ren, xvi, 1 16, 149, 197, 344, 354 Klages, Ludwig, 85, 146
Klee,Paul, 19,34,60,82, 124,221,257,290,
292
Kleist, Heinrich von, 230
Kraus, Karl;63, 70, 93, 102, 149, 314, 369 n.
Klee,Paul, 19,34,60,82, 124,221,257,290,
292
Kleist, Heinrich von, 230
Kraus, Karl;63, 70, 93, 102, 149, 314, 369 n.
Theoder-Adorno-Aesthetic-Theory
See Fritz Krause, "Maske und Ahnenfigur: Das Motiv der Hiille und das Prinzip der Form," in
Kulturanthropologie, ed. W. E. Miihlmann and E. W. Miiller (Cologne and Berlin, 1966), p. 231 . 14. Heinz Werner, Einflihrung in die Entwicklungspsychologie (Leipzig , 1 926) , p . 269.
1 5 . Krause, "Maske und Ahnenfigur," pp. 223ff.
16. Ibid. ,p. 224.
Draft Introduction
1 . Ivo Frenzel, "Asthetik," in Philosophie. ed. A. Diemer and I. Frenzel. vol. 1 1 (Frankfurt. 1958), p. 35.
2. See Benjamin. The Origin of German Tragic Drama, trans. lohn Osborne (London, 1977), pp. 43ff.
3. SeeAdorno,"NotesonKafka,"inPrisms. trans. SamuelWeberandShierryWeber(Cambridge, 1981), pp. 243ff.
4. See Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Aesthetics, trans. T. M. Knox . vol. 1 (Oxford, 1975). p. 34.
5 . Apart from the doctrine of disinterested satisfaction , which originates directly from the formal subjectivism of Kant's aesthetics, the historical boundaries of Kant's aesthetics are most apparent in his doctrine that the sublime belongs exclusively to nature, not to art . The art of his epoch, of which he philosophically gave a summary description. is characterized by the fact that without concerning itself with Kant and probably without being informed of his verdict. it immersed itself in the ideal of the sub- lime; this is above all true of Beethoven, whom incidently even Hegel never mentions. This historical limit was simultaneously a limit set up against the past. in the spirit of an age that disdained the baroque and whatever tended toward the baroque in Renaissance works as too much bound up with the recent past. It is deeply paradoxical that nowhere does Kant come closer to the young Goethe and bourgeois revolutionary art than in his description of the sublime; the young poets , the contemporaries of his old age. shared his sense of nature and by giving it expression vindicated the feeling of the sub- lime as an artistic ratherthan a moral reality. "Consider bold. overhanging, and, as it were, threatening rocks, thunderclouds piling up in the sky and moving about accompanied by lightning and thunder- claps, volcanos with all their destructive power, hurricanes with all the devastation they leave behind . the boundless ocean heaved up. the high waterfall of a mighty river. and so on. Compared to the might of any of these, our ability to resist becomes an insignificant trifle. Yet the sight of them becomes all the more attractive the more fearful it is, provided we are in a safe place. And we like to call these objects sublime because they raise the soul's fortitude above its usual middle range and allow us to discover in ourselves an ability to resist that is of a quite different kind, and that gives us the courage to believe that we could be a match for nature's seeming omnipotence. " Kant. Critique ofJudgment. trans. Werner S. Pluhar (Indianapolis, 1987), p. 120,
6. "Thesublime,however,canalsobefoundinaformlessobject,insofaraswepresentunbounded- ness, either [as] in the object or because the object prompts us to present it, while yet we add to this unboundedness the thought of its totality. " Ibid. , p. 98.
7. See Donald Brinkmann, Natur und Kunst: Zur Phiinomenologie des iisthetischen Gegen- standes (Zurich and Leipzig, 1938).
8. [Adorno is referring to Hermann Cohen,Asthetik des reinen Geflihls (Leipzig, 1912). -trans. ]
9. SeeArthurSchopenhauer,The Worldas WillandRepresentation(NewYork,1963),pp. 521ff. 10. [Karl Gustav Jochmann (1789-1830), the German scholar and political author known for his
378 0 NOTES TO PAGES 337-63
Studies on Protestantism and, most important, On Language, a sociopolitical study of language. See Walter Benjamin, "Carl Gustav Iochmann: Die Rlickschritte der Poesie," in Schriften, ed. Th. W. Adorno and G. Adorno, vol. 2. 2 (Frankfurt, 1955), pp. 572ff. -trans. ]
1 1 . See Hanns Gutman, "Literaten haben die Oper erfunden," in Anbruch, vol. 1 1 (1929), pp. 256ff.
12. [AsatiricalMunichweeklythatappeared 1896-1944,publishedinitiallyby A. LangerandTh. Heine. -trans. ]
13. See Adorno, "Parataxis: On Holderlin's Late Poetry," in Notes to Literature, trans. Shierry Weber Nicholsen, vol. 2 (New York, 1992), pp. t09ff.
14. SeePierreBoulez,"Necessited'uneorientationesthetique,"inZeugnisse: TheodorW. Adorno zum Sechzigsten Geburtstag, ed. M. Horkheimer (Frankfurt, 1963), p. 334ff.
1 5 . See Iohann Gottlieb Fichte , "First Introduction to the Science of Knowledge ," in J. G. Fichte: Science ofKnowledge, ed. and trans. Peter Heath and Iohn Lachs (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 3-28.
16. See Adorno, Hegel: Three Studies, trans. Shierry Weber (Boston, 1993).
17. See Max Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic ofEnlightenment, trans. John Cumming (New York,1972),pp. 187-200.
1 8 . See Adorno, "On Lyric Poetry and Society," in Notes to Literature, vol. I , pp. 34ff.
