Sir Charles
Coote wrote his
Statistical Survey of the
"
hills of the same name, with a square tower
or steeple, which has a very picturesque ap- pearance. " Chap, ix. , sect, iv. , p. 117.
*^ In his boyhood years, often had the
writer, quite unaware of Dysart's historical interest, visited the spot, and on more than one occasion attended at funerals there.
During his last visit, in July, 1873, he took the accompanying sketch, transferred to the wood, and engraved by Gregor Grey, Dublin. The Devil's Bit Mountain, Tippe- rary, looms in the distance. It formerly went by the name of Barnane Ely.
sart church, as standing
on one of the lofty
March II. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 301
making three hundred genuflections, each day, and of reciting the entire Psalter. This latter office he divided into three separate portions : the first was said within the cell ; the second under a spreading tree of large growth, that cast its branches over his rude habitation ; and the third he repeated, whilst tied by the neck to a stake, with half of his body plunged in a tub of cold water. Besides these extraordinary practices, he was continually em- ployed in singing the praises of God, and in acquiring such an ascendency over his passions, that to all, save himself, ^ngus seemed to be an angel, concealed in human form. Another and a learned authority has stated, that after leaving Clonenagh, St. ^ngus travelled into Munster, and that he founded the church of Disert Aengusa, at a place situated near Ballingarry,'t3 in the present county of Limerick. 44 We are told, also, that the primitive belfry, or round tower of this church, yet remains. There are good reasons for believing, however, that the latter church must have had its name, from
man is known to have settled, not far from Clonenagh in fact, so very near, that the localities Clonenagh and Dysartenos have been confounded, by ancient scholiastsonhisworks. ^s Othercircumstances,relatingtohisActsandinci- dents of his Life, probably serve to confirm our conclusions, that he lived, for some short time, at least, in Dysartenos, a parish so denominated, near the celebrated Rock and Castle of Dunamase,-*^ and a few miles from the
county town of Maryborough. ^?
The fame of his sanctity diffused itself, to most distant parts of the
country. Numbers flocked towards his retreat, to enjoy the pious conversa- tion and exhortations of this holy anchorite, and to derive from his example and instructions those lessons of virtue, which he could so well inculcate.
Fearing the suggestions of vain-glory, and finding it a matter of utter impossi- bihty to enjoy, in his present abode, that perfect seclusion desired, in the practice of his austerities and devotions, . ^ngus took the resolution of departing in a secret manner, towards some other place of retirement.
Before his departure, however, and on the route to his selected retreat, it was his intention to visit the church of Coolbanagher,'*^ for the purpose of
"•3 There are two
name in Limerick County. One is situated, in the barony of Upper Connello, and it is
some other saint, or person, named . ^ngus
—the
; for, present holy
defined on the
"
this
Ordnance Survey Town-
we take it for may
parishes, bearing
pp. 316, 317. Hence,
granted, this writer had a good local know-
ledge respecting Clonenagh and DysartEnos. But, because he did not advert to the pos- sible identity of the later denomination with Desart ^ngus, he thought this place where St. . ^ngus resided could not then be identified.
^^ Here stand the ruined walls of the fortress of the O'Moores, formerly Chiefs of Leix. A more particular account of the place will be found, in the " Legend Lays of Ireland," by Lageniensis, No. x. A
land Maps for the County of Limerick," Sheets 29, 30, 37, 38. The other is in the
barony of Coshlea, and it is shown, on Sheets 48, 49, 57, ibid.
'•'* See Professor
Eugene O'Curry's
" Lee-
great
tures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient
Irish Histor}'," lect. xvii. , p. 364.
^s " AH the country about Cliiainenach for
many miles, was, in the memory of men yet
living, a great forest. * * * * Besert Legend of Dunamase, pp. 65 to Tl. A
^ngus (though the name be now lost) was
"
sketch of the Barbican of Dunamase, by
Samuel a historical Lover, R. H. A. , and
article accompanying, by John D'Alton, will be found in " The Irish Penny Maga-
zine," vol. i. . No. 3, pp. 17, 18. This place lies within the parish of Dysertenos, and it is shown on the "Ordnance Survey
Townland Maps for the Queen's County," Sheet 13.
'^ In the parish of Burris, and barony of Maryborough East, is found, ibid.
'^ This place is connected, it is thought, with a St. Lugach or Lughaidh, whose
some part of this great wood. "—
Harris' Writers of Ireland," book i. , pp. 51, 52, note D. Harris lived in the earlier part of the last century, when his principal works were published. He inti- mates, likewise, that the place of his birth was at or near Brittas, where his father, Captain Lieutenant Hopton Harris of the Militia, took part in an engagement, during the Jacobite and Williamite wars in 1691.
Ware, vol. iii. ,
"
and Reign of William the Third," book ix. ,
See Walter Harris'
History of the Life
302 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [March ii.
offering up prayers to that God, whom he so faithfully served. Whilst engagedinthisexercise,avisionofangelsappearedtohim. Theseblessed spiritsseemedtosurroundaparticulartomb. Celestialsongswereheardby him, at the same time, the ravishing harmony of which gave him a foretaste of canticles, entoned by the beatified in heaven. He noted the tomb thus distinguished, and immediately directed his steps to a priest, serving the church, ^ngus made enquiries, regarding the name and character of the
deceased. He soon learned, that the occupant of the tomb in question had been in early life a warrior,'>9 who retired from the profession of arms, and who had devoted himself to a life of penance. This soldier of Christ had closed a long life of holy and spiritual warfare, a few days before such event, . ^ngus was still more desirous to learn the practices, devotions, and peniten- tial exercises ol that soldier. His curiosity being gratified, he was unable to discover anything very unusual, in these his religious observances, with the exception of a practice, followed each morning and night, which was that of invoking the prayers of all saints, whose names occurred to his memory. From this relation, given by the priest, the idea of composing a metrical hymn, in honour of all the saints, took possession of the mind of ^ngus. 5° This hymn, only as yet a mental conception, he intended to repeat to his death, although his sincere humility deterred him from the immediate prose- cutionofhismeditatedproject, ^ngus,wearetold,judgedhimselfunfitted for such a task, and he also feared, that the praises of the saints might be commemorated, in a manner, hardly suited to the dignity and im]:)ortance of his subject.
