heaven from the river Oceanus, to
announce
the p.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
) [P.
S.
] 185 ; Theocrit.
ii.
148, xiii.
11.
) In the Homeric
ENTO’RIA ('Evropia), the daughter of a Ro poems Eos not only announces the coming Helios,
man countryman. Cronos (Saturn) who was once but accompanies him throughout the day, and her
hospitably received by him, became, by his fair career is not complete till the evening; hence she
daughter, the father of four sons, Janus, Hymnus, is sometimes mentioned where one would have ex-
Faustus, and Felix. Cronos taught the father the pected Helios (Od. v. 390, n. 144); and the tragic
cultivation of the vine and the preparation of wine, writers completely identify her with Hemera, of
enjoining him to teach his neighbours the same. whom in later times the same myths are related as
This was done accordingly, but the country people, of Eos. (Paus. i. 3. § 1, iii. 18. $ 7. ) The later
who became intoxicated with their new drink, Greek and the Roman poets followed, on the whole,
thought it to be poison, and stoned their neighbour the notions of Eos, which Homer had established,
to death, whereupon his grandsons hung themselves and the splendour of a southern aurora, which
in their grief. At a much later time, when the lasts much longer than in our climate, is a favourite
Romans were visited by a plague, they were told topic with the ancient poets. Mythology repre-
by the Delphic oracle, that the plague was a punish- Bents her as having carried off several youths dis-
ment for the outrage committed on Entoria's father, tinguished for their beauty. Thus she carried
and Lutatius Catulus caused a temple to be erected away Orion, but the gods were angry at ber for it,
to Cronos on the Tarpeian rock, and in it an altar untii Artemis with a gentle arrow killed him.
with four faces. (Plut. Parall. Gr. et Rom. 9. ) [L. S. ) (Hom. Od. v. 121. ) According to Apollodorus (i.
ENYA'LIUS ('Evvárdos), the warlike, fre- 4. $ 4) Eos carried Orion to Delos, and was ever
quently occurs in the Iliad (never in the Odyssey) stimulated by Aphrodite. Cleitus, the son of
either as an epithet of Ares, or as a proper name Mantius, was carried by Eos to the seats of the
instead of Ares. (xvii. 211, ii. 651, vii. 166, viii. immortal gods (Od. xv. 250), and Tithonus, by
264, xiii. 519, xvii. 259, xviii. 309, XX. 69 ; comp. whom she became the mother of Emathion and
Pind. Oh xiii. 102, Nem. ix. 37. ) At a later time, Memnon, was obtained in like manner. She
however, Enyalius and Ares were distinguished as begged of Zeus to make him immortal, but forgot
two different gods of war, and Enyalius was looked to request him to add eternal youth. So long as
upon as a son of Ares and Enyo, or of Cronos and he was young and beautiful, she lived with him at
Rhea. (Aristoph. Paz, 457 ; Dionys. A. R. iii. the end of the earth, on the banks of Oceanus ;
48 ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 944. ) The name is and when he grew old, she nursed him, until at
evidently derived from Enyo, though one tradition length his voice disappeared and his body became
derived it from a Thracian Enyalius, who received quite dry. She then locked the body up in her
into his house those only who conquered him in chamber, or metamorphosed it into a cricket
single combat, and for the same reason reſused to (Hom. Hymn, in Ven. 218, &c. ; Horat. Carm. i.
receive Ares, but the latter slew him. (Eustath. 22. 8, ii. 16. 30 ; Apollod. iii. 12. § 4; Hes.
ad Hom. p. 673. ) The youths of Sparta sacrificed Theog. 984 ; Serv. ad Virg. Georg. i. 447, iii. 328,
young dogs to Ares under the name of Enyalius Aen. iv. 585. ) When her son Memnon was going
(Paus. iii. 14. & 9), and near the temple of Hippo- to fight against Achilles, she asked Hephaestus to
sthenes, at Sparta, there stood the ancient fettered give her arms for him, and when Memnon was
statue of Enyalius. (Paus. iii. 15, $ 5; comp. killed, her tears fell down in the form of mom-
ARES. ) Dionysus, too, is said to have been sur-ing dew. (Virg. Aen. viii. 384. ) By Astraeus
named Enyalius. (Macrob. Sat. i. 19. ) [L. S. ] Eos became the mother of Zephyrus, Boreas, No-
E'NYO ('Evvu), the goddess of war, who de- tus, Heosphorus, and the other stars. (Hesiod.