1 9 . S ee A d o rn o , l n t r od uc t i o n t o t h e S o c i o l o g y of M u s i c , tra n s . A s h t o n ( N e w Y o r k , 1 9 7 6 ) , c h a p t e r 1 2 . 20. See Adorno, "Uber das gegenwartige Verhliltnis von Philosophie und Musik," in Filosojia
dell'arte (Rome and Milan, 1953), pp. 5ff.
Editors' Mterword
1. [Translatedby E. B. Ashton (New York, I963). -trans. ]
2. [Although Adorno did not write the book on moral philosophy, his lectures on the topic will be published as Probleme der Moralphilosophie in volume to ofhis posthumous writings. -trans. ]
3. [Translated, edited, and with an introduction by Robert Hullot-Kentor (Minneapolis, 1989). - trans. ]
4. [Translated with introduction and annotation by Iuliane Brand and Christopher Hailey (Cam- bridge, 1991). -trans. ]
5. ["Einleitung zu Emile Durkheim Soziologie und Philosophie, " in Gesammelte Schriften vol. 8 , p. 245. -trans. ]
6. ["Charmed Language: On the Poetry of Rudolf Borchardt," in Notes to Literature, trans. Shierry WeberNicholsen, vol. 2 (New York, l992), p. 193. -trans. ]
7. [Translated by Glyn Adley and David Frisby (London, 1976). -trans. ]
8. [Adorno, "Marginalia zu Theorie und Praxis," in Stichworte, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. to. 1 (Frankfurt, 1977), p. 759. -trans. ]
Index
Compiled by Hassan Melehy
Adorno, Gretel, xviii 98, 100-101 , 107, 1 10, 1 15, 1 16, 123, 141 , Alembert, Jean d', 76 174, 177, 179, 185, 188, 195, 198, 200,
Altenberg,Peter,70 206-7,209,212,215,218,221,222,224,
Anders, Giinther, 153
Andersen, Hans Christian, 179
Apollinaire , Guillaume, 8
Aristophanes, 225
Aristotle, 108, 125, 164,202,203,220,238 Atget, Eugene, 56
Auschwitz, 152
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 59-60, 106-7, 142, 158, 160, 172, 183, 186, 199,201,209,210, 2 1 1 , 2 1 2 , 220 , 22 1 , 294, 337
Bachofen, Johann, 2, 268
Bacon, Francis, 255
Barbey d'Aurevilly, Jules, 257 Baudelaire,Charles,8, 14,20,21,22,36,40,48,
49, 79, 85, 92, 1 14, 133, 161 , 163, 192, 224, 236,237,240,254,257,281,298,316,321, 322, 354
Baum, Vicky, 314
Beaumarchais, Pierre de, 242 Beckett,Samuel, 16,20,27,30-31,32,46,79,
81-82,92, 128, 133, 134, 135, 147, 153, 154, 198,219,224,234,249-50,271,302, 317, 318, 320, 322, 340,347, 366, 370 n. 16
Beethoven,Ludwigvan,9, 13,39,45,85,88,
241 , 245, 253, 270, 277, 284, 290, 298, 307,
319-20, 349, 358, 377 n. 5 Benjamin,Walter,xv, xvi,23,25,33,44-45,56,
77, 79, 84, 85, 92, 100, 1 12, 1 16, 145-46, 172, 175, 182, 193, 195, 196,205,218,254, 263, 272, 274-75, 279, 299, 300, 310-1 1 , 320, 322, 333, 339, 354, 362, 368 n . 5 , 369 nn. 3,5, 378 n. 1 1
Benn, Gottfried, 46
Berg,Alban, 14,43,207,215,269,276,304,
361,362,363,369n. 5,371 n. 8 Bergson,Henri,69, 132,326 Berlioz, Hector, 38, 195, 215, 218 Bloch, Ernst, 37
Borchadt, Rudolf, 20, 68, 363, 370 n. 8 Boulez, Pierre, 216, 342
Brahms, Johannes, 276, 294
Braque, Georges, 302
Brecht,Bertolt, 18,27,32,36,40,56,79,99, 123, 147, 149, 161 , 206, 210, 220, 226, 232, 242,247,262,299,310
Breton,Andre,94
Bruckner, Anton, 20, 192, 294 Biichner,Georg,41, 195
379
Cage, John, 154
Carossa,Hans,41
Carroll, Lewis, 252
Celan , Paul , 2 1 9 , 32 1 , 322
Cervantes, Miguel de, 27-28, 225, 247-48 Chopin, Frederic, 16, 294
Cimabue,211
Claudius, Mathias, 194
Cocteau,Jean, 36, 298
Colette , 3 1 3 , 3 1 4
Corot, Camille, 68
Courths-Mahler, Hedwig, 300
Croce, Benedetto, 199, 201, 267, 325-26, 333
Dalf, Salvador, 229
d'Annunzio, Gabriele, 239 Debussy,Claude,20, 151, 190, 198,214,301,
308-9
de Gaulle , Charles, 254 Dewey, John, 335, 353 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 85, 345 Durkheim, Emile, 362--63
Eichendorff, Joseph, 55 Eliot, T. S. , 254
Engels, Friedrich, 374 n. 1 Epicurus, ? 2
Ernst, Max, 256, 298 Euripides, 52, 232
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 1 10, 170, 343 Flaubert,Gustave,4,36, 194,285 Freud, Sigmund, 8, 9-13, 61, 1 17, 183 Frisch, Max, 48
Frobenius, Leo, 280, 326
Gauguin, Paul, 195
