Abba,
Giuseppe
Cesare (äb'bä).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
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Title: Library of the world's best literature, ancient and modern;
Charles Dudley Warner, editor; Hamilton Wright Mabie, Lucia
Gilbert Runkle, George H. Warner, associate editors . . .
Publisher: New York, R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill [c1896-97]
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN-DEARBORN
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ALICE CROCKE!
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ALICE CROCKE
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LIBRARY
OF THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. XXIX
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS
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COPYRIGHT 1898
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
All rights reserved
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
DEARBORN CENTER LIBRARY
THE WERRER COMPANIES
PRINTERS
BIROERS
PER
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THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
.
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, Ph. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. ,
President of the UNIVERSITY OF Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , Ph. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE South, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, Ph. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EÐUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
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PREFACE TO THE DICTIONARY
. .
I
He first object of the Dictionary is to afford a handy, con-
densed reference to the names of the authors written of
and quoted in the main part of the work, and to enable
the reader to get at a glance the main facts of the lives of such
authors and the titles of their principal works. But besides these,
some thousands of additional names have been selected, which will
be of service to the reader in many departments of intellectual
activity. It has not been any part of the plan to attempt a compre-
hensive list of those who have written books; but, following the
idea of the LIBRARY, to present names, in many departments, fairly
representative of literary history. While this general and cosmopoli-
tan plan has been adhered to, considerable prominence has been
given to American names, and to writers who have won distinction
in works on law, art, travel, and exploration, and indeed in all
liberal pursuits.
A literary dictionary, within the space at the editor's command,
can only give a clue to the great maze of literature; but in doing
this is promoted the object of the whole work, which is to encour-
age, stimulate, and assist the general reader, not only in the acqui-
sition of knowledge and the widening of his mental horizon, but in
the rational enjoyment of life. The “promotion and diffusion of
knowledge among mankind” has been held to be an object worthy
of the highest human effort. To have contributed to this effort has
been the purpose of those engaged in this work.
In preparing it the best authorities in many languages have been
consulted; but those familiar with dictionaries and cyclopædias know
how liable they are to err.
If we have erred as to dates or names
in this, it has probably been from having to make a choice between
several authorities disagreeing and of good standing.
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MARKS OF PRONUNCIATION
VOWELS
ü German ü, French u.
oi as in oil, joint, boy.
as in pound, proud.
a
ou
CONSONANTS
as S-
D. Do po pups
e
G
as in fat, man, pang.
å as in fate, mane, dale.
ä as in far, father, guard.
â as in fall, talk, paltry.
as in ask, fast, ant.
ã as in fare.
as in met, pen, bless.
ē as in mete, meet.
ė as in her, fern.
i as in pin, it.
i as in pine, fight, file.
as in not, on, frog.
Ő as in note, poke, floor.
ö as in move, spoon.
ô as in nor, song, off.
ü as in tub.
ū as in mute, acute.
as in pull.
Ċ as in German ach, Scotch loch.
ç — façade, Français, etc.
as in German Abensberg, Ham-
burg — nearly as k.
H Spanish g before e and i; Span-
ish j; etc. (a guttural h).
ń French nasalizing n, as in ton,
en.
ñ ny', as in lanyard, poniard, onion.
th as in thin.
TH as in this.
y as in yet, youth.
y' after 1, n, r, (ly', ny', ry') indi-
cates the sounds in halyard,
poniard, warrior.
O
u
## p. 1 (#17) ###############################################
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
OF AUTHORS
A * at the end of a biographical notice in:
dicates that the author named has been more
fully treated elsewhere in the Library.
Aar, Alexis (är), pseudonym of Anselm
Rumpelt. A German poet; born at Chem-
nitz, Saxony, Feb. 10, 1853. His collection en-
titled "Will o' the Wisps) (1878) manifests a
noteworthy talent in the field of historical
lyrics.
Aarestrup, Emil (â're-ströp). A Danish poet
(1800-56). He was not duly appreciated until
after his death, but is now acknowledged as
one of the foremost lyric poets of Denmark,
being ranked by critics next to Christian Win-
ther. (Collected Poems, with critical sketch by
G. Brandes (Copenhagen, 1877).
Aasen, Ivar Andreas (â'sen). A Norwe.
gian philologist and poet; born at Örsten, Aug.
5, 1813. His great aim was to construct from
the older elements of the various Norwegian
dialects a new national language (« Lands-
maal » ), as a substitute for Danish, in pur-
suance of which end he published several
valuable philological works. As a poet he
produced (Symra, a collection of lyrics (3d
ed. , 1875); “Ervingen,' a drama (4th ed. , 1887).
Abba, Giuseppe Cesare (äb'bä). An Ital.
ian poet; born in 1838 at Cairo Montenotte.
He took part in the expedition of Garibaldi
into Sicily in 1860, which he celebrated in his
poem (Arrigo. Among his other works are
a tragedy, "Spartaco,' a historical novel, and
lyric poems.
Abbe, Cleveland. A distinguished Ameri-
can meteorologist; born in New York city,
Dec. 3, 1838. He studied astronomy in Ger-
many, and was director of the Cincinnati Ob-
servatory from 1868 to 1870. Since 1871 he has
been professor of meteorology in the National
Weather Bureau. Among his chief publica.
tions are: (Treatise on Meteorological Ap-
paratus); (Preparatory Studies for Deductive
Methods in Meteorology); (Solar Spots and
Terrestrial Temperature); 'Atmospheric Radi-
ation.