lights in bloodshed and the destruction of towns, Theog. 378. ) Cephalus was carried away by her
and accompanies Mars in battles. (Hom. ll. v. from the summit of mount Hymettus to Syria, and
333, 592 ; Eustath. p. 140. ) At Thebes and by him she became the mother of Phaëton or
Orchomenos, a festival called 'Ouoruña was cele- Tithonug, the father of Phaëton ; but afterwards
brated in honour of Zeus, Demeter, Athena and she restored her beloved to his wife Procris. (Hes.
Enyo, and Zeus was said to have received the sur- Theog. 984; Apollod. iii. 14. § 3 ; Paus. i.
name of Homoloïus from Homoloïs, a priestess of | 3. Ø 1; 0v. Met. vii. 703, &c. ; Hygin. Fab.
Enyo. (Suid. s. v. ; comp. Müller, Orchom. p. 189; comp. Cephalus. ) Eos was represented in
229, 2nd edit). A statue of Enyo, made by the the pediment of the kingly stoa at Athens in the
Bons of Praxiteles, stood in the temple of Ares at act of carrying off Cephalus, and in the same
Athens. (Paus. i. 8. $ 5. ) Among the Graeae in manner she was seen on the throne of the Amy-
Hesiod (Theog. 273) there is one called Enyo. claean Apollo. (Paus. i. 3. § 1, iii. 18. $ 7. ) At
Respecting the Roman goddess of war see BEL- Olympia she was represented in the act of praying
(L. S. ] to Zeus for Memnon. (v. 22. 2. ) In the works
EOS ('Hubs), in Latin Aurora, the goddess of of art still extant, she appears as a winged goddess
the morning red, who brings up the light of day or in a chariot drawn by four horses. [L S. )
from the east. She was a daughter of Hyperion EPACTAEUS or EPA'CTIUS ('Etaktaños or
and Theia or Euryphassa, and a sister of He 'ETÁKTIOS), that is, the god worshipped on the
lios and Selene. (Hes. Theog. 371, &c. ; Honi. coast, was used as a surname of Poseidon in Samos
Hymn in Sol. ii. ) 'Ovid (Met. ix. 420, Fast. iv. (Hesych. s. v. ), and of Apollo. (Orph. Argon.
373) calls her a daughter of Pallas. At the close 1 296 ; Apollon. Rhod. i. 404. ) (L. S. )
of night she rose from the couch of her beloved EPAE'NETUS ('Enalvetos), a culinary author
Tithonus, and on a chariot drawn by the swift frequently referred to by Athenaeus, wrote one
horses Lampus and Phaëton she ascended up to work - Ön Fishes” (riepl 'I xotwv, Athen. vi.
heaven from the river Oceanus, to announce the p. 328, f. ), and another “On the Art of Cook-
coming light of the sun to the gods as well as to | ery” ("Ofaptutixós, Athen. Ü. p. 58, b. , iü. p. 88,
LONA.
## p. 22 (#38) ##############################################
22
EPAMINONDAS.
EPAMINONDAS.
C. , vii. pp. 294, d. , 297, C. , 304, d. , 305, c. , 312, b. , I came forward and took part decisively with Pelo
313, b. , ix. pp. 371, e. , 395, f. , xii. p. 516, c. , xiv. pidas and his confedertes. (Plut. Pelop. 5, 12,
p. 662, d. )
de Gen. Soc. 3; Polyaen. ii. 2; Xcn. Tell. v.
