to theology with on
Schelling
through Neo-Platonism, Scholastics, 321 separation from 610; cf.
Windelband - History of Philosophy
, 308 f.
, 371, 402, 405, 409, 419, 422, 648, 692.
Nicomachus, 213, 210. Nietzsche, 033, 070-080. Nifo, 355, 369.
view, 597, 699 as realm of the con tingent. 143, 341, 344, 425, 500, 041 as esthetic standard, 493 as ethical standard. 73 86, 110, 435 f. , 024 008 f. , 072; state of, with Cynics, 83 llobbes. view of, 434 Rous
Nineteenth century, philosophy of, 623 ff.
Nizolius, 365, 300, 376.
Nominalism, 272 its origin, 290 of
Roscellinus, 296 revived, 312, 342 favours study of natural science, 843 370 influence on Descartes, Locke, and llobbes, 403 on Locke, 461 '. , 408 on Berkeley, 452, 409 of Feuerbach, 041 see also Termin- ism.
seau, 625 Kant, 658 Fichte, 008.
Schiller, 004
Nausiphanes, 106.
Necessity, mechanical, with Leucippus,
Norms, 03, 09, 181, 279, 080. Aristotle. 134 natural, with Stoics, Norris, 471.
63 with 1'lato, 130 logical, with
181 denied by Epicurus, 183 two
kinds, Leibniz, 390; Spinoza's, 419;
subjective, Tetens, 400 of evil, Leib
niz, 492 logical, identified with real
ity, 637 of a priori Forms, 639 ff.
feeling of, attaching to experience,
Fichte, 679 teleological, of ideal Novalis, Fr. v. Hardcnberg, 671, 599. ism, 690 see also Materialism, Mech Numbers, with Pythagoreans, 46, 47
anism.
Negative theology, with Philo, Apolo
with Plato, 122, 129, 131 in Alcx- andrianism, 242 ff. in the Renais sance, 372, 387.
gists, and Neo-Platonists, 237 f. , 689
(238); with Scotus Erigena, 290; of Numenius, 213, 210, 220, 223, 232.
Eikhart, 336 of Bruno, 308
of Spi
Object, of knowledge, Kant, 637 ff. ,
674, 676 indifference of subject and object, 608.
noza, 408 cf. Agnosticism.
Nekkam, Alex. , 344.
Neo-Kantianism, 6:13, 042
Neo-Platunisiii, dependent on earlier Objectification, 68'. l.
Greek conceptions, 123, 167 per Objective, with Dew arte*, = subjective sonality and writings. 216, 218 phil in modern sense. 303; objective spirit, osophical interpretation of myths, with Hegel. 613; cf. En*.
222 on spirit and matter, 233 ff. Occam, see William of Occam-
doctrine of Ideas, 117 note 0; 233 Occasionalisni, 410 ff. , 474 note note on nature of God, 237 ff. , 089 Odo (Odardus) of Cambray, 29. }. (238); on history, 2. V» In Middle Oinomaoa, 216, 686 (163).
Ages, 208 ff. influence on Augustine, Ok«n, 671, 698, 008, 056.
279 280 on John Scotus, 289 ff. Oldendorf, 382.
on Bernard of Chartres, 294 on One (fr), of Xenophauea, 34 with William of Champeaux, 296; on Parmenides, 38; with Neo-Pythago
Nouniena, Kant's theory of, 647
*»0i, of Anaxagoras, 42. 084 (42) 64,
03; as part of soul with Plato, 124 with Aristotle, 150; with Theo- phrastus, 178 Plotinus, 246; Au gustine, 270, note see Reason.
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716 Index.
reans, 237 with riato, 122 with
Proclus, 261.
Ontological argument of Anselm, 292
restated by Descartes, 393. Ontologism, 631, 661 n.
Ontology, of the Stoics, 199 possibility
of denied, 546 ff. cf. Metaphysics. Ophites, 268.