Gehlen, Arnold, 309, 327
Geiger, Moritz, 332
George, Stefan, xvi, 1 6 , 49 , 94, 102, 176, 237,
248-49
Gesualdo de Venosa, Carlo, 41
Gide, Andre, 102
Giotto di Bondone, 2 1 1
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 7 1 , 72, 73, 1 14,
128, 132, 151, 161, 171, 179, 186, 193,233,
248, 340, 357, 369 n. 17, 375 n. 7, 377 n. 5 Gogh, Vincent van, 41, 149, 150
Gorki, Maxime, 257
Grab, Hermann, 158 Greco,EI,41, 195 Guevara, Che, 212 Guys, Constantin, 3 1 6
Haag, Karl Heinz, 135
Haas, Willy, 313
Habermas , Jiirgen, 367 n . 1 2 Halm, August, 201 Hauptmann, Gerhart, 49, 257 Hauser, Arnold, 327
Haydn, Joseph, 198, 222-24
Hebbel, Friedrich, 69, 75, 194
Hebel, Johann Peter, 62, 194 Hege1,G. W. F. ,xvi, 1,3,6,7, 12, 13, 15, 17,
18-19,27, 32,41,44,46,50,51,57,61,62, 63, 64, 65--66, 7 1 , 72 , 73 , 74-77 , 80, 82, 89, 90, 9 1-92, 94, 97, 99, 102, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1 10, 1 13, 1 18, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 159, 161, 163, 165, 169, 171, 179, 181, 185, 199,201,206,208,212,219,222,246, 250, 263 , 265, 266--67 , 27 1 , 273-75, 296, 299,308,313,316,320,323,325-26, 333-34, 335, 337, 338, 342, 343, 344-45,
3 5 1 , 3 5 2 , 3 5 3 , 3 5 4 -5 6 , 3 6 4
Heidegger, Martin, 99, 352, 368 n. 8, 370 n. 3 Herskovits, Melville J. , 326, 329
Hitler,Adolf, 18,24,49
Hofmannstahl, Hugo von, 16, 237 Hoiderlin,Friedrich,xviii,39,71,74, 191,240,
364
Holm, Erik, 327-28, 375 n. 10
Holz, Arno, 248-49
Homer, 6, 1 86-87
Horace, 12,28
Horkheimer, Max, xii, 330-3 1 , 369 nn. 2, 8, 378
n. 17
Hugo, Victor, 20 Huizinga,Johan,318-19 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 7 1 , 7 2 Husserl, Edmund, 70, 285-86 Huxley, Aldous, 257, 281
Ibsen,Henrik,96,237,257,281,346 Ionesco,Eugene,347
Jochmann,Karl Gustav, 337 Joyce, James, 26, 1 12, 149,285
380 D INDEX
232, 254-55, 302, 322, 333
Maeteriinck, Maurice, 239, 270, 310 Mahler, Gustav, xv,41 , 189, 197, 221 Mallarme, Stephane, 24, 38, 94, 321 Malraux,Andre,254
Manet, Edouard, 36, 291
238,298,328, 330
Poe, Edgar Allan, 19, 20, 72, 121, 133, 298 Pound, Ezra, 254
Proust, Marcel, xvi, 63, 67, 102, 132, 135, 149,
187, 285, 301, 339 Puccini,Giacomo,209,313-14 Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre, 36
INDEX 0 381
Mann,Thomas,150,185,318
Marcuse, Herbert, 252, 376 n. 44
Marx, Karl, 161, 168-69, 193, 208, 227, 244,
260, 354
Masson, Andre, 229, 256, 276, 300
Mautz, Kurt, 207
Mendelssohn,Felix, 292 Mendelssohn,Moses, 10
Meuniers, Emile, 230
Meyer,Theodor,97-98
Meyerhold, Karl, 256
Meyrink,Gustav, 19
Michelangelo Buonarrotti, 1 10
Milton, John, 227
Mondrian, Piet, 57, 1 1 8
Monet, Claude, 192
Morike, Eduard, 123-24, 297
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, xvi, 14, 63, 1 19,
141, 162, 177,200,220,221,232,253,294, 306-7, 337
Napoleon, 161, 198
Nestroy , Johann, 3 1 4
Newman, Barnett, xii
Newman, Ernest, 20
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 3 , 47 , 49-50, 5 1 , 70, 101 ,
129, 136, 144, 170, 204, 233, 257, 263 , 28 1 ,
284,341,356,375n. 18 Novalis, 373 n. 8
Oedipus, 358
O f fe n b a c h , J a c q u e s , 3 1 4 Olbrich, Elfriede, 366
Leonardo da Vinci, 8
Lessing, Gotthold, 84, 370 n. 6
Liebruck, Bruno , 356
Ligeti,Gyorgy, 156
Locke,John,279 216,237,256,257,258,287,298,302 Loos, Adolf, 26, 46, 58 , 60
Lorenz, Konrad, 309, 327
Lukacs,Gyorgy,43,95, 141-42, 147, 158, 188,
lugendstil, 16,87,116,155,237,239,257-58, 292, 316, 321 , 270-7 1
Jung, Carl, 85
Kafka, Franz, 12, 13, 16, 19, 1 12, 126, 127,
1 95-96 , 230-3 1 , 304, 3 1 8 , 322, 333, 339
Kahler,Erich,79
Kahnweiler,Daniel-Henry, 158,301 Kandinsky, Wassily, 87, 145, 149, 207, 293 Kant,Immanuel,xiii,6,9-13, 15, 18,22,43,48,
49, 57, 59, 61 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,70, 7 1 , 72, 76,90,91,92,94,97,99, 109, 113, 114, 116, 125, 126, 138, 139, 140, 147, 152, 163-66, 170, 171, 179, 196-97, 198-99, 202, 216, 217, 245, 266-67, 269, 276, 288, 334, 336, 338, 343,351, 352,353, 354-56
Kierkegaard, S?