CHAPTER II.
ST. y^NGUS PROCEEDS TO THE MONASTERY OF TALLAGH—HE SEEKS ADMISSION THERE IN GUISE OF A SERVANT MANUAL LABOUR AT AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS HIS HUMILITY AND MORTIFICATIONS—AN ACCIDENT WHICH BEFEL HIM, AND HIS MIRACULOUS CURE—THE INCIDENT WHICH FIRST DISCOVERED ST. ^NGUS TO THE HOLY ABBOT ST. MELRUAN—FRIENDSHIP THENCEFORTH EXISTING BETWEEN THEM —ST. iENGUS WAS PROBABLY ORDAINED PRIEST AT TALLAGH.
At this time, St. Molruan' presided over a great monastery, on Tallagh Hill, in the present county of Dublin. Towards that religious house, our saint
festival occurs, at the 6th of October, where a fuller description may be lound. This parish, in the barony of Portnahinch, is de-
of the saints should doubtless have a high reward, when so much has been vouchsafed
fined on the
"
Ordnance Survey Townland
Aengus then commenced his poem on the
spot. He subsequently continued it gradu-
ally, and finished it as we have already
seen. " Lect. xvii. , p, 365.
^° To this incident, allusion has been
made, by Thomas D'Ai-cy M'Gee', in that beautiful dirge, composed on the lamented death of his friend, Proiessor Eugene O'Curry, and which is included —in the
Maps tor the Queen's County," Sheets 4, 8, 9, 13, 14. The townland proper is on Sheets 8, 13, ibid.
^9 Instead of the buried person being
called a "soldier," according to an account, found in Professor O Curry's "Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish
" History," he is said to have been a poor
What good did he do ? said Aengus. I saw no particular good by him,' said the priest, 'but that his customary practice was to recount and invoke the saints ot the world, as far as he could remember them, at his going to bed and getting up, in accord- ance with the custom of the old devotees. '
!
"
" Let those who love and lose him most, Lr their great sorrow comfort tind,
Remembering how heaven's mighty host Were ever present to his mind ;
Descending on his grave at even, — May they a radiant phalanx see
given
old man, who formerly lived at the place. '''
American edition ot his "Poems :
'Ah '
'hewho would make a poetical composition in praise
was In vision to the rapt Culdee. "
my God, said Aengus,
Such wondrous sight as once
••
to the efforts of this holy devotee !
'
And
March ii. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 303
proceeded. He appeared at the monastery gate, and he begged admission, among the members of its religious frarernity, in quaHty of lay brother, according to Colgan^ and Harris ;3 although Dr. Lanigan tells us. that such a title was unknown in religious houses before the eleventh century. * Stu- diously concealing both his name, and that of the monastery, in which he had hitherto lived, -(fengus was well aware, that his fame had already extended to the institute of Tallagh, which was then in its infancy. Wherefore, he as- sumed a habit, calculated most effectually to disguise his real condition. He concealed the fact of his enrolment in the ecclesiastical order, and he
appeared as a serving man, seeking for employment. This holy servant of Christ was permitted to prove his vocation for a religious life, by engaging in the most laborious and meanest offices, connected with the monastery.
These duties, however, he cheerfully executed, and he devoted unremittmg attention to their most careful performance. He was principally employed
at field labour, and in the farm-yard, belonging to the monastery ; for, we are told, that with the sweat of his brow, he was found as a reaper of corn during the harvest, that he bore the sheaves on his back to the barn, that he afterwards threshed out the grain, and winnowed chaff therefrom, placing what had been thus prepared m sacks. Like a beast of burden, he carried those sacks on his back, sometimes to the granary, and sometimes to the mill. This mill and a kiln, he had charge of by Melruan's orders. ^ During all these labours, this devout and humble brother found time to raise his heartandthoughtstowardsheaven. Thisarkofhiddenwisdomconsidered himself, as only fitted to discharge the mean offices, to which of choice he was subjected. These daily toils showed his complete self-abnegation, and his contempt for the opinion of worldlings. During his labours, this humble workman was scantily clothed. His countenance was often disguised, owing to the combined effects of sweat and dust, which covered his features.
But, he had neither the vanity not inclination to appear well looking, in the presence of nis brethren. Nor would he devote any time to the decoration of his person. He allowed the hair on his head to grow long, tangled and uncombed ; the chaffy dust and straws of the field and barn, he would not
evenremovefromhisclothes. Thus,^ngusputintopracticaloperationthe virtues of his monastic profession ; tor, it was only by these means, he could induce worldlings to believe, that he was the most abject and vile of all creatures, having more the appearance of a monster, than of a human being. An extraordinary love of mortification was united with ecstatic flames of •Divine love, in the soul of this great vessel of election ; and, hence, he
Chapter ii. —' See his Life, at the 7th of July.
'
tions, so as that one of them was perpetually debarred from any ecclesiastical promotion, and destined to toil in the fields and else- where as subordinate to the other, and, in
Colgan says, he applied for admission,
'* inter conversos. "—"Acta Sanctorum Hi-
bemiae," xi. Martii. De S. yEnyussio Ha- fact, a—s servants of the clerical or higher
giographo, Episcopo et Confessore, cap. v. , p. 581.
class. " "Ecclesiastical History of Ire- land," vol. iii. ,chap. xx. , sect, x. , n. 95, pp. 247, 248.
3 Taking his account from Colgan, Harris ""
thathewas — theAbbot states, received, by
Maelruan, as a lay brother. "
^
Professor Lec- See, Eugene O'Curry's
Harris'
vol. iL, "Writers of Ireland," book i. , p.
tures on the Materials of Ancient Manuscript
Irish History," Lect. xvii. , p. 365. The autiior of this learned work declares, that he saw the ruins of this mill and kiln, in their primitive dimensions, and that only a few years have passed by, since those venerable relics have yielded to " the improving hand
of modem progress. "
52.