EPA'GATHUS, a profligate freedman, who 4. § 2, &c. ) In a. C. 371, when the Athenian
along with Theocritus, a personage of the same envoy's went to Sparta to negotiate peace, Epami-
class and stamp with himself, exercised unbounded nondas also came thither, as an ambassador, to
influence over Caracalla, and wns retained in the look after the interests of Thebes, and highly dis
service of his successor. After the disastrous tinguished himself by his eloquence and ready wit
battle of Antioch, he was despntched by Macrinus in the debate which ensued on the question whether
to place Diadumenianus under the protection of Thebes should be allowed to ratify the treaty in
the Parthian king, Artabanus; and at a subse-| the name of all Boeotia, thus obtaining a recogni-
quent period we find that the death of the celestion of her claim to supremacy over the Boeotian
brated Domitius Ulpianus was ascribed to his towns. This being refused by the Spartans, the
minchinations, although the causes and circum- Thebans were excluded from the treaty altogether,
stances of that event are involved in deep obscu- and Cleombrotus was sent to invade Boeotia. The
rity. Alexander Severus, apprehensive lest somo result was the battle of Leuctra, so faunl to the
tumult should arise at Rome, were he openly to Lacedaemonians, in which the success of Thebes is
take vengeanco on Epagathus, nominated him said to have been owing mainly to the tactics of
Praefect of Egypt; but soon afterwards recalling Epaminondns. lic it was, indeed, who most
him from thence, caused him to be conducted to strongly urged the giving battle, while he em-
Crete, aud there quietly put to death. [Macri- ployed all the means in his power to raise the
NUS; DIADUMENIANUS ; ULPIANUS]. (Dion. Cass. courage of his countrymen, not excluding eren
lxxvii. 21, lxxviii. 39, 1xxx. 2. ) (W. R. ] omens and oracles, for which, when unfavourable,
EPAINE ('Etai"), that is, the fearful, a sur- he had but recently expressed his contemp. (Xen.
name of Persephone. " (Hom. 1. ix. 457. ) Plu- Hell. vi. 3. $S 18-20, 4. 88 1–15; Diod. xv,
tarch (de Auli poct. p. 23, a. ) derives the name 38, 51–56 ; Plut. Ages. 27, 28, Pelop. 20-23,
from alvos, which suggests, that it might also be Cam. 19, Reg. et Imp. Apoph. p. 58, ed. Tauchin. ,
understood in a euphemistic sense as the praised | De seips. cit. ind. laud. 16, De San. Tuend. Pruec.
goddess.
(L. S. ), 23 ; Paus. viii. 27, ix. 13; Polyaen. ii. 2; C.
EPAMINONDAS ("EtQuervávoas, 'Etajivuv- Nep. Epam. 6 ; Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 46, de Off. i.
das), the Theban general and statesman, son of 24 ; Suid. s. v. 'Esquivávoas. ) The project of
Polymnis, was born and reared in poverty, though Lycomedes for the founding of Megalopolis and the
his blood was noble. In his early years he is said union of Arcadia was vigorously encouraged and
to have enjoyed the instructions of Lysis of Taren- forwarded by Epaminondas, B. C. 370, as a barrier
tum, the Pythagorean, and we seem to trace the against Spartan dominion, though we need not
practical influence of this philosophy in sereral suppose with Pausanias that the plan originated
passages of his later life. (Plut. Pelop. 3, de Gen. with him. (Xen. Hel. vi. 5. 6, &c. ; Paus.
Soc. 8, &c. ; Ael. V. H. ii. 43, iii. 17, v. 5, xii. viii. 27, ir. 14; Diod. xv. 59 ; Aristot. Polit. ii.