ren, xvi, 1 16, 149, 197, 344, 354 Klages, Ludwig, 85, 146
Klee,Paul, 19,34,60,82, 124,221,257,290,
292
Kleist, Heinrich von, 230
Kraus, Karl;63, 70, 93, 102, 149, 314, 369 n. 3 Krause, Fritz, 280-8 1 , 328
Krenek, Ernst, 304
Kubin, Alfred, 19
Kuhn, Helmut, 2
Kiirnberger, Ferdinand, 19, 224
Laclos, Pierre, 224 Laforgue,Rene,8
Lagerlof, Selma, 135
L a u t re a m o n t , C o m t e d e , 1 9 5 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 236, 282 Lenhardt, C. , 367 n. 8
Palladio, Andrea, 59
Perutz. Leo, 83
Pfitzner, Hans, 4 1 Picasso,Pablo,24,30,44,93, 106, 158, 178,
Piero della Francesca, 2 1 1 , 337
Pissarro , Camille, 24, 67
Plato,xv, 82, 83, 108, 132,201,202,203,225,
Raphael, 337
Ratz, Erwin, 239
Ravel , Maurice, 1 8 5
Rembrandt van Rijn, 9, 1 10
Renoir, Pierre Auguste, 67
Resch, Walter, 280, 327
Riegl,Alois,60, 146, 169
Riesmann,David, 1 16, 374 n. 2
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 1 12, 237 Rimbaud,Arthur,3-4,20,22,33,46,93, 192,
237 , 3 1 6
Rosenkranz, Karl, 46
Rossini, Gioacchino, 106 Rousseau , Jean-Jacques, 63-64, 68
Sade, Marquis de, 132 Saint-Saens,Camille,20,301
Saint-Simon, Claude, 76, 218
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 236, 242, 256, 347, 375 n. 1 8 Scharoun,H. B. ,44 Schelling,Friedrich,47,61,72,77,78,91, 110,
130, 222, 344
Schikaneder, Emmanuel, 268
Schiller, Friedrich, 27, 28, 62, 151 , 161 , 17 1 ,
197, 226, 234, 303, 317 Schlegel,Friedrich, 366 Schlosser, Katesa, 327 , 375 n. 2 1 Schnabel, Artur, lOS
Schoen, Ernst, 28
Schoenberg,Arnold,4, 16,20,22,30,36,40,
43,44,93, 115, 137, 147, 158, 189,200, 206, 215, 216, 230, 254, 257, 270, 302, 304, 323 , 342, 356, 374 n. 5
Schopenhauer' Arthur, 102, 137, 138, 149, 346, 377 n. 9
Schubert, Franz, 4O, 72, 1 12, 159-60, 172, 173, 188,294
Schulze, Wolfgang (Wols), 84
Schumann, Robert, 168, 1 84 Shakespeare,William,27,45,71, 102, 128,213,
247, 254-55 Sibelius,Jean,41 Simmel, Georg, 334 Smetana,Bedrich,311 Solger, Karl, 72 Sombart, Werner, 20 Speiser, Felix, 280-8 1 Staiger, Emil, 235 Stalin, Josef, 254
Stein, Erwin, 142
Stendhal, 3 1 1
Steuermann, Edward , 25 1 , 304
Stifter, Adalbert, 233
Stockhausen, Karlheinz, 24, 38, 159, 177-78 Storm,Theodor, 276
Strauss,Johann,314
Strauss, Richard, 38, 192, 215, 216, 290 Stravinsky,Igor, 36, 179, 269, 270, 299 Strindberg,August,96, 254,257 Sudermann, Hermann, 249
Suhrkamp, Peter, 362
Szondi, Peter, 3 2 1
Thoma,Hans,41
Tiedemann, Rolf, xviii, 367 n. 13 Tolstoy,Leo,88, 198,241 Toscanini, Arturo, 13
Trakl, Georg, 122-23 , 290, 372 n. 2 Trotsky,Leon, 168 Turner,Joseph,41, 173
Ulbricht, Walter, 254
Valery, Paul, 6, 24, 81, 14O, 16O, 162, 174-75, 181, 185, 217, 219, 227,288, 291, 297, 298, 32 1 , 326, 352, 359, 370 n. 7
Van Dongen, Kees, 229 Verdi, Giuseppe, 209 Verlaine,Paul,39,65, 151 Vermeer,Jan, 149
Vico, Giambattista, 254
Vischer, Friedrich Theodor, 99, 128 Voltaire, 232, 3 14
Wagner, Richard, 14, 20, 39, 52, 99, 102, 1 19, 129, 152, 169, 193, 197,242,253,262-63, 294, 3 10, 371 n. 1 , 375 nn. 17, 18, 376 n. 31
Warburg, Aby, 354
Weber,Carl,63, 1l9
Weber,Max, 20, 54, 1 16 Webern,Antonvon,43, 78, 146, 159-60, 180,
181 , 212, 216, 302, 304, 374 n. 5 Wedekind,Frank,8, 19,42,81,84,88,269,310,
Werner, Heinz, 328 Wieland, Renate , 376 n. 1 Wiggerhaus , Rolf, xx Wilde , Oscar, 1 6 , 239
382 0 INDEX
340
Williams. William Carlos. 123
Winckelmann. Joachim. 372 n. 10 Wittgenstein. Ludwig. 205,318,369n. 18,371
n. 2
Wols. See Schulze . Wolfgang
Zeising, Arnold, 142 Zhdanov. Andrei. 55, 254 Zola. Emile,230. 249 Zweig. Stefan, 39
INDEX 0 383
? Thispage intentionally left blank
Theodor W. Adorno (1903-69), philosopher, sociologist, composer, and musi- cologist, is one ofthis century's major figures in cultural criticism. Along with Max Horkheimer, he was a founder of the Institut fUr Sozialforschung at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt. Fleeing the Nazis in 1933, he spent the war years in the United States and returned to Germany in 1 949 to teach and reestablish the Institut. Adorno's books include The Dialectic ofEnlightenment (1944), Philosophy ofModern Music (1948), Negative Dialectics (1966), and Aesthetic Theory ( 1 970).