"In older times some monks, it is true,
were raised more or less to the clerical ranks, and the number of such promotions appears to have increased with the course of ages ; but there was not as yet any radical distinction of classes in the religious instiiu-
*
See tAoiche pAnnuicheAchcA, edited
Ware,
304 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [March ii. merited the title of Kele-De, which he obtained, and which may be rendered,
"
a lover of God. " With an humble spirit, in a mortified body, a light radi- ated the interior of his soul. Yet, this light was destined to escape from the close sanctuary, within which it had hitherto beamed.
Meantime, it may be well to relate, that the Almighty was pleased to re- ward the virtues of his servant, and by the testimony of a surprising miracle.
For, at one time, while this holy monk was engaged in a neighbouring wood, and when cutting down branches for the use of his monastery, it happened, that he held with the left hand a branch, which he wished to separate from the trunk of a tree, and the axe, grasped in his right hand, glanced from the object, against which it had been directed. This incautious stroke resulted inseveringthelefthandfromhisbody. Wearetold,theverybirds,inthe wood, by a sort of preternatural instinct, had formed an attachment towards St. ^ngus, on account of his innocent demeanour. Perhaps, the holy man had oft—en lightened his out-door labours, by chaunting the psalmody of the Church probablyadaptedtoversesofhisowncomposition. Thosefeathered warblers, the thrushes or blackbirds—so often celebrated in Ossianic song*^— had made the dells and brakes around Glenasmoil^ and Tallagh resound with dulcet melody, while spring and summer breezes loaded the air with agreeable perfume, from mountain herbs and shrubs. Their strains were often stilled, when more solemn and pathetic notes, from " a son of song," agreeably called forth the natural echoes, which resounded through wooded hill-sides and hollows, surrounding St. Melruan's monastery. Those songsters of the grove and thicket will rest with listening ear, and love to linger near any'
spot, where the humble field-labourer pours forth the unpremeditated lay, with a clear and modulated voice. If not disturbed, those woodland minstrels even desire human companionship and vocalism of a perfect character. We cannot doubt, the Christian's heart was naturally gentle and toned with refined feeling, while the poet's soul and senses were attuned to all the soft and sweet influences of wild scenery and its charming accessories. Sometimes, it is said, even ravens flap their wings with affright, when from a distance they scent human blood. A mysterious sympathy frequently unites irrational to rational creatures. At the moment his accident befel ^Engus, birds flocked around, and, by their screams and cries, seemed to bewail the pure and angelic man's misfortune. Full of confidence in the power and goodness of God, without hesitation, uiEngus took up the hand which had been lopped off, and at once set it, in its proper place, at the extremity of his mutilated arm. Instantly, it adhered, and recovered its former power, as if no accident whatever had befallen him. Hereupon ^ngus poured forth his soul, in praise and thanksgiving, to the great Preserver of all creatures. ^ Our popular traditions, especially referring to the saints, often savour of exaggeration. The Irish people have loved and admired purity and holiness, while they have implicit faith in t—he sovereign power of God towards and over his elect.
The
althoughheissaidtohavewroughtmany maybeclassedwithourLegenda Sanctorum. Probably, its rationale might accord better with the fact, that St. ^ngus had almost chopped the left hand from his arm, but that he had
miracle one of the few m—
foregoing saint,
Transactions of the Ossianic Society for the year 1856,"
by John O'Daly, n. i, p. 4,
grapho, Episcopo et Confessore, cap. vi. , p. 580.
9 Dr. Lanigan undertakes to explain the circumstance of this boy's proficiency in his lesson, owing to the help he derived from yEngus. See, " Ecclesiastical Histoiy of
Ireland," vol. iii. , chap, xx. , sect, x. , p. 246. At note 97 he adds: "It is thus, I
vol. iv.
7 The ancient name of that romantically
beautiful valley, at the sources of the River Dodder.
**
See Colgan's "Acta Sanctorum Hiber- nire," xi. Martii. De S. ^Engussio Hagio-^
"
iracles recorded about our
March II. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
305
immediately bandaged and united these members of his body, so nearly dissevered, and yet so fortunately preserved for future use. In the case of wounds, eminent surgeons allow, that very dangerous ones are often healed by prompt attention, and by a recuperative energy, found in the human body itself. If a piece of flesh be totally cut away, and soon after applied to tiie placewhencetaken,bothpartswillagainunite. Bythepopularrumour,the cure of St. ^ngus has been pronounced miraculous.
Eugene O'Curry's
belonged
Conall Cearnach, according to the O'Clerys.
him,
By the side of the cold clear Eoir," &c.
'' See vol. ii. "The Writers of Ireland,"
book i. , p. 51.
'* "
" It is at Cluain eidhneach he was nursed ;
It is given in these words
sius filius ^ngavani, F. Hoblenii, F. Fidrai,
:
S.
iEngus-
many crosses,
" Lee-
" as "accord- They superadd, authority,
Colgan's
Martii, nn. I, 3, p. 582.
'* Chapter xxiii.
^ See Colgan's "Acta Sanctorum Hiber- niae," xi. Martii. De S. ^ngussio Hagiogra- pho Episcopo et Confessore, cap. i. , p. 579.
ing to th—is verse, which is in a poem. " It
begins
:
At Cluain-eidhneach he was buried
At Cluain-eidhneach of He read his psalms first. "
;
March ii. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 297
psalms first, and there he was afterwards buried. Thus, we may probably infer, that his birth took place, near the celebrated monastery, founded by St. Fintan. "
From the dawning perceptions of childhood, ^Engus felt an earnest desire of devoting himself to a religious life. He practised mortification, to an ex- traordinary degree, even in his youth ; and, he conceived most exalted ideas of Christian perfection, the attainment of which was an object, ever upper- most in his mind. Almost from infancy, he deserved the appellation Culdee,'3 or worshipper of God, which surname he afterwards bore. It has been stated,^* that the surname Ceile De, given to y5i)ngus, indicated an office, or a particular sort of profession, and that he was one of that clerical body, who had been afterwards called Culdees. ^5 However, according to Rev. Dr.