Abbot, Ezra. An American Greek scholar;
born at Jackson, Me. , April 28, 1819; died at
Cambridge, Mass. , March 21, 1884. Besides his
valuable work as one of the editors of the
American edition of Smith's Bible Dictionary,'
he wrote (The Authorship of the Fourth
Gospel) (1880), in which was announced the
important discovery of Tatian's “Diatessaron,"
and which took high rank; compiled (Litera-
ture of the Doctrine of a Future Life) (1864),
etc. He was one of the American committee
of New Testament revisers.
Abba, Giuseppe Cesare (äb'bä). An Ital.
ian poet; born in 1838 at Cairo Montenotte.
He took part in the expedition of Garibaldi
into Sicily in 1860, which he celebrated in his
poem (Arrigo. Among his other works are
a tragedy, "Spartaco,' a historical novel, and
lyric poems.
Abbe, Cleveland. A distinguished Ameri-
can meteorologist; born in New York city,
Dec. 3, 1838. He studied astronomy in Ger-
many, and was director of the Cincinnati Ob-
servatory from 1868 to 1870. Since 1871 he has
been professor of meteorology in the National
Weather Bureau. Among his chief publica.
tions are: (Treatise on Meteorological Ap-
paratus); (Preparatory Studies for Deductive
Methods in Meteorology); (Solar Spots and
Terrestrial Temperature); 'Atmospheric Radi-
ation.
Abbot, Ezra. An American Greek scholar;
born at Jackson, Me. , April 28, 1819; died at
Cambridge, Mass. , March 21, 1884. Besides his
valuable work as one of the editors of the
American edition of Smith's Bible Dictionary,'
he wrote (The Authorship of the Fourth
Gospel) (1880), in which was announced the
important discovery of Tatian's “Diatessaron,"
and which took high rank; compiled (Litera-
ture of the Doctrine of a Future Life) (1864),
etc. He was one of the American committee
of New Testament revisers.
Abbot, Francis Ellingwood. An American
philosophical writer and journalist; born at
Boston, 1836. Besides notable magazine arti-
cles, he wrote : "Scientific Theism) (1886);
(The Way Out of Agnosticism' (1890); etc.
He was for a number of years editor of the
liberal journal, The Index.
Abbot, Willis John. An American jour-
nalist and author; born in Connecticut in 1863.
He is connected with the New York press.
With the exception of a Life of Carter Har-
rison, his works consist principally of popular
histories for young people, among which are :
(Blue Jackets of 1776); (Blue Jackets of 1812);
(Blue Jackets of '61'; 'Battle Fields and Camp
Fires.
Abbott, Charles Conrad. An American writer
on archæology and natural history ; born at
Trenton, N. J. , 1843. He has discovered palæo-
lithic human remains in the Delaware valley,
and shown the likelihood of the early exist-
ence of the Eskimo race as far south as New
Jersey. His principal works are : (Primitive In-
dustry) (1881); (A Naturalist's Rambles about
Home) (1884); (Cyclopædia of Natural History)
(1886); Upland and Meadow' (1886); (Waste-
land Wanderings) (1887).
Abbott, Edward. An American clergyman,
editor, and author, son of Jacob Abbott ; born
in Farmington, Me. , July 15, 1841. He was
the editor of the Congregationalist from 1869
to 1878, and of the Literary World from 1878.
Among his works are: (Dialogues of Christ);
(Paragraph History of the American Revo-
lution) (1875); ( Revolutionary Times) (1876);
(Long Look Series of Juvenile Tales) (1876-80).
Abbott, Jacob. An American writer; born
in Hallowell, Me. , Nov. 14, 1803; died at
Farmington, Me. , Oct. 31, 1879. His works,
comprising over 200 titles, chiefly of stories
for the young, were widely read in his own
day. Among the best known are : (The Rollo
(1)
(
1
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ABBOTT - ABRÁNYI
2
Books) (28 vols. ); (The Franconia Stories)
(10 vols. ); (The Marco Paul Series) (6 vols. ).
Abbott, John Stevens Cabot. An Ameri-
can biographer and historical writer; born at
Brunswick, Me. , Sept. 18, 1805; died at Fair
Haven, Conn. , June 17, 1877. Brother of the
preceding; author of "The Mother at Home)
(1833); History of Napoleon); History of
the Civil War) (1863–66); (History of Fred-
erick the Great) (1871); (The French Revolu-
tion of 1789); Napoleon at St. Helena';
(History of Napoleon III. (1868); and numer-
ous other works on kindred themes.
Abbott, Lyman. An American author; born
at Roxbury, Mass. , Dec. 18, 1835. At first a lawyer,
he was ordained minister of the Congregational
Church in 1860. After a pastorate of five years
in Indiana he came to New York, and rose
rapidly to distinction through his contributions
to periodical literature. He is pastor of Plym-
outh Church, Brooklyn, being the immediate
successor of Henry Ward Beecher. He was
associated with Mr. Beecher in the editorship
of the Christian Union, and is now editor of
The Outlook, formerly the Christian Union.
His writings include Jesus of Nazareth' (1869);
a 'Life of Henry Ward Beecher) (1883); "In
Aid of Faith) (1886); (Christianity and Social
Problems) (1896); (The Evolution of Christ-
ianity); (Signs of Promise); (An Evolution-
ist's Theology); and New Streams in Old
Channels.