43; Paus. iv. 31, viii. 52, ix. 13; C. Nep. Epam. 2, ed. Bekk. ) In the next year, B. c. 369, the
1, 2; comp. Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. p. 851, first invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Thebans
and the works of Dodwell and Bentley there re- took place, and when the rest of their generals were
ferred to. ) His close and enduring friendship with anxious to return home, as the term of their com-
Pelopidas, unbroken as it was through a long mand was drawing to a close, Epaminondas and
series of years, and amidst all the military and Pelopidas persuaded them to remain and to advance
civil offices which they held together, strikingly against Sparta. The country was ravaged as far
illustrates the tendency which contrast of character as the coast, and the city itself, thrown into the
has to cement attachments, when they have for utmost consternation by the unprecedented sight
their foundation some essential point of similarity of an enemy's fires, and endangered also by
and sympathy. According to some, their friend treachery within, was saved only by the calm finn-
ship originated in the campaign in which they ness and the wisdom of Agesilaus. Epaminondas,
served together on the Spartan side against Man- however, did not leave the Peloponnesus before he
tineia, where Pelopidas having fallen in a battle, had inflicted a most serious blow on Sparta, and
apparently dead, Epaminondas protected his body planted a permanent thorn in her side by the
at the imminent risk of his own life, B. C. 385. restoration of the Messenians to their country and
(Plut. Pelop. 4; Sen. Hell. v. 2. § 1, &c. ; Diod. the establishment of a new city, named Messene,
xv. 5, 12; Paus. viii. 8. ) When the Theban on the site of the ancient Ithome,-a work which
patriots engaged in their enterprise for the recovery was carried into effect with the utmost solemnity,
of the Cadmeia, in B. c. 379, Epaminondas held and, as Epaminondas wished to have it be-
aloof from it at first, from a fear, traceable to his lieved, not without the special interposition of gods
Pythagorean religion, lest innocent blood should and heroes. (ARISTONENES] Aleanwhile the
be shed in the tumult. To the object of the Lacedaemonians had applied successfully for aid to
attempt, however,-the delivery of Thebes from Athens ; but the Athenian general, Iphicrates,
Spartan domination,-he was of course favourable. seems to have acted on this occasion with less than
He bad studiously exerted himself already to raise his usual energy and ability, and the Theban army
the spirit and confidence of the Theban youths, made its way back in safety through an unguarded
urging them to match themselves in gymnastic pass of the Isthmus. Pausanias tells us that Epa-
exercises with the Lacedaemonians of the citadel, minondas advanced to the walls of Athens, and
and rebuking them, when successful in these, for that Iphicrates restrained his countrymen from
the tameness of their submission to the invaders ; marching out against him ; but the several accounts
and, when the first step in the enterprise had been of these movements are by no means clear. (Xen.
taken, and Archias and Leontiades were slain, he | Hell. vi. 5. § 22. &c. , 33—52, vii. 1. $ 27; Arist
## p. 23 (#39) ##############################################
EPAMINONDAS.
23
EPAMINONDAS.
ih Pulo-
9. 5, 12,
ithenian
Epami-
ador, to
ghly dis-
eady wit
whether
trcats in
recogni-
Boeotian
tans, the
Itogether,
otia The
tnl to the
Thebes is
tactics of
vho most
: he em-
raise the
ding eren
arourable,
pt. (Xen.
ENTO’RIA ('Evropia), the daughter of a Ro poems Eos not only announces the coming Helios,
man countryman. Cronos (Saturn) who was once but accompanies him throughout the day, and her
hospitably received by him, became, by his fair career is not complete till the evening; hence she
daughter, the father of four sons, Janus, Hymnus, is sometimes mentioned where one would have ex-
Faustus, and Felix. Cronos taught the father the pected Helios (Od. v. 390, n. 144); and the tragic
cultivation of the vine and the preparation of wine, writers completely identify her with Hemera, of
enjoining him to teach his neighbours the same. whom in later times the same myths are related as
This was done accordingly, but the country people, of Eos. (Paus. i. 3. § 1, iii. 18. $ 7. ) The later
who became intoxicated with their new drink, Greek and the Roman poets followed, on the whole,
thought it to be poison, and stoned their neighbour the notions of Eos, which Homer had established,
to death, whereupon his grandsons hung themselves and the splendour of a southern aurora, which
in their grief. At a much later time, when the lasts much longer than in our climate, is a favourite
Romans were visited by a plague, they were told topic with the ancient poets. Mythology repre-
by the Delphic oracle, that the plague was a punish- Bents her as having carried off several youths dis-
ment for the outrage committed on Entoria's father, tinguished for their beauty. Thus she carried
and Lutatius Catulus caused a temple to be erected away Orion, but the gods were angry at ber for it,
to Cronos on the Tarpeian rock, and in it an altar untii Artemis with a gentle arrow killed him.
with four faces. (Plut. Parall. Gr. et Rom. 9. ) [L. S. ) (Hom. Od. v. 121. ) According to Apollodorus (i.
