I973)by Northwestern University Press Library of Congress Catalog Card Number : 72-96701 vISBN 0-8101-0407-5
Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved
The Jargon of Authenticity was originally published in German under the title Jargon der Eigentlichkeit: Zur deutschen Ideologie.
Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved
The Jargon of Authenticity was originally published in German under the title Jargon der Eigentlichkeit: Zur deutschen Ideologie.
Adorno-Jargon-of-Authenticity
THE Jargon
OF Authenticity
THEODOR W. ADORNO
? ? THE Jargon OF
TRANSLATED BY
Knut Tarnowski and Frederic Will
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY PRESS Evanston 1973
? Copyright @. I973)by Northwestern University Press Library of Congress Catalog Card Number : 72-96701 vISBN 0-8101-0407-5
Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved
The Jargon of Authenticity was originally published in German under the title Jargon der Eigentlichkeit: Zur deutschen Ideologie. (C) Suhrkamp Verlag, Frank- furt am Main, 1964
Knut Tarnowski is an instructor in comparative litera- ture at the University of Massachusetts.
Frederic Will is professor of comparative literature at the University of Massachusetts.
? CONTENTS
vii Foreword, by Trent Schroyer xix Author's Note
The Jargon of Authenticity
3
FOREWORD
ONCE IS NOW MOMENT OF ITS REALIZATION HAS BEEN
MISSED.
Theodor W. Adorno
Existentialism has been de- scribed by Paul Tillich as "an over one hundred year old movement of rebellion against the dehumanization of man in industrial society. " 1 But this rebellion has been viewed as emerging because the solutions pro- posed by Hegel and Marx proved ineffective for over- coming the fact of alienation. 2 Thus Kierkegaard, in rejecting Hegel's immanentism ot Reason in history simply tried to restore the irreducibility of human sub- jectivity. For Kierkegaard the suffering of the individ-
ual is not justified in a panlogism of history.
The Jargon of Authenticity is Theodor W. Adorno's
1. Paul Tillich, "Existentialist Philosophy," The Journal of the History of Ideas, V (Jan. , I944), 44 70.
2. F. H. Heinemann, Existentialism and the Modern Pre- dicament (New York, I958), p. I 2 .
vi i
PHILOSOPHY WHICH SEEMED OUTMODED ALIVE BECAUSE THE
critique of the ideology of German existentialism. As a member of the Frankfurt school of critical theory,3 Adorno's critique is a Hegelian-Marxist response to the existentialist rejection of critical reason. Although this analysis focuses upon twentieth-century German ex- istentialism, especially its post-World War II diffusion, the basic concern is its notion of subjectivity. That is, Adorno's critique is itself an attempt to transcend and include in the perspective of critical reason the truth of the existentialist concern for the fundamentalness of human subjectivity. In this sense Adorno's analysis parallels that of Jean-Paul Sartre, who in the introduc- tion to the Critique of Dialectical Reason argues that, correctly understood, existentialism is a moment of dialectical, or critical, reason. 4
However, Adorno's intent goes beyond a counter- critique of existentialism and aspires to be a critique of the ideology inherent in its German formulations.
Adorno not only wants to salvage the notion of sub- jectivity from the idealistic tendency of existentialism, a concern he shares with Sartre, but he also wants to show that this theory has become a mystification of the actual processes of domination. In this way Adorno's critique is within the tradition of critical theory's cri- tique of ideology. The intent of critical theory is to re-
3. The Frankfurt school is best known by its leading mem bers, among whom are Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, and Jiirgen Habermas. However, these are only the better-known members of a tradition of critical theory that has now spanned two generations. An excellent intellec tual history of this highly important and little understood com- munity of radical scholars has just been published by Martin Jay under the title of The Dialectical Imagination (Boston, I 973 ) .
4. Jean Paul Sartre, Search for a Method (New York, I963 )?
? viii
construct the generation of historical forms of con- sciousness in order to demonstrate how they misrepre- sent actual social relations and thereby justify histori- cal forms of domination. In this way dialectical reason is actualized by critical theorists who, in their reflective critiques of the basic categories of historical con- sciousness, seek to reconcile men and women to the actuality of their historical possibilities. So conceived, critical theory is a theoretical moment of the "class struggle. "
However, the later Frankfurt school no longer as- sumed that the categories of Marx's critique of political economy were adequate for the critique of late in- dustrial society (Le. , both "capitalisms" and "social- isms"). It was precisely the failure of Marx's historical agent of change, the proletariat, to become a class-for- itself that stimulated the Frankfurt school's analyses of the ideol? gical reifications that blocked human lib- eration. Their concern for the growth of false con- sciousness generated by the "culture industry" and the increased integration, and yet atomization, of persons in the industrial order resulted in a series of critical analyses of mass culture and ideological traditions, e. g. , authoritarian social forms, the legacy of the En- lightenment's notion of Reason, etc. " In the absence of a decisive agent of social change, and in the midst of what Marcuse termed a "one-dimensional society," the basic interest of the Frankfurt school was to restore the actuality of critical rationality. Indeed, their refusal to affirm "mechanical Marxism" or utopian hopes for
5. Some of these studies are now available in English, such as M. Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of En- lightenment (New York, 1972); Max Horkheimer, Critical Theory (New York, 1 972).
ix
liberation is perhaps evidence of their consistency in staying within the limits of negative critique. For them, only in the negation of pseudo-integrations and resolu- tions was emancipatory action clearly possible. Hence, the Frankfurt school became a tradition of revolution- ary theorists who, in the absence of the objective pos- sibilities for the transcendence of industrial domina- tion, attempted to uphold the ideals of critical reason that anticipated the emancipation of mankind from the unnecessary power constraints of nature and his-
tory. In this way their work is basically a critique of the reifications that conceal the truth of critical reason. Since "reification" is for them "a forgetting," 6 their work is essentially a remembrance, from the historical setting of the mid-twentieth century, of the notion of critical reason.
Adorno's The Jargon of Authenticity continues the critique of existentialism that had always been an issue for Frankfurt theorists. 7 The continuity of this critique can be shown by Adorno's 1939 essay "On Kierke- gaard's Doctrine of Love," which anticipates and is assumed by this book. s Adorno shows that Kierke- gaard's notion of love transcended human differences, happiness, and even historical morality itself. The
6. Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment.
7. Perhaps the earliest statement of this concern is Adorno's Habilitationsarbeit ( I 933), which was published as Kierke gaard: Konstruktion des Aesthetischen (Frankfurt, I965). But the essay by Herbert Marcuse, "Existentialism: Remarks on Jean-Paul Sartre's L'Etre et le neant," Philosophy and Phe- nomonological Research VII, no. 3 (March, I948), is one of the most important critiques of existentialism in the Frank- furt tradition.
8. Zeitsc hnft fur Sozialforschung, VIII ( I939), 4I3 29. x
most remote neighbor was to be affirmed as much as the most intimate friend; "preference" was to be over- come, and love as agape was to be experienced in a radical inwardness that transcended the natural incli- nations of eros. Adorno argues that this love's extreme inwardness conceived of itself as its own ground. Hence, while Kierkegaard's doctrine of love aimed at overcoming the reifications of historical context, it actually became, Adorno claims, a reification that could not be actualized. In oppressing both natural drives and the right of the mind to question, radical in- wardness loses love's power of reconciling the antag- onism between natural instincts and socially formed selves. In abstract inward love, both historical need and happiness are effectively denied. The real object of this love's "desire" is redemption-which becomes the ultimate reality sought.
Adorno shows that this radical Christian inward- ness evades the actuality of secular injustice and in- equality. Nonetheless, Kierkegaard is more deeply aware of the transformation of the person in the bour- geois epoch than his contemporaries or his later Ger- man existentialist followers. That is, he recognized the mechanisms of industrialization that force men into alienated social patterns and reified communica- tions. But this insight only confirmed Kierkegaard's sense that the progress of civilization was the history of advancing decay and further inclined him to the hatred of "leveling" mechanisms and the rejection of the motives of the bourgeois epoch. Only in the radical inwardness of Christian love, in the leap of faith that suspends the ethical, is it possible to hope for eternality, for redemption.
But Adorno's central point is that Kierkegaard's xi
radical inwardness has lost the dialectical mediation of subject and object-which was the achievement of Hegel's critical philosophy. That is, the constitutive presuppositions of human subjectivity must themselves be dialectically related to the historical context in which determinate subjects are formed. Failure to so relate the subject and object of histOrically situated knowledge results in the fallacy 9? "ob; j
the reduction of subjectivIty to 'the in-it-selfness of facts (e. g. , positivism) or the innate principles of mind (the idealistic philosophy of the identity of reason and mind). Both forms of objectivism are the loss of criti- cal (dialectical) reason. Only the tradition of reflec- tive critique conceived of human subjectivity in a way that did not reduce it to the determinateness of natural facts or absorb it into the spiritual principles of abso- lute idealism. Kierkegaard's radical inwardness be- comes an idealistic objectivism by failing to compre- hend subjectivity as a historical category.