Robert HulJot? Kentor is a writer and lives in Palo Alto, California. He has taught comparative literature at Stanford University and has been a Mellon Faculty Fellow at Harvard University. He was a fellow at the Getty Institute and in the University Professors Program at Boston University. He has written widely on Theodor W. Adorno and translated many of his works, including Kierkegaard: Construction ofthe Aesthetic (Minnesota, 1989).
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Kulturanthropologie, ed. W. E. Miihlmann and E. W. Miiller (Cologne and Berlin, 1966), p. 231 . 14. Heinz Werner, Einflihrung in die Entwicklungspsychologie (Leipzig , 1 926) , p . 269.
1 5 . Krause, "Maske und Ahnenfigur," pp. 223ff.
16. Ibid. ,p. 224.
Draft Introduction
1 . Ivo Frenzel, "Asthetik," in Philosophie. ed. A. Diemer and I. Frenzel. vol. 1 1 (Frankfurt. 1958), p. 35.
2. See Benjamin. The Origin of German Tragic Drama, trans. lohn Osborne (London, 1977), pp. 43ff.
3. SeeAdorno,"NotesonKafka,"inPrisms. trans. SamuelWeberandShierryWeber(Cambridge, 1981), pp. 243ff.
4. See Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Aesthetics, trans. T. M. Knox . vol. 1 (Oxford, 1975). p. 34.
5 . Apart from the doctrine of disinterested satisfaction , which originates directly from the formal subjectivism of Kant's aesthetics, the historical boundaries of Kant's aesthetics are most apparent in his doctrine that the sublime belongs exclusively to nature, not to art . The art of his epoch, of which he philosophically gave a summary description. is characterized by the fact that without concerning itself with Kant and probably without being informed of his verdict. it immersed itself in the ideal of the sub- lime; this is above all true of Beethoven, whom incidently even Hegel never mentions. This historical limit was simultaneously a limit set up against the past. in the spirit of an age that disdained the baroque and whatever tended toward the baroque in Renaissance works as too much bound up with the recent past. It is deeply paradoxical that nowhere does Kant come closer to the young Goethe and bourgeois revolutionary art than in his description of the sublime; the young poets , the contemporaries of his old age. shared his sense of nature and by giving it expression vindicated the feeling of the sub- lime as an artistic ratherthan a moral reality. "Consider bold. overhanging, and, as it were, threatening rocks, thunderclouds piling up in the sky and moving about accompanied by lightning and thunder- claps, volcanos with all their destructive power, hurricanes with all the devastation they leave behind . the boundless ocean heaved up. the high waterfall of a mighty river. and so on. Compared to the might of any of these, our ability to resist becomes an insignificant trifle. Yet the sight of them becomes all the more attractive the more fearful it is, provided we are in a safe place. And we like to call these objects sublime because they raise the soul's fortitude above its usual middle range and allow us to discover in ourselves an ability to resist that is of a quite different kind, and that gives us the courage to believe that we could be a match for nature's seeming omnipotence. " Kant. Critique ofJudgment. trans. Werner S. Pluhar (Indianapolis, 1987), p. 120,
6. "Thesublime,however,canalsobefoundinaformlessobject,insofaraswepresentunbounded- ness, either [as] in the object or because the object prompts us to present it, while yet we add to this unboundedness the thought of its totality. " Ibid. , p. 98.
7. See Donald Brinkmann, Natur und Kunst: Zur Phiinomenologie des iisthetischen Gegen- standes (Zurich and Leipzig, 1938).
8. [Adorno is referring to Hermann Cohen,Asthetik des reinen Geflihls (Leipzig, 1912). -trans. ]
9. SeeArthurSchopenhauer,The Worldas WillandRepresentation(NewYork,1963),pp. 521ff. 10. [Karl Gustav Jochmann (1789-1830), the German scholar and political author known for his
378 0 NOTES TO PAGES 337-63
Studies on Protestantism and, most important, On Language, a sociopolitical study of language. See Walter Benjamin, "Carl Gustav Iochmann: Die Rlickschritte der Poesie," in Schriften, ed. Th. W. Adorno and G. Adorno, vol. 2. 2 (Frankfurt, 1955), pp. 572ff. -trans. ]
1 1 . See Hanns Gutman, "Literaten haben die Oper erfunden," in Anbruch, vol. 1 1 (1929), pp. 256ff.
12. [AsatiricalMunichweeklythatappeared 1896-1944,publishedinitiallyby A. LangerandTh. Heine. -trans. ]
13. See Adorno, "Parataxis: On Holderlin's Late Poetry," in Notes to Literature, trans. Shierry Weber Nicholsen, vol. 2 (New York, 1992), pp. t09ff.
14. SeePierreBoulez,"Necessited'uneorientationesthetique,"inZeugnisse: TheodorW. Adorno zum Sechzigsten Geburtstag, ed. M. Horkheimer (Frankfurt, 1963), p. 334ff.
1 5 . See Iohann Gottlieb Fichte , "First Introduction to the Science of Knowledge ," in J. G. Fichte: Science ofKnowledge, ed. and trans. Peter Heath and Iohn Lachs (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 3-28.
16. See Adorno, Hegel: Three Studies, trans. Shierry Weber (Boston, 1993).
17. See Max Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic ofEnlightenment, trans. John Cumming (New York,1972),pp. 187-200.
1 8 . See Adorno, "On Lyric Poetry and Society," in Notes to Literature, vol. I , pp. 34ff.
1 9 . S ee A d o rn o , l n t r od uc t i o n t o t h e S o c i o l o g y of M u s i c , tra n s . A s h t o n ( N e w Y o r k , 1 9 7 6 ) , c h a p t e r 1 2 . 20. See Adorno, "Uber das gegenwartige Verhliltnis von Philosophie und Musik," in Filosojia
dell'arte (Rome and Milan, 1953), pp. 5ff.