Lanigan, the title, Ceile De, as applied to ^ngus, had nothing to do with them ; and, he thinks, it is more than probable, about that time, there was
not as yet any such institution as the Culdees, in their corporate capacity. Dr. Lanigan maintains, that the Culdees were the secular canons of cathedral
or collegiate churches, such as those we call prebendaries. He thinks it a palpable mistake to suppose, that they were a monastic o—rder. ^^
About this time, the great Monastery of Clonenagh incorrectly said to have been in East Meath, by Bishop Challenor,='7 a—nd by others to have been in Ossory, but rather it should be stated, in Leix then under direction of
the saintly Abbot Malathgenius,^^ enjoyed a high reputation, both for the numberandsanctityofitsinmates. ^9 ^nguspreterredhissuitforadmission within its enclosure, and his request was favourably received. But his early novitiate, in the exercise of all virtues, had preceded the care bestowed by that holy abbot, on his youthful disciple. His daily progress in the paths of Christian sanctity, and his advancement in sacred learning, were aided by application and capacity, to such an extraordinary degree, that in a short time, ^ngus bore the reputation of being one among the most sanctified and erudite men, of whom Ireland could then boast. Our saint must have been his disciple belore the year 767,3° since this is the period, to which the demise of Maelaithgen has been referred. 3'
" See his Life, at the 17th of February.
"3 The Keledei, Cele de, Caelicolae, or Colidei, first appear as "Culdees," in the eighth century. They were the socii, mariti,
brought under the canonical rule along with
the secular clergy, retaining, however, to some extent the nomenclature of the monas-
tery, until at length the name of Keledeus,
or servi of God, which is the meaning of the or Culdee, became almo—st synonymous with ""
word Ceile. "
that of secular canon. " Celtic Scotland :
=* By Toland, in "Nazarenus," Letter ii,, sect. 3.
=^5 After citing various proofs and illustra-
tions, William F. Skene arrives at the con-
elusion, "that the Culdees originally sprang
from that ascetic order who adopted a soli-
tary service of God in an isolated cell as the
highest form of religious life, and who were
then became as-
a History of Ancient Alban," vol. ii. , chap,
Dr. Lanigan adds : ^Engus's surname was peculiar to himself, unless it should be supposed that all that is said of his having been a monk, etc. , is false. Many Irish names began with Ceile, Cele, or with the
corresponding word Gila, follow—ed by that
termed Deicolae
sociated in communities of anchorites, or
hermits ; that they were clerics, and might
be called monks, but only in the sense in
which anchorites were monks ; that they
made their appearance in the eastern dis-
tricts of Scotland at the same time as the
secular clergy were introduced, and sue-
ceeded the Columban monks who had been
driven across the great mountain range of Kelly's Dissertations chiefly on Irish Drumalban, the western frontier of the Church History. " Edited by Rev. D. Pictish kingdom 5 and that they were finally M'Carthy, D. Y),, pp. 209 to 219.
;
that
they
vi. , p. 277.
** "
of our Saviour or some Saint. "
siastical History of Ireland," vol. iii,, chap, xx. , sect, x. , n. 96, p. 248.
^? See "Britaimia Sancta," part i. , p. 167.
*^ The feast of St. Malathgenius is ob- served, on the 21st of October,
*9 See an excellent memoir, chiefly taken
from Colgan, and publisned in Rev. Dr. "
" Eccle-
298 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [March ii
An ingenious and a distinguished French writer, 3* capable from his pecu- liar line of study to pronounce opinions on this subject, has ably vindicated the progress made in sacred learning and science, among the pupils ot our early schools. When the Celt became a Christian and a monk, his love of
numbers still remained, and liis conceptions becoming spiritualized by aspira- tions after pericciion, which he daily breathed heavenward, poetic inspiration was the happy result. Study with manual labour divided cloistral occupa- tions, and through study, this inspiration became fruitful. The saints ol Ire-
land, intent only on making their disciples spiritual men, one day found to their surprise they had created poets. The genms of these poets was varied,
as the crowd of strangers that thronged the schools. Their compositions may be reduced, under the heads of didactic poetry, lyrical poetry, Ainras or
panegyrics, legends strictly so called, Felires or Festilogies, visions, and navigations or voyages. All these have their special features of interest and edification. However, owuig to various causes, facts were now and then changed into fictions. But M. de la Villemarque is far from agreeing with those, who consider romances regarding the samts as worthless. According to him, the portraits of saints simply underwent the tate of all heroes belong- ing to early ages ; and yet, between the sacred and profane legends, there exists a great difference. In what profane ley,end do we ever find an express caution to the reader, that, beside the literal and historical sense, there is also a spiritual meaning to be drawn from the narrative . -* 33 That delicate and sound morality, which marks the legends of the Breton and Irish Saints, has beenspeciallydweltonbyamoderncritic. Forfreshness,richnessofinven- tion, and national characteristics, no Church has aught to compare with them. And all Celtic scholars will acknowledge this high degree of praise to be fully deserved.
Accounts which are given, respecting the miracles and sanctity of ^ngus, and the evidences of his learning that yet remain, are more than equalled by
that profound humility, which led him to form a most abject opinion regard- ing his own deserts. The manner, in which he renounced this world and the
applause of mankind, must deserve unbounded admiration, although it may fail to induce the imitation of all protessing Christians. His mind was re- plenished with heavenly graces, and he was favoured with celestial visions. He combmed the rare gifts of profound wisdom and ot singular zeal, in all his actions and affections; while, it would be a difficult question to deciiie, whether his virtues were greater than his miracles, in sight both of God and ofman. Onething,however,iscertain,thattlienobilityofhisdescentwas more than surpassed by tlie lustre 01 his virtues.
After spending a course of religious training, and of sacred study, at
3= M. de la of the French Villemarque,
In^tiiute, has publislieu a most interesiing article, on the Poetry ol the Celtic Lioi-lers. It appeared, in the November number of Le Correspondant, tor ii^03.