Dialecticaly conceived "subjectivity" is historically fonned and yet not reducible to historical determina- tions; historical subjectivity is reconstructed from the framework of reflective critique in that the limits of constitutive synthesis establish the range of possible experience. Only in such a reflective reconstruction of the genesis of subjectivity is it possible to distinguish between real possibilities and those modes of appear- ance that are but abstract i1Iusions, e. g. , existen- tialism's transcendence of historical domination. -So conceived, the dialectical notion of subjectivity is a fundamental category of critical reason. In reflective reconstructions of self-formation processes, it is pos- sible to show the p! ? eudo-necessity of socially unneces- sary motives and to thereby promote a reversal of con-
? ? ? ? ? ? xii
sciousness that can dissolve the causality of these objective illusions. 9
In The Jargon at Authenticity. Adorno applies the method of immanent criticism to contemporary Ger- man existentialists ? Buber, Jaspers, Heidegger, etc. ). His basic thesis is that after World War II this philosophical perspective became an ideological mysti- fication of human domination-while pretending to be a critique of alienation. Use of existentialistic terms became, Adorno argues , a j argon : a mode of magical expression which Walter Benjamin called an "aura. " In the aura of existentialism the historical need for meaning and liberation was expressed, but in a way that mystified the actual relation between language and its objective content. Adorno's critique focuses on the jargon's incapacity to express the relation between language and truth, in that it breaks the dialectic of language by making the intended object appear present by the idealization inherent in the word itself. The jargon, therefore, falls into an objectivism that con- ceals the difference between philosophical reflection and the in-itselfness of the object of reflection. Such objectivism loses the intent of reflection to maintain a
self-consciousness of the mediation of fact through the thinking subject. Consequently, in the jargon objective consciousness is compressed into self-experience, and an idealism results.
9. The methodological ideal of critical theory has been given a contemporary restatement in Jiirgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests (Boston, 197I), and Theory and Practice (Boston, 1973). The continuity of the tradition of critical theory has been argued by Trent Schroyer, The Criti- que of Domination (New York, 1973).
? xi i i
But the societal result of this idealistic tendency is that the jargon shares with modern advertising the ideological circularity of pretending to make present, in pure expressivity, an idealized form that is devoid of content; or, alternatively, just as the mass media can create a presence whose aura makes the spectator seem to experience a nonexistent actuality, so the jargon pre- sents a gesture of autonomy without content. Adorno's analysis here continues Marx's analysis of the fetish- ism of commodities, in that the symbolisms of the jargon do not represent actual social relations but rather symbolize only the relations between abstract concepts. Lost in the fetishisms of the jargon is the actuality of the historical development of human con- sciousness. That the subject itself is formed, and de- formed, by the objective configuration of institutions is forgotten, and thus reified, in the jargon's pathos of archaic primalness. Consequently, there is a loss of the objective context of human society and an idealistic compression of all historical consciousness into the sphere of self-experience. For example, Adorno cites Martin Buber's I and Thou and Paul Tillich's stress that religiosity is an end in itself, as instances of the shift to subjectivity as an in-it-selfness. In both cases the words are referred to the immediacy of life, to at- titudinal and qualitative aspects of self-experience. One needs only to be a believer; the objective content of belief has, been eclipsed in the subjectivization of objective content. To be a Christian seems to be a personal question-independent from the historical divinity of Christ. Without necessarily intending to do so, this extreme subjectivity transforms existentialistic language into a mystification of the objective con- straints that block the autonomy and spontaneity of the historical subject.
? ? ? xiv
Hegel proclaimed philosophy a "homecoming" that critically reconciled objective discord and subjective consciousness. His intent was to maintain a meaning- ful totality by the reflective mediations of critical rea- son. Reflection had as its aim the critique of abstrac- tions, or in Marxian terms, of reifications. In this way Marx's work attempted to demonstrate the nonequiva-
lence of exchange in the capitalist economy-thereby restoring to human consciousness a critical mediation of economic exploitation.
Adorno implies that contemporary German ex- istentialism began from a high? r level of capitalist development, in which the SOC1QGultural antagonisms ar? -. ! u_ c ihari e? conomic_? ? '. El9Jtation and? ? -
into Therefore, the haste with which the existentialists and their jargon attempt to achieve a reconciliation, irregardless of the objective processes of alienation which block meaning and autonomy, indicated only their awareness of the depth of the need. The resulting movement to a radical in- wardness and its expressions of authenticity, freedom, etc. , is an attempt to actualize these ideals outside of the objective social context: to fulfill heroic cultural models independent of the society. Behind these empty claims for freedom the socioeconomic processes of ad- vanced capitalist integration continue, intenSifying the dependence of all persons upon large organizational units for employment and welfare. The jargon's "bless-
ings" conceal this objective context of unfreedom, and in the name of critical reflection the jargon joins hands with modern advertising in celebrating the meaningful- ness of immediate experience.
Hence for Adorno, German existentialism and re- lated genres, such as neoromantic lyric poetry (e. g. , Rilke), come to a head in a mythic jargon that re-
? ? xv
duces the dialectical relationship of reflective critique to the objective content and context of subjectivity. The result is an ideology of the simple in which the primal sense of pure words is elevated in a futile at- tempt to overcome the "alienation" that remains linked to the political-economic framework of society.
Adorno's reconstruction of Heidegger's philosophy attempts to show that it becomes an ontology that re- treats behind, rather than overcomes, the tradition of transcendental philosophy. In the universalization of transcendental subjectivity into Dasein, the empirical is totally lost and, as Adorno claims, an essence-mythol- ogy of Being emerges. This is exemplified in the claim that the primacy of Dasein is a realm beyond fact and essence and yet one which maintains itself as an identity. Whereas critical reason was able to show that maintenance of identity of consciousness presup- posed a dialectic of subjective and objective reciprocity which was unified only in the constitutive activity of concrete subjectivity itself, Heidegger's notion of Dasein as both ontic and ontological stops the dialec- ticity of conscious existence in an idealistic elevation of the absolute subject. To quote Adorno :
whatever praises itself for reaching behind the con- cepts of reflection-subject and object-in order to grasp something substantial, does nothing but reify the irresolvability of the concepts of reflection. It reifies the impossibility of reducing one into the other; into the in-itself (italics added) . 10
Adorno's thesis is that Heidegger's notion of self- ness remains a reified tributary of Husserl's concept of
10. The mature statement of the notion of critical reason has been recently translated as Negative Dialectik (New York, 1973).
? xvi
subject. This concept of subject, in attempting to over- come the pure possibility of the ontic, claims to be it- self concrete. Hence, Heidegger dogmatically proclaims his concept of existence as something in opposition to identity-while at the same time he "continues the tradition of the doctrine of identity with his implicit definition of the self through its own preservation. " Hence, Adorno examines the notions of "Dasein," "au- thenticity," "death," "care," etc. , and shows that their use evades the issue of historical determinateness by means of a primary and absolute creative subject- which is, by definition, supposedly untouched by reifi- cation.
Hence, the aura of authenticity in Heidegger is that it names "nothing" ; the "1" remains formal and yet pretends that the word contains content in-itself. For Adorno, Heidegger's existentialism is a new Platonism which implies that authenticity comes in the complete disposal of the person over himself-as if there were no determination emerging from the objectivity of his- tory .
TRENT SCHROYER
Graduate Faculty of the
New School for Social Research
February, 1973
x vi i
AUTHOR'S NOTE
The author conceive d the Jar- gon of Authenticity as part of the Negative Dialectic. However, he finally excluded that text from the latter work not only because its size grew disproportionate to the other parts, but also because the elements of lin- guistic physiognomy and sociology no longer fitted properly with the rest of the plan. The resistance against intellectual division of labor requires that this division of labor should be reflected on and not merely
ignored. Certainly in intention and in theme the Jar- gon is philosophical. As long as philosophy was in line with its own nature, it also had content. However, in retreating to the ideal of its pure nature, philosophy cancels itself out. This thought was only developed in the book which was then still unfinished, while
xix
the Jargon proceeds accord:ing to this insight without, however, grounding it fully. Thus it was published earlier, as a k:ind of propaedeutic.
Insofar as the author has paid homage to the di- vision of labor, he has at the same time all the more rudely challenged this division. He might be accused of philosophical, sociological, and aesthetic seduction without employing the traditional manner of keeping the categories separate-or maybe even of discussing
them distinct from each other. Yet he would have to answer that a demand of this kind projects onto ob-
jects the desire for order which marks a classifying science, and which then proclaims that it is elevated by objects. The author, however, feels more inclined to give himself over to objects than to schematize like a schoolmaster-for the sake of an external standard: a standard which, questionably, has been brought to bear on the subject matter from the outside. This atti- tude determines itself by precisely the fact that the subject-matter elements of philosophy are intertwined. The common methodological ideal would break up this intimate unity. By means of such a unity of the subject matter, the unity of the author's own attempts should become all the more visible-for example, the unity of the author's philosophical essays with the essay, "Criticism of the Musician" from the Disso- nances. What is aesthetically perceived :in the bad form of language, and interpreted sociologically, is deduced from the untruth of the content which is posited with it : its implicit philosophy.
This makes for bad blood. Passages from Jaspers and idea blocks from Heidegger are treated on the same levels, and with that same linguistic attitude, which schoolmasters would probably reject with indig- nation. The text of the Jargon, however, contains xx
enough evidence, from a truly inexhaustible wealth, to show that those men write in the same manner which they despise in their lesser followers as a justi- fication of their own superiority. Their philosophemes show on what the jargon feeds, as well as its indirect suggestive force. The ambitious projects of German philosophy in the second half of the twenties concre- tized and articulated the direction into which the ob- jective spirit of the time was drawn. This spirit re- mained what it was and thus speaks in the jargon even today. Only the criticism of these philosophical projects can objectively determine the mendacity which echoes in the vulgar jargon. The physiognomy of the vulgar jargon leads into what discloses itself in
Heidegger.
