He made
an excellent translation of Bret Harte's Poems)
(1882).
an excellent translation of Bret Harte's Poems)
(1882).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
1884), and (A Handbook of Universal
Literature (1845).
Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo (bot-tä).
An eminent Italian historian; born near Can-
avese in the Piedmontese, Nov. 6, 1766; died
Aug. 10, 1837. For his sympathy with the
French Revolution he suffered imprisonment
two years, and then went to France, where
he entered the military service as surgeon. He
afterward held several offices of responsibility
under the empire and the restored monarchy.
Besides numerous minor works in French, he
published in Italian (1809) a (History of the
War of Independence of the United States of
America); and (1824) a (History of Italy from
1789 to 1814, in four volumes. He also con-
tinued Guicciardini from 1535 to 1789 (10 vols. ).
Böttger, Adolf (bėt'cher). A German poet
(1815-70); born at Leipsic. He made admira-
ble translations into German verse of Byron's
Complete Works) (1840; 7th ed. 1891), of Pope,
Goldsmith, (Songs of Ossian, and Long-
fellow's (Hiawatha'; he was less successful
with some pieces of Shakespeare. Of his ori-
ginal poetry the best specimens are the poetical
fairy tales (Pilgrimage of the Flower Sprites);
and especially the fantasy of "The Little Man
of the Gallows,' a little (Faustiad. ?
Böttiger, Carl Vilhelm (bėt'tē-ger). A
Swedish poet; born in Westerås, May 15, 1807;
died at Upsala, Dec. 22, 1878. Although noted
for the pleasing prose of his essays on literary
topics, his fame must depend upon versions of
Dante, Tasso, and Uhland, the (Lyric Poems,
the New Songs, Poetic Memories of My
Youth, and one or two plays, including (A
May Day at Voerend.
Bouchardy, Joseph (bö-shär-de'). A French
dramatic poet; born at Paris in 1810; died
May 28, 1870. He was at first associated with
Eugène Deligny in dramatic composition, and
afterward composed a series of comedies alone.
Notable among his productions are: (Gaspardo
the Fisherman); (The Foundlings); “The Or-
phans of Antwerp'; (The Cavalier's Secret);
(The Armorer of Santiago.
Bouchor, Maurice (bö-shôr'). A French
poet; born at Paris, 1855. At the age of 19
years he published a volume of Merry Lays,
which was followed by Poems of Love and
the Sea' (1875); (The Modern Faust) (1878);
(Stories of Paris in Rhyme); and “The Dawn,'
esteemed his best work. He attempted to re-
vive, but in no reverential spirit, the mediæval
(mystery play) in 1889, with Tobit), and
Nativity); the actors » being lay figures of
life size, while the author and his cronies spoke
the lines » from behind the wings.
Boucicault, Dion (bö'se-kö). A British
dramatist and actor; born in Dublin, Dec. 26,
1822; died in New York, Sept. 18, 1890. His
first drama, London Assurance, was written
before he was 19 years of age, and made him
famous. He also attained celebrity as an actor
and manager in England and the United
States; established a school for acting, and
produced about 300 dramas, many of which
were original and many adaptations from the
French. He dramatized Washington Irving's.
(Rip Van Winkle, which Joseph Jefferson en.
larged; and produced a series of Irish dramas
which were extraordinarily popular, such as:
(The Colleen Bawn (1860); (Arrah-na-Pogue
(1864); and “The Shaughraun) (1875), in which
he played the principal parts. (Old Heads on
Young Shoulders ); (The Corsican Brothers);
(The Streets of London); “Flying Scud); and
(After Dark,' were among his later produc-
tions.
Boudinot, Elias (bö'di-not). A distinguished
American patriot and philanthropist; born at
Philadelphia, May 2, 1740; died at Burlington,
N. J. , Oct. 24, 1821. He was president of the
Continental Congress (1782), and first president
of the American Bible Society (1816-21). He
wrote: (The Second Advent of the Messiah);
(The Age of Revelation,' a reply to Thomas
Paine ; (The Star in the West,' an attempt to
identify the American Indians with the Ten
Lost Tribes of Israel.
Boufflers, Stanislas, Marquis de (bö-făr').
A French poet; born at Nancy, May 31, 1738;
died at Paris, Jan. 18, 1815. He was reputed to
be son of Stanislas II. of Poland. While
an ecclesiastical student he wrote in prose the
story of Aline, Queen of Golconda,' for which
Stanislas awarded him a pension of 40,000
livres. Quitting the ecclesiastical career, he en-
tered the military service and rose to the rank
of major-general. Meanwhile he was earning
the plaudits of the gay world by his erotic
He was one of the émigrés of 1792,
but returned to France in 1800. His Com-
plete Works) were published in 2 vols. , 1813.
Bouilhet, Louis (bö-lyā'). A French poet
(1821-69). He first achieved fame with Me.
lænis, a Story of Rome) in the time of the
Cæsars, and (The Fossils, a series of delinea-
tions of antediluvians. His versified dramas,
(Mme. de Montarcy) (1856); Dolorès) (1862);
and especially (The Conspiracy of Amboise,
are elegant in style, rich in imagery, perfect
in melody, but lack compactness of structure
and are open to moral censure. The same
faults are found in his eomedies (Uncle Million
(1861); (Faustine) (1864); and specially in his
posthumous Mölle. Aïssé. )
Bouilly, Jean Nicholas (bö-yē'). A French
poet (1763-1842). He made his début with the
comic opera "Peter the Great) (1790). For a
few years he was judge and prosecuting attor-
ney at Tours, and then was called to Paris to
assist in organizing the primary-school system.
He was a man of ancient Roman virtue, and
his character is reflected in all his works. His
comedies and comic operas (music by the first
masters) were eminently successful as well in
Germany as in France, particularly these : (The
Abbé de l'Epée); (The Two Days'; Mme.
verses.
1
1
1
1
## p. 70 (#86) ##############################################
BOURDILLON - BOWRING
70
de Sévigné. He also wrote "Stories for
French Children and (Counsels to my Daugh-
ter.
Bourdillon, Francis W. Born in 1852. He
was educated at Oxford, and became tutor to
the children of the Princess Christian of Eng.
land. He is famous for a short poem, (The
Night Has a Thousand Eyes,' and has pub-
lished a novel, Nephelé! (New York and
London, 1896), besides (Among the Flowers
and Other Poems) (1872), and Young Maids
and Old China) (1888).
Bourget, Paul (bör-zhā'). A French novel-
ist and critic; born at Amiens, Sept. 2, 1852.
His first book was "Restless Life,' followed by
other poems; but he turned to prose and has
become widely known as essayist, critic, and
descriptive writer, and famous for his novels.
The latter include: (A Cruel Enigma); (A
Crime of Love); Lies); (The Disciple);
(André Cornelis); Cosmopolis); and volumes
of stories like "The Irreparable. His essays
are contained in the volumes : (Essays in Con-
temporary Psychology); (New Essays in Con-
temporary Psychology”; “Studies and Portraits ';
and others. (Outre-Mer' is a book on Amer.
ica. *
Bouton, John Bell (bö-ton'). An American
journalist and miscellaneous writer; born at
Concord, N. H. , 1830. He has written : "Loved
and Lost' (1857, essays); (Round the Block)
(1864, a novel); "Roundabout to Moscow)
(1887); "Uncle Sam's Church' (1895); etc.
Boutwell, George Sewall (bout'wel). An
American statesman and publicist; born at
Brookline, Mass. , Jan. 28, 1818. He was gov-
ernor of Massachusetts (1852-53), United States
Commissioner of Internal Revenue (1862–63),
Member of Congress (1863-69), Secretary of
Treasury (1869-73), United States Senator
(1873-77). He has written : (Thoughts on Edu-
cational Topics) (1860); "A History of the
Republican Party) (1884); "The Lawyer, the
Statesman, and the Soldier' (1887); etc.
