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Angustum formica terens iter, et bibit in gens. Virg.
Exc. 1. Multa quidem dixi, cur excusatus abirem. Hor.
Inde mare, inde aer, inde cether ignifer ipse'. Lucret.
Ob. 1. Est mihi namque domi pater, est injusta noverca.
Virg.
Ob. 2. Molle mihi levibusque cor est violable telis. Ovid.
Exc. 2. Luderepdrimpdr,equitare in arundinelonga. Hor.
RULE xxxvi.
Final AS.
As produc. -- Breve Anas. -- Grsecorum tertia quartum.
Corripit -- et rectum per adis si patrius exit.
Words ending in as have the final vowel generally-
long ; as, eras, tempestas, Mneas, Pallas, (Pallantis),
mas, musas;--a)\ verbs terminating in as; such ^s,amds,
doceds, legebds ; -- gentile nouns ; as, Arpinds, Antias ; --
and antique genitives; as, vids,familias.
Excep. 1. Anas is short. *
Excep. 2. Final as is also short in Greek accusatives
plural of the third declension ; as, heroas, lampadds, del-
phinas, Hectords, Heroidds.
Excep. 3. Greek nouns in as, forming the genitive in
ados (adis, Latin), are short; as, Areas, (gen. arcados or
or cadis) ; Pallas, (gen. Pallados or Palladis) : lampds,
* In Petronius Arbiter. Burmann, however, conjectures the lection shoulil be
avis.
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? FINAL ES.
53
Ilias : -- also Latin words in as, formed in the manner of
Greek patronymics ; as, Appias, Adrias, Honorids.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WOKDS.
Rule. Fas, terras, pietas, iEneas, Thomas, Pallas,
(Pallantis), audiebas ; Antias, Larinas ; curas, (gen. )
tristitias, (gen). Excep. 1. Anas. Excep. 2. Cyclopas,
crateras, Troas, Nai'das. Excep. 3. Lampas, Pallas,
(Pallados), Ilias; Appias, Adrias.
Promiscuous Examples. Audiebamur [2, 1, 24, 23, 35],
sol [33], nequis [12], nee [32], forsan [34], omen [34],
longe [3, 28 adv. ], lampadas [3, 16, 26], scio [1, 30],
DIa [Gr. 1, 27], extra [3, 27], vivimus [25], Alexandria
[Gr. 3, 3, 1, 27], musas [5, -- fr. ^Saa, " a muse," -- 36].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Quid meus Mneds in te committere tantum ? Virg.
Forte sua Libycis tempestds appulit oris. Id .
ILxc. l. Etpictisandsenotatapennis. (Phaloecian). Petro.
Exc. 2. Orpheus in silvis, inter delphinds Arion. Virg.
Exc. 3. Bellica Pallas adest, etprotegit cegidefratrem. Ov.
Adrias unda vadis largam procul expuit algam. A v.
rule xxxvn.
Final ES.
Es dabitur longis. -- Breviat sed tertia rectum,
Cum patrii brevis est crescens penultimates hinc
Excipitur, paries, arils, abicsque, Ceresque.
Corripe et es de sum, penes, et neutralia Graeca.
His quintum et rectum numeri dent Graeca secundi.
The final vowel in es is long ; as, res, quies, Alcides,
sermones, doces, esses, decies ; with the nomin. and vocat.
plur. of Greek nouns, (corning from the genitive sing, in
eos), originally written with etg, contracted from eeg; as,
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? 54 FINAL ES.
hereses, crises, phrases. The following also have es long:
genitives of nouns in e, of the first declen. , as, Eurydices,
Penelopes, Ides, Calliopes ; -- plural cases of Latin nouns
of the third and fifth declensions, as, Libyes, Alphes, res ;
and the antique genitive in es of the fifth declension ; as,
dies, rabies.
Excep. 1. Nouns in es of the third declension, increas-
ing short in the genitive, have es in the nominative short:
as, hospes, ales, ? niles, prcepes, limes.
Oeserv. 1. Aries, abies, paries, Ceres and pes, with its
compounds [sonipes, quadrupes, &c. ,] are long, according
to the rule.
Excep. 2. Es in the present tense of the verb sum,, is
short ; as are also its compounds, potes, abes, ades, pro-
des, &c. ; likewise the finales in the preposition, penes;
and in Greek neuters, as, cacoethes, hippomanes, &c. ; in
Greek nominatives and vocatives plur. of nouns in the
third declension, increasing in the genitive sing. , but not
forming that case in eos ; as, Tritones, rhetor es, d&mories,
Arcades, Troes : and Greek vocatives sing. , coming from
nominatives in es, and forming the gen. in eos ; as, De-
mosthenes, Socrates, &c.