It is nothing new to find that the sublime becomes
the cover for something low. That is how potential victims are kept in line. But the ideology of the sub- lime no longer acknowledges itself without being dis- regarded.
I973)by Northwestern University Press Library of Congress Catalog Card Number : 72-96701 vISBN 0-8101-0407-5
Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved
The Jargon of Authenticity was originally published in German under the title Jargon der Eigentlichkeit: Zur deutschen Ideologie. (C) Suhrkamp Verlag, Frank- furt am Main, 1964
Knut Tarnowski is an instructor in comparative litera- ture at the University of Massachusetts.
Frederic Will is professor of comparative literature at the University of Massachusetts.
? CONTENTS
vii Foreword, by Trent Schroyer xix Author's Note
The Jargon of Authenticity
3
FOREWORD
ONCE IS NOW MOMENT OF ITS REALIZATION HAS BEEN
MISSED.
Theodor W. Adorno
Existentialism has been de- scribed by Paul Tillich as "an over one hundred year old movement of rebellion against the dehumanization of man in industrial society. " 1 But this rebellion has been viewed as emerging because the solutions pro- posed by Hegel and Marx proved ineffective for over- coming the fact of alienation. 2 Thus Kierkegaard, in rejecting Hegel's immanentism ot Reason in history simply tried to restore the irreducibility of human sub- jectivity. For Kierkegaard the suffering of the individ-
ual is not justified in a panlogism of history.
The Jargon of Authenticity is Theodor W. Adorno's
1. Paul Tillich, "Existentialist Philosophy," The Journal of the History of Ideas, V (Jan. , I944), 44 70.
2. F. H. Heinemann, Existentialism and the Modern Pre- dicament (New York, I958), p. I 2 .
vi i
PHILOSOPHY WHICH SEEMED OUTMODED ALIVE BECAUSE THE
critique of the ideology of German existentialism. As a member of the Frankfurt school of critical theory,3 Adorno's critique is a Hegelian-Marxist response to the existentialist rejection of critical reason. Although this analysis focuses upon twentieth-century German ex- istentialism, especially its post-World War II diffusion, the basic concern is its notion of subjectivity. That is, Adorno's critique is itself an attempt to transcend and include in the perspective of critical reason the truth of the existentialist concern for the fundamentalness of human subjectivity. In this sense Adorno's analysis parallels that of Jean-Paul Sartre, who in the introduc- tion to the Critique of Dialectical Reason argues that, correctly understood, existentialism is a moment of dialectical, or critical, reason. 4
However, Adorno's intent goes beyond a counter- critique of existentialism and aspires to be a critique of the ideology inherent in its German formulations.
Adorno not only wants to salvage the notion of sub- jectivity from the idealistic tendency of existentialism, a concern he shares with Sartre, but he also wants to show that this theory has become a mystification of the actual processes of domination. In this way Adorno's critique is within the tradition of critical theory's cri- tique of ideology. The intent of critical theory is to re-
3. The Frankfurt school is best known by its leading mem bers, among whom are Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, and Jiirgen Habermas. However, these are only the better-known members of a tradition of critical theory that has now spanned two generations. An excellent intellec tual history of this highly important and little understood com- munity of radical scholars has just been published by Martin Jay under the title of The Dialectical Imagination (Boston, I 973 ) .
4. Jean Paul Sartre, Search for a Method (New York, I963 )?
? viii
construct the generation of historical forms of con- sciousness in order to demonstrate how they misrepre- sent actual social relations and thereby justify histori- cal forms of domination. In this way dialectical reason is actualized by critical theorists who, in their reflective critiques of the basic categories of historical con- sciousness, seek to reconcile men and women to the actuality of their historical possibilities. So conceived, critical theory is a theoretical moment of the "class struggle. "
However, the later Frankfurt school no longer as- sumed that the categories of Marx's critique of political economy were adequate for the critique of late in- dustrial society (Le. , both "capitalisms" and "social- isms"). It was precisely the failure of Marx's historical agent of change, the proletariat, to become a class-for- itself that stimulated the Frankfurt school's analyses of the ideol? gical reifications that blocked human lib- eration. Their concern for the growth of false con- sciousness generated by the "culture industry" and the increased integration, and yet atomization, of persons in the industrial order resulted in a series of critical analyses of mass culture and ideological traditions, e. g. , authoritarian social forms, the legacy of the En- lightenment's notion of Reason, etc. " In the absence of a decisive agent of social change, and in the midst of what Marcuse termed a "one-dimensional society," the basic interest of the Frankfurt school was to restore the actuality of critical rationality. Indeed, their refusal to affirm "mechanical Marxism" or utopian hopes for
5. Some of these studies are now available in English, such as M. Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of En- lightenment (New York, 1972); Max Horkheimer, Critical Theory (New York, 1 972).
ix
liberation is perhaps evidence of their consistency in staying within the limits of negative critique. For them, only in the negation of pseudo-integrations and resolu- tions was emancipatory action clearly possible. Hence, the Frankfurt school became a tradition of revolution- ary theorists who, in the absence of the objective pos- sibilities for the transcendence of industrial domina- tion, attempted to uphold the ideals of critical reason that anticipated the emancipation of mankind from the unnecessary power constraints of nature and his-
tory. In this way their work is basically a critique of the reifications that conceal the truth of critical reason. Since "reification" is for them "a forgetting," 6 their work is essentially a remembrance, from the historical setting of the mid-twentieth century, of the notion of critical reason.
Adorno's The Jargon of Authenticity continues the critique of existentialism that had always been an issue for Frankfurt theorists. 7 The continuity of this critique can be shown by Adorno's 1939 essay "On Kierke- gaard's Doctrine of Love," which anticipates and is assumed by this book. s Adorno shows that Kierke- gaard's notion of love transcended human differences, happiness, and even historical morality itself. The
6. Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment.
7. Perhaps the earliest statement of this concern is Adorno's Habilitationsarbeit ( I 933), which was published as Kierke gaard: Konstruktion des Aesthetischen (Frankfurt, I965). But the essay by Herbert Marcuse, "Existentialism: Remarks on Jean-Paul Sartre's L'Etre et le neant," Philosophy and Phe- nomonological Research VII, no. 3 (March, I948), is one of the most important critiques of existentialism in the Frank- furt tradition.
8. Zeitsc hnft fur Sozialforschung, VIII ( I939), 4I3 29. x
most remote neighbor was to be affirmed as much as the most intimate friend; "preference" was to be over- come, and love as agape was to be experienced in a radical inwardness that transcended the natural incli- nations of eros. Adorno argues that this love's extreme inwardness conceived of itself as its own ground. Hence, while Kierkegaard's doctrine of love aimed at overcoming the reifications of historical context, it actually became, Adorno claims, a reification that could not be actualized. In oppressing both natural drives and the right of the mind to question, radical in- wardness loses love's power of reconciling the antag- onism between natural instincts and socially formed selves. In abstract inward love, both historical need and happiness are effectively denied. The real object of this love's "desire" is redemption-which becomes the ultimate reality sought.
Adorno shows that this radical Christian inward- ness evades the actuality of secular injustice and in- equality. Nonetheless, Kierkegaard is more deeply aware of the transformation of the person in the bour- geois epoch than his contemporaries or his later Ger- man existentialist followers. That is, he recognized the mechanisms of industrialization that force men into alienated social patterns and reified communica- tions. But this insight only confirmed Kierkegaard's sense that the progress of civilization was the history of advancing decay and further inclined him to the hatred of "leveling" mechanisms and the rejection of the motives of the bourgeois epoch. Only in the radical inwardness of Christian love, in the leap of faith that suspends the ethical, is it possible to hope for eternality, for redemption.
But Adorno's central point is that Kierkegaard's xi
radical inwardness has lost the dialectical mediation of subject and object-which was the achievement of Hegel's critical philosophy. That is, the constitutive presuppositions of human subjectivity must themselves be dialectically related to the historical context in which determinate subjects are formed. Failure to so relate the subject and object of histOrically situated knowledge results in the fallacy 9? "ob; j
the reduction of subjectivIty to 'the in-it-selfness of facts (e. g. , positivism) or the innate principles of mind (the idealistic philosophy of the identity of reason and mind). Both forms of objectivism are the loss of criti- cal (dialectical) reason. Only the tradition of reflec- tive critique conceived of human subjectivity in a way that did not reduce it to the determinateness of natural facts or absorb it into the spiritual principles of abso- lute idealism. Kierkegaard's radical inwardness be- comes an idealistic objectivism by failing to compre- hend subjectivity as a historical category.