Bouvet, Marguerite (bő-vā'). An Ameri.
can writer for children; born in Louisiana,
1865. She has written: 'Sweet William);
(Prince Tip-Top); Little Marjorie's Love
Story); 'Pierrette); etc.
Bowen, Mrs. Sue (Petigru) (King). An
American novelist; born in South Carolina,
1824; died 1875. ller home was in Charles-
ton, S. C. She wrote: (Sylvia's World ); (Ger-
ald Gray's Wife); “Busy Moments of an Idle
Woman,' a collection of stories; etc.
Bowker, Richard Rogers (bou’ker). An
American editor, bibliographer, and writer on
political economy; born in Massachusetts, 1848.
He edited for a number of years the Pub-
lishers' Weekly; and compiled the American
Catalogue) (2 vols. , 18851, of inestimable value
to book-dealers, librarians, and literary workers.
Among his writings on political economy are :
(Work and Wealth"; "Economics for the Peo.
ple); etc.
Bowles, Samuel (bõlz). A noted American
journalist; born at Springfield, Mass. , Feb. 9,
1826; died there, Jan. 16, 1878. He was editor
and proprietor of the Springfield Republican
(1844-78). He wrote : (Across the Continent)
(1865); (The Switzerland of America) (1809);
(Our New West) (1869); etc. As one of the
most able journalists in a land of journalism,
his fame is both great and enduring.
Bowles, William Lisle. An English poet;
born in King's Sutton, Northamptonshire, Sept.
24, 1762; died in Salisbury, April 7, 1850. He
was educated at Oxford, and from 1804 until
a few years before his death was vicar of Brem-
hill, Wiltshire. His (Fourteen Sonnets Written
Chiefly on Picturesque Spots during a Journey)
(1789) was received with extraordinary favor.
Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Southey greatly
admired the poems, which reflected the au-
thor's thoughts and the moods of nature to
such an extent that Bowles is considered to
have created by his influence the Lake School
of poetry. In 1806 he issued a critical edition
of Pope, which led to a memorable controversy
(1809-25), in which Byron and Campbell were
his opponents. His other works include:
(The Grave of Howard' (1790); (Coombe
Ellen (1798); “The Battle of the Nile' (1799);
(The Spirit of Discovery) (1804), his longest
poem; and (St. John in Patmos) (1832).
Bowne, Borden Parker (boun). An Ameri-
can philosophical writer; born at Leonard-
ville, N. J. , Jan. 14, 1847. He was religious
editor of the New York Independent 1875-76,
becoming professor of philosophy at Boston
University 1876. He has written: Philoso-
phy of Herbert Spencer) (1874); Metaphysics)
(1882); etc.
Bowring, Sir John. An English linguist,
author, and noted diplomat; born in Exeter,
Oct. 17, 1792; died there, Nov. 23, 1872. He
was a great traveler and a close student; and
boasted that he knew 200 languages and could
speak 100. In 1825 he became editor of the
Westminster Review, in which he advocated
Free Trade by repeal of the Corn Laws in ad-
vance of Bright and Cobden. He was a Mem-
ber of Parliament in 1835-37 and 1841-47; was
appointed on various commissions, to France,
Switzerland, Italy, Syria, etc. In 1849 he was
British consul at Hong-Kong, where he became
governor in 1853. In 1855 he concluded a
treaty with Siam; he was knighted in 1854.
Ile rendered great service to English litera-
ture by translating the popular poems and
folk-songs of various nations. Among his
works are: (Specimens of the Russian Poets
(London, 1821-23); (Ancient Poetry and Ro.
mances of Spain) (1824); (Specimens of the
Polish Poets) (1827); (Servian Popular Poetry)
(1827); (Poetry of the Magyars) (1830);"Ches-
kian Anthology) (1832); “The Flowery Scroll:
a Chinese Novel) (1868); (The Oak: Original
Tales and Sketches) (1869); and two import-
ant volumes of travel: (The Kingdom and
People of Siam (1857), and "A Visit to the
## p. 71 (#87) ##############################################
BOYE - BRACKENRIDGE
71
books include: (Hungary in 1851' (New York,
1852); (Home Life in Germany) (1853); (The
Norse Folk) (1857); (Short Sermons to News-
boys) (1861); (The Dangerous Classes of Now
York and Twenty Years' Work among Them
(1872; 3d ed. 1880); (Free Trade as Promot-
ing Peace and Good-Will among Men) (1879);
"Gesta Christi) (1883), a review of the achieve.
ments of Christianity from the earliest days in
bettering the moral and social condition of the
world; and (To the Unknown God (1889).
Brachmann, Karoline Luise (bräch'män).
A German poet (1777-1822); born at Rochlitz.
Her 'Lyric Poems) are full of life and melody.
She wrote also a poem of chivalry, (The Judg-
ment of God, in five cantos, and several ro.
was
mances.
:
Philippine Islands) (1859). He edited with a
biography (22 vols. , London, 1838) the works
of Jeremy Bentham, of whom he was a disciple
and admirer; and wrote a number of books
on political and social topics, and also hymns
and poems. *
Boye, Kaspar Johan (bo've). A Danish
poet and dramatist ; born in Kongsberg, Nor-
way, Dec. 27, 1791; died in Copenhagen, July
6, 1853. He a ciergyman who wrote
anonymously for the stage, becoming «Den-
mark's great unknown upon the appearance
of Juta, Queen of Denmark, (King Sigurd,
and other plays, of which only (William Shakes-
peare continues on the boards. His “There Is
a Beautiful Country in the Far North has
become a national favorite hymn.
Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth (boi'e-sen). An
American novelist; born at Frederiksvärn,
Norway, Sept. 23, 1848; died in New York,
Oct. 4, 1895. After completing his university
studies at Christiania, he came to the United
States in 1869 and was editor of a Norwegian
journal in Chicago. He returned to Europe in
1872 and studied Germanic philology at Leip-
sic two years; then returning to this country
he was professor of German in Cornell Uni-
versity for six years, and then of Germanic
languages and literature in Columbia College
till his death. His story of Norwegian life,
"Gunnar,' published in the Atlantic Monthly
(1873), and his "Idyls of Norway and Other
Poems) (1883), give proof of his rare imagi-
native faculty and his deep human sympathies.
Besides these, he wrote: (Tales from Two
Hemispheres (1875); (A Norseman's Pilgrim-
age); Ilka on the Hilltop and Other Stories ';
(A Daughter of the Philistines. *
Bozděch, Emanuel (böz'dyech). A Bohe-
mian dramatist; born at Prague, July 21, 1841.
His first notable success in 1867, with the
comedy From the Days of Cotillons,' was
surpassed the following year when he brought
out his tragedy Baron Görtz. Other note-
worthy productions are: (The World's Master
in his Night-Shirt, the private life of Napoleon
I. ; "The Test of a Statesman) (Prince Kau-
nitz). He wrote also some novels.
Brabourne, Edward Huggessen Knatch-
bull-Huggessen, Lord. An English juvenile-
story writer; born in Kent, April 29, 1829; died
Feb. 6, 1893. Has been Member of Parliament.
His literary fame is due mostly to his stories
for children, including: Moonshine) (1871);
(Tales at Tea-Time' (1872); 'Queer Folk)
(1873); “River Legends) (1874); and many
others.