Abbt, Thomas (äpt). A German essayist ;
born at Ulm, 1738; died 1766. Fired with ad-
miration for Frederick the Great and his gen-
erals, he wrote his best-known work, (On
Death for One's Fatherland) (1761). In 1762
he became associated in Berlin with Nicolai
and Moses Mendelssohn in the publication of
the Literary Letters, from which Lessing had
just retired. After a tour through Souther
Germany, Switzerland, and France, he wrote
the work which securely established his fame,
(Of Merit' (1765).
A Beckett, Arthur William. An English
dramatist; born at Hammersmith, Oct. 25, 1844.
Son of the following, and since 1891 editor of
the London Sunday Times; he has written sey-
eral comedies, including (About Town) and
(Long Ago. His Papers from Pump-handle
Court) were a feature in Punch, whose staff he
joined in 1874.
A Beckett, Gilbert Abbott. An English
humorist (1811-56). An original founder of
Punch (1841), and author of the Comic Black-
stone, one of the cleverest burlesques in the
language (London, 1845); he also published a
(Comic History of England) (1848); Quizzi-
ology of the British Drama) (1846), and more
than 50 plays, some of which still keep the
stage.
À Becket, Thomas. See Thomas.
Abélard, Pierre (ä-bā-lär'). A noted French
scholastic philosopher and theologian; born
near Nantes, 1079; died April 21, 1142. Lect-
uring on theology, he attracted students from
all parts of Europe. Several of his disciples
afterward became famous; for example, Pope
Celestin II. , Peter Lombard, Berengarius, and
Arnold of Brescia. The story of his romantic
and tragic love for Héloise is told in his
(Story of My Misfortunes); in her first Let-
ter) to him on receipt of the Story); and in
the two (Letters) from her that followed. The
poets have taken the loves of this unfortunate
pair as the theme of their elegies in every
age since the death of the lovers. *
Abonyi, Lajos (ob'on-yē). A Hungarian
novelist; born Jan. 9, 1833. His subjects are
taken from popular life and national history:
(Tales by the Fireside); (The Poor Lad's
Cloth); (The Widow's Cow); Lena's In-
heritance. )
About, Edmond (ä-bö'). A distinguished
French novelist ; born in Dieuze, Lorraine, Feb.
14, 1828; died in Paris, Jan. 17, 1885. One of
the few younger authors of note who adhered
to the second empire, he enjoyed the special
favor of Napoleon III. , and in 1870 accompanied
the army of Marshal MacMahon as reporter
for Le Soir. In that paper, after the war,
and from 1875 as editor-in-chief of the XIX.
Siècle, he was the champion of the moderate
republicans. He was elected a member of the
Academy in 1884. Among his best works are:
(Contemporaneous Greece) (1854); "Tolla
Féraldi? (1855); 'The King of the Mountains)
(1856); (The Marriages of Paris) (6 tales,
1856); (The Man with the Broken Ear) (1861);
(A Notary's Nose) (1862); Madelon) (1863);
(The Infamous One) (1866–69); (Romance of
a Good Man) (1880), directed against Zola
and his school ; (The Roman Question) (1859),
a political treatise. *
Abraham a Sancta-Clara (ä'brä-hämä
sänk'tä-klä'rä). A celebrated German puly
orator and satirist; born at Krähenheinstetten,
Baden, July 4, 1644; died in Vienna, Dec. 1,
1709. His family name was Megerle. He was
appointed preacher to the imperial court, 1669,
and thereafter was one of the celebrities of
Vienna. His sermons were characterized by
force, broad humor, and impartial denunciation
of the follies of all classes, but especially of
the courtiers. A good specimen of his man-
ner, both in its elevation of thought and in its
grotesqueness, is seen in his Judas the Arch-
Knave) (1686-95).
Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra (ā'bra-ham
ben mā-ēr' 'b'n ez'ra). A noted Jewish-Arabic
poet and scholar; born at Toledo, Spain, 1092;
died, 1167. He wrote 150 liturgical poems
which are still used in the Jewish worship,
besides works on Hebrew grammar and philos-
ophy, a treatise on chess, (Sefer Moznaïm,' a
(Book of Weights, etc. He was one of the
earliest Biblical critics.
Abrányi, Emil (o'brän-yē). A Hungarian
poet; born in Buda-Pesth, 1851. Brother of the
following. He is a representative of the cos-
mopolitan tendency in poetry, his verse being
## p. 3 (#19) ###############################################
ABRÁNYI - ACUÑA DE FIGUEROA
3
published under the collective title (Home of
Freedom) (1888). He translated into Hunga-
rian, Byron's Manfred' and (Don Juan. )
Abrányi, Kornel (oʻbrän-yē). A Hunga-
rian poet, novelist, and publicist; born in Buda-
Pesth, Dec. 31, 1849. As a member of the
Hungarian Diet and as editor of the Pesti
Naplo, he is an important political figure in
Hungary. His poems are mainly of a political
tendency, and his novels deal with the prob-
lem of matrimony. (The Infallible, a comedy,
and the fictions (The Husband's Philosophy);
(Who Is the Stronger ? ); (The Only Remedy
against Deceit,' are best known.
Abulfaraj (ä'böl-fä-räj') or Abulfaragius
(ab'ul-fa-rå'ji-us). A Syriac and Arabic writer;
born at Malatia, Armenia, 1226; died at Mara-
gha, Persia, 1286. His full name was Gregory
Abulſaraj ibn al Harun; his father was a Jew.
Of numerous writings, the best now known
are a universal history in Syriac from the time
of Adam down to his own date, and an auto-
biography.