Dialecticaly conceived "subjectivity" is historically fonned and yet not reducible to historical determina- tions; historical subjectivity is reconstructed from the framework of reflective critique in that the limits of constitutive synthesis establish the range of possible experience. Only in such a reflective reconstruction of the genesis of subjectivity is it possible to distinguish between real possibilities and those modes of appear- ance that are but abstract i1Iusions, e. g. , existen- tialism's transcendence of historical domination. -So conceived, the dialectical notion of subjectivity is a fundamental category of critical reason. In reflective reconstructions of self-formation processes, it is pos- sible to show the p! ? eudo-necessity of socially unneces- sary motives and to thereby promote a reversal of con-
? ? ? ? ? ? xii
sciousness that can dissolve the causality of these objective illusions. 9
In The Jargon at Authenticity. Adorno applies the method of immanent criticism to contemporary Ger- man existentialists ? Buber, Jaspers, Heidegger, etc. ). His basic thesis is that after World War II this philosophical perspective became an ideological mysti- fication of human domination-while pretending to be a critique of alienation. Use of existentialistic terms became, Adorno argues , a j argon : a mode of magical expression which Walter Benjamin called an "aura. " In the aura of existentialism the historical need for meaning and liberation was expressed, but in a way that mystified the actual relation between language and its objective content. Adorno's critique focuses on the jargon's incapacity to express the relation between language and truth, in that it breaks the dialectic of language by making the intended object appear present by the idealization inherent in the word itself. The jargon, therefore, falls into an objectivism that con- ceals the difference between philosophical reflection and the in-itselfness of the object of reflection. Such objectivism loses the intent of reflection to maintain a
self-consciousness of the mediation of fact through the thinking subject. Consequently, in the jargon objective consciousness is compressed into self-experience, and an idealism results.
9. The methodological ideal of critical theory has been given a contemporary restatement in Jiirgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests (Boston, 197I), and Theory and Practice (Boston, 1973). The continuity of the tradition of critical theory has been argued by Trent Schroyer, The Criti- que of Domination (New York, 1973).
? xi i i
But the societal result of this idealistic tendency is that the jargon shares with modern advertising the ideological circularity of pretending to make present, in pure expressivity, an idealized form that is devoid of content; or, alternatively, just as the mass media can create a presence whose aura makes the spectator seem to experience a nonexistent actuality, so the jargon pre- sents a gesture of autonomy without content. Adorno's analysis here continues Marx's analysis of the fetish- ism of commodities, in that the symbolisms of the jargon do not represent actual social relations but rather symbolize only the relations between abstract concepts. Lost in the fetishisms of the jargon is the actuality of the historical development of human con- sciousness. That the subject itself is formed, and de- formed, by the objective configuration of institutions is forgotten, and thus reified, in the jargon's pathos of archaic primalness. Consequently, there is a loss of the objective context of human society and an idealistic compression of all historical consciousness into the sphere of self-experience. For example, Adorno cites Martin Buber's I and Thou and Paul Tillich's stress that religiosity is an end in itself, as instances of the shift to subjectivity as an in-it-selfness. In both cases the words are referred to the immediacy of life, to at- titudinal and qualitative aspects of self-experience. One needs only to be a believer; the objective content of belief has, been eclipsed in the subjectivization of objective content. To be a Christian seems to be a personal question-independent from the historical divinity of Christ. Without necessarily intending to do so, this extreme subjectivity transforms existentialistic language into a mystification of the objective con- straints that block the autonomy and spontaneity of the historical subject.
? ? ? xiv
Hegel proclaimed philosophy a "homecoming" that critically reconciled objective discord and subjective consciousness. His intent was to maintain a meaning- ful totality by the reflective mediations of critical rea- son. Reflection had as its aim the critique of abstrac- tions, or in Marxian terms, of reifications. In this way Marx's work attempted to demonstrate the nonequiva-
lence of exchange in the capitalist economy-thereby restoring to human consciousness a critical mediation of economic exploitation.
Adorno implies that contemporary German ex- istentialism began from a high? r level of capitalist development, in which the SOC1QGultural antagonisms ar? -. ! u_ c ihari e? conomic_? ? '. El9Jtation and? ? -
into Therefore, the haste with which the existentialists and their jargon attempt to achieve a reconciliation, irregardless of the objective processes of alienation which block meaning and autonomy, indicated only their awareness of the depth of the need. The resulting movement to a radical in- wardness and its expressions of authenticity, freedom, etc. , is an attempt to actualize these ideals outside of the objective social context: to fulfill heroic cultural models independent of the society. Behind these empty claims for freedom the socioeconomic processes of ad- vanced capitalist integration continue, intenSifying the dependence of all persons upon large organizational units for employment and welfare. The jargon's "bless-
ings" conceal this objective context of unfreedom, and in the name of critical reflection the jargon joins hands with modern advertising in celebrating the meaningful- ness of immediate experience.
Hence for Adorno, German existentialism and re- lated genres, such as neoromantic lyric poetry (e. g. , Rilke), come to a head in a mythic jargon that re-
? ? xv
duces the dialectical relationship of reflective critique to the objective content and context of subjectivity. The result is an ideology of the simple in which the primal sense of pure words is elevated in a futile at- tempt to overcome the "alienation" that remains linked to the political-economic framework of society.
Adorno's reconstruction of Heidegger's philosophy attempts to show that it becomes an ontology that re- treats behind, rather than overcomes, the tradition of transcendental philosophy. In the universalization of transcendental subjectivity into Dasein, the empirical is totally lost and, as Adorno claims, an essence-mythol- ogy of Being emerges. This is exemplified in the claim that the primacy of Dasein is a realm beyond fact and essence and yet one which maintains itself as an identity. Whereas critical reason was able to show that maintenance of identity of consciousness presup- posed a dialectic of subjective and objective reciprocity which was unified only in the constitutive activity of concrete subjectivity itself, Heidegger's notion of Dasein as both ontic and ontological stops the dialec- ticity of conscious existence in an idealistic elevation of the absolute subject. To quote Adorno :
whatever praises itself for reaching behind the con- cepts of reflection-subject and object-in order to grasp something substantial, does nothing but reify the irresolvability of the concepts of reflection. It reifies the impossibility of reducing one into the other; into the in-itself (italics added) . 10
Adorno's thesis is that Heidegger's notion of self- ness remains a reified tributary of Husserl's concept of
10. The mature statement of the notion of critical reason has been recently translated as Negative Dialectik (New York, 1973).
? xvi
subject. This concept of subject, in attempting to over- come the pure possibility of the ontic, claims to be it- self concrete. Hence, Heidegger dogmatically proclaims his concept of existence as something in opposition to identity-while at the same time he "continues the tradition of the doctrine of identity with his implicit definition of the self through its own preservation. " Hence, Adorno examines the notions of "Dasein," "au- thenticity," "death," "care," etc. , and shows that their use evades the issue of historical determinateness by means of a primary and absolute creative subject- which is, by definition, supposedly untouched by reifi- cation.
Hence, the aura of authenticity in Heidegger is that it names "nothing" ; the "1" remains formal and yet pretends that the word contains content in-itself. For Adorno, Heidegger's existentialism is a new Platonism which implies that authenticity comes in the complete disposal of the person over himself-as if there were no determination emerging from the objectivity of his- tory .
TRENT SCHROYER
Graduate Faculty of the
New School for Social Research
February, 1973
x vi i
AUTHOR'S NOTE
The author conceive d the Jar- gon of Authenticity as part of the Negative Dialectic. However, he finally excluded that text from the latter work not only because its size grew disproportionate to the other parts, but also because the elements of lin- guistic physiognomy and sociology no longer fitted properly with the rest of the plan. The resistance against intellectual division of labor requires that this division of labor should be reflected on and not merely
ignored. Certainly in intention and in theme the Jar- gon is philosophical. As long as philosophy was in line with its own nature, it also had content. However, in retreating to the ideal of its pure nature, philosophy cancels itself out. This thought was only developed in the book which was then still unfinished, while
xix
the Jargon proceeds accord:ing to this insight without, however, grounding it fully. Thus it was published earlier, as a k:ind of propaedeutic.
Insofar as the author has paid homage to the di- vision of labor, he has at the same time all the more rudely challenged this division. He might be accused of philosophical, sociological, and aesthetic seduction without employing the traditional manner of keeping the categories separate-or maybe even of discussing
them distinct from each other. Yet he would have to answer that a demand of this kind projects onto ob-
jects the desire for order which marks a classifying science, and which then proclaims that it is elevated by objects. The author, however, feels more inclined to give himself over to objects than to schematize like a schoolmaster-for the sake of an external standard: a standard which, questionably, has been brought to bear on the subject matter from the outside. This atti- tude determines itself by precisely the fact that the subject-matter elements of philosophy are intertwined. The common methodological ideal would break up this intimate unity. By means of such a unity of the subject matter, the unity of the author's own attempts should become all the more visible-for example, the unity of the author's philosophical essays with the essay, "Criticism of the Musician" from the Disso- nances. What is aesthetically perceived :in the bad form of language, and interpreted sociologically, is deduced from the untruth of the content which is posited with it : its implicit philosophy.
This makes for bad blood. Passages from Jaspers and idea blocks from Heidegger are treated on the same levels, and with that same linguistic attitude, which schoolmasters would probably reject with indig- nation. The text of the Jargon, however, contains xx
enough evidence, from a truly inexhaustible wealth, to show that those men write in the same manner which they despise in their lesser followers as a justi- fication of their own superiority. Their philosophemes show on what the jargon feeds, as well as its indirect suggestive force. The ambitious projects of German philosophy in the second half of the twenties concre- tized and articulated the direction into which the ob- jective spirit of the time was drawn. This spirit re- mained what it was and thus speaks in the jargon even today. Only the criticism of these philosophical projects can objectively determine the mendacity which echoes in the vulgar jargon. The physiognomy of the vulgar jargon leads into what discloses itself in
Heidegger.