Brace, Charles Loring. An American au-
thor and philanthropist; born in Litchfield,
Conn. , June 19, 1826; died in the Tyrol, Switz-
erland, Aug. 11, 1890. After graduation at
Yale in 1846, he studied theology, but held no
pastorate. He devoted himself to philanthropy
in New York, and lectured, wrote, and worked
to enlist aid for the children of the poor. His
Brachvogel, Albert Emil (bräch'fo''gel). A
German dramatist and novelist (1824-78); born
at Breslau. His first dramatic compositions
had but little success; but in 1856 he produced
Narcissus, which established his fame. A
long series of dramas then followed; among
them : Adalbert von Babanberge) (1858), most
poetical of his dramas; (Mons de Caus) (1860),
the tragedy of a genius who is in advance of
his time; (The Usurer's Son (1863). He wrote
a great many historical novels; among them :
(Schubart and his Contemporaries) (1864);
Beaumarchais) (1865); (William Hogarth':
but his novels are now forgotten.
Brachvogel, Udo. A German poet; born
near Dantzic in 1835. He published a volume
of Juvenile Poems) at Vienna in 1860. He
came to the United States in 1867 and edited
journals in the German language.
He made
an excellent translation of Bret Harte's Poems)
(1882).
Brackel, Ferdinande, Baroness von (bräck'.
el). A German novelist; born in the Circle
of Warburg, Westphalia, Nov. 25, 1835. She
published a volume of Poems) in 1873, and
thereafter devoted herself to prose fiction, con-
taining opinions regarding the social question
and the labor question from the Catholic point
of view. Many of her tales have been trans-
lated into foreign languages. Among her stories
are : “The Spinning-Master of Carrara); Prin-
cess Ada); (Of the Ancient Stock. )
Brackenridge, Henry Marie (brak'en-rij).
A distinguished American lawyer, historian,
and writer of travels, son of Hugh Henry; born
at Pittsburg, Pa. , May II, 1786; died at Pensa-
cola, Fla. , Jan. 18, 1871. He was a judge in
Louisiana and Florida; and was United States
commissioner to the South American republics
in 1817-18. He wrote: (History of the Late
War between the United States and Great Brit-
ain' (after 1820); 'Voyage to South America)
(1820); Persons and Places in the West)
(1834); etc.
Brackenridge, Hugh Henry. A distin
guished American lawyer and humorist; born
near Campbelton, Scotland, 1748; died at Car-
lisle, Pa. , June 25, 1816. Ile was judge of the
## p. 72 (#88) ##############################################
72
BRADDON – BRANDT
verse.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (1799). He
wrote: Modern Chivalry, or the Adventures
of Captain Farrago and Teague O'Regan, his
Servant) (1796-1806), a satire very popular
early in the present century.
Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, maiden name of
Mrs. M. E. Maxwell; born in London, 1837.
At an early age she began to write verses and
stories. Her novels are old-fashioned, based
on sensational plots, but with much narrative
power and descriptions of scenery, and have
long been popular. Among them are: Lady
Audley's Secret! (1862; uith ed. 1863); (Au-
rora Floyd' (1863; 8th ed. 1864); (The Story
of Barbara) (1880); (Asphodel (1881); (Ish-
mael (1884); "Wyllard's Weird' (1886); (The
Venetians) (1892); and many others. She has
also written comedies, and several volumes of
*
Bradford, Alden. An American historian
and journalist; born at Duxbury, Mass. , Nov.
19, 1765; died at Boston, Oct. 26, 1843. Ori-
ginally a Congregational divine, he became
Secretary of State of Massachusetts (1812-24),
and edited the Boston Gazette (1826). He
wrote: (History of Massachusetts, 1764-1820);
(History of the Federal Government); etc.
Bradford, Joseph. An American journalist
and dramatic author; born near Nashville,
Tenn. , Oct. 24, 1843; died in Boston, Mass. ,
April 13, 1886. His real name was William
Randolph Hunter. Besides satirical verses he
wrote a number of poems which were highly
esteemed, especially those on the death of Vic.
tor Hugo and of General Grant. His plays,
(Our Bachelors) and (One of the Finest,
were very successful and are still popular.
Bradford, William. An American colonial
governor and author; born in Austerfield, York-
shire, England, March 1588; died in Plym-
outh, Mass. , May 9, 1657. He was one of the
signers of the celebrated compact on the May-
flower; and in 1621, on the death of the first
governor, John Carver, was elected to the same
office, which he continued to fill (with the
exception of a brief period when he declined
re-election) until his death. His administra-
tion was remarkably efficient and successful,
especially in dealing with the Indians. His
(Diary of Occurrences, covering the first year
of the colony, was published in 1622. He left
a number of religious compositions in verse;
and historical prose compositions of great value,
the most important being his (History of the
Plymouth Plantation from the formation of
the society in England in 1602 down to 1647.
Bradley, Edward. See Bede, Cutabert.
Braga, Theophilo (brä'gä). A Portuguese
poet and scholar; born at St. Michael, Azores,
Feb. 24, 1843. On quitting the university of
Coimbra, he took up the study of Portuguese
literature, and made a great collection of popu-
lar romances, songs, and fairy tales, publishing
the results in a series of volumes. Also in 20
volumes he published a pretty complete history
of the national literature (1870–76). Besides
these works on the history of Portuguese let-
ters, he issued in 1877 a (General Outline of
the Positive Philosophy); in 1878 Positive So-
lutions of Portuguese Politics'; and in 1884 a
(System of Sociology. His poetical writings
comprise : 'Green Leaves, written in boyhood;
(The Vision of Time) (1864), a series of pict-
ures of the process of world-evolution, in the
manner of Victor Hugo; and "Undine of the
Lake.
Brainard, John Gardiner Calkins. An
American poet; born in New London, Conn. ,
Oct. 21, 1796; died there, Sept. 26, 1828. After
graduation at Yale in 1815, he went to Hart-
ford in 1822 and took charge of the Connecti-
cut Mirror. His poems were published in 1825;
the third edition, called "Literary Remains,
was edited with a biography by John G. Whit-
tier (1832).
Brandes, Edvard (brän'des). A Danish dram.
atist, story-writer, and essayist; born in Co-
penhagen, Oct. 21, 1847. Of his plays, A
Visit, Love,' and Under the Rule) are best
known; while studies on art subjects denote
his critical taste, and (The Politician) shows
him capable of well-planned and well-told fic-
tion.
Brandes, Georg Morris Cohen. A Danish
man of letters; born at Copenhagen, Feb. 4,
1842. At the university he won a gold medal
for an essay on (The Idea of Fate among the
Ancients) (1862). He then made extended
travels in England, France, and Germany,
making acquaintance of men of note in letters
and in science. He afterward wrote works
which attained a European reputation, on the
history of contemporary literature in the coun.
tries named; Main Currents of 19th-Century
Literature, a work of profound research and
the author's masterpiece. He made a special
study of French Æsthetics in our Dayi
(1870), and published volumes of miscellaneous
(Æsthetic Studies) and (Critiques and Por-
traits. He settled in Berlin in 1877; in 1883
returned to Copenhagen, where he now
sides. *
Brandes, Johann Christian. A German
dramatist (1735-99); born at Stettin. He was
an indifferent actor, but his dramatic compo-
sitions were received with great favor in his
day. Some of his comedies possess very high
merit; especially (Appearances are Deceitful,
and (The Ennobled Shopkeeper. Shortly be-
fore his death he wrote a very instructive (His-
tory of his Life. )
Brandt or Brant, Sebastian (bränt). A
celebrated German satirical poet and human-
ist (1458–1521); born at Strasburg. He was
named an imperial councillor by the Emperor
Maximilian in 1503, and made count palatine.
He was not in sympathy with the Reformers.