Abulfeda, Ismail ibn Ali (ä-böl-fā'dä). A
celebrated Arabian historian and scholar (1273-
1331). Prince of Hamah, and patron of men of
letters. He compiled an abridged History of
the Human Race, portions of which have been
translated into Latin and published under the
tities of Moslem Annals, etc.
Abu-Nuvas (ä'bö-nö'vas). An Arabic poet;
died 815. He fourished at the court of the
caliphs of Bagdad, writing, in the style of Anac-
reon, some of the most notable songs of love
and wine in all Arabic literature.
Accius or Attius, Lucius (ak'shi-us). A
Latin tragic poet; born about 170 B. C. He
took most of his themes from Grecian history
and mythology; but in some instances he dram-
atized scenes from the history of Rome, for
example, in his tragedy of Brutus '; but only
fragments of his works remain.
Accolti, Bernardo (äk-kõl'te). An Italian
poet ( 1465-1535). Greatly admired by his con-
temporaries, especially for his brilliant gift as an
improviser, he was styled “The Only (one) of
Arezzo » (L'Unico Aretino). Leo X. esteemed
him highly, and made him apostolic secretary,
cardinal, and papal legate at Ancona. He
drew up the Papal Bull against Luther (1520).
Achard, Louis Amédée (äsh-är'). A French
novelist and publicist (1814-75). Originally a
merchant, he became a contributor to several
papers in Paris in 1838. After the revolution
of 1848 he was for a time active as a political
writer in support of the royalist cause. From
1848 to 1872 the Revue des Deux Mondes
brought out a new story from his pen almost
every year. He depicts pre-eminently conflicts
in family life and society. (Parisian Letters)
(1838, under the pseudonym "Grimm ») made
his reputation; his other works are: Belle
Rose) (1847); “The Royal Chase) (1849-50);
(Castles in Spain) (1854), a collection of
stories; (The Shirt of Nessus) (1855); etc.
Achilles Tatius (a-kil'ez tā'shi-us). A Greek
writer of romances; born at Alexandria; four-
ished in the 5th century of our era. He
wrote (The Loves of Clitophon and Leu-
cippe,' an erotic story in forid style, and
without much regard to unity or consistency
of plot. That the story was very popular in
its day is proved by the number of copies of
it that are still in MS. An English transla-
tion by Anthony Hodges was published in
1638.
Achsharúmov, Nikoléï Dmitriyevich (äch-
shä-rö'mõf). A Russian novelist and critic;
born in St. Petersburg, Dec. 15, 1819. Among
his successful novels are: (The Double)
(1850); (The Gambler); (The False Name);
(An Unusual Case); and (The Model. ? As
a critic he attracted attention by his com-
ments on the writings of Herbert Spencer,
Tolstoy, Turgeniev, Dostoievski, etc.
Ackermann, Louise Victorine (äk'er-män).
A French poet; born in Paris, Nov. 30, 1813;
died near Nice, Aug. 3, 1890. Maiden name
Choquet. Her philological studies took her to
Berlin, where she married the theologian Paul
Ackermann. After his death in 1846 she lived
in retirement in an old convent near Nice.
Her poems are for the most part pessimistic
but passionate. Principal works: (Tales in
Verse) (1855), chiefly Oriental and Ancient
Greek subjects; (Tales and Poems) (1863);
(Philosophical Poems) (1872); «Thoughts of a
Lonely Woman) (1883).
Aclocque, Charles Paul Jacques (äk-lok').
A French novelist and journalist; born in
1832. He was a frequent contributor to the
Parisian journals and the author of several
romances. His best-known works are: Bre-
ton Legends) (1862); "Contraband Love)
(1866); (Love by Double Entry) (1868). In
collaboration with his brother he has written
(The Eccentric Huntsmen) (1876) and other
works.
Acosta, José d' (ä-kos'tä). A Spanish Jesuit
historian; born at Medina del Campo, Old Cas-
tile, 1540; died at Salamanca, Feb. 15, 1600.
Besides various theological works, he wrote
(Natural and Moral History of the Indies)
(1590), which was translated into several Euro-
pean languages. He visited Peru and Rome,
resided for some time in Mexico, and was head
of the Jesuits' College at Valladolid and of
the college at Salamanca.
Acuña, Manuel (ä-kön'yä). A Mexican poet
(1849-73), the principal theme of whose poems
was disappointed love, which is said to have
induced him to die by his own hand.
Acuñia de Figueroa, Francisco (ä-kön'yä
dė fë-gā-rõ'ä). A Uruguayan poet ; born at
Montevideo, in 1791 ; died there, Oct. 6, 1862.
His works are, in the best sense, a classic in
Spanish-American literature, owing to the per-
fection of his verse in the collection styled
(Poetic Mosaic, which comprises odes, satires,
epigrams, heroic poems, and even Biblical
## p. 4 (#20) ###############################################
4
ADAM — ADAMS
(
(
hymns and psalms. In most respects Aawless
as metrical compositions, these pieces have
been criticized as wanting in the ardor usually
associated with the southern temperament. A
diary in verse, called “The Siege of Monte-
video,' contains many fine passages.
Adam, Juliette. See Lamber.
Adam de la Hale (ä-don' de lä äl). A French
poet and composer; born at Arras, about
1235; died at Naples, about 1287. Nicknamed
the Hunchback of Arras, although he was not
deformed.
Find more books at https://www. hathitrust. org.