33 jyi. jg la Viileinarque shows, that Dante fully realized this double nature of the
ancient legends,
" Ye of intellect,
Sound and entire, mark well the lore con-
ceal'd
Under close texture of the mystic strain. "
3° The death of "
Abbot of Cluain-Eidhiieach," occurred, in the year
767. See Dr. O'Donovan's
'"
Annals ol tae
Maelaithgen,
Four Masters," vol. i , pp. 370, 371.
3' Thai otiier ^ngus, who wrote the
eulogy 01 our saint in elegant metre, has told us, ^ngus the Cuidee studied from
boyhood in the monastery of Cloneiiagh ; and, afterwards, when he had been cele- brated for his miracles, he lived in the mon- asteiy of Tallagh, before St. Melruan's death, A. D. 787. It is supposed, thereiore, to tollow, that he studied in the monastery of Clonenagh, under the aforesaid abbot. See Colgan's " Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae," xi. Martii. De S. ^ngussio Hai;iographo Episcopo et Confessore, n. 4, p. 582.
—
3« The old church in this parish of Dysart-
—Inferno, canto ix. , 62. lation.
Gary's
Trans-
March ii. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 299
Clonenagh, the holy disciple felt called, by Heaven, to a state of higher per- fection. Some six or seven miles trom Clonenagh, and at a place, since called after hun Dysartenos,^* it is stated, that ^ngus had built a cell3s for himself. Thither he frequently retired, to put in practice, unknown and un- noticed, those rigorous observances which he followed. However, it may not be improbable, that the place of his first retreat was much nearer to Clonenagh, and that it was not tar from the River Nore. The anonymous Scholiast, already mentioned, calls it Disert Unguis ; and, the other ^ngus, who wrote our saint's eulogy, writes it down as Disert-Bethech. 36 He Uke- wise indicates, that it lay very near to Clonenagh ; and, indeed, the present townland of Dysartbeytagh, or Dysartbeagh,37 on which the town of Mount- rath stands, must furnish this site, now apparently lost. Colgan, in a very
shrewd conjecture, supposed it was not distinct from Clonenagh 38
; ygt,
it was separated by the distance of a mile, or perhaps two miles, and he allows, that St. yEngus died perchance, and had been buried, at Disert Be-
' thech. our Annals39 Again,
that another Desertum
differed trom Cluain-edhneach, and, even from Disert Bethech, or from
Dysart-Enos, in the Queen's County.
The locality of this holy coenobite's cell hence derived its name, Dysart-
enos, or the desert of ^ngus, which it yet retains, supposing we are correct in assigning the habitation there, to the present, and not to a different, St.
. ^ngus. Abrokenrangeoflimestonehills,ofromanticandruggedoutline, probably suggested to him the idea of its suitableness as a place for seclusion and retreat. At this day, the scenes of his retirement present an aspect of solitude and grandeur, the effect of which must have been considerably
heightened in that early age. '*" At present, on a slope of those hills, the old graveyard of Dysart, thickly studded over with headstones, tombs, and graves, may be seen there ; and, even yet, it is much resorted to tor the interment of
enos lay within the townland of Dysart, barony of Maryborough West. The parish
Castletown, yet on the north bank of the Nore.
37 This townland, in the united parishes of Clonenagh and Clonagheen, barony of Mary- borough West, is shown, on the "Ordnance Survey Townland Maps for the Queen's Couniy," Sheets 16, 17.
is shown, on the
"
Ordnance Survey 'I'own-
land Maps for the Queen's County," Sheets 13, 14, 18, 19. The townland is on Sheets
13, 18.
35 That he built a cell for himself at Dy-
sart Euos may be inferred, not only from the ""
expression of Colgan, coluit eremum," but also from a statement that he recited the
first fifty psalms "in oratorio," and the
second " sub diu arbo- fiity, juxia proceram
rem oratorio ad|accntem. " See "Acta
Sanctorum Hibernise," xi. Martii. De S.
^ngussio Hagiographo Episcopo et Con- fessore, cap. iii. , p. 579.
3* The site of this old church is
known, with any degree of accuracy, at present; although the student and topo- grapher may see it marked, on Sir William Petty's Map of the district. The writer has been shown a spot, near the Brigitine Con- vent, at Mountraih, where tradition has it, that a church formerly stood ; but, he is in- clined to believe, that Disert-Bethech lay still nearer to the River Nore, as the Map seems to indicate. However, from the most careiul enquiries prosecuted among the people there, every trace of its existence appears to be lost. To the writer's concep- tion, its site was quite near the present
certainly show,
^ngussii
hardly
^s ^Hmjing jq ^^g Scholiast's statement, as Colgan adds, vel forte ab ipso non esse diversum, in quatenus ait in S. ^ngussium esse in jam memorato deserto (et non addit
non m et educatum quod Cluain-edhneach),
et sepultum. "
39 Tiiese record, that Conn, son of Mael-
padraig, Archinnech ot Disert-Oenghusa and of Mungauit, dietl A. D. 1033. See
" Acta Sanctorum
Colgan's fiibemiae," xi.
Martii, n. 6, p. 582 ; and O . bonovan's
"
Annals of the Four Masters," vol. ii. , pp. 820, 627. In a note (y) ibid. , I am certain, Dr. ODonovan fell into an error, by iden-
titying ihe latter Disert- Aengusa, with Dy- sart-Eno,>, in the Queen's Couniy. I feel
satisfied, the Disert-Aengussa and Mungai- rit, already named, were both situated with- in the present county of Limerick. The former lay near Ballingarry, and the latter near Limerick city.