Though he wrote Latin poems, and treatises
on jurisprudence, he is remembered as author of
re
:
## p. 73 (#89) ##############################################
BRANTOME - BREMER
73
was
"The Ship of Fools,' a satire on the follies and
vices of the time (1494). Its distinguishing note
is its abounding humor; but it owed its great
popular success very largely to the clever wood-
cuts with which it was illustrated. It was
translated into Latin and several European
vernacular languages; into English by Henry
Watson, (The Grete Shyppe of Fooles of the
Worlde) (1517). Barclay's (Shyp of the Folys
of the Worlde) (1508) is in part a translation,
in part an adaptation. A more recent imitation
is W. H. Ireland's Modern Ship of Fools)
(1807). *
Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur
de (bron-tom'). A French chronicler (about
1527-1614); born at Périgord. He was for
many years traveler or soldier; retired to his
estate twenty years before his death, and used
his leisure in writing his (Memoirs,' in sections
devoted to 'Lives of Illustrious Men and Great
Captains of Foreign Countries ); of (Illustrious
Men, etc. , of France); of Illustrious Women);
of Courteous Dames); (Anecdotes of Duels);
(Spanish Rhodomontades and Oaths); etc. The
author is vain and egotistical, but thoroughly
naïve and honest. The style is charmingly
piquant, with frequent sallies of wit and flashes
of eloquence. He is indeed a fascinating
chronicler. His Complete Works, 10 vols. ,
were published at the Hague (1740). *
Brassey, Anne, Lady. An English descript-
ive writer; born in London, about 1840; died
at sea on the Sunbeam, Sept. 14, 1887. After
her marriage she spent half of her life at sea,
on Lord Brassey's yacht the Sunbeam. She
was buried at sea. Her travels are interest-
ing, popular, and have passed through many
editions. They are: Natural History of a
Voyage on the Sunbeam) (1878); . (Sunshine
and Storm in the East) (1879); (Tahiti? (1882);
(In the Trades, the Tropics, and the Roaring
Forties) (1884); and (Three Voyages in the
Sunbeam (1886).
Braun, Karl (broun). A German political
writer (1822-93); born at Hadamar in Nas-
sau. Of his very numerous writings it suffices
to name: For Free Trade and Free Traffic
throughout all Germany) (1858); (Frankfort's
Cry of Distress); Pictures from Germany's
Littlestatedom.
Braun, Wilhelm von. A Swedish poet; born
Nov. 8, 1813; died Sept. 12, 1860. He aban-
doned the military career for literature, and
speedily became one of the most popular
poets. His Collected Works) contain every
conceivable form of poetical composition, but
his writings are characterized by licentiousness.
Braun von Braunthal (broun fon broun'täl).
An Austrian dramatist and novelist (1802-66);
born at Eger. He essayed all kinds of poetry,
and in all displayed no ordinary talent, but he
was deficient in correct taste and judgment.
Among his lyric compositions we have: (Songs
of a Hermit); (Morning, Noon, and Night in
a Poet's Life); the dramas (Count Julian and
Knight Shakspere); and several novels, as
(Donna Quixote, or the Life and Opinions of
a Sagacious Noble Lady of Young Germany)
Bray, Anna Eliza. An English woman of
letters; born in London, Dec. 25, 1790; died
there, Jan. 21, 1883. Her maiden name
Kempe; she studied for the stage, but in 1818
was married to Charles A. Stothard, son of
the famous artist, and after his death became
the wife of the Rev. Edward A. Bray, vicar
of Tavistock. From 1826 to 1874 she wrote at
least a dozen novels, one of which, (The
Talba, or the Moor of Portugal, brought her
the acquaintance of Southey. She wrote the
(Life of Thomas Stothard (1856), and many
books of travels. der letters addressed to
Southey on the superstitions and scenery of
Tavistock, entitled “The Borders of the Tamar
and the Tavy) (3 vols. , 1836; new ed. 1879),
and (A Peep at the Pixies, or Legends of the
West' (1854), are esteemed. Mrs. Bray's Auto-
biography) appeared in 1884.
Breckinridge, Robert Jefferson (brek'in-
rij). A noted Presbyterian divine and theo-
logical writer; born at Cabell's Dale, Ky. ,
March 8, 1800; died at Danville, Ky. , Dec. 27,
1871. He was originally a lawyer. He became
president of Jefferson College, 1845-47; from
1847 he was pastor at Lexington, Ky. He was
a leader in the division of the Presbyterian
Church in 1837 into Old and New Schools.
His chief work was knowledge of God, Ob-
jectively Considered) (1857); (Knowledge of
God, Subjectively Considered (1859).
Breden, Christiane. See Christen.
Brederoo, Gerbrant Adriaenszoon (brā'de.
ro). A distinguished Dutch dramatist and
poet; born at Amsterdam, March 16, 1585; died
there, July 8, 1618. His best poesy is in (The
Meditative Song-Book) and (The Great Fount-
ain of Love); collections of grave and gay
pieces, all of which have been very popular,
and since his time often reprinted. His lyrics
are admired for their musical verse and their
tender sensibility; but his masterpiece is un-
questionably the Jerolimo) (Spaansche Bra-
bander Jerolimo), a comedy based upon a
French version of one of Mendoza's plays.
Another comedy, Moortje, is an adaptation
from Terence.
Brehm, Alfred Edmund (brām). A German
naturalist and zoologist; born in Renthendorf,
Feb. 2, 1829; died there, Nov. II, 1884. He
traveled widely and studied long, partly taught
by his father, likewise a distinguished scientist ;
producing finally, among a variety of works,
his monumental (Animal Life, Illustrated' ( 3d
ed. 1890-93), a series of volumes translated
and quoted extensively.
Bremer, Fredrika (brām'er). A Swedish
novelist (1801-65); born in Abo, Finland. She
was brought up in the neighborhood of Stock.
holm. She was a voluminous writer, and the
income from her publications enabled her to
## p. 74 (#90) ##############################################
BRENTANO - BRIGGS
74
VOD
make extensive travels over Europe and in
America. Till 1839 her fame was restricted to
Sweden; then it began to extend to Germany;
in 1842 was published in London, in English,
(The Neighbors, and forthwith in rapid suc-
cession translations appeared of “The Diary);
(The H. Family); (The President's Family);
and several others of her charming delinea-
tions of domestic life in Sweden. She visited
the United States in 1849; and in 1851 her
Homes of the New World) was published
simultaneously in England, Sweden, and this
country. *
Brentano, Clemens (bren-ta'no). A Ger-
man poet and novelist (1778-1842); born at
Ehrenbreitstein. He wrote a Life of the
Virgin Mary, based on alleged revelations.
Among the works of his early days are found
some gems of lyric poetry; and his dramatic
productions -(The Merry Musicians) (1803);
(Ponce de Leon (1804); (The Founding of
Prague) (1815) - manifest great power. Some
of his minor novels were very successful; among
them "The Good Caspar and the Fair Annie)
(1817), called by German critics a masterpiece
in miniature. ) His Fairy Tales) did not ap-
pear till after his death. *
Brentano, Elizabeth, commonly known as
Bettina von Arnim. A German writer (1785-
1859), sister of Clemens Brentano, and famed
for (Goethe's Correspondence with a Child);
which, to a great extent fictitious, is, from a
purely poetic point of view, one of the fairest
specimens of romanticism. It was translated
by her into English, and in that garb consti-
tutes a literary curiosity. Of a similar nature
is her correspondence with Caroline von Gün-
derode, the friend of her youth, published
under the title (Die Günderode) (1840). She
also wrote (This Book Belongs to the King)
(1843), an attempt to solve the question of
pauperism. *
Breton, Nicholas. An English poet of whose
life little is known (1545-1626). He was very
versatile, and wrote moral and religious poems,
satires, romances, books of character, a com-
plete letter-writer, pastorals, and lyrics. At his
best his verse compares favorably with the
sweetest of the Elizabethan singers. Some of
his works have only lately been recovered.
Grosart, Breton's Poems. ?