Title: Library of the world's best literature, ancient and modern;
Charles Dudley Warner, editor; Hamilton Wright Mabie, Lucia
Gilbert Runkle, George H. Warner, associate editors . . .
Publisher: New York, R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill [c1896-97]
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN-DEARBORN
MOLTOON
39076000761143
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1
Ex
LIBRIS
ALICE CROCKE!
HALL
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Ex
LIBRIS
1
ALICE CROCKE
HALL
1
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LIBRARY
OF THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. XXIX
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS
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COPYRIGHT 1898
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
All rights reserved
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
DEARBORN CENTER LIBRARY
THE WERRER COMPANIES
PRINTERS
BIROERS
PER
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THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
.
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, Ph. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. ,
President of the UNIVERSITY OF Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , Ph. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE South, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, Ph. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EÐUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
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PREFACE TO THE DICTIONARY
. .
I
He first object of the Dictionary is to afford a handy, con-
densed reference to the names of the authors written of
and quoted in the main part of the work, and to enable
the reader to get at a glance the main facts of the lives of such
authors and the titles of their principal works. But besides these,
some thousands of additional names have been selected, which will
be of service to the reader in many departments of intellectual
activity. It has not been any part of the plan to attempt a compre-
hensive list of those who have written books; but, following the
idea of the LIBRARY, to present names, in many departments, fairly
representative of literary history. While this general and cosmopoli-
tan plan has been adhered to, considerable prominence has been
given to American names, and to writers who have won distinction
in works on law, art, travel, and exploration, and indeed in all
liberal pursuits.
A literary dictionary, within the space at the editor's command,
can only give a clue to the great maze of literature; but in doing
this is promoted the object of the whole work, which is to encour-
age, stimulate, and assist the general reader, not only in the acqui-
sition of knowledge and the widening of his mental horizon, but in
the rational enjoyment of life. The “promotion and diffusion of
knowledge among mankind” has been held to be an object worthy
of the highest human effort. To have contributed to this effort has
been the purpose of those engaged in this work.
In preparing it the best authorities in many languages have been
consulted; but those familiar with dictionaries and cyclopædias know
how liable they are to err.
If we have erred as to dates or names
in this, it has probably been from having to make a choice between
several authorities disagreeing and of good standing.
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MARKS OF PRONUNCIATION
VOWELS
ü German ü, French u.
oi as in oil, joint, boy.
as in pound, proud.
a
ou
CONSONANTS
as S-
D. Do po pups
e
G
as in fat, man, pang.
å as in fate, mane, dale.
ä as in far, father, guard.
â as in fall, talk, paltry.
as in ask, fast, ant.
ã as in fare.
as in met, pen, bless.
ē as in mete, meet.
ė as in her, fern.
i as in pin, it.
i as in pine, fight, file.
as in not, on, frog.
Ő as in note, poke, floor.
ö as in move, spoon.
ô as in nor, song, off.
ü as in tub.
ū as in mute, acute.
as in pull.
Ċ as in German ach, Scotch loch.
ç — façade, Français, etc.
as in German Abensberg, Ham-
burg — nearly as k.
H Spanish g before e and i; Span-
ish j; etc. (a guttural h).
ń French nasalizing n, as in ton,
en.
ñ ny', as in lanyard, poniard, onion.
th as in thin.
TH as in this.
y as in yet, youth.
y' after 1, n, r, (ly', ny', ry') indi-
cates the sounds in halyard,
poniard, warrior.
O
u
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BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
OF AUTHORS
A * at the end of a biographical notice in:
dicates that the author named has been more
fully treated elsewhere in the Library.
Aar, Alexis (är), pseudonym of Anselm
Rumpelt. A German poet; born at Chem-
nitz, Saxony, Feb. 10, 1853. His collection en-
titled "Will o' the Wisps) (1878) manifests a
noteworthy talent in the field of historical
lyrics.
Aarestrup, Emil (â're-ströp). A Danish poet
(1800-56). He was not duly appreciated until
after his death, but is now acknowledged as
one of the foremost lyric poets of Denmark,
being ranked by critics next to Christian Win-
ther. (Collected Poems, with critical sketch by
G. Brandes (Copenhagen, 1877).
Aasen, Ivar Andreas (â'sen). A Norwe.
gian philologist and poet; born at Örsten, Aug.
5, 1813. His great aim was to construct from
the older elements of the various Norwegian
dialects a new national language (« Lands-
maal » ), as a substitute for Danish, in pur-
suance of which end he published several
valuable philological works. As a poet he
produced (Symra, a collection of lyrics (3d
ed. , 1875); “Ervingen,' a drama (4th ed. , 1887).
Abba, Giuseppe Cesare (äb'bä). An Ital.
ian poet; born in 1838 at Cairo Montenotte.
He took part in the expedition of Garibaldi
into Sicily in 1860, which he celebrated in his
poem (Arrigo. Among his other works are
a tragedy, "Spartaco,' a historical novel, and
lyric poems.
Abbe, Cleveland. A distinguished Ameri-
can meteorologist; born in New York city,
Dec. 3, 1838. He studied astronomy in Ger-
many, and was director of the Cincinnati Ob-
servatory from 1868 to 1870. Since 1871 he has
been professor of meteorology in the National
Weather Bureau. Among his chief publica.
tions are: (Treatise on Meteorological Ap-
paratus); (Preparatory Studies for Deductive
Methods in Meteorology); (Solar Spots and
Terrestrial Temperature); 'Atmospheric Radi-
ation.