Editors' Mterword
1. [Translatedby E. B. Ashton (New York, I963). -trans. ]
2. [Although Adorno did not write the book on moral philosophy, his lectures on the topic will be published as Probleme der Moralphilosophie in volume to ofhis posthumous writings. -trans. ]
3. [Translated, edited, and with an introduction by Robert Hullot-Kentor (Minneapolis, 1989). - trans. ]
4. [Translated with introduction and annotation by Iuliane Brand and Christopher Hailey (Cam- bridge, 1991). -trans. ]
5. ["Einleitung zu Emile Durkheim Soziologie und Philosophie, " in Gesammelte Schriften vol. 8 , p. 245. -trans. ]
6. ["Charmed Language: On the Poetry of Rudolf Borchardt," in Notes to Literature, trans. Shierry WeberNicholsen, vol. 2 (New York, l992), p. 193. -trans. ]
7. [Translated by Glyn Adley and David Frisby (London, 1976). -trans. ]
8. [Adorno, "Marginalia zu Theorie und Praxis," in Stichworte, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. to. 1 (Frankfurt, 1977), p. 759. -trans. ]
Index
Compiled by Hassan Melehy
Adorno, Gretel, xviii 98, 100-101 , 107, 1 10, 1 15, 1 16, 123, 141 , Alembert, Jean d', 76 174, 177, 179, 185, 188, 195, 198, 200,
Altenberg,Peter,70 206-7,209,212,215,218,221,222,224,
Anders, Giinther, 153
Andersen, Hans Christian, 179
Apollinaire , Guillaume, 8
Aristophanes, 225
Aristotle, 108, 125, 164,202,203,220,238 Atget, Eugene, 56
Auschwitz, 152
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 59-60, 106-7, 142, 158, 160, 172, 183, 186, 199,201,209,210, 2 1 1 , 2 1 2 , 220 , 22 1 , 294, 337
Bachofen, Johann, 2, 268
Bacon, Francis, 255
Barbey d'Aurevilly, Jules, 257 Baudelaire,Charles,8, 14,20,21,22,36,40,48,
49, 79, 85, 92, 1 14, 133, 161 , 163, 192, 224, 236,237,240,254,257,281,298,316,321, 322, 354
Baum, Vicky, 314
Beaumarchais, Pierre de, 242 Beckett,Samuel, 16,20,27,30-31,32,46,79,
81-82,92, 128, 133, 134, 135, 147, 153, 154, 198,219,224,234,249-50,271,302, 317, 318, 320, 322, 340,347, 366, 370 n. 16
Beethoven,Ludwigvan,9, 13,39,45,85,88,
241 , 245, 253, 270, 277, 284, 290, 298, 307,
319-20, 349, 358, 377 n. 5 Benjamin,Walter,xv, xvi,23,25,33,44-45,56,
77, 79, 84, 85, 92, 100, 1 12, 1 16, 145-46, 172, 175, 182, 193, 195, 196,205,218,254, 263, 272, 274-75, 279, 299, 300, 310-1 1 , 320, 322, 333, 339, 354, 362, 368 n . 5 , 369 nn. 3,5, 378 n. 1 1
Benn, Gottfried, 46
Berg,Alban, 14,43,207,215,269,276,304,
361,362,363,369n. 5,371 n. 8 Bergson,Henri,69, 132,326 Berlioz, Hector, 38, 195, 215, 218 Bloch, Ernst, 37
Borchadt, Rudolf, 20, 68, 363, 370 n. 8 Boulez, Pierre, 216, 342
Brahms, Johannes, 276, 294
Braque, Georges, 302
Brecht,Bertolt, 18,27,32,36,40,56,79,99, 123, 147, 149, 161 , 206, 210, 220, 226, 232, 242,247,262,299,310
Breton,Andre,94
Bruckner, Anton, 20, 192, 294 Biichner,Georg,41, 195
379
Cage, John, 154
Carossa,Hans,41
Carroll, Lewis, 252
Celan , Paul , 2 1 9 , 32 1 , 322
Cervantes, Miguel de, 27-28, 225, 247-48 Chopin, Frederic, 16, 294
Cimabue,211
Claudius, Mathias, 194
Cocteau,Jean, 36, 298
Colette , 3 1 3 , 3 1 4
Corot, Camille, 68
Courths-Mahler, Hedwig, 300
Croce, Benedetto, 199, 201, 267, 325-26, 333
Dalf, Salvador, 229
d'Annunzio, Gabriele, 239 Debussy,Claude,20, 151, 190, 198,214,301,
308-9
de Gaulle , Charles, 254 Dewey, John, 335, 353 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 85, 345 Durkheim, Emile, 362--63
Eichendorff, Joseph, 55 Eliot, T. S. , 254
Engels, Friedrich, 374 n. 1 Epicurus, ? 2
Ernst, Max, 256, 298 Euripides, 52, 232
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 1 10, 170, 343 Flaubert,Gustave,4,36, 194,285 Freud, Sigmund, 8, 9-13, 61, 1 17, 183 Frisch, Max, 48
Frobenius, Leo, 280, 326
Gauguin, Paul, 195
Gehlen, Arnold, 309, 327
Geiger, Moritz, 332
George, Stefan, xvi, 1 6 , 49 , 94, 102, 176, 237,
248-49
Gesualdo de Venosa, Carlo, 41
Gide, Andre, 102