Breton de los Herreros, Manuel (brā ton'
dā lös ār-rā'ros). A Spanish poet (1800-73);
born in the province of Logroño.
Literature (1845).
Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo (bot-tä).
An eminent Italian historian; born near Can-
avese in the Piedmontese, Nov. 6, 1766; died
Aug. 10, 1837. For his sympathy with the
French Revolution he suffered imprisonment
two years, and then went to France, where
he entered the military service as surgeon. He
afterward held several offices of responsibility
under the empire and the restored monarchy.
Besides numerous minor works in French, he
published in Italian (1809) a (History of the
War of Independence of the United States of
America); and (1824) a (History of Italy from
1789 to 1814, in four volumes. He also con-
tinued Guicciardini from 1535 to 1789 (10 vols. ).
Böttger, Adolf (bėt'cher). A German poet
(1815-70); born at Leipsic. He made admira-
ble translations into German verse of Byron's
Complete Works) (1840; 7th ed. 1891), of Pope,
Goldsmith, (Songs of Ossian, and Long-
fellow's (Hiawatha'; he was less successful
with some pieces of Shakespeare. Of his ori-
ginal poetry the best specimens are the poetical
fairy tales (Pilgrimage of the Flower Sprites);
and especially the fantasy of "The Little Man
of the Gallows,' a little (Faustiad. ?
Böttiger, Carl Vilhelm (bėt'tē-ger). A
Swedish poet; born in Westerås, May 15, 1807;
died at Upsala, Dec. 22, 1878. Although noted
for the pleasing prose of his essays on literary
topics, his fame must depend upon versions of
Dante, Tasso, and Uhland, the (Lyric Poems,
the New Songs, Poetic Memories of My
Youth, and one or two plays, including (A
May Day at Voerend.
Bouchardy, Joseph (bö-shär-de'). A French
dramatic poet; born at Paris in 1810; died
May 28, 1870. He was at first associated with
Eugène Deligny in dramatic composition, and
afterward composed a series of comedies alone.
Notable among his productions are: (Gaspardo
the Fisherman); (The Foundlings); “The Or-
phans of Antwerp'; (The Cavalier's Secret);
(The Armorer of Santiago.
Bouchor, Maurice (bö-shôr'). A French
poet; born at Paris, 1855. At the age of 19
years he published a volume of Merry Lays,
which was followed by Poems of Love and
the Sea' (1875); (The Modern Faust) (1878);
(Stories of Paris in Rhyme); and “The Dawn,'
esteemed his best work. He attempted to re-
vive, but in no reverential spirit, the mediæval
(mystery play) in 1889, with Tobit), and
Nativity); the actors » being lay figures of
life size, while the author and his cronies spoke
the lines » from behind the wings.
Boucicault, Dion (bö'se-kö). A British
dramatist and actor; born in Dublin, Dec. 26,
1822; died in New York, Sept. 18, 1890. His
first drama, London Assurance, was written
before he was 19 years of age, and made him
famous. He also attained celebrity as an actor
and manager in England and the United
States; established a school for acting, and
produced about 300 dramas, many of which
were original and many adaptations from the
French. He dramatized Washington Irving's.
(Rip Van Winkle, which Joseph Jefferson en.
larged; and produced a series of Irish dramas
which were extraordinarily popular, such as:
(The Colleen Bawn (1860); (Arrah-na-Pogue
(1864); and “The Shaughraun) (1875), in which
he played the principal parts. (Old Heads on
Young Shoulders ); (The Corsican Brothers);
(The Streets of London); “Flying Scud); and
(After Dark,' were among his later produc-
tions.
Boudinot, Elias (bö'di-not). A distinguished
American patriot and philanthropist; born at
Philadelphia, May 2, 1740; died at Burlington,
N. J. , Oct. 24, 1821. He was president of the
Continental Congress (1782), and first president
of the American Bible Society (1816-21). He
wrote: (The Second Advent of the Messiah);
(The Age of Revelation,' a reply to Thomas
Paine ; (The Star in the West,' an attempt to
identify the American Indians with the Ten
Lost Tribes of Israel.
Boufflers, Stanislas, Marquis de (bö-făr').
A French poet; born at Nancy, May 31, 1738;
died at Paris, Jan. 18, 1815. He was reputed to
be son of Stanislas II. of Poland. While
an ecclesiastical student he wrote in prose the
story of Aline, Queen of Golconda,' for which
Stanislas awarded him a pension of 40,000
livres. Quitting the ecclesiastical career, he en-
tered the military service and rose to the rank
of major-general. Meanwhile he was earning
the plaudits of the gay world by his erotic
He was one of the émigrés of 1792,
but returned to France in 1800. His Com-
plete Works) were published in 2 vols. , 1813.
Bouilhet, Louis (bö-lyā'). A French poet
(1821-69). He first achieved fame with Me.
lænis, a Story of Rome) in the time of the
Cæsars, and (The Fossils, a series of delinea-
tions of antediluvians. His versified dramas,
(Mme. de Montarcy) (1856); Dolorès) (1862);
and especially (The Conspiracy of Amboise,
are elegant in style, rich in imagery, perfect
in melody, but lack compactness of structure
and are open to moral censure. The same
faults are found in his eomedies (Uncle Million
(1861); (Faustine) (1864); and specially in his
posthumous Mölle. Aïssé. )
Bouilly, Jean Nicholas (bö-yē'). A French
poet (1763-1842). He made his début with the
comic opera "Peter the Great) (1790). For a
few years he was judge and prosecuting attor-
ney at Tours, and then was called to Paris to
assist in organizing the primary-school system.
He was a man of ancient Roman virtue, and
his character is reflected in all his works. His
comedies and comic operas (music by the first
masters) were eminently successful as well in
Germany as in France, particularly these : (The
Abbé de l'Epée); (The Two Days'; Mme.
verses.
1
1
1
1
## p. 70 (#86) ##############################################
BOURDILLON - BOWRING
70
de Sévigné. He also wrote "Stories for
French Children and (Counsels to my Daugh-
ter.
Bourdillon, Francis W. Born in 1852. He
was educated at Oxford, and became tutor to
the children of the Princess Christian of Eng.
land. He is famous for a short poem, (The
Night Has a Thousand Eyes,' and has pub-
lished a novel, Nephelé! (New York and
London, 1896), besides (Among the Flowers
and Other Poems) (1872), and Young Maids
and Old China) (1888).
Bourget, Paul (bör-zhā'). A French novel-
ist and critic; born at Amiens, Sept. 2, 1852.
His first book was "Restless Life,' followed by
other poems; but he turned to prose and has
become widely known as essayist, critic, and
descriptive writer, and famous for his novels.
The latter include: (A Cruel Enigma); (A
Crime of Love); Lies); (The Disciple);
(André Cornelis); Cosmopolis); and volumes
of stories like "The Irreparable. His essays
are contained in the volumes : (Essays in Con-
temporary Psychology); (New Essays in Con-
temporary Psychology”; “Studies and Portraits ';
and others. (Outre-Mer' is a book on Amer.
ica. *
Bouton, John Bell (bö-ton'). An American
journalist and miscellaneous writer; born at
Concord, N. H. , 1830. He has written : "Loved
and Lost' (1857, essays); (Round the Block)
(1864, a novel); "Roundabout to Moscow)
(1887); "Uncle Sam's Church' (1895); etc.
Boutwell, George Sewall (bout'wel). An
American statesman and publicist; born at
Brookline, Mass. , Jan. 28, 1818. He was gov-
ernor of Massachusetts (1852-53), United States
Commissioner of Internal Revenue (1862–63),
Member of Congress (1863-69), Secretary of
Treasury (1869-73), United States Senator
(1873-77). He has written : (Thoughts on Edu-
cational Topics) (1860); "A History of the
Republican Party) (1884); "The Lawyer, the
Statesman, and the Soldier' (1887); etc.