ENYA'LIUS ('Evvárdos), the warlike, fre- 4. $ 4) Eos carried Orion to Delos, and was ever
quently occurs in the Iliad (never in the Odyssey) stimulated by Aphrodite. Cleitus, the son of
either as an epithet of Ares, or as a proper name Mantius, was carried by Eos to the seats of the
instead of Ares. (xvii. 211, ii. 651, vii. 166, viii. immortal gods (Od. xv. 250), and Tithonus, by
264, xiii. 519, xvii. 259, xviii. 309, XX. 69 ; comp. whom she became the mother of Emathion and
Pind. Oh xiii. 102, Nem. ix. 37. ) At a later time, Memnon, was obtained in like manner. She
however, Enyalius and Ares were distinguished as begged of Zeus to make him immortal, but forgot
two different gods of war, and Enyalius was looked to request him to add eternal youth. So long as
upon as a son of Ares and Enyo, or of Cronos and he was young and beautiful, she lived with him at
Rhea. (Aristoph. Paz, 457 ; Dionys. A. R. iii. the end of the earth, on the banks of Oceanus ;
48 ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 944. ) The name is and when he grew old, she nursed him, until at
evidently derived from Enyo, though one tradition length his voice disappeared and his body became
derived it from a Thracian Enyalius, who received quite dry. She then locked the body up in her
into his house those only who conquered him in chamber, or metamorphosed it into a cricket
single combat, and for the same reason reſused to (Hom. Hymn, in Ven. 218, &c. ; Horat. Carm. i.
receive Ares, but the latter slew him. (Eustath. 22. 8, ii. 16. 30 ; Apollod. iii. 12. § 4; Hes.
ad Hom. p. 673. ) The youths of Sparta sacrificed Theog. 984 ; Serv. ad Virg. Georg. i. 447, iii. 328,
young dogs to Ares under the name of Enyalius Aen. iv. 585. ) When her son Memnon was going
(Paus. iii. 14. & 9), and near the temple of Hippo- to fight against Achilles, she asked Hephaestus to
sthenes, at Sparta, there stood the ancient fettered give her arms for him, and when Memnon was
statue of Enyalius. (Paus. iii. 15, $ 5; comp. killed, her tears fell down in the form of mom-
ARES. ) Dionysus, too, is said to have been sur-ing dew. (Virg. Aen. viii. 384. ) By Astraeus
named Enyalius. (Macrob. Sat. i. 19. ) [L. S. ] Eos became the mother of Zephyrus, Boreas, No-
E'NYO ('Evvu), the goddess of war, who de- tus, Heosphorus, and the other stars. (Hesiod.
lights in bloodshed and the destruction of towns, Theog. 378. ) Cephalus was carried away by her
and accompanies Mars in battles. (Hom. ll. v. from the summit of mount Hymettus to Syria, and
333, 592 ; Eustath. p. 140. ) At Thebes and by him she became the mother of Phaëton or
Orchomenos, a festival called 'Ouoruña was cele- Tithonug, the father of Phaëton ; but afterwards
brated in honour of Zeus, Demeter, Athena and she restored her beloved to his wife Procris. (Hes.
Enyo, and Zeus was said to have received the sur- Theog. 984; Apollod. iii. 14. § 3 ; Paus. i.
name of Homoloïus from Homoloïs, a priestess of | 3. Ø 1; 0v. Met. vii. 703, &c. ; Hygin. Fab.
Enyo. (Suid. s. v. ; comp. Müller, Orchom. p. 189; comp. Cephalus. ) Eos was represented in
229, 2nd edit). A statue of Enyo, made by the the pediment of the kingly stoa at Athens in the
Bons of Praxiteles, stood in the temple of Ares at act of carrying off Cephalus, and in the same
Athens. (Paus. i. 8. $ 5. ) Among the Graeae in manner she was seen on the throne of the Amy-
Hesiod (Theog. 273) there is one called Enyo. claean Apollo. (Paus. i. 3. § 1, iii. 18. $ 7. ) At
Respecting the Roman goddess of war see BEL- Olympia she was represented in the act of praying
(L. S. ] to Zeus for Memnon. (v. 22. 2. ) In the works
EOS ('Hubs), in Latin Aurora, the goddess of of art still extant, she appears as a winged goddess
the morning red, who brings up the light of day or in a chariot drawn by four horses. [L S. )
from the east. She was a daughter of Hyperion EPACTAEUS or EPA'CTIUS ('Etaktaños or
and Theia or Euryphassa, and a sister of He 'ETÁKTIOS), that is, the god worshipped on the
lios and Selene. (Hes. Theog. 371, &c. ; Honi. coast, was used as a surname of Poseidon in Samos
Hymn in Sol. ii. ) 'Ovid (Met. ix. 420, Fast. iv. (Hesych. s. v. ), and of Apollo. (Orph. Argon.