It is nothing new to find that the sublime becomes
the cover for something low. That is how potential victims are kept in line. But the ideology of the sub- lime no longer acknowledges itself without being dis- regarded. To show this fact might help to prevent criticism from stagnating in a vague and noncom- mittal suspicion of ideology, a suspicion which has itself fallen into ideology. Contemporary German ideology is careful not to pronounce definite doctrines, such as liberal or even elitist ones. Ideology has shifted into language. Social and anthropological changes have brought about this shift, though without breaking the veil. The fact that such language is actually ideol- ogy, i. e.
OF Authenticity
THEODOR W. ADORNO
? ? THE Jargon OF
TRANSLATED BY
Knut Tarnowski and Frederic Will
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY PRESS Evanston 1973
? Copyright @. I973)by Northwestern University Press Library of Congress Catalog Card Number : 72-96701 vISBN 0-8101-0407-5
Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved
The Jargon of Authenticity was originally published in German under the title Jargon der Eigentlichkeit: Zur deutschen Ideologie. (C) Suhrkamp Verlag, Frank- furt am Main, 1964
Knut Tarnowski is an instructor in comparative litera- ture at the University of Massachusetts.
Frederic Will is professor of comparative literature at the University of Massachusetts.
? CONTENTS
vii Foreword, by Trent Schroyer xix Author's Note
The Jargon of Authenticity
3
FOREWORD
ONCE IS NOW MOMENT OF ITS REALIZATION HAS BEEN
MISSED.
Theodor W. Adorno
Existentialism has been de- scribed by Paul Tillich as "an over one hundred year old movement of rebellion against the dehumanization of man in industrial society. " 1 But this rebellion has been viewed as emerging because the solutions pro- posed by Hegel and Marx proved ineffective for over- coming the fact of alienation. 2 Thus Kierkegaard, in rejecting Hegel's immanentism ot Reason in history simply tried to restore the irreducibility of human sub- jectivity. For Kierkegaard the suffering of the individ-
ual is not justified in a panlogism of history.
The Jargon of Authenticity is Theodor W. Adorno's
1. Paul Tillich, "Existentialist Philosophy," The Journal of the History of Ideas, V (Jan. , I944), 44 70.
2. F. H. Heinemann, Existentialism and the Modern Pre- dicament (New York, I958), p. I 2 .
vi i
PHILOSOPHY WHICH SEEMED OUTMODED ALIVE BECAUSE THE
critique of the ideology of German existentialism. As a member of the Frankfurt school of critical theory,3 Adorno's critique is a Hegelian-Marxist response to the existentialist rejection of critical reason. Although this analysis focuses upon twentieth-century German ex- istentialism, especially its post-World War II diffusion, the basic concern is its notion of subjectivity. That is, Adorno's critique is itself an attempt to transcend and include in the perspective of critical reason the truth of the existentialist concern for the fundamentalness of human subjectivity. In this sense Adorno's analysis parallels that of Jean-Paul Sartre, who in the introduc- tion to the Critique of Dialectical Reason argues that, correctly understood, existentialism is a moment of dialectical, or critical, reason. 4
However, Adorno's intent goes beyond a counter- critique of existentialism and aspires to be a critique of the ideology inherent in its German formulations.
Adorno not only wants to salvage the notion of sub- jectivity from the idealistic tendency of existentialism, a concern he shares with Sartre, but he also wants to show that this theory has become a mystification of the actual processes of domination. In this way Adorno's critique is within the tradition of critical theory's cri- tique of ideology. The intent of critical theory is to re-
3. The Frankfurt school is best known by its leading mem bers, among whom are Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, and Jiirgen Habermas. However, these are only the better-known members of a tradition of critical theory that has now spanned two generations. An excellent intellec tual history of this highly important and little understood com- munity of radical scholars has just been published by Martin Jay under the title of The Dialectical Imagination (Boston, I 973 ) .
4. Jean Paul Sartre, Search for a Method (New York, I963 )?
? viii
construct the generation of historical forms of con- sciousness in order to demonstrate how they misrepre- sent actual social relations and thereby justify histori- cal forms of domination. In this way dialectical reason is actualized by critical theorists who, in their reflective critiques of the basic categories of historical con- sciousness, seek to reconcile men and women to the actuality of their historical possibilities. So conceived, critical theory is a theoretical moment of the "class struggle. "
However, the later Frankfurt school no longer as- sumed that the categories of Marx's critique of political economy were adequate for the critique of late in- dustrial society (Le. , both "capitalisms" and "social- isms"). It was precisely the failure of Marx's historical agent of change, the proletariat, to become a class-for- itself that stimulated the Frankfurt school's analyses of the ideol? gical reifications that blocked human lib- eration. Their concern for the growth of false con- sciousness generated by the "culture industry" and the increased integration, and yet atomization, of persons in the industrial order resulted in a series of critical analyses of mass culture and ideological traditions, e. g. , authoritarian social forms, the legacy of the En- lightenment's notion of Reason, etc. " In the absence of a decisive agent of social change, and in the midst of what Marcuse termed a "one-dimensional society," the basic interest of the Frankfurt school was to restore the actuality of critical rationality. Indeed, their refusal to affirm "mechanical Marxism" or utopian hopes for
5. Some of these studies are now available in English, such as M. Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of En- lightenment (New York, 1972); Max Horkheimer, Critical Theory (New York, 1 972).
ix
liberation is perhaps evidence of their consistency in staying within the limits of negative critique. For them, only in the negation of pseudo-integrations and resolu- tions was emancipatory action clearly possible. Hence, the Frankfurt school became a tradition of revolution- ary theorists who, in the absence of the objective pos- sibilities for the transcendence of industrial domina- tion, attempted to uphold the ideals of critical reason that anticipated the emancipation of mankind from the unnecessary power constraints of nature and his-
tory. In this way their work is basically a critique of the reifications that conceal the truth of critical reason. Since "reification" is for them "a forgetting," 6 their work is essentially a remembrance, from the historical setting of the mid-twentieth century, of the notion of critical reason.
Adorno's The Jargon of Authenticity continues the critique of existentialism that had always been an issue for Frankfurt theorists. 7 The continuity of this critique can be shown by Adorno's 1939 essay "On Kierke- gaard's Doctrine of Love," which anticipates and is assumed by this book. s Adorno shows that Kierke- gaard's notion of love transcended human differences, happiness, and even historical morality itself. The
6. Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment.
7. Perhaps the earliest statement of this concern is Adorno's Habilitationsarbeit ( I 933), which was published as Kierke gaard: Konstruktion des Aesthetischen (Frankfurt, I965). But the essay by Herbert Marcuse, "Existentialism: Remarks on Jean-Paul Sartre's L'Etre et le neant," Philosophy and Phe- nomonological Research VII, no. 3 (March, I948), is one of the most important critiques of existentialism in the Frank- furt tradition.
8. Zeitsc hnft fur Sozialforschung, VIII ( I939), 4I3 29. x
most remote neighbor was to be affirmed as much as the most intimate friend; "preference" was to be over- come, and love as agape was to be experienced in a radical inwardness that transcended the natural incli- nations of eros. Adorno argues that this love's extreme inwardness conceived of itself as its own ground. Hence, while Kierkegaard's doctrine of love aimed at overcoming the reifications of historical context, it actually became, Adorno claims, a reification that could not be actualized. In oppressing both natural drives and the right of the mind to question, radical in- wardness loses love's power of reconciling the antag- onism between natural instincts and socially formed selves. In abstract inward love, both historical need and happiness are effectively denied. The real object of this love's "desire" is redemption-which becomes the ultimate reality sought.
Adorno shows that this radical Christian inward- ness evades the actuality of secular injustice and in- equality. Nonetheless, Kierkegaard is more deeply aware of the transformation of the person in the bour- geois epoch than his contemporaries or his later Ger- man existentialist followers. That is, he recognized the mechanisms of industrialization that force men into alienated social patterns and reified communica- tions. But this insight only confirmed Kierkegaard's sense that the progress of civilization was the history of advancing decay and further inclined him to the hatred of "leveling" mechanisms and the rejection of the motives of the bourgeois epoch. Only in the radical inwardness of Christian love, in the leap of faith that suspends the ethical, is it possible to hope for eternality, for redemption.
But Adorno's central point is that Kierkegaard's xi
radical inwardness has lost the dialectical mediation of subject and object-which was the achievement of Hegel's critical philosophy. That is, the constitutive presuppositions of human subjectivity must themselves be dialectically related to the historical context in which determinate subjects are formed. Failure to so relate the subject and object of histOrically situated knowledge results in the fallacy 9? "ob; j
the reduction of subjectivIty to 'the in-it-selfness of facts (e. g. , positivism) or the innate principles of mind (the idealistic philosophy of the identity of reason and mind). Both forms of objectivism are the loss of criti- cal (dialectical) reason. Only the tradition of reflec- tive critique conceived of human subjectivity in a way that did not reduce it to the determinateness of natural facts or absorb it into the spiritual principles of abso- lute idealism. Kierkegaard's radical inwardness be- comes an idealistic objectivism by failing to compre- hend subjectivity as a historical category.