''° Near the Dysart Hills lies a beautiful demesne, called Lamberton Park. Here, during the Wizard of the North's tour
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [March ii. deceased Catholics. No doubt, the very old parish church occupied this
" seven
churches " are clearly visible under favouring circumstances. In what part of
Dysartenos parish the cell of ^Engus, or monastery, if such, was situated, the
300
site. From or near this elevated position, the ruins of Clonenagh's antiquary is not likely to discover. Many remains of curious old monuments,
'rri*Pr<'^^J{
Dysart church and Graveyard, Queen's County.
however, are yet standing in the immediate neighbourhood. If I might be allowed to offer a conjecture, St. ^ngus possibly selected for his cell the site, on which the former Protestant Church of Dysart, erected during the last century,maynowbeseen,asacomparativelymodernruin. -*^ Unroofedand desolate, yet surrounded by a serviceable cemetery wall, the tourist can pene- trate to its interior j^z and, there, he will find the projecting foundations of a former and of a smaller building, which was probably of a very ancient type. An extensive tract of morass and bog now intervenes, between the ruins of Clon- enagh's old monastery and Dysartenos. This moorland must formerly have rendered access, between both places, a matter of some difficulty. In this favourite retreat, we are told by his biographers, . ^ngus was in the habit of
through Ireland, in 1825, he was hospitably- entertained, by a former proprietor, the Right Hon. Judge Moore, as may be seen,
"
by consulting Lockhart's Life of Sir
Walter Scott," chap. Ixiii. What Lockhart
forgets to state, however, is yet traditionally remembered in this neighbourhood. Sir Walter is said to have expressed himself, as being highly gratified, by the scenic beauty of all this surrounding locality ; and, it must be allowed, few persons had truer percep- tions of taste and judgment, in reference to an opinion or a thought about such matters.
"
Queen's County," in 1801, he describes Dy-
^' Not many years back, and within the writer's memory, the few Protestant parish- ioners here were accustomed to hold their meetings within it.
When Sir Charles
Coote wrote his
Statistical Survey of the
"
hills of the same name, with a square tower
or steeple, which has a very picturesque ap- pearance. " Chap, ix. , sect, iv. , p. 117.
*^ In his boyhood years, often had the
writer, quite unaware of Dysart's historical interest, visited the spot, and on more than one occasion attended at funerals there.
During his last visit, in July, 1873, he took the accompanying sketch, transferred to the wood, and engraved by Gregor Grey, Dublin. The Devil's Bit Mountain, Tippe- rary, looms in the distance. It formerly went by the name of Barnane Ely.
sart church, as standing
on one of the lofty
March II. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 301
making three hundred genuflections, each day, and of reciting the entire Psalter. This latter office he divided into three separate portions : the first was said within the cell ; the second under a spreading tree of large growth, that cast its branches over his rude habitation ; and the third he repeated, whilst tied by the neck to a stake, with half of his body plunged in a tub of cold water. Besides these extraordinary practices, he was continually em- ployed in singing the praises of God, and in acquiring such an ascendency over his passions, that to all, save himself, ^ngus seemed to be an angel, concealed in human form. Another and a learned authority has stated, that after leaving Clonenagh, St. ^ngus travelled into Munster, and that he founded the church of Disert Aengusa, at a place situated near Ballingarry,'t3 in the present county of Limerick. 44 We are told, also, that the primitive belfry, or round tower of this church, yet remains. There are good reasons for believing, however, that the latter church must have had its name, from
man is known to have settled, not far from Clonenagh in fact, so very near, that the localities Clonenagh and Dysartenos have been confounded, by ancient scholiastsonhisworks. ^s Othercircumstances,relatingtohisActsandinci- dents of his Life, probably serve to confirm our conclusions, that he lived, for some short time, at least, in Dysartenos, a parish so denominated, near the celebrated Rock and Castle of Dunamase,-*^ and a few miles from the
county town of Maryborough. ^?
The fame of his sanctity diffused itself, to most distant parts of the
country. Numbers flocked towards his retreat, to enjoy the pious conversa- tion and exhortations of this holy anchorite, and to derive from his example and instructions those lessons of virtue, which he could so well inculcate.
Fearing the suggestions of vain-glory, and finding it a matter of utter impossi- bihty to enjoy, in his present abode, that perfect seclusion desired, in the practice of his austerities and devotions, . ^ngus took the resolution of departing in a secret manner, towards some other place of retirement.
Before his departure, however, and on the route to his selected retreat, it was his intention to visit the church of Coolbanagher,'*^ for the purpose of
"•3 There are two
name in Limerick County. One is situated, in the barony of Upper Connello, and it is
some other saint, or person, named . ^ngus
—the
; for, present holy
defined on the
"
this
Ordnance Survey Town-
we take it for may
parishes, bearing
pp. 316, 317. Hence,
granted, this writer had a good local know-
ledge respecting Clonenagh and DysartEnos. But, because he did not advert to the pos- sible identity of the later denomination with Desart ^ngus, he thought this place where St. . ^ngus resided could not then be identified.
^^ Here stand the ruined walls of the fortress of the O'Moores, formerly Chiefs of Leix. A more particular account of the place will be found, in the " Legend Lays of Ireland," by Lageniensis, No. x. A
land Maps for the County of Limerick," Sheets 29, 30, 37, 38. The other is in the
barony of Coshlea, and it is shown, on Sheets 48, 49, 57, ibid.
'•'* See Professor
Eugene O'Curry's
" Lee-
great
tures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient
Irish Histor}'," lect. xvii. , p. 364.
^s " AH the country about Cliiainenach for
many miles, was, in the memory of men yet
living, a great forest. * * * * Besert Legend of Dunamase, pp. 65 to Tl. A
^ngus (though the name be now lost) was
"
sketch of the Barbican of Dunamase, by
Samuel a historical Lover, R. H. A. , and
article accompanying, by John D'Alton, will be found in " The Irish Penny Maga-
zine," vol. i. . No. 3, pp. 17, 18. This place lies within the parish of Dysertenos, and it is shown on the "Ordnance Survey
Townland Maps for the Queen's County," Sheet 13.
'^ In the parish of Burris, and barony of Maryborough East, is found, ibid.
'^ This place is connected, it is thought, with a St. Lugach or Lughaidh, whose
some part of this great wood. "—
Harris' Writers of Ireland," book i. , pp. 51, 52, note D. Harris lived in the earlier part of the last century, when his principal works were published. He inti- mates, likewise, that the place of his birth was at or near Brittas, where his father, Captain Lieutenant Hopton Harris of the Militia, took part in an engagement, during the Jacobite and Williamite wars in 1691.