373) calls her a daughter of Pallas. At the close 1 296 ; Apollon. Rhod. i. 404. ) (L. S. )
of night she rose from the couch of her beloved EPAE'NETUS ('Enalvetos), a culinary author
Tithonus, and on a chariot drawn by the swift frequently referred to by Athenaeus, wrote one
horses Lampus and Phaëton she ascended up to work - Ön Fishes” (riepl 'I xotwv, Athen. vi.
heaven from the river Oceanus, to announce the p. 328, f. ), and another “On the Art of Cook-
coming light of the sun to the gods as well as to | ery” ("Ofaptutixós, Athen. Ü. p. 58, b. , iü. p. 88,
LONA.
## p. 22 (#38) ##############################################
22
EPAMINONDAS.
EPAMINONDAS.
C. , vii. pp. 294, d. , 297, C. , 304, d. , 305, c. , 312, b. , I came forward and took part decisively with Pelo
313, b. , ix. pp. 371, e. , 395, f. , xii. p. 516, c. , xiv. pidas and his confedertes. (Plut. Pelop. 5, 12,
p. 662, d. )
de Gen. Soc. 3; Polyaen. ii. 2; Xcn. Tell. v.
EPA'GATHUS, a profligate freedman, who 4. § 2, &c. ) In a. C. 371, when the Athenian
along with Theocritus, a personage of the same envoy's went to Sparta to negotiate peace, Epami-
class and stamp with himself, exercised unbounded nondas also came thither, as an ambassador, to
influence over Caracalla, and wns retained in the look after the interests of Thebes, and highly dis
service of his successor. After the disastrous tinguished himself by his eloquence and ready wit
battle of Antioch, he was despntched by Macrinus in the debate which ensued on the question whether
to place Diadumenianus under the protection of Thebes should be allowed to ratify the treaty in
the Parthian king, Artabanus; and at a subse-| the name of all Boeotia, thus obtaining a recogni-
quent period we find that the death of the celestion of her claim to supremacy over the Boeotian
brated Domitius Ulpianus was ascribed to his towns. This being refused by the Spartans, the
minchinations, although the causes and circum- Thebans were excluded from the treaty altogether,
stances of that event are involved in deep obscu- and Cleombrotus was sent to invade Boeotia. The
rity. Alexander Severus, apprehensive lest somo result was the battle of Leuctra, so faunl to the
tumult should arise at Rome, were he openly to Lacedaemonians, in which the success of Thebes is
take vengeanco on Epagathus, nominated him said to have been owing mainly to the tactics of
Praefect of Egypt; but soon afterwards recalling Epaminondns. lic it was, indeed, who most
him from thence, caused him to be conducted to strongly urged the giving battle, while he em-
Crete, aud there quietly put to death. [Macri- ployed all the means in his power to raise the
NUS; DIADUMENIANUS ; ULPIANUS]. (Dion. Cass. courage of his countrymen, not excluding eren
lxxvii. 21, lxxviii. 39, 1xxx. 2. ) (W. R. ] omens and oracles, for which, when unfavourable,
EPAINE ('Etai"), that is, the fearful, a sur- he had but recently expressed his contemp. (Xen.
name of Persephone. " (Hom. 1. ix. 457. ) Plu- Hell. vi. 3. $S 18-20, 4. 88 1–15; Diod. xv,
tarch (de Auli poct. p. 23, a. ) derives the name 38, 51–56 ; Plut. Ages. 27, 28, Pelop. 20-23,
from alvos, which suggests, that it might also be Cam. 19, Reg. et Imp. Apoph. p. 58, ed. Tauchin. ,
understood in a euphemistic sense as the praised | De seips. cit. ind. laud. 16, De San. Tuend. Pruec.
goddess.
(L. S. ), 23 ; Paus. viii. 27, ix. 13; Polyaen. ii. 2; C.