Dialecticaly conceived "subjectivity" is historically fonned and yet not reducible to historical determina- tions; historical subjectivity is reconstructed from the framework of reflective critique in that the limits of constitutive synthesis establish the range of possible experience. Only in such a reflective reconstruction of the genesis of subjectivity is it possible to distinguish between real possibilities and those modes of appear- ance that are but abstract i1Iusions, e. g. , existen- tialism's transcendence of historical domination. -So conceived, the dialectical notion of subjectivity is a fundamental category of critical reason. In reflective reconstructions of self-formation processes, it is pos- sible to show the p! ? eudo-necessity of socially unneces- sary motives and to thereby promote a reversal of con-
? ? ? ? ? ? xii
sciousness that can dissolve the causality of these objective illusions. 9
In The Jargon at Authenticity. Adorno applies the method of immanent criticism to contemporary Ger- man existentialists ? Buber, Jaspers, Heidegger, etc. ). His basic thesis is that after World War II this philosophical perspective became an ideological mysti- fication of human domination-while pretending to be a critique of alienation. Use of existentialistic terms became, Adorno argues , a j argon : a mode of magical expression which Walter Benjamin called an "aura. " In the aura of existentialism the historical need for meaning and liberation was expressed, but in a way that mystified the actual relation between language and its objective content. Adorno's critique focuses on the jargon's incapacity to express the relation between language and truth, in that it breaks the dialectic of language by making the intended object appear present by the idealization inherent in the word itself. The jargon, therefore, falls into an objectivism that con- ceals the difference between philosophical reflection and the in-itselfness of the object of reflection. Such objectivism loses the intent of reflection to maintain a
self-consciousness of the mediation of fact through the thinking subject. Consequently, in the jargon objective consciousness is compressed into self-experience, and an idealism results.
9. The methodological ideal of critical theory has been given a contemporary restatement in Jiirgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests (Boston, 197I), and Theory and Practice (Boston, 1973). The continuity of the tradition of critical theory has been argued by Trent Schroyer, The Criti- que of Domination (New York, 1973).
? xi i i
But the societal result of this idealistic tendency is that the jargon shares with modern advertising the ideological circularity of pretending to make present, in pure expressivity, an idealized form that is devoid of content; or, alternatively, just as the mass media can create a presence whose aura makes the spectator seem to experience a nonexistent actuality, so the jargon pre- sents a gesture of autonomy without content. Adorno's analysis here continues Marx's analysis of the fetish- ism of commodities, in that the symbolisms of the jargon do not represent actual social relations but rather symbolize only the relations between abstract concepts. Lost in the fetishisms of the jargon is the actuality of the historical development of human con- sciousness. That the subject itself is formed, and de- formed, by the objective configuration of institutions is forgotten, and thus reified, in the jargon's pathos of archaic primalness. Consequently, there is a loss of the objective context of human society and an idealistic compression of all historical consciousness into the sphere of self-experience. For example, Adorno cites Martin Buber's I and Thou and Paul Tillich's stress that religiosity is an end in itself, as instances of the shift to subjectivity as an in-it-selfness. In both cases the words are referred to the immediacy of life, to at- titudinal and qualitative aspects of self-experience. One needs only to be a believer; the objective content of belief has, been eclipsed in the subjectivization of objective content. To be a Christian seems to be a personal question-independent from the historical divinity of Christ. Without necessarily intending to do so, this extreme subjectivity transforms existentialistic language into a mystification of the objective con- straints that block the autonomy and spontaneity of the historical subject.
? ? ? xiv
Hegel proclaimed philosophy a "homecoming" that critically reconciled objective discord and subjective consciousness. His intent was to maintain a meaning- ful totality by the reflective mediations of critical rea- son. Reflection had as its aim the critique of abstrac- tions, or in Marxian terms, of reifications. In this way Marx's work attempted to demonstrate the nonequiva-
lence of exchange in the capitalist economy-thereby restoring to human consciousness a critical mediation of economic exploitation.
Adorno implies that contemporary German ex- istentialism began from a high? r level of capitalist development, in which the SOC1QGultural antagonisms ar? -. ! u_ c ihari e? conomic_? ? '. El9Jtation and? ? -
into Therefore, the haste with which the existentialists and their jargon attempt to achieve a reconciliation, irregardless of the objective processes of alienation which block meaning and autonomy, indicated only their awareness of the depth of the need. The resulting movement to a radical in- wardness and its expressions of authenticity, freedom, etc. , is an attempt to actualize these ideals outside of the objective social context: to fulfill heroic cultural models independent of the society. Behind these empty claims for freedom the socioeconomic processes of ad- vanced capitalist integration continue, intenSifying the dependence of all persons upon large organizational units for employment and welfare. The jargon's "bless-
ings" conceal this objective context of unfreedom, and in the name of critical reflection the jargon joins hands with modern advertising in celebrating the meaningful- ness of immediate experience.
Hence for Adorno, German existentialism and re- lated genres, such as neoromantic lyric poetry (e. g. , Rilke), come to a head in a mythic jargon that re-
? ? xv
duces the dialectical relationship of reflective critique to the objective content and context of subjectivity. The result is an ideology of the simple in which the primal sense of pure words is elevated in a futile at- tempt to overcome the "alienation" that remains linked to the political-economic framework of society.
Adorno's reconstruction of Heidegger's philosophy attempts to show that it becomes an ontology that re- treats behind, rather than overcomes, the tradition of transcendental philosophy. In the universalization of transcendental subjectivity into Dasein, the empirical is totally lost and, as Adorno claims, an essence-mythol- ogy of Being emerges. This is exemplified in the claim that the primacy of Dasein is a realm beyond fact and essence and yet one which maintains itself as an identity. Whereas critical reason was able to show that maintenance of identity of consciousness presup- posed a dialectic of subjective and objective reciprocity which was unified only in the constitutive activity of concrete subjectivity itself, Heidegger's notion of Dasein as both ontic and ontological stops the dialec- ticity of conscious existence in an idealistic elevation of the absolute subject. To quote Adorno :
whatever praises itself for reaching behind the con- cepts of reflection-subject and object-in order to grasp something substantial, does nothing but reify the irresolvability of the concepts of reflection. It reifies the impossibility of reducing one into the other; into the in-itself (italics added) . 10
Adorno's thesis is that Heidegger's notion of self- ness remains a reified tributary of Husserl's concept of
10. The mature statement of the notion of critical reason has been recently translated as Negative Dialectik (New York, 1973).
? xvi
subject. This concept of subject, in attempting to over- come the pure possibility of the ontic, claims to be it- self concrete. Hence, Heidegger dogmatically proclaims his concept of existence as something in opposition to identity-while at the same time he "continues the tradition of the doctrine of identity with his implicit definition of the self through its own preservation. " Hence, Adorno examines the notions of "Dasein," "au- thenticity," "death," "care," etc. , and shows that their use evades the issue of historical determinateness by means of a primary and absolute creative subject- which is, by definition, supposedly untouched by reifi- cation.
Hence, the aura of authenticity in Heidegger is that it names "nothing" ; the "1" remains formal and yet pretends that the word contains content in-itself. For Adorno, Heidegger's existentialism is a new Platonism which implies that authenticity comes in the complete disposal of the person over himself-as if there were no determination emerging from the objectivity of his- tory .
TRENT SCHROYER
Graduate Faculty of the
New School for Social Research
February, 1973
x vi i
AUTHOR'S NOTE
The author conceive d the Jar- gon of Authenticity as part of the Negative Dialectic. However, he finally excluded that text from the latter work not only because its size grew disproportionate to the other parts, but also because the elements of lin- guistic physiognomy and sociology no longer fitted properly with the rest of the plan. The resistance against intellectual division of labor requires that this division of labor should be reflected on and not merely
ignored. Certainly in intention and in theme the Jar- gon is philosophical. As long as philosophy was in line with its own nature, it also had content. However, in retreating to the ideal of its pure nature, philosophy cancels itself out. This thought was only developed in the book which was then still unfinished, while
xix
the Jargon proceeds accord:ing to this insight without, however, grounding it fully. Thus it was published earlier, as a k:ind of propaedeutic.
Insofar as the author has paid homage to the di- vision of labor, he has at the same time all the more rudely challenged this division. He might be accused of philosophical, sociological, and aesthetic seduction without employing the traditional manner of keeping the categories separate-or maybe even of discussing
them distinct from each other. Yet he would have to answer that a demand of this kind projects onto ob-
jects the desire for order which marks a classifying science, and which then proclaims that it is elevated by objects. The author, however, feels more inclined to give himself over to objects than to schematize like a schoolmaster-for the sake of an external standard: a standard which, questionably, has been brought to bear on the subject matter from the outside. This atti- tude determines itself by precisely the fact that the subject-matter elements of philosophy are intertwined. The common methodological ideal would break up this intimate unity. By means of such a unity of the subject matter, the unity of the author's own attempts should become all the more visible-for example, the unity of the author's philosophical essays with the essay, "Criticism of the Musician" from the Disso- nances. What is aesthetically perceived :in the bad form of language, and interpreted sociologically, is deduced from the untruth of the content which is posited with it : its implicit philosophy.
This makes for bad blood. Passages from Jaspers and idea blocks from Heidegger are treated on the same levels, and with that same linguistic attitude, which schoolmasters would probably reject with indig- nation. The text of the Jargon, however, contains xx
enough evidence, from a truly inexhaustible wealth, to show that those men write in the same manner which they despise in their lesser followers as a justi- fication of their own superiority. Their philosophemes show on what the jargon feeds, as well as its indirect suggestive force. The ambitious projects of German philosophy in the second half of the twenties concre- tized and articulated the direction into which the ob- jective spirit of the time was drawn. This spirit re- mained what it was and thus speaks in the jargon even today. Only the criticism of these philosophical projects can objectively determine the mendacity which echoes in the vulgar jargon. The physiognomy of the vulgar jargon leads into what discloses itself in
Heidegger.