Ware, vol. iii. ,
"
and Reign of William the Third," book ix. ,
See Walter Harris'
History of the Life
302 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [March ii.
offering up prayers to that God, whom he so faithfully served. Whilst engagedinthisexercise,avisionofangelsappearedtohim. Theseblessed spiritsseemedtosurroundaparticulartomb. Celestialsongswereheardby him, at the same time, the ravishing harmony of which gave him a foretaste of canticles, entoned by the beatified in heaven. He noted the tomb thus distinguished, and immediately directed his steps to a priest, serving the church, ^ngus made enquiries, regarding the name and character of the
deceased. He soon learned, that the occupant of the tomb in question had been in early life a warrior,'>9 who retired from the profession of arms, and who had devoted himself to a life of penance. This soldier of Christ had closed a long life of holy and spiritual warfare, a few days before such event, . ^ngus was still more desirous to learn the practices, devotions, and peniten- tial exercises ol that soldier. His curiosity being gratified, he was unable to discover anything very unusual, in these his religious observances, with the exception of a practice, followed each morning and night, which was that of invoking the prayers of all saints, whose names occurred to his memory. From this relation, given by the priest, the idea of composing a metrical hymn, in honour of all the saints, took possession of the mind of ^ngus. 5° This hymn, only as yet a mental conception, he intended to repeat to his death, although his sincere humility deterred him from the immediate prose- cutionofhismeditatedproject, ^ngus,wearetold,judgedhimselfunfitted for such a task, and he also feared, that the praises of the saints might be commemorated, in a manner, hardly suited to the dignity and im]:)ortance of his subject.
CHAPTER II.
ST. y^NGUS PROCEEDS TO THE MONASTERY OF TALLAGH—HE SEEKS ADMISSION THERE IN GUISE OF A SERVANT MANUAL LABOUR AT AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS HIS HUMILITY AND MORTIFICATIONS—AN ACCIDENT WHICH BEFEL HIM, AND HIS MIRACULOUS CURE—THE INCIDENT WHICH FIRST DISCOVERED ST. ^NGUS TO THE HOLY ABBOT ST. MELRUAN—FRIENDSHIP THENCEFORTH EXISTING BETWEEN THEM —ST. iENGUS WAS PROBABLY ORDAINED PRIEST AT TALLAGH.
At this time, St. Molruan' presided over a great monastery, on Tallagh Hill, in the present county of Dublin. Towards that religious house, our saint
festival occurs, at the 6th of October, where a fuller description may be lound. This parish, in the barony of Portnahinch, is de-
of the saints should doubtless have a high reward, when so much has been vouchsafed
fined on the
"
Ordnance Survey Townland
Aengus then commenced his poem on the
spot. He subsequently continued it gradu-
ally, and finished it as we have already
seen. " Lect. xvii. , p, 365.
^° To this incident, allusion has been
made, by Thomas D'Ai-cy M'Gee', in that beautiful dirge, composed on the lamented death of his friend, Proiessor Eugene O'Curry, and which is included —in the
Maps tor the Queen's County," Sheets 4, 8, 9, 13, 14. The townland proper is on Sheets 8, 13, ibid.
^9 Instead of the buried person being
called a "soldier," according to an account, found in Professor O Curry's "Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish
" History," he is said to have been a poor
What good did he do ? said Aengus. I saw no particular good by him,' said the priest, 'but that his customary practice was to recount and invoke the saints ot the world, as far as he could remember them, at his going to bed and getting up, in accord- ance with the custom of the old devotees. '
!
"
" Let those who love and lose him most, Lr their great sorrow comfort tind,
Remembering how heaven's mighty host Were ever present to his mind ;
Descending on his grave at even, — May they a radiant phalanx see
given
old man, who formerly lived at the place. '''
American edition ot his "Poems :
'Ah '
'hewho would make a poetical composition in praise
was In vision to the rapt Culdee. "
my God, said Aengus,
Such wondrous sight as once
••
to the efforts of this holy devotee !
'
And
March ii. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 303
proceeded. He appeared at the monastery gate, and he begged admission, among the members of its religious frarernity, in quaHty of lay brother, according to Colgan^ and Harris ;3 although Dr. Lanigan tells us. that such a title was unknown in religious houses before the eleventh century. * Stu- diously concealing both his name, and that of the monastery, in which he had hitherto lived, -(fengus was well aware, that his fame had already extended to the institute of Tallagh, which was then in its infancy. Wherefore, he as- sumed a habit, calculated most effectually to disguise his real condition. He concealed the fact of his enrolment in the ecclesiastical order, and he
appeared as a serving man, seeking for employment. This holy servant of Christ was permitted to prove his vocation for a religious life, by engaging in the most laborious and meanest offices, connected with the monastery.
These duties, however, he cheerfully executed, and he devoted unremittmg attention to their most careful performance. He was principally employed
at field labour, and in the farm-yard, belonging to the monastery ; for, we are told, that with the sweat of his brow, he was found as a reaper of corn during the harvest, that he bore the sheaves on his back to the barn, that he afterwards threshed out the grain, and winnowed chaff therefrom, placing what had been thus prepared m sacks. Like a beast of burden, he carried those sacks on his back, sometimes to the granary, and sometimes to the mill. This mill and a kiln, he had charge of by Melruan's orders. ^ During all these labours, this devout and humble brother found time to raise his heartandthoughtstowardsheaven. Thisarkofhiddenwisdomconsidered himself, as only fitted to discharge the mean offices, to which of choice he was subjected. These daily toils showed his complete self-abnegation, and his contempt for the opinion of worldlings. During his labours, this humble workman was scantily clothed. His countenance was often disguised, owing to the combined effects of sweat and dust, which covered his features.