Giotto di Bondone, 2 1 1
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 7 1 , 72, 73, 1 14,
128, 132, 151, 161, 171, 179, 186, 193,233,
248, 340, 357, 369 n. 17, 375 n. 7, 377 n. 5 Gogh, Vincent van, 41, 149, 150
Gorki, Maxime, 257
Grab, Hermann, 158 Greco,EI,41, 195 Guevara, Che, 212 Guys, Constantin, 3 1 6
Haag, Karl Heinz, 135
Haas, Willy, 313
Habermas , Jiirgen, 367 n . 1 2 Halm, August, 201 Hauptmann, Gerhart, 49, 257 Hauser, Arnold, 327
Haydn, Joseph, 198, 222-24
Hebbel, Friedrich, 69, 75, 194
Hebel, Johann Peter, 62, 194 Hege1,G. W. F. ,xvi, 1,3,6,7, 12, 13, 15, 17,
18-19,27, 32,41,44,46,50,51,57,61,62, 63, 64, 65--66, 7 1 , 72 , 73 , 74-77 , 80, 82, 89, 90, 9 1-92, 94, 97, 99, 102, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1 10, 1 13, 1 18, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 159, 161, 163, 165, 169, 171, 179, 181, 185, 199,201,206,208,212,219,222,246, 250, 263 , 265, 266--67 , 27 1 , 273-75, 296, 299,308,313,316,320,323,325-26, 333-34, 335, 337, 338, 342, 343, 344-45,
3 5 1 , 3 5 2 , 3 5 3 , 3 5 4 -5 6 , 3 6 4
Heidegger, Martin, 99, 352, 368 n. 8, 370 n. 3 Herskovits, Melville J. , 326, 329
Hitler,Adolf, 18,24,49
Hofmannstahl, Hugo von, 16, 237 Hoiderlin,Friedrich,xviii,39,71,74, 191,240,
364
Holm, Erik, 327-28, 375 n. 10
Holz, Arno, 248-49
Homer, 6, 1 86-87
Horace, 12,28
Horkheimer, Max, xii, 330-3 1 , 369 nn. 2, 8, 378
n. 17
Hugo, Victor, 20 Huizinga,Johan,318-19 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 7 1 , 7 2 Husserl, Edmund, 70, 285-86 Huxley, Aldous, 257, 281
Ibsen,Henrik,96,237,257,281,346 Ionesco,Eugene,347
Jochmann,Karl Gustav, 337 Joyce, James, 26, 1 12, 149,285
380 D INDEX
232, 254-55, 302, 322, 333
Maeteriinck, Maurice, 239, 270, 310 Mahler, Gustav, xv,41 , 189, 197, 221 Mallarme, Stephane, 24, 38, 94, 321 Malraux,Andre,254
Manet, Edouard, 36, 291
238,298,328, 330
Poe, Edgar Allan, 19, 20, 72, 121, 133, 298 Pound, Ezra, 254
Proust, Marcel, xvi, 63, 67, 102, 132, 135, 149,
187, 285, 301, 339 Puccini,Giacomo,209,313-14 Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre, 36
INDEX 0 381
Mann,Thomas,150,185,318
Marcuse, Herbert, 252, 376 n. 44
Marx, Karl, 161, 168-69, 193, 208, 227, 244,
260, 354
Masson, Andre, 229, 256, 276, 300
Mautz, Kurt, 207
Mendelssohn,Felix, 292 Mendelssohn,Moses, 10
Meuniers, Emile, 230
Meyer,Theodor,97-98
Meyerhold, Karl, 256
Meyrink,Gustav, 19
Michelangelo Buonarrotti, 1 10
Milton, John, 227
Mondrian, Piet, 57, 1 1 8
Monet, Claude, 192
Morike, Eduard, 123-24, 297
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, xvi, 14, 63, 1 19,
141, 162, 177,200,220,221,232,253,294, 306-7, 337
Napoleon, 161, 198
Nestroy , Johann, 3 1 4
Newman, Barnett, xii
Newman, Ernest, 20
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 3 , 47 , 49-50, 5 1 , 70, 101 ,
129, 136, 144, 170, 204, 233, 257, 263 , 28 1 ,
284,341,356,375n. 18 Novalis, 373 n. 8
Oedipus, 358
O f fe n b a c h , J a c q u e s , 3 1 4 Olbrich, Elfriede, 366
Leonardo da Vinci, 8
Lessing, Gotthold, 84, 370 n. 6
Liebruck, Bruno , 356
Ligeti,Gyorgy, 156
Locke,John,279 216,237,256,257,258,287,298,302 Loos, Adolf, 26, 46, 58 , 60
Lorenz, Konrad, 309, 327
Lukacs,Gyorgy,43,95, 141-42, 147, 158, 188,
lugendstil, 16,87,116,155,237,239,257-58, 292, 316, 321 , 270-7 1
Jung, Carl, 85
Kafka, Franz, 12, 13, 16, 19, 1 12, 126, 127,
1 95-96 , 230-3 1 , 304, 3 1 8 , 322, 333, 339
Kahler,Erich,79
Kahnweiler,Daniel-Henry, 158,301 Kandinsky, Wassily, 87, 145, 149, 207, 293 Kant,Immanuel,xiii,6,9-13, 15, 18,22,43,48,
49, 57, 59, 61 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,70, 7 1 , 72, 76,90,91,92,94,97,99, 109, 113, 114, 116, 125, 126, 138, 139, 140, 147, 152, 163-66, 170, 171, 179, 196-97, 198-99, 202, 216, 217, 245, 266-67, 269, 276, 288, 334, 336, 338, 343,351, 352,353, 354-56
Kierkegaard, S?