Observ. 2. Wherever the Latin termination es repre-
sents the Greek termination ^c, it is of course long; as,
Alcides, Brontes, Palamedes.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Nubes, artes, Joannes, locuples, quoties, jubes ,
haereses, metamorphoses ; Calliopes, Ides, (both gen. ) \
syrtes, dies ; rabies, dies, (both gen. ) : Excep. 1. Dives,
pedes, seges. Obser. 1. Abies, paries, cornipes. Excep.
2. Es, potes, ades, penes ; cacoethes, hippomanes ; heroes,
Amazones, Troades ; Demosthenes, Socrates. Obser. 2.
Brontes, Palamedes.
Promiscuous Examples. Perituro [11,9, 26, 30], Area-
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? FINAL IS AND YS. 56
das [3, Gr. 16, 36], arietes [1, 17, 37], sepibus [17, 22],
Michaelis [17], velitis [verb 25], sumus [26], nisi [6 -- fr.
ne,-- 29], Perses [3, 37], habitabas [5,-- fr. habeo,-- 25,
23, 36], paUper [2, 35], ^Enean [2, Gr. 1, 34], ades [11,
37], fama [5,-- fr. Mm,-- 27].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION. #
Rule. Orbits es, et locuples et Bruto consule dignus. Mart.
Anchises alacris palmas utrasque tetendit. Virg.
Alpes Me quatit; Rhodopeia culmina lassat. Claud.
Exc. 1. Vivitur ex rapto : nan kospes ab hospite tutus. Ov.
Mtherea quos lapsa plaga Joins ales aperto. Virg.
Obs. 1. Populus in fluviis, abies in montibus altis. Id.
Stat sonipes et frana ferox spumantia mandit. Id.
Exc. 2. Quisquis es, amissos hincjam obliviscere Graios. Id.
Quern penes arbitrium est, etjus et norma loquendi.
Hor.
Scribendi cacoetkes, et cegro in corde senescit. Juv.
Ambo Jlorentes mtatibus, Arcades ambo. Virg.
Ob. 2. Meferus Alcides, tunc quu/n custode remoto. Stat.
rule xxxvm.
Final IS and YS.
Corripies is et ys. -- Plurales excipe casus.
Gils, sis, vis, verbum ac nomen, nolisque, velisque ;
Audis, cum sociis ; quorum et genitivus in -inis,
-entisve, aut -Itis longum, producito semper.
ris conjunctivum mos est variare poetis.
Final syllables in is and ys, have the vowel short ; as
apis, turris, Jovis, militis, aspicis, creditis, bis, is, and
quis, (nominatives), Itys, Capys, Typhys.
Excep. 1. All plural cases ending in is have the final
vowel long ; as, rnusls, viris, armis, vobls, illls, amaris,
(adject. ), quis or quels for quibus, omnls for omnes, and
6*
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? 56 FINAL IS AND YS.
urbis for urbes. Contracted plurals, as Erinnys for Erin-
nyes or Erinnyas havs ys long.
Observ. 1. The adverbs forls, gratis, and ingratls,
have the final syllable long. *
Excep. 2. Gils, sis, (with its compounds! ), vis -- whether
verb or noun -- nolis, veils, (with its compounds), audls,
and every second person singular of the fourth conjuga-
tion ; as, nescis, sentls, &c, have the final vowel long.
Excep. 3. The final is is long in all nouns forming
their genitive in entis, inis, or itis, with the penultima
long; as, Siinols, (Simoentis), Salamls, (Salaminis), Us,
(litis).
Observ. 2. The termination ris in the second future
indicative and perfect subjunctive, has the i common ; as,
amaveris, dixerh, miscuerxs.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Lapis, dulcis, ais, inquis, magis, cis, chelys,
Erinnys. Excep. 1. Puerls, glebis, siccis, quis or quels
for quibus. Observ. 1. Forls, gratis. Excep. 2. GITs,
fls, nescis, vis, quamvis, sis, adsls. Excep. 3. Lis, dis,
Pyrols, Quirls. Observ. 2. Vitaverls, egens, attulerls.
Promiscuous Examples. Profundens [11, 3, 3], procu-
ravit [11, 5 -- fr. ciira -- 23, 31], nequam [12], ubique
[12, 28], hodie [13, 1, 28], setatis [2, 15, 38], Amllcarl
[3, 15, 29], lampadis [3, 16, 38], quamvis [3, 38], Othrys
[38], tuleris [7, 24, 38], steterunt [7, 24, 3], Imber [3, 3o].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Kule. Dulcis inexpertis cultura potentis amid. Hor.
Non apis inde tulit collectos sedulaflores. Ovid.