But, he had neither the vanity not inclination to appear well looking, in the presence of nis brethren. Nor would he devote any time to the decoration of his person. He allowed the hair on his head to grow long, tangled and uncombed ; the chaffy dust and straws of the field and barn, he would not
evenremovefromhisclothes. Thus,^ngusputintopracticaloperationthe virtues of his monastic profession ; tor, it was only by these means, he could induce worldlings to believe, that he was the most abject and vile of all creatures, having more the appearance of a monster, than of a human being. An extraordinary love of mortification was united with ecstatic flames of •Divine love, in the soul of this great vessel of election ; and, hence, he
Chapter ii. —' See his Life, at the 7th of July.
'
tions, so as that one of them was perpetually debarred from any ecclesiastical promotion, and destined to toil in the fields and else- where as subordinate to the other, and, in
Colgan says, he applied for admission,
'* inter conversos. "—"Acta Sanctorum Hi-
bemiae," xi. Martii. De S. yEnyussio Ha- fact, a—s servants of the clerical or higher
giographo, Episcopo et Confessore, cap. v. , p. 581.
class. " "Ecclesiastical History of Ire- land," vol. iii. ,chap. xx. , sect, x. , n. 95, pp. 247, 248.
3 Taking his account from Colgan, Harris ""
thathewas — theAbbot states, received, by
Maelruan, as a lay brother. "
^
Professor Lec- See, Eugene O'Curry's
Harris'
vol. iL, "Writers of Ireland," book i. , p.
tures on the Materials of Ancient Manuscript
Irish History," Lect. xvii. , p. 365. The autiior of this learned work declares, that he saw the ruins of this mill and kiln, in their primitive dimensions, and that only a few years have passed by, since those venerable relics have yielded to " the improving hand
of modem progress. "
52.
"In older times some monks, it is true,
were raised more or less to the clerical ranks, and the number of such promotions appears to have increased with the course of ages ; but there was not as yet any radical distinction of classes in the religious instiiu-
*
See tAoiche pAnnuicheAchcA, edited
Ware,
304 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [March ii. merited the title of Kele-De, which he obtained, and which may be rendered,
"
a lover of God. " With an humble spirit, in a mortified body, a light radi- ated the interior of his soul. Yet, this light was destined to escape from the close sanctuary, within which it had hitherto beamed.
Meantime, it may be well to relate, that the Almighty was pleased to re- ward the virtues of his servant, and by the testimony of a surprising miracle.
For, at one time, while this holy monk was engaged in a neighbouring wood, and when cutting down branches for the use of his monastery, it happened, that he held with the left hand a branch, which he wished to separate from the trunk of a tree, and the axe, grasped in his right hand, glanced from the object, against which it had been directed. This incautious stroke resulted inseveringthelefthandfromhisbody. Wearetold,theverybirds,inthe wood, by a sort of preternatural instinct, had formed an attachment towards St. ^ngus, on account of his innocent demeanour. Perhaps, the holy man had oft—en lightened his out-door labours, by chaunting the psalmody of the Church probablyadaptedtoversesofhisowncomposition. Thosefeathered warblers, the thrushes or blackbirds—so often celebrated in Ossianic song*^— had made the dells and brakes around Glenasmoil^ and Tallagh resound with dulcet melody, while spring and summer breezes loaded the air with agreeable perfume, from mountain herbs and shrubs. Their strains were often stilled, when more solemn and pathetic notes, from " a son of song," agreeably called forth the natural echoes, which resounded through wooded hill-sides and hollows, surrounding St. Melruan's monastery. Those songsters of the grove and thicket will rest with listening ear, and love to linger near any'
spot, where the humble field-labourer pours forth the unpremeditated lay, with a clear and modulated voice. If not disturbed, those woodland minstrels even desire human companionship and vocalism of a perfect character. We cannot doubt, the Christian's heart was naturally gentle and toned with refined feeling, while the poet's soul and senses were attuned to all the soft and sweet influences of wild scenery and its charming accessories. Sometimes, it is said, even ravens flap their wings with affright, when from a distance they scent human blood. A mysterious sympathy frequently unites irrational to rational creatures. At the moment his accident befel ^Engus, birds flocked around, and, by their screams and cries, seemed to bewail the pure and angelic man's misfortune. Full of confidence in the power and goodness of God, without hesitation, uiEngus took up the hand which had been lopped off, and at once set it, in its proper place, at the extremity of his mutilated arm. Instantly, it adhered, and recovered its former power, as if no accident whatever had befallen him. Hereupon ^ngus poured forth his soul, in praise and thanksgiving, to the great Preserver of all creatures. ^ Our popular traditions, especially referring to the saints, often savour of exaggeration. The Irish people have loved and admired purity and holiness, while they have implicit faith in t—he sovereign power of God towards and over his elect.
The
althoughheissaidtohavewroughtmany maybeclassedwithourLegenda Sanctorum. Probably, its rationale might accord better with the fact, that St. ^ngus had almost chopped the left hand from his arm, but that he had
miracle one of the few m—
foregoing saint,
Transactions of the Ossianic Society for the year 1856,"
by John O'Daly, n. i, p. 4,
grapho, Episcopo et Confessore, cap. vi. , p. 580.
9 Dr. Lanigan undertakes to explain the circumstance of this boy's proficiency in his lesson, owing to the help he derived from yEngus. See, " Ecclesiastical Histoiy of
Ireland," vol. iii. , chap, xx. , sect, x. , p. 246. At note 97 he adds: "It is thus, I
vol. iv.
7 The ancient name of that romantically
beautiful valley, at the sources of the River Dodder.
**
See Colgan's "Acta Sanctorum Hiber- nire," xi. Martii. De S. ^Engussio Hagio-^
"
iracles recorded about our
March II. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
305
immediately bandaged and united these members of his body, so nearly dissevered, and yet so fortunately preserved for future use. In the case of wounds, eminent surgeons allow, that very dangerous ones are often healed by prompt attention, and by a recuperative energy, found in the human body itself. If a piece of flesh be totally cut away, and soon after applied to tiie placewhencetaken,bothpartswillagainunite. Bythepopularrumour,the cure of St. ^ngus has been pronounced miraculous.