Abbot, Ezra. An American Greek scholar;
born at Jackson, Me. , April 28, 1819; died at
Cambridge, Mass. , March 21, 1884. Besides his
valuable work as one of the editors of the
American edition of Smith's Bible Dictionary,'
he wrote (The Authorship of the Fourth
Gospel) (1880), in which was announced the
important discovery of Tatian's “Diatessaron,"
and which took high rank; compiled (Litera-
ture of the Doctrine of a Future Life) (1864),
etc. He was one of the American committee
of New Testament revisers.
Abba, Giuseppe Cesare (äb'bä). An Ital.
ian poet; born in 1838 at Cairo Montenotte.
He took part in the expedition of Garibaldi
into Sicily in 1860, which he celebrated in his
poem (Arrigo. Among his other works are
a tragedy, "Spartaco,' a historical novel, and
lyric poems.
Abbe, Cleveland. A distinguished Ameri-
can meteorologist; born in New York city,
Dec. 3, 1838. He studied astronomy in Ger-
many, and was director of the Cincinnati Ob-
servatory from 1868 to 1870. Since 1871 he has
been professor of meteorology in the National
Weather Bureau. Among his chief publica.
tions are: (Treatise on Meteorological Ap-
paratus); (Preparatory Studies for Deductive
Methods in Meteorology); (Solar Spots and
Terrestrial Temperature); 'Atmospheric Radi-
ation.
Abbot, Ezra. An American Greek scholar;
born at Jackson, Me. , April 28, 1819; died at
Cambridge, Mass. , March 21, 1884. Besides his
valuable work as one of the editors of the
American edition of Smith's Bible Dictionary,'
he wrote (The Authorship of the Fourth
Gospel) (1880), in which was announced the
important discovery of Tatian's “Diatessaron,"
and which took high rank; compiled (Litera-
ture of the Doctrine of a Future Life) (1864),
etc. He was one of the American committee
of New Testament revisers.
Abbot, Francis Ellingwood. An American
philosophical writer and journalist; born at
Boston, 1836. Besides notable magazine arti-
cles, he wrote : "Scientific Theism) (1886);
(The Way Out of Agnosticism' (1890); etc.
He was for a number of years editor of the
liberal journal, The Index.
Abbot, Willis John. An American jour-
nalist and author; born in Connecticut in 1863.
He is connected with the New York press.
With the exception of a Life of Carter Har-
rison, his works consist principally of popular
histories for young people, among which are :
(Blue Jackets of 1776); (Blue Jackets of 1812);
(Blue Jackets of '61'; 'Battle Fields and Camp
Fires.
Abbott, Charles Conrad. An American writer
on archæology and natural history ; born at
Trenton, N. J. , 1843. He has discovered palæo-
lithic human remains in the Delaware valley,
and shown the likelihood of the early exist-
ence of the Eskimo race as far south as New
Jersey. His principal works are : (Primitive In-
dustry) (1881); (A Naturalist's Rambles about
Home) (1884); (Cyclopædia of Natural History)
(1886); Upland and Meadow' (1886); (Waste-
land Wanderings) (1887).
Abbott, Edward. An American clergyman,
editor, and author, son of Jacob Abbott ; born
in Farmington, Me. , July 15, 1841. He was
the editor of the Congregationalist from 1869
to 1878, and of the Literary World from 1878.
Among his works are: (Dialogues of Christ);
(Paragraph History of the American Revo-
lution) (1875); ( Revolutionary Times) (1876);
(Long Look Series of Juvenile Tales) (1876-80).
Abbott, Jacob. An American writer; born
in Hallowell, Me. , Nov. 14, 1803; died at
Farmington, Me. , Oct. 31, 1879. His works,
comprising over 200 titles, chiefly of stories
for the young, were widely read in his own
day. Among the best known are : (The Rollo
(1)
(
1
## p. 2 (#18) ###############################################
ABBOTT - ABRÁNYI
2
Books) (28 vols. ); (The Franconia Stories)
(10 vols. ); (The Marco Paul Series) (6 vols. ).
Abbott, John Stevens Cabot. An Ameri-
can biographer and historical writer; born at
Brunswick, Me. , Sept. 18, 1805; died at Fair
Haven, Conn. , June 17, 1877. Brother of the
preceding; author of "The Mother at Home)
(1833); History of Napoleon); History of
the Civil War) (1863–66); (History of Fred-
erick the Great) (1871); (The French Revolu-
tion of 1789); Napoleon at St. Helena';
(History of Napoleon III. (1868); and numer-
ous other works on kindred themes.
Abbott, Lyman. An American author; born
at Roxbury, Mass. , Dec. 18, 1835. At first a lawyer,
he was ordained minister of the Congregational
Church in 1860. After a pastorate of five years
in Indiana he came to New York, and rose
rapidly to distinction through his contributions
to periodical literature. He is pastor of Plym-
outh Church, Brooklyn, being the immediate
successor of Henry Ward Beecher. He was
associated with Mr. Beecher in the editorship
of the Christian Union, and is now editor of
The Outlook, formerly the Christian Union.
His writings include Jesus of Nazareth' (1869);
a 'Life of Henry Ward Beecher) (1883); "In
Aid of Faith) (1886); (Christianity and Social
Problems) (1896); (The Evolution of Christ-
ianity); (Signs of Promise); (An Evolution-
ist's Theology); and New Streams in Old
Channels.