It is nothing new to find that the sublime becomes
the cover for something low. That is how potential victims are kept in line. But the ideology of the sub- lime no longer acknowledges itself without being dis- regarded.
I973)by Northwestern University Press Library of Congress Catalog Card Number : 72-96701 vISBN 0-8101-0407-5
Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved
The Jargon of Authenticity was originally published in German under the title Jargon der Eigentlichkeit: Zur deutschen Ideologie. (C) Suhrkamp Verlag, Frank- furt am Main, 1964
Knut Tarnowski is an instructor in comparative litera- ture at the University of Massachusetts.
Frederic Will is professor of comparative literature at the University of Massachusetts.
? CONTENTS
vii Foreword, by Trent Schroyer xix Author's Note
The Jargon of Authenticity
3
FOREWORD
ONCE IS NOW MOMENT OF ITS REALIZATION HAS BEEN
MISSED.
Theodor W. Adorno
Existentialism has been de- scribed by Paul Tillich as "an over one hundred year old movement of rebellion against the dehumanization of man in industrial society. " 1 But this rebellion has been viewed as emerging because the solutions pro- posed by Hegel and Marx proved ineffective for over- coming the fact of alienation. 2 Thus Kierkegaard, in rejecting Hegel's immanentism ot Reason in history simply tried to restore the irreducibility of human sub- jectivity. For Kierkegaard the suffering of the individ-
ual is not justified in a panlogism of history.
The Jargon of Authenticity is Theodor W. Adorno's
1. Paul Tillich, "Existentialist Philosophy," The Journal of the History of Ideas, V (Jan. , I944), 44 70.
2. F. H. Heinemann, Existentialism and the Modern Pre- dicament (New York, I958), p. I 2 .
vi i
PHILOSOPHY WHICH SEEMED OUTMODED ALIVE BECAUSE THE
critique of the ideology of German existentialism. As a member of the Frankfurt school of critical theory,3 Adorno's critique is a Hegelian-Marxist response to the existentialist rejection of critical reason. Although this analysis focuses upon twentieth-century German ex- istentialism, especially its post-World War II diffusion, the basic concern is its notion of subjectivity. That is, Adorno's critique is itself an attempt to transcend and include in the perspective of critical reason the truth of the existentialist concern for the fundamentalness of human subjectivity. In this sense Adorno's analysis parallels that of Jean-Paul Sartre, who in the introduc- tion to the Critique of Dialectical Reason argues that, correctly understood, existentialism is a moment of dialectical, or critical, reason. 4
However, Adorno's intent goes beyond a counter- critique of existentialism and aspires to be a critique of the ideology inherent in its German formulations.
Adorno not only wants to salvage the notion of sub- jectivity from the idealistic tendency of existentialism, a concern he shares with Sartre, but he also wants to show that this theory has become a mystification of the actual processes of domination. In this way Adorno's critique is within the tradition of critical theory's cri- tique of ideology. The intent of critical theory is to re-
3. The Frankfurt school is best known by its leading mem bers, among whom are Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, and Jiirgen Habermas. However, these are only the better-known members of a tradition of critical theory that has now spanned two generations. An excellent intellec tual history of this highly important and little understood com- munity of radical scholars has just been published by Martin Jay under the title of The Dialectical Imagination (Boston, I 973 ) .
4. Jean Paul Sartre, Search for a Method (New York, I963 )?
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construct the generation of historical forms of con- sciousness in order to demonstrate how they misrepre- sent actual social relations and thereby justify histori- cal forms of domination. In this way dialectical reason is actualized by critical theorists who, in their reflective critiques of the basic categories of historical con- sciousness, seek to reconcile men and women to the actuality of their historical possibilities. So conceived, critical theory is a theoretical moment of the "class struggle. "
However, the later Frankfurt school no longer as- sumed that the categories of Marx's critique of political economy were adequate for the critique of late in- dustrial society (Le. , both "capitalisms" and "social- isms"). It was precisely the failure of Marx's historical agent of change, the proletariat, to become a class-for- itself that stimulated the Frankfurt school's analyses of the ideol? gical reifications that blocked human lib- eration. Their concern for the growth of false con- sciousness generated by the "culture industry" and the increased integration, and yet atomization, of persons in the industrial order resulted in a series of critical analyses of mass culture and ideological traditions, e. g. , authoritarian social forms, the legacy of the En- lightenment's notion of Reason, etc. " In the absence of a decisive agent of social change, and in the midst of what Marcuse termed a "one-dimensional society," the basic interest of the Frankfurt school was to restore the actuality of critical rationality. Indeed, their refusal to affirm "mechanical Marxism" or utopian hopes for
5. Some of these studies are now available in English, such as M. Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of En- lightenment (New York, 1972); Max Horkheimer, Critical Theory (New York, 1 972).
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liberation is perhaps evidence of their consistency in staying within the limits of negative critique. For them, only in the negation of pseudo-integrations and resolu- tions was emancipatory action clearly possible. Hence, the Frankfurt school became a tradition of revolution- ary theorists who, in the absence of the objective pos- sibilities for the transcendence of industrial domina- tion, attempted to uphold the ideals of critical reason that anticipated the emancipation of mankind from the unnecessary power constraints of nature and his-
tory. In this way their work is basically a critique of the reifications that conceal the truth of critical reason. Since "reification" is for them "a forgetting," 6 their work is essentially a remembrance, from the historical setting of the mid-twentieth century, of the notion of critical reason.
Adorno's The Jargon of Authenticity continues the critique of existentialism that had always been an issue for Frankfurt theorists. 7 The continuity of this critique can be shown by Adorno's 1939 essay "On Kierke- gaard's Doctrine of Love," which anticipates and is assumed by this book. s Adorno shows that Kierke- gaard's notion of love transcended human differences, happiness, and even historical morality itself. The
6. Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment.
7. Perhaps the earliest statement of this concern is Adorno's Habilitationsarbeit ( I 933), which was published as Kierke gaard: Konstruktion des Aesthetischen (Frankfurt, I965). But the essay by Herbert Marcuse, "Existentialism: Remarks on Jean-Paul Sartre's L'Etre et le neant," Philosophy and Phe- nomonological Research VII, no. 3 (March, I948), is one of the most important critiques of existentialism in the Frank- furt tradition.
8. Zeitsc hnft fur Sozialforschung, VIII ( I939), 4I3 29. x
most remote neighbor was to be affirmed as much as the most intimate friend; "preference" was to be over- come, and love as agape was to be experienced in a radical inwardness that transcended the natural incli- nations of eros. Adorno argues that this love's extreme inwardness conceived of itself as its own ground. Hence, while Kierkegaard's doctrine of love aimed at overcoming the reifications of historical context, it actually became, Adorno claims, a reification that could not be actualized. In oppressing both natural drives and the right of the mind to question, radical in- wardness loses love's power of reconciling the antag- onism between natural instincts and socially formed selves. In abstract inward love, both historical need and happiness are effectively denied. The real object of this love's "desire" is redemption-which becomes the ultimate reality sought.
Adorno shows that this radical Christian inward- ness evades the actuality of secular injustice and in- equality. Nonetheless, Kierkegaard is more deeply aware of the transformation of the person in the bour- geois epoch than his contemporaries or his later Ger- man existentialist followers. That is, he recognized the mechanisms of industrialization that force men into alienated social patterns and reified communica- tions. But this insight only confirmed Kierkegaard's sense that the progress of civilization was the history of advancing decay and further inclined him to the hatred of "leveling" mechanisms and the rejection of the motives of the bourgeois epoch. Only in the radical inwardness of Christian love, in the leap of faith that suspends the ethical, is it possible to hope for eternality, for redemption.
But Adorno's central point is that Kierkegaard's xi
radical inwardness has lost the dialectical mediation of subject and object-which was the achievement of Hegel's critical philosophy. That is, the constitutive presuppositions of human subjectivity must themselves be dialectically related to the historical context in which determinate subjects are formed. Failure to so relate the subject and object of histOrically situated knowledge results in the fallacy 9? "ob; j
the reduction of subjectivIty to 'the in-it-selfness of facts (e. g. , positivism) or the innate principles of mind (the idealistic philosophy of the identity of reason and mind). Both forms of objectivism are the loss of criti- cal (dialectical) reason. Only the tradition of reflec- tive critique conceived of human subjectivity in a way that did not reduce it to the determinateness of natural facts or absorb it into the spiritual principles of abso- lute idealism. Kierkegaard's radical inwardness be- comes an idealistic objectivism by failing to compre- hend subjectivity as a historical category.
Dialecticaly conceived "subjectivity" is historically fonned and yet not reducible to historical determina- tions; historical subjectivity is reconstructed from the framework of reflective critique in that the limits of constitutive synthesis establish the range of possible experience. Only in such a reflective reconstruction of the genesis of subjectivity is it possible to distinguish between real possibilities and those modes of appear- ance that are but abstract i1Iusions, e. g. , existen- tialism's transcendence of historical domination. -So conceived, the dialectical notion of subjectivity is a fundamental category of critical reason. In reflective reconstructions of self-formation processes, it is pos- sible to show the p! ? eudo-necessity of socially unneces- sary motives and to thereby promote a reversal of con-
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sciousness that can dissolve the causality of these objective illusions. 9
In The Jargon at Authenticity. Adorno applies the method of immanent criticism to contemporary Ger- man existentialists ? Buber, Jaspers, Heidegger, etc. ). His basic thesis is that after World War II this philosophical perspective became an ideological mysti- fication of human domination-while pretending to be a critique of alienation. Use of existentialistic terms became, Adorno argues , a j argon : a mode of magical expression which Walter Benjamin called an "aura. " In the aura of existentialism the historical need for meaning and liberation was expressed, but in a way that mystified the actual relation between language and its objective content. Adorno's critique focuses on the jargon's incapacity to express the relation between language and truth, in that it breaks the dialectic of language by making the intended object appear present by the idealization inherent in the word itself. The jargon, therefore, falls into an objectivism that con- ceals the difference between philosophical reflection and the in-itselfness of the object of reflection. Such objectivism loses the intent of reflection to maintain a
self-consciousness of the mediation of fact through the thinking subject. Consequently, in the jargon objective consciousness is compressed into self-experience, and an idealism results.