Bouvet, Marguerite (bő-vā'). An Ameri.
can writer for children; born in Louisiana,
1865. She has written: 'Sweet William);
(Prince Tip-Top); Little Marjorie's Love
Story); 'Pierrette); etc.
Bowen, Mrs. Sue (Petigru) (King). An
American novelist; born in South Carolina,
1824; died 1875. ller home was in Charles-
ton, S. C. She wrote: (Sylvia's World ); (Ger-
ald Gray's Wife); “Busy Moments of an Idle
Woman,' a collection of stories; etc.
Bowker, Richard Rogers (bou’ker). An
American editor, bibliographer, and writer on
political economy; born in Massachusetts, 1848.
He edited for a number of years the Pub-
lishers' Weekly; and compiled the American
Catalogue) (2 vols. , 18851, of inestimable value
to book-dealers, librarians, and literary workers.
Among his writings on political economy are :
(Work and Wealth"; "Economics for the Peo.
ple); etc.
Bowles, Samuel (bõlz). A noted American
journalist; born at Springfield, Mass. , Feb. 9,
1826; died there, Jan. 16, 1878. He was editor
and proprietor of the Springfield Republican
(1844-78). He wrote : (Across the Continent)
(1865); (The Switzerland of America) (1809);
(Our New West) (1869); etc. As one of the
most able journalists in a land of journalism,
his fame is both great and enduring.
Bowles, William Lisle. An English poet;
born in King's Sutton, Northamptonshire, Sept.
24, 1762; died in Salisbury, April 7, 1850. He
was educated at Oxford, and from 1804 until
a few years before his death was vicar of Brem-
hill, Wiltshire. His (Fourteen Sonnets Written
Chiefly on Picturesque Spots during a Journey)
(1789) was received with extraordinary favor.
Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Southey greatly
admired the poems, which reflected the au-
thor's thoughts and the moods of nature to
such an extent that Bowles is considered to
have created by his influence the Lake School
of poetry. In 1806 he issued a critical edition
of Pope, which led to a memorable controversy
(1809-25), in which Byron and Campbell were
his opponents. His other works include:
(The Grave of Howard' (1790); (Coombe
Ellen (1798); “The Battle of the Nile' (1799);
(The Spirit of Discovery) (1804), his longest
poem; and (St. John in Patmos) (1832).
Bowne, Borden Parker (boun). An Ameri-
can philosophical writer; born at Leonard-
ville, N. J. , Jan. 14, 1847. He was religious
editor of the New York Independent 1875-76,
becoming professor of philosophy at Boston
University 1876. He has written: Philoso-
phy of Herbert Spencer) (1874); Metaphysics)
(1882); etc.
Bowring, Sir John. An English linguist,
author, and noted diplomat; born in Exeter,
Oct. 17, 1792; died there, Nov. 23, 1872. He
was a great traveler and a close student; and
boasted that he knew 200 languages and could
speak 100. In 1825 he became editor of the
Westminster Review, in which he advocated
Free Trade by repeal of the Corn Laws in ad-
vance of Bright and Cobden. He was a Mem-
ber of Parliament in 1835-37 and 1841-47; was
appointed on various commissions, to France,
Switzerland, Italy, Syria, etc. In 1849 he was
British consul at Hong-Kong, where he became
governor in 1853. In 1855 he concluded a
treaty with Siam; he was knighted in 1854.
Ile rendered great service to English litera-
ture by translating the popular poems and
folk-songs of various nations. Among his
works are: (Specimens of the Russian Poets
(London, 1821-23); (Ancient Poetry and Ro.
mances of Spain) (1824); (Specimens of the
Polish Poets) (1827); (Servian Popular Poetry)
(1827); (Poetry of the Magyars) (1830);"Ches-
kian Anthology) (1832); “The Flowery Scroll:
a Chinese Novel) (1868); (The Oak: Original
Tales and Sketches) (1869); and two import-
ant volumes of travel: (The Kingdom and
People of Siam (1857), and "A Visit to the
## p. 71 (#87) ##############################################
BOYE - BRACKENRIDGE
71
books include: (Hungary in 1851' (New York,
1852); (Home Life in Germany) (1853); (The
Norse Folk) (1857); (Short Sermons to News-
boys) (1861); (The Dangerous Classes of Now
York and Twenty Years' Work among Them
(1872; 3d ed. 1880); (Free Trade as Promot-
ing Peace and Good-Will among Men) (1879);
"Gesta Christi) (1883), a review of the achieve.
ments of Christianity from the earliest days in
bettering the moral and social condition of the
world; and (To the Unknown God (1889).
Brachmann, Karoline Luise (bräch'män).
A German poet (1777-1822); born at Rochlitz.
Her 'Lyric Poems) are full of life and melody.
She wrote also a poem of chivalry, (The Judg-
ment of God, in five cantos, and several ro.
was
mances.
:
Philippine Islands) (1859). He edited with a
biography (22 vols. , London, 1838) the works
of Jeremy Bentham, of whom he was a disciple
and admirer; and wrote a number of books
on political and social topics, and also hymns
and poems. *
Boye, Kaspar Johan (bo've). A Danish
poet and dramatist ; born in Kongsberg, Nor-
way, Dec. 27, 1791; died in Copenhagen, July
6, 1853. He a ciergyman who wrote
anonymously for the stage, becoming «Den-
mark's great unknown upon the appearance
of Juta, Queen of Denmark, (King Sigurd,
and other plays, of which only (William Shakes-
peare continues on the boards. His “There Is
a Beautiful Country in the Far North has
become a national favorite hymn.
Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth (boi'e-sen). An
American novelist; born at Frederiksvärn,
Norway, Sept. 23, 1848; died in New York,
Oct. 4, 1895. After completing his university
studies at Christiania, he came to the United
States in 1869 and was editor of a Norwegian
journal in Chicago. He returned to Europe in
1872 and studied Germanic philology at Leip-
sic two years; then returning to this country
he was professor of German in Cornell Uni-
versity for six years, and then of Germanic
languages and literature in Columbia College
till his death. His story of Norwegian life,
"Gunnar,' published in the Atlantic Monthly
(1873), and his "Idyls of Norway and Other
Poems) (1883), give proof of his rare imagi-
native faculty and his deep human sympathies.
Besides these, he wrote: (Tales from Two
Hemispheres (1875); (A Norseman's Pilgrim-
age); Ilka on the Hilltop and Other Stories ';
(A Daughter of the Philistines. *
Bozděch, Emanuel (böz'dyech). A Bohe-
mian dramatist; born at Prague, July 21, 1841.
His first notable success in 1867, with the
comedy From the Days of Cotillons,' was
surpassed the following year when he brought
out his tragedy Baron Görtz. Other note-
worthy productions are: (The World's Master
in his Night-Shirt, the private life of Napoleon
I. ; "The Test of a Statesman) (Prince Kau-
nitz). He wrote also some novels.
Brabourne, Edward Huggessen Knatch-
bull-Huggessen, Lord. An English juvenile-
story writer; born in Kent, April 29, 1829; died
Feb. 6, 1893. Has been Member of Parliament.
His literary fame is due mostly to his stories
for children, including: Moonshine) (1871);
(Tales at Tea-Time' (1872); 'Queer Folk)
(1873); “River Legends) (1874); and many
others.