Abbt, Thomas (äpt). A German essayist ;
born at Ulm, 1738; died 1766. Fired with ad-
miration for Frederick the Great and his gen-
erals, he wrote his best-known work, (On
Death for One's Fatherland) (1761). In 1762
he became associated in Berlin with Nicolai
and Moses Mendelssohn in the publication of
the Literary Letters, from which Lessing had
just retired. After a tour through Souther
Germany, Switzerland, and France, he wrote
the work which securely established his fame,
(Of Merit' (1765).
A Beckett, Arthur William. An English
dramatist; born at Hammersmith, Oct. 25, 1844.
Son of the following, and since 1891 editor of
the London Sunday Times; he has written sey-
eral comedies, including (About Town) and
(Long Ago. His Papers from Pump-handle
Court) were a feature in Punch, whose staff he
joined in 1874.
A Beckett, Gilbert Abbott. An English
humorist (1811-56). An original founder of
Punch (1841), and author of the Comic Black-
stone, one of the cleverest burlesques in the
language (London, 1845); he also published a
(Comic History of England) (1848); Quizzi-
ology of the British Drama) (1846), and more
than 50 plays, some of which still keep the
stage.
À Becket, Thomas. See Thomas.
Abélard, Pierre (ä-bā-lär'). A noted French
scholastic philosopher and theologian; born
near Nantes, 1079; died April 21, 1142. Lect-
uring on theology, he attracted students from
all parts of Europe. Several of his disciples
afterward became famous; for example, Pope
Celestin II. , Peter Lombard, Berengarius, and
Arnold of Brescia. The story of his romantic
and tragic love for Héloise is told in his
(Story of My Misfortunes); in her first Let-
ter) to him on receipt of the Story); and in
the two (Letters) from her that followed. The
poets have taken the loves of this unfortunate
pair as the theme of their elegies in every
age since the death of the lovers. *
Abonyi, Lajos (ob'on-yē). A Hungarian
novelist; born Jan. 9, 1833. His subjects are
taken from popular life and national history:
(Tales by the Fireside); (The Poor Lad's
Cloth); (The Widow's Cow); Lena's In-
heritance. )
About, Edmond (ä-bö'). A distinguished
French novelist ; born in Dieuze, Lorraine, Feb.
14, 1828; died in Paris, Jan. 17, 1885. One of
the few younger authors of note who adhered
to the second empire, he enjoyed the special
favor of Napoleon III. , and in 1870 accompanied
the army of Marshal MacMahon as reporter
for Le Soir. In that paper, after the war,
and from 1875 as editor-in-chief of the XIX.
Siècle, he was the champion of the moderate
republicans. He was elected a member of the
Academy in 1884. Among his best works are:
(Contemporaneous Greece) (1854); "Tolla
Féraldi? (1855); 'The King of the Mountains)
(1856); (The Marriages of Paris) (6 tales,
1856); (The Man with the Broken Ear) (1861);
(A Notary's Nose) (1862); Madelon) (1863);
(The Infamous One) (1866–69); (Romance of
a Good Man) (1880), directed against Zola
and his school ; (The Roman Question) (1859),
a political treatise. *
Abraham a Sancta-Clara (ä'brä-hämä
sänk'tä-klä'rä). A celebrated German puly
orator and satirist; born at Krähenheinstetten,
Baden, July 4, 1644; died in Vienna, Dec. 1,
1709. His family name was Megerle. He was
appointed preacher to the imperial court, 1669,
and thereafter was one of the celebrities of
Vienna. His sermons were characterized by
force, broad humor, and impartial denunciation
of the follies of all classes, but especially of
the courtiers. A good specimen of his man-
ner, both in its elevation of thought and in its
grotesqueness, is seen in his Judas the Arch-
Knave) (1686-95).
Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra (ā'bra-ham
ben mā-ēr' 'b'n ez'ra). A noted Jewish-Arabic
poet and scholar; born at Toledo, Spain, 1092;
died, 1167. He wrote 150 liturgical poems
which are still used in the Jewish worship,
besides works on Hebrew grammar and philos-
ophy, a treatise on chess, (Sefer Moznaïm,' a
(Book of Weights, etc. He was one of the
earliest Biblical critics.
Abrányi, Emil (o'brän-yē). A Hungarian
poet; born in Buda-Pesth, 1851. Brother of the
following. He is a representative of the cos-
mopolitan tendency in poetry, his verse being
## p. 3 (#19) ###############################################
ABRÁNYI - ACUÑA DE FIGUEROA
3
published under the collective title (Home of
Freedom) (1888). He translated into Hunga-
rian, Byron's Manfred' and (Don Juan. )
Abrányi, Kornel (oʻbrän-yē). A Hunga-
rian poet, novelist, and publicist; born in Buda-
Pesth, Dec. 31, 1849. As a member of the
Hungarian Diet and as editor of the Pesti
Naplo, he is an important political figure in
Hungary. His poems are mainly of a political
tendency, and his novels deal with the prob-
lem of matrimony. (The Infallible, a comedy,
and the fictions (The Husband's Philosophy);
(Who Is the Stronger ? ); (The Only Remedy
against Deceit,' are best known.
Abulfaraj (ä'böl-fä-räj') or Abulfaragius
(ab'ul-fa-rå'ji-us). A Syriac and Arabic writer;
born at Malatia, Armenia, 1226; died at Mara-
gha, Persia, 1286. His full name was Gregory
Abulſaraj ibn al Harun; his father was a Jew.