ren, xvi, 1 16, 149, 197, 344, 354 Klages, Ludwig, 85, 146
Klee,Paul, 19,34,60,82, 124,221,257,290,
292
Kleist, Heinrich von, 230
Kraus, Karl;63, 70, 93, 102, 149, 314, 369 n. 3 Krause, Fritz, 280-8 1 , 328
Krenek, Ernst, 304
Kubin, Alfred, 19
Kuhn, Helmut, 2
Kiirnberger, Ferdinand, 19, 224
Laclos, Pierre, 224 Laforgue,Rene,8
Lagerlof, Selma, 135
L a u t re a m o n t , C o m t e d e , 1 9 5 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 236, 282 Lenhardt, C. , 367 n. 8
Palladio, Andrea, 59
Perutz. Leo, 83
Pfitzner, Hans, 4 1 Picasso,Pablo,24,30,44,93, 106, 158, 178,
Piero della Francesca, 2 1 1 , 337
Pissarro , Camille, 24, 67
Plato,xv, 82, 83, 108, 132,201,202,203,225,
Raphael, 337
Ratz, Erwin, 239
Ravel , Maurice, 1 8 5
Rembrandt van Rijn, 9, 1 10
Renoir, Pierre Auguste, 67
Resch, Walter, 280, 327
Riegl,Alois,60, 146, 169
Riesmann,David, 1 16, 374 n. 2
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 1 12, 237 Rimbaud,Arthur,3-4,20,22,33,46,93, 192,
237 , 3 1 6
Rosenkranz, Karl, 46
Rossini, Gioacchino, 106 Rousseau , Jean-Jacques, 63-64, 68
Sade, Marquis de, 132 Saint-Saens,Camille,20,301
Saint-Simon, Claude, 76, 218
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 236, 242, 256, 347, 375 n. 1 8 Scharoun,H. B. ,44 Schelling,Friedrich,47,61,72,77,78,91, 110,
130, 222, 344
Schikaneder, Emmanuel, 268
Schiller, Friedrich, 27, 28, 62, 151 , 161 , 17 1 ,
197, 226, 234, 303, 317 Schlegel,Friedrich, 366 Schlosser, Katesa, 327 , 375 n. 2 1 Schnabel, Artur, lOS
Schoen, Ernst, 28
Schoenberg,Arnold,4, 16,20,22,30,36,40,
43,44,93, 115, 137, 147, 158, 189,200, 206, 215, 216, 230, 254, 257, 270, 302, 304, 323 , 342, 356, 374 n. 5
Schopenhauer' Arthur, 102, 137, 138, 149, 346, 377 n. 9
Schubert, Franz, 4O, 72, 1 12, 159-60, 172, 173, 188,294
Schulze, Wolfgang (Wols), 84
Schumann, Robert, 168, 1 84 Shakespeare,William,27,45,71, 102, 128,213,
247, 254-55 Sibelius,Jean,41 Simmel, Georg, 334 Smetana,Bedrich,311 Solger, Karl, 72 Sombart, Werner, 20 Speiser, Felix, 280-8 1 Staiger, Emil, 235 Stalin, Josef, 254
Stein, Erwin, 142
Stendhal, 3 1 1
Steuermann, Edward , 25 1 , 304
Stifter, Adalbert, 233
Stockhausen, Karlheinz, 24, 38, 159, 177-78 Storm,Theodor, 276
Strauss,Johann,314
Strauss, Richard, 38, 192, 215, 216, 290 Stravinsky,Igor, 36, 179, 269, 270, 299 Strindberg,August,96, 254,257 Sudermann, Hermann, 249
Suhrkamp, Peter, 362
Szondi, Peter, 3 2 1
Thoma,Hans,41
Tiedemann, Rolf, xviii, 367 n. 13 Tolstoy,Leo,88, 198,241 Toscanini, Arturo, 13
Trakl, Georg, 122-23 , 290, 372 n. 2 Trotsky,Leon, 168 Turner,Joseph,41, 173
Ulbricht, Walter, 254
Valery, Paul, 6, 24, 81, 14O, 16O, 162, 174-75, 181, 185, 217, 219, 227,288, 291, 297, 298, 32 1 , 326, 352, 359, 370 n. 7
Van Dongen, Kees, 229 Verdi, Giuseppe, 209 Verlaine,Paul,39,65, 151 Vermeer,Jan, 149
Vico, Giambattista, 254
Vischer, Friedrich Theodor, 99, 128 Voltaire, 232, 3 14
Wagner, Richard, 14, 20, 39, 52, 99, 102, 1 19, 129, 152, 169, 193, 197,242,253,262-63, 294, 3 10, 371 n. 1 , 375 nn. 17, 18, 376 n. 31
Warburg, Aby, 354
Weber,Carl,63, 1l9
Weber,Max, 20, 54, 1 16 Webern,Antonvon,43, 78, 146, 159-60, 180,
181 , 212, 216, 302, 304, 374 n. 5 Wedekind,Frank,8, 19,42,81,84,88,269,310,
Werner, Heinz, 328 Wieland, Renate , 376 n. 1 Wiggerhaus , Rolf, xx Wilde , Oscar, 1 6 , 239
382 0 INDEX
340
Williams. William Carlos. 123
Winckelmann. Joachim. 372 n. 10 Wittgenstein. Ludwig. 205,318,369n. 18,371
n. 2
Wols. See Schulze . Wolfgang
Zeising, Arnold, 142 Zhdanov. Andrei. 55, 254 Zola. Emile,230. 249 Zweig. Stefan, 39
INDEX 0 383
? Thispage intentionally left blank
Theodor W. Adorno (1903-69), philosopher, sociologist, composer, and musi- cologist, is one ofthis century's major figures in cultural criticism. Along with Max Horkheimer, he was a founder of the Institut fUr Sozialforschung at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt. Fleeing the Nazis in 1933, he spent the war years in the United States and returned to Germany in 1 949 to teach and reestablish the Institut. Adorno's books include The Dialectic ofEnlightenment (1944), Philosophy ofModern Music (1948), Negative Dialectics (1966), and Aesthetic Theory ( 1 970).
Robert HulJot? Kentor is a writer and lives in Palo Alto, California. He has taught comparative literature at Stanford University and has been a Mellon Faculty Fellow at Harvard University. He was a fellow at the Getty Institute and in the University Professors Program at Boston University. He has written widely on Theodor W. Adorno and translated many of his works, including Kierkegaard: Construction ofthe Aesthetic (Minnesota, 1989).
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