Brace, Charles Loring. An American au-
thor and philanthropist; born in Litchfield,
Conn. , June 19, 1826; died in the Tyrol, Switz-
erland, Aug. 11, 1890. After graduation at
Yale in 1846, he studied theology, but held no
pastorate. He devoted himself to philanthropy
in New York, and lectured, wrote, and worked
to enlist aid for the children of the poor. His
Brachvogel, Albert Emil (bräch'fo''gel). A
German dramatist and novelist (1824-78); born
at Breslau. His first dramatic compositions
had but little success; but in 1856 he produced
Narcissus, which established his fame. A
long series of dramas then followed; among
them : Adalbert von Babanberge) (1858), most
poetical of his dramas; (Mons de Caus) (1860),
the tragedy of a genius who is in advance of
his time; (The Usurer's Son (1863). He wrote
a great many historical novels; among them :
(Schubart and his Contemporaries) (1864);
Beaumarchais) (1865); (William Hogarth':
but his novels are now forgotten.
Brachvogel, Udo. A German poet; born
near Dantzic in 1835. He published a volume
of Juvenile Poems) at Vienna in 1860. He
came to the United States in 1867 and edited
journals in the German language.
He made
an excellent translation of Bret Harte's Poems)
(1882).
Brackel, Ferdinande, Baroness von (bräck'.
el). A German novelist; born in the Circle
of Warburg, Westphalia, Nov. 25, 1835. She
published a volume of Poems) in 1873, and
thereafter devoted herself to prose fiction, con-
taining opinions regarding the social question
and the labor question from the Catholic point
of view. Many of her tales have been trans-
lated into foreign languages. Among her stories
are : “The Spinning-Master of Carrara); Prin-
cess Ada); (Of the Ancient Stock. )
Brackenridge, Henry Marie (brak'en-rij).
A distinguished American lawyer, historian,
and writer of travels, son of Hugh Henry; born
at Pittsburg, Pa. , May II, 1786; died at Pensa-
cola, Fla. , Jan. 18, 1871. He was a judge in
Louisiana and Florida; and was United States
commissioner to the South American republics
in 1817-18. He wrote: (History of the Late
War between the United States and Great Brit-
ain' (after 1820); 'Voyage to South America)
(1820); Persons and Places in the West)
(1834); etc.
Brackenridge, Hugh Henry. A distin
guished American lawyer and humorist; born
near Campbelton, Scotland, 1748; died at Car-
lisle, Pa. , June 25, 1816. Ile was judge of the
## p. 72 (#88) ##############################################
72
BRADDON – BRANDT
verse.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (1799). He
wrote: Modern Chivalry, or the Adventures
of Captain Farrago and Teague O'Regan, his
Servant) (1796-1806), a satire very popular
early in the present century.
Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, maiden name of
Mrs. M. E. Maxwell; born in London, 1837.
At an early age she began to write verses and
stories. Her novels are old-fashioned, based
on sensational plots, but with much narrative
power and descriptions of scenery, and have
long been popular. Among them are: Lady
Audley's Secret! (1862; uith ed. 1863); (Au-
rora Floyd' (1863; 8th ed. 1864); (The Story
of Barbara) (1880); (Asphodel (1881); (Ish-
mael (1884); "Wyllard's Weird' (1886); (The
Venetians) (1892); and many others. She has
also written comedies, and several volumes of
*
Bradford, Alden. An American historian
and journalist; born at Duxbury, Mass. , Nov.
19, 1765; died at Boston, Oct. 26, 1843. Ori-
ginally a Congregational divine, he became
Secretary of State of Massachusetts (1812-24),
and edited the Boston Gazette (1826). He
wrote: (History of Massachusetts, 1764-1820);
(History of the Federal Government); etc.
Bradford, Joseph. An American journalist
and dramatic author; born near Nashville,
Tenn. , Oct. 24, 1843; died in Boston, Mass. ,
April 13, 1886. His real name was William
Randolph Hunter. Besides satirical verses he
wrote a number of poems which were highly
esteemed, especially those on the death of Vic.
tor Hugo and of General Grant. His plays,
(Our Bachelors) and (One of the Finest,
were very successful and are still popular.
Bradford, William. An American colonial
governor and author; born in Austerfield, York-
shire, England, March 1588; died in Plym-
outh, Mass. , May 9, 1657. He was one of the
signers of the celebrated compact on the May-
flower; and in 1621, on the death of the first
governor, John Carver, was elected to the same
office, which he continued to fill (with the
exception of a brief period when he declined
re-election) until his death. His administra-
tion was remarkably efficient and successful,
especially in dealing with the Indians. His
(Diary of Occurrences, covering the first year
of the colony, was published in 1622. He left
a number of religious compositions in verse;
and historical prose compositions of great value,
the most important being his (History of the
Plymouth Plantation from the formation of
the society in England in 1602 down to 1647.
Bradley, Edward. See Bede, Cutabert.
Braga, Theophilo (brä'gä). A Portuguese
poet and scholar; born at St. Michael, Azores,
Feb. 24, 1843. On quitting the university of
Coimbra, he took up the study of Portuguese
literature, and made a great collection of popu-
lar romances, songs, and fairy tales, publishing
the results in a series of volumes. Also in 20
volumes he published a pretty complete history
of the national literature (1870–76). Besides
these works on the history of Portuguese let-
ters, he issued in 1877 a (General Outline of
the Positive Philosophy); in 1878 Positive So-
lutions of Portuguese Politics'; and in 1884 a
(System of Sociology. His poetical writings
comprise : 'Green Leaves, written in boyhood;
(The Vision of Time) (1864), a series of pict-
ures of the process of world-evolution, in the
manner of Victor Hugo; and "Undine of the
Lake.
Brainard, John Gardiner Calkins. An
American poet; born in New London, Conn. ,
Oct. 21, 1796; died there, Sept. 26, 1828. After
graduation at Yale in 1815, he went to Hart-
ford in 1822 and took charge of the Connecti-
cut Mirror. His poems were published in 1825;
the third edition, called "Literary Remains,
was edited with a biography by John G. Whit-
tier (1832).
Brandes, Edvard (brän'des). A Danish dram.
atist, story-writer, and essayist; born in Co-
penhagen, Oct. 21, 1847. Of his plays, A
Visit, Love,' and Under the Rule) are best
known; while studies on art subjects denote
his critical taste, and (The Politician) shows
him capable of well-planned and well-told fic-
tion.
Brandes, Georg Morris Cohen. A Danish
man of letters; born at Copenhagen, Feb. 4,
1842. At the university he won a gold medal
for an essay on (The Idea of Fate among the
Ancients) (1862). He then made extended
travels in England, France, and Germany,
making acquaintance of men of note in letters
and in science. He afterward wrote works
which attained a European reputation, on the
history of contemporary literature in the coun.
tries named; Main Currents of 19th-Century
Literature, a work of profound research and
the author's masterpiece. He made a special
study of French Æsthetics in our Dayi
(1870), and published volumes of miscellaneous
(Æsthetic Studies) and (Critiques and Por-
traits. He settled in Berlin in 1877; in 1883
returned to Copenhagen, where he now
sides. *
Brandes, Johann Christian. A German
dramatist (1735-99); born at Stettin. He was
an indifferent actor, but his dramatic compo-
sitions were received with great favor in his
day. Some of his comedies possess very high
merit; especially (Appearances are Deceitful,
and (The Ennobled Shopkeeper. Shortly be-
fore his death he wrote a very instructive (His-
tory of his Life. )
Brandt or Brant, Sebastian (bränt). A
celebrated German satirical poet and human-
ist (1458–1521); born at Strasburg. He was
named an imperial councillor by the Emperor
Maximilian in 1503, and made count palatine.
He was not in sympathy with the Reformers.