Of numerous writings, the best now known
are a universal history in Syriac from the time
of Adam down to his own date, and an auto-
biography.
Abulfeda, Ismail ibn Ali (ä-böl-fā'dä). A
celebrated Arabian historian and scholar (1273-
1331). Prince of Hamah, and patron of men of
letters. He compiled an abridged History of
the Human Race, portions of which have been
translated into Latin and published under the
tities of Moslem Annals, etc.
Abu-Nuvas (ä'bö-nö'vas). An Arabic poet;
died 815. He fourished at the court of the
caliphs of Bagdad, writing, in the style of Anac-
reon, some of the most notable songs of love
and wine in all Arabic literature.
Accius or Attius, Lucius (ak'shi-us). A
Latin tragic poet; born about 170 B. C. He
took most of his themes from Grecian history
and mythology; but in some instances he dram-
atized scenes from the history of Rome, for
example, in his tragedy of Brutus '; but only
fragments of his works remain.
Accolti, Bernardo (äk-kõl'te). An Italian
poet ( 1465-1535). Greatly admired by his con-
temporaries, especially for his brilliant gift as an
improviser, he was styled “The Only (one) of
Arezzo » (L'Unico Aretino). Leo X. esteemed
him highly, and made him apostolic secretary,
cardinal, and papal legate at Ancona. He
drew up the Papal Bull against Luther (1520).
Achard, Louis Amédée (äsh-är'). A French
novelist and publicist (1814-75). Originally a
merchant, he became a contributor to several
papers in Paris in 1838. After the revolution
of 1848 he was for a time active as a political
writer in support of the royalist cause. From
1848 to 1872 the Revue des Deux Mondes
brought out a new story from his pen almost
every year. He depicts pre-eminently conflicts
in family life and society. (Parisian Letters)
(1838, under the pseudonym "Grimm ») made
his reputation; his other works are: Belle
Rose) (1847); “The Royal Chase) (1849-50);
(Castles in Spain) (1854), a collection of
stories; (The Shirt of Nessus) (1855); etc.
Achilles Tatius (a-kil'ez tā'shi-us). A Greek
writer of romances; born at Alexandria; four-
ished in the 5th century of our era. He
wrote (The Loves of Clitophon and Leu-
cippe,' an erotic story in forid style, and
without much regard to unity or consistency
of plot. That the story was very popular in
its day is proved by the number of copies of
it that are still in MS. An English transla-
tion by Anthony Hodges was published in
1638.
Achsharúmov, Nikoléï Dmitriyevich (äch-
shä-rö'mõf). A Russian novelist and critic;
born in St. Petersburg, Dec. 15, 1819. Among
his successful novels are: (The Double)
(1850); (The Gambler); (The False Name);
(An Unusual Case); and (The Model. ? As
a critic he attracted attention by his com-
ments on the writings of Herbert Spencer,
Tolstoy, Turgeniev, Dostoievski, etc.
Ackermann, Louise Victorine (äk'er-män).
A French poet; born in Paris, Nov. 30, 1813;
died near Nice, Aug. 3, 1890. Maiden name
Choquet. Her philological studies took her to
Berlin, where she married the theologian Paul
Ackermann. After his death in 1846 she lived
in retirement in an old convent near Nice.
Her poems are for the most part pessimistic
but passionate. Principal works: (Tales in
Verse) (1855), chiefly Oriental and Ancient
Greek subjects; (Tales and Poems) (1863);
(Philosophical Poems) (1872); «Thoughts of a
Lonely Woman) (1883).
Aclocque, Charles Paul Jacques (äk-lok').
A French novelist and journalist; born in
1832. He was a frequent contributor to the
Parisian journals and the author of several
romances. His best-known works are: Bre-
ton Legends) (1862); "Contraband Love)
(1866); (Love by Double Entry) (1868). In
collaboration with his brother he has written
(The Eccentric Huntsmen) (1876) and other
works.
Acosta, José d' (ä-kos'tä). A Spanish Jesuit
historian; born at Medina del Campo, Old Cas-
tile, 1540; died at Salamanca, Feb. 15, 1600.
Besides various theological works, he wrote
(Natural and Moral History of the Indies)
(1590), which was translated into several Euro-
pean languages. He visited Peru and Rome,
resided for some time in Mexico, and was head
of the Jesuits' College at Valladolid and of
the college at Salamanca.
Acuña, Manuel (ä-kön'yä). A Mexican poet
(1849-73), the principal theme of whose poems
was disappointed love, which is said to have
induced him to die by his own hand.
Acuñia de Figueroa, Francisco (ä-kön'yä
dė fë-gā-rõ'ä). A Uruguayan poet ; born at
Montevideo, in 1791 ; died there, Oct. 6, 1862.
His works are, in the best sense, a classic in
Spanish-American literature, owing to the per-
fection of his verse in the collection styled
(Poetic Mosaic, which comprises odes, satires,
epigrams, heroic poems, and even Biblical
## p. 4 (#20) ###############################################
4
ADAM — ADAMS
(
(
hymns and psalms. In most respects Aawless
as metrical compositions, these pieces have
been criticized as wanting in the ardor usually
associated with the southern temperament. A
diary in verse, called “The Siege of Monte-
video,' contains many fine passages.
Adam, Juliette. See Lamber.
Adam de la Hale (ä-don' de lä äl). A French
poet and composer; born at Arras, about
1235; died at Naples, about 1287. Nicknamed
the Hunchback of Arras, although he was not
deformed.