9. The methodological ideal of critical theory has been given a contemporary restatement in Jiirgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests (Boston, 197I), and Theory and Practice (Boston, 1973). The continuity of the tradition of critical theory has been argued by Trent Schroyer, The Criti- que of Domination (New York, 1973).
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But the societal result of this idealistic tendency is that the jargon shares with modern advertising the ideological circularity of pretending to make present, in pure expressivity, an idealized form that is devoid of content; or, alternatively, just as the mass media can create a presence whose aura makes the spectator seem to experience a nonexistent actuality, so the jargon pre- sents a gesture of autonomy without content. Adorno's analysis here continues Marx's analysis of the fetish- ism of commodities, in that the symbolisms of the jargon do not represent actual social relations but rather symbolize only the relations between abstract concepts. Lost in the fetishisms of the jargon is the actuality of the historical development of human con- sciousness. That the subject itself is formed, and de- formed, by the objective configuration of institutions is forgotten, and thus reified, in the jargon's pathos of archaic primalness. Consequently, there is a loss of the objective context of human society and an idealistic compression of all historical consciousness into the sphere of self-experience. For example, Adorno cites Martin Buber's I and Thou and Paul Tillich's stress that religiosity is an end in itself, as instances of the shift to subjectivity as an in-it-selfness. In both cases the words are referred to the immediacy of life, to at- titudinal and qualitative aspects of self-experience. One needs only to be a believer; the objective content of belief has, been eclipsed in the subjectivization of objective content. To be a Christian seems to be a personal question-independent from the historical divinity of Christ. Without necessarily intending to do so, this extreme subjectivity transforms existentialistic language into a mystification of the objective con- straints that block the autonomy and spontaneity of the historical subject.
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Hegel proclaimed philosophy a "homecoming" that critically reconciled objective discord and subjective consciousness. His intent was to maintain a meaning- ful totality by the reflective mediations of critical rea- son. Reflection had as its aim the critique of abstrac- tions, or in Marxian terms, of reifications. In this way Marx's work attempted to demonstrate the nonequiva-
lence of exchange in the capitalist economy-thereby restoring to human consciousness a critical mediation of economic exploitation.
Adorno implies that contemporary German ex- istentialism began from a high? r level of capitalist development, in which the SOC1QGultural antagonisms ar? -. ! u_ c ihari e? conomic_? ? '. El9Jtation and? ? -
into Therefore, the haste with which the existentialists and their jargon attempt to achieve a reconciliation, irregardless of the objective processes of alienation which block meaning and autonomy, indicated only their awareness of the depth of the need. The resulting movement to a radical in- wardness and its expressions of authenticity, freedom, etc. , is an attempt to actualize these ideals outside of the objective social context: to fulfill heroic cultural models independent of the society. Behind these empty claims for freedom the socioeconomic processes of ad- vanced capitalist integration continue, intenSifying the dependence of all persons upon large organizational units for employment and welfare. The jargon's "bless-
ings" conceal this objective context of unfreedom, and in the name of critical reflection the jargon joins hands with modern advertising in celebrating the meaningful- ness of immediate experience.
Hence for Adorno, German existentialism and re- lated genres, such as neoromantic lyric poetry (e. g. , Rilke), come to a head in a mythic jargon that re-
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duces the dialectical relationship of reflective critique to the objective content and context of subjectivity. The result is an ideology of the simple in which the primal sense of pure words is elevated in a futile at- tempt to overcome the "alienation" that remains linked to the political-economic framework of society.
Adorno's reconstruction of Heidegger's philosophy attempts to show that it becomes an ontology that re- treats behind, rather than overcomes, the tradition of transcendental philosophy. In the universalization of transcendental subjectivity into Dasein, the empirical is totally lost and, as Adorno claims, an essence-mythol- ogy of Being emerges. This is exemplified in the claim that the primacy of Dasein is a realm beyond fact and essence and yet one which maintains itself as an identity. Whereas critical reason was able to show that maintenance of identity of consciousness presup- posed a dialectic of subjective and objective reciprocity which was unified only in the constitutive activity of concrete subjectivity itself, Heidegger's notion of Dasein as both ontic and ontological stops the dialec- ticity of conscious existence in an idealistic elevation of the absolute subject. To quote Adorno :
whatever praises itself for reaching behind the con- cepts of reflection-subject and object-in order to grasp something substantial, does nothing but reify the irresolvability of the concepts of reflection. It reifies the impossibility of reducing one into the other; into the in-itself (italics added) . 10
Adorno's thesis is that Heidegger's notion of self- ness remains a reified tributary of Husserl's concept of
10. The mature statement of the notion of critical reason has been recently translated as Negative Dialectik (New York, 1973).
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subject. This concept of subject, in attempting to over- come the pure possibility of the ontic, claims to be it- self concrete. Hence, Heidegger dogmatically proclaims his concept of existence as something in opposition to identity-while at the same time he "continues the tradition of the doctrine of identity with his implicit definition of the self through its own preservation. " Hence, Adorno examines the notions of "Dasein," "au- thenticity," "death," "care," etc. , and shows that their use evades the issue of historical determinateness by means of a primary and absolute creative subject- which is, by definition, supposedly untouched by reifi- cation.
Hence, the aura of authenticity in Heidegger is that it names "nothing" ; the "1" remains formal and yet pretends that the word contains content in-itself. For Adorno, Heidegger's existentialism is a new Platonism which implies that authenticity comes in the complete disposal of the person over himself-as if there were no determination emerging from the objectivity of his- tory .
TRENT SCHROYER
Graduate Faculty of the
New School for Social Research
February, 1973
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AUTHOR'S NOTE
The author conceive d the Jar- gon of Authenticity as part of the Negative Dialectic. However, he finally excluded that text from the latter work not only because its size grew disproportionate to the other parts, but also because the elements of lin- guistic physiognomy and sociology no longer fitted properly with the rest of the plan. The resistance against intellectual division of labor requires that this division of labor should be reflected on and not merely
ignored. Certainly in intention and in theme the Jar- gon is philosophical. As long as philosophy was in line with its own nature, it also had content. However, in retreating to the ideal of its pure nature, philosophy cancels itself out. This thought was only developed in the book which was then still unfinished, while
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the Jargon proceeds accord:ing to this insight without, however, grounding it fully. Thus it was published earlier, as a k:ind of propaedeutic.
Insofar as the author has paid homage to the di- vision of labor, he has at the same time all the more rudely challenged this division. He might be accused of philosophical, sociological, and aesthetic seduction without employing the traditional manner of keeping the categories separate-or maybe even of discussing
them distinct from each other. Yet he would have to answer that a demand of this kind projects onto ob-
jects the desire for order which marks a classifying science, and which then proclaims that it is elevated by objects. The author, however, feels more inclined to give himself over to objects than to schematize like a schoolmaster-for the sake of an external standard: a standard which, questionably, has been brought to bear on the subject matter from the outside. This atti- tude determines itself by precisely the fact that the subject-matter elements of philosophy are intertwined. The common methodological ideal would break up this intimate unity. By means of such a unity of the subject matter, the unity of the author's own attempts should become all the more visible-for example, the unity of the author's philosophical essays with the essay, "Criticism of the Musician" from the Disso- nances. What is aesthetically perceived :in the bad form of language, and interpreted sociologically, is deduced from the untruth of the content which is posited with it : its implicit philosophy.
This makes for bad blood. Passages from Jaspers and idea blocks from Heidegger are treated on the same levels, and with that same linguistic attitude, which schoolmasters would probably reject with indig- nation. The text of the Jargon, however, contains xx
enough evidence, from a truly inexhaustible wealth, to show that those men write in the same manner which they despise in their lesser followers as a justi- fication of their own superiority. Their philosophemes show on what the jargon feeds, as well as its indirect suggestive force. The ambitious projects of German philosophy in the second half of the twenties concre- tized and articulated the direction into which the ob- jective spirit of the time was drawn. This spirit re- mained what it was and thus speaks in the jargon even today. Only the criticism of these philosophical projects can objectively determine the mendacity which echoes in the vulgar jargon. The physiognomy of the vulgar jargon leads into what discloses itself in
Heidegger.
It is nothing new to find that the sublime becomes
the cover for something low. That is how potential victims are kept in line. But the ideology of the sub- lime no longer acknowledges itself without being dis- regarded. To show this fact might help to prevent criticism from stagnating in a vague and noncom- mittal suspicion of ideology, a suspicion which has itself fallen into ideology. Contemporary German ideology is careful not to pronounce definite doctrines, such as liberal or even elitist ones. Ideology has shifted into language. Social and anthropological changes have brought about this shift, though without breaking the veil. The fact that such language is actually ideol- ogy, i. e.