Though he wrote Latin poems, and treatises
on jurisprudence, he is remembered as author of
re
:
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BRANTOME - BREMER
73
was
"The Ship of Fools,' a satire on the follies and
vices of the time (1494). Its distinguishing note
is its abounding humor; but it owed its great
popular success very largely to the clever wood-
cuts with which it was illustrated. It was
translated into Latin and several European
vernacular languages; into English by Henry
Watson, (The Grete Shyppe of Fooles of the
Worlde) (1517). Barclay's (Shyp of the Folys
of the Worlde) (1508) is in part a translation,
in part an adaptation. A more recent imitation
is W. H. Ireland's Modern Ship of Fools)
(1807). *
Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur
de (bron-tom'). A French chronicler (about
1527-1614); born at Périgord. He was for
many years traveler or soldier; retired to his
estate twenty years before his death, and used
his leisure in writing his (Memoirs,' in sections
devoted to 'Lives of Illustrious Men and Great
Captains of Foreign Countries ); of (Illustrious
Men, etc. , of France); of Illustrious Women);
of Courteous Dames); (Anecdotes of Duels);
(Spanish Rhodomontades and Oaths); etc. The
author is vain and egotistical, but thoroughly
naïve and honest. The style is charmingly
piquant, with frequent sallies of wit and flashes
of eloquence. He is indeed a fascinating
chronicler. His Complete Works, 10 vols. ,
were published at the Hague (1740). *
Brassey, Anne, Lady. An English descript-
ive writer; born in London, about 1840; died
at sea on the Sunbeam, Sept. 14, 1887. After
her marriage she spent half of her life at sea,
on Lord Brassey's yacht the Sunbeam. She
was buried at sea. Her travels are interest-
ing, popular, and have passed through many
editions. They are: Natural History of a
Voyage on the Sunbeam) (1878); . (Sunshine
and Storm in the East) (1879); (Tahiti? (1882);
(In the Trades, the Tropics, and the Roaring
Forties) (1884); and (Three Voyages in the
Sunbeam (1886).
Braun, Karl (broun). A German political
writer (1822-93); born at Hadamar in Nas-
sau. Of his very numerous writings it suffices
to name: For Free Trade and Free Traffic
throughout all Germany) (1858); (Frankfort's
Cry of Distress); Pictures from Germany's
Littlestatedom.
Braun, Wilhelm von. A Swedish poet; born
Nov. 8, 1813; died Sept. 12, 1860. He aban-
doned the military career for literature, and
speedily became one of the most popular
poets. His Collected Works) contain every
conceivable form of poetical composition, but
his writings are characterized by licentiousness.
Braun von Braunthal (broun fon broun'täl).
An Austrian dramatist and novelist (1802-66);
born at Eger. He essayed all kinds of poetry,
and in all displayed no ordinary talent, but he
was deficient in correct taste and judgment.
Among his lyric compositions we have: (Songs
of a Hermit); (Morning, Noon, and Night in
a Poet's Life); the dramas (Count Julian and
Knight Shakspere); and several novels, as
(Donna Quixote, or the Life and Opinions of
a Sagacious Noble Lady of Young Germany)
Bray, Anna Eliza. An English woman of
letters; born in London, Dec. 25, 1790; died
there, Jan. 21, 1883. Her maiden name
Kempe; she studied for the stage, but in 1818
was married to Charles A. Stothard, son of
the famous artist, and after his death became
the wife of the Rev. Edward A. Bray, vicar
of Tavistock. From 1826 to 1874 she wrote at
least a dozen novels, one of which, (The
Talba, or the Moor of Portugal, brought her
the acquaintance of Southey. She wrote the
(Life of Thomas Stothard (1856), and many
books of travels. der letters addressed to
Southey on the superstitions and scenery of
Tavistock, entitled “The Borders of the Tamar
and the Tavy) (3 vols. , 1836; new ed. 1879),
and (A Peep at the Pixies, or Legends of the
West' (1854), are esteemed. Mrs. Bray's Auto-
biography) appeared in 1884.
Breckinridge, Robert Jefferson (brek'in-
rij). A noted Presbyterian divine and theo-
logical writer; born at Cabell's Dale, Ky. ,
March 8, 1800; died at Danville, Ky. , Dec. 27,
1871. He was originally a lawyer. He became
president of Jefferson College, 1845-47; from
1847 he was pastor at Lexington, Ky. He was
a leader in the division of the Presbyterian
Church in 1837 into Old and New Schools.
His chief work was knowledge of God, Ob-
jectively Considered) (1857); (Knowledge of
God, Subjectively Considered (1859).
Breden, Christiane. See Christen.
Brederoo, Gerbrant Adriaenszoon (brā'de.
ro). A distinguished Dutch dramatist and
poet; born at Amsterdam, March 16, 1585; died
there, July 8, 1618. His best poesy is in (The
Meditative Song-Book) and (The Great Fount-
ain of Love); collections of grave and gay
pieces, all of which have been very popular,
and since his time often reprinted. His lyrics
are admired for their musical verse and their
tender sensibility; but his masterpiece is un-
questionably the Jerolimo) (Spaansche Bra-
bander Jerolimo), a comedy based upon a
French version of one of Mendoza's plays.
Another comedy, Moortje, is an adaptation
from Terence.
Brehm, Alfred Edmund (brām). A German
naturalist and zoologist; born in Renthendorf,
Feb. 2, 1829; died there, Nov. II, 1884. He
traveled widely and studied long, partly taught
by his father, likewise a distinguished scientist ;
producing finally, among a variety of works,
his monumental (Animal Life, Illustrated' ( 3d
ed. 1890-93), a series of volumes translated
and quoted extensively.
Bremer, Fredrika (brām'er). A Swedish
novelist (1801-65); born in Abo, Finland. She
was brought up in the neighborhood of Stock.
holm. She was a voluminous writer, and the
income from her publications enabled her to
## p. 74 (#90) ##############################################
BRENTANO - BRIGGS
74
VOD
make extensive travels over Europe and in
America. Till 1839 her fame was restricted to
Sweden; then it began to extend to Germany;
in 1842 was published in London, in English,
(The Neighbors, and forthwith in rapid suc-
cession translations appeared of “The Diary);
(The H. Family); (The President's Family);
and several others of her charming delinea-
tions of domestic life in Sweden. She visited
the United States in 1849; and in 1851 her
Homes of the New World) was published
simultaneously in England, Sweden, and this
country. *
Brentano, Clemens (bren-ta'no). A Ger-
man poet and novelist (1778-1842); born at
Ehrenbreitstein. He wrote a Life of the
Virgin Mary, based on alleged revelations.
Among the works of his early days are found
some gems of lyric poetry; and his dramatic
productions -(The Merry Musicians) (1803);
(Ponce de Leon (1804); (The Founding of
Prague) (1815) - manifest great power. Some
of his minor novels were very successful; among
them "The Good Caspar and the Fair Annie)
(1817), called by German critics a masterpiece
in miniature. ) His Fairy Tales) did not ap-
pear till after his death. *
Brentano, Elizabeth, commonly known as
Bettina von Arnim. A German writer (1785-
1859), sister of Clemens Brentano, and famed
for (Goethe's Correspondence with a Child);
which, to a great extent fictitious, is, from a
purely poetic point of view, one of the fairest
specimens of romanticism. It was translated
by her into English, and in that garb consti-
tutes a literary curiosity. Of a similar nature
is her correspondence with Caroline von Gün-
derode, the friend of her youth, published
under the title (Die Günderode) (1840). She
also wrote (This Book Belongs to the King)
(1843), an attempt to solve the question of
pauperism. *
Breton, Nicholas. An English poet of whose
life little is known (1545-1626). He was very
versatile, and wrote moral and religious poems,
satires, romances, books of character, a com-
plete letter-writer, pastorals, and lyrics. At his
best his verse compares favorably with the
sweetest of the Elizabethan singers. Some of
his works have only lately been recovered.
Grosart, Breton's Poems. ?
Breton de los Herreros, Manuel (brā ton'
dā lös ār-rā'ros). A Spanish poet (1800-73);
born in the province of Logroño.