* These adverbs are in reality, datives or ablatives plural.
t Such as; adsls,possls, mails, nolis quamvis, &c.
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? FINAL OS. 57
Donee erisfelix, multos numerabis amicos. Id.
Atque utinam ex vobis unus, vestriquefuissem. YiTg.
At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti. Id.
Exc. 1. Prcese? itemque viris intentant omnia mortem. Id.
Nobis kcec portent a Dcum dedit ipse creator. Cic.
Ob. 1. Effugere haudpotis est, ingratis h&ret et angit. Luc.
Exc. 2. Sivisessealiquis. -- Probitas laudatur et alget. Juv.
JSesc'is lieu I nescis domince fastidia Roma. Mart.
Exc. 3. Samriis in ludo ac rudibus causis satis asper. Lucil.
Obs. 2. Grajculus esuriens in caelum, jusseris, ibit. Juv.
Miscuerls elixa, simul conchylia turdis. Hor.
RULE XXXIX.
OS Final.
Vult os produci. -- Compos breviatur, et impos,
Osque ossis : -- Graium neutralia jungito, ut Argos --
Et quot in os Latiae flectuntur more secundse,
Scripta per o parvum : -- patrios, quibus adde Pelasgos.
Words terminating in os have the final vowel long ; as,
fids, nepos, viros, bonds, vos, os, (oris), Tros, Minds,
Athos, and all other words which, in Greek, are written
with m; as, Androgeos ; with all proper names which
change laos to leds [Attically ;] as, Peneleos, Demoleos,
Meneleos.
Excep. 1. The final os is short in compos, impos, and
os, (ossis), with its compound exos ; and in Greek neu-
ters ; as, Argos, Chaos, melds.
Excep. 2. All Greek nouns of the second declension --
which in Greek are written with an omicron -- have the
final vowel short ; as, Tyros, Arctds, Bids.
Excep. 3. All genitives in os, whatever be the nomi-
native, are short ; as, Palladds, O'ileds, Orpheds, Tethyds.
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? 58 FINAL US.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Ride. Custos, ventos, jactatos, nos ; Erectos, heros,
Androgeos, Nicoleos. Excep. 1. Compos, impos, 6s
(ossis) ; chaos, epos. Excep. 2. Claros, Tenedos, Atro-
pos. Excep. 3. Arcados, Tereos, Tethyos.
Promiscuous Examples. Honos [39], viros [14, 39],
mulierls [1, 17, 38], lichenes [Gr. 17, 37], Iberis [17,
38], legi [dat. fr. lex, 17, 19], cita [fr. cieo, 9, 27], dabitur
[23, 25, 35], llttoris [3, 20, 38], Argonautas [3, 13, 2, 36,]
me [28], cervlcibus [3, 19, 22], donis [5, -- fr. daqor, " a
gift," the q being changed into n y -- 38].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Ut fids inseptis secretus nascitur hortis. Catullus.
Os homini sublime dedit, codumque tueri. Ovid.
Androgeos offert nobis, soda agmina credens. Virg.
Ex. 1. Exos et exsanguis tumidos perfluctuat artus. Lucret.
Et Chads, et Phlegethon, loca node silentia late. Vir.
Ex. 2. Et Tyros instabilis, pretiosaque murice Sidon. Luc.
Ex. 3. O furor ! o homines! dirique Prometheos artesl
Stat.
RULE XL.
Pinal US.
Us breve ponatur. -- Produc monosyllaba, quseque
Casibus increscunt longis, et nomina quartae,
(Exceptis recto et quinto), et quibus exit in -untis,
Patrias, et conflata a novc, contractaque Graeca
In recto ac patrio, et venerandum nomen IESUS.
Final us is short ; as, annus, cultus, tempus, fontibus,
bonus, malus, illius, dicimus, intus, tenus ; and also in the
nominative and vocative sing, of the fourth declension ;
as, domus, ? nanu$.
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? FINAL US. 09
Excep. 1. In monosyllables thesis long; as, grus,
jus, rus, plus.
Excep. 2. All nouns having a long penultima in the
genitive singular, are long in the nominative singular ;
as, solas, tellus, palus, virtus.
Excep. 3. All nouns of the fourth declension (the
nominative and vocative singular excepted), have final us
long; as, aditus, vultus,fructus.
Excep. 4. In words from the Greek, forming their
genitive in untls, as, Opus, Amathus, Pessiniis, the final
u is long.
Excep. 5. Compounds from novc, forming the genitive
in podis or podos, as, Tripus, Melampus, (Edipus, have
the final u long.
Observ. Polypus, of the second declension, from the
Doric, has the u short ; as also have Melampus and
(Edipus in like circumstances.
Excep. 6.