EPAMINONDAS ("EtQuervávoas, 'Etajivuv- Nep. Epam. 6 ; Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 46, de Off. i.
das), the Theban general and statesman, son of 24 ; Suid. s. v. 'Esquivávoas. ) The project of
Polymnis, was born and reared in poverty, though Lycomedes for the founding of Megalopolis and the
his blood was noble. In his early years he is said union of Arcadia was vigorously encouraged and
to have enjoyed the instructions of Lysis of Taren- forwarded by Epaminondas, B. C. 370, as a barrier
tum, the Pythagorean, and we seem to trace the against Spartan dominion, though we need not
practical influence of this philosophy in sereral suppose with Pausanias that the plan originated
passages of his later life. (Plut. Pelop. 3, de Gen. with him. (Xen. Hel. vi. 5. 6, &c. ; Paus.
Soc. 8, &c. ; Ael. V. H. ii. 43, iii. 17, v. 5, xii. viii. 27, ir. 14; Diod. xv. 59 ; Aristot. Polit. ii.
43; Paus. iv. 31, viii. 52, ix. 13; C. Nep. Epam. 2, ed. Bekk. ) In the next year, B. c. 369, the
1, 2; comp. Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. p. 851, first invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Thebans
and the works of Dodwell and Bentley there re- took place, and when the rest of their generals were
ferred to. ) His close and enduring friendship with anxious to return home, as the term of their com-
Pelopidas, unbroken as it was through a long mand was drawing to a close, Epaminondas and
series of years, and amidst all the military and Pelopidas persuaded them to remain and to advance
civil offices which they held together, strikingly against Sparta. The country was ravaged as far
illustrates the tendency which contrast of character as the coast, and the city itself, thrown into the
has to cement attachments, when they have for utmost consternation by the unprecedented sight
their foundation some essential point of similarity of an enemy's fires, and endangered also by
and sympathy. According to some, their friend treachery within, was saved only by the calm finn-
ship originated in the campaign in which they ness and the wisdom of Agesilaus. Epaminondas,
served together on the Spartan side against Man- however, did not leave the Peloponnesus before he
tineia, where Pelopidas having fallen in a battle, had inflicted a most serious blow on Sparta, and
apparently dead, Epaminondas protected his body planted a permanent thorn in her side by the
at the imminent risk of his own life, B. C. 385. restoration of the Messenians to their country and
(Plut. Pelop. 4; Sen. Hell. v. 2. § 1, &c. ; Diod. the establishment of a new city, named Messene,
xv. 5, 12; Paus. viii. 8. ) When the Theban on the site of the ancient Ithome,-a work which
patriots engaged in their enterprise for the recovery was carried into effect with the utmost solemnity,
of the Cadmeia, in B. c. 379, Epaminondas held and, as Epaminondas wished to have it be-
aloof from it at first, from a fear, traceable to his lieved, not without the special interposition of gods
Pythagorean religion, lest innocent blood should and heroes. (ARISTONENES] Aleanwhile the
be shed in the tumult. To the object of the Lacedaemonians had applied successfully for aid to
attempt, however,-the delivery of Thebes from Athens ; but the Athenian general, Iphicrates,
Spartan domination,-he was of course favourable. seems to have acted on this occasion with less than
He bad studiously exerted himself already to raise his usual energy and ability, and the Theban army
the spirit and confidence of the Theban youths, made its way back in safety through an unguarded
urging them to match themselves in gymnastic pass of the Isthmus. Pausanias tells us that Epa-
exercises with the Lacedaemonians of the citadel, minondas advanced to the walls of Athens, and
and rebuking them, when successful in these, for that Iphicrates restrained his countrymen from
the tameness of their submission to the invaders ; marching out against him ; but the several accounts
and, when the first step in the enterprise had been of these movements are by no means clear. (Xen.
taken, and Archias and Leontiades were slain, he | Hell. vi. 5. § 22. &c. , 33—52, vii. 1. $ 27; Arist
## p. 23 (#39) ##############################################
EPAMINONDAS.
23
EPAMINONDAS.
ih Pulo-
9. 5, 12,
ithenian
Epami-
ador, to
ghly dis-
eady wit
whether
trcats in
recogni-
Boeotian
tans, the
Itogether,
otia The
tnl to the
Thebes is
tactics of
vho most
: he em-
raise the
ding eren
arourable,
pt. (Xen.