Opinion, opposed to knowledge, 68, 96,
106-117; to sense perceptions, 204; relativity of, 201.
Paracelsus, 357. 368, 370 373 f. , 404 Parallelism, with Spinoza, 419 mate
rialistic interpretation of, 463 psycho-physical, 644-646 see also Soul.
Paralogisms of Pure Reason, 549. Parker, 491.
Parmenides, 28 ff. , 37 ff. , 46, 51, 58 ff. ,
90, 118, 129
Trapovaia, 120.
Participation, of things in the Ideas with
Optimism, religious, 252 of Bruno, Plato, 120 of finite minds in God, 368 of Shaftesbury, 489 of Leibniz, Malebranche, 407.
492 Voltaire on, 493 of Rousseau, Particular, see Universal.
526 of utilitarianism and positivism,
670 ff.
Optimism and pessimism, as moods,
676 united, Hartmann, 673 see Pessimism.
Oratory (Fathers of), 416. Order, Heraclitus, 36, 49
Pascal, 381, 396, 692 (381).
Passions, ancient conception of, 165;
Stoics on, 168 Descartes and Spinoza, 412-414; Hoboes, 413; Nietzsche, 677 cf. Emotions.
Patristics, 214.
as norm, 63
Anaxagoras, 42, 64 moral, Kant, 556, Pedagogy, of Humanism, 300 of Ba
566 as God, with Fichte, 696.
Ordo ordinans, 696.
Ordo rerum = ordo idearum, with Spi
noza, 396, 419
Organism, as principle with Aristotle,
conian doctrine, with Comenius and Rattich, 386; Rousseau's, 626; of associational psychology, with Her- bart and Beneke, 698 (586) see also Education.
Patrizzi, 364, 369.
141 Buffon's theory of, 480 as Perception, contrasted with reflective
" miracle," Kant, 480, 565 with Schelling, 599 as analogue of society, 666.
thought by cosmologists, 68 ff. Pro- tagoras's theory of, 91 ff. Democri- tus, 106, 113 ff. Epicurean theory, 202 Stoics', 202 only of our own states, ace. to Campanella, 370 with Leibniz, 462 pure, with Kant, 639 ff. implies a synthesis, 639 feeling of reality of sensuous, Jacobi, 574 intellectual, 681, 592.
Peregrinus Proteus, 216.
Peripatetic School, 103, 169, 161, 164,
178, 180, 229, 411 see also Aristote
lian ism.
Perseltas boni, 332, 416 note 2.
Persius, 216.
Personality, emphasised in Hellenistic
thought, 223 found in spirit, 232 Christian view of, 251 emphasised by Christian thinkers as against Ara bian pan-psychism, 340; worth of, Kant, 663 conception of in Hegelian School, 640.
Organon, of Aristotle, 104, 132 ff. new, of Bacon, 380, 383 ff.
the
Orient, its philosophy, 23 note, 683 (23); influence, on Greeks, 27, 211, 213 ff. on Middle Ages, 310, 316 ff.
Origen, the Christian, 214, 216 ff. , 222, 233, 236, 263 f. , 261, 499.
Origen, the Neo-Platonist, 218. Osiander, 366, 366.
Oswald, 442.
oiVio, with Plato, 108 ff. , 120-123;
Aristotle, 139 ff.
Origen, 254. "Over-man," 679 i.
Plotinus,
246
see
Pain, Schopenhauer's view of, 620 also Pleasure.
Paley, 441, 613, 514 f. , 664
Pansetius, 161 f. , 190.
Panentheism, of Krause, 610.
Pan-psychism, 340.
Pantheism, suggestions for in Eleati- trine, 252 Swift's, 515 Rousseau's,
cism, 34 f. , 37 Strata's, 179 of 626; Schopenhauer's, 620 ff. . 673; Stoics, 180 in conjunction with the opposed by Duhring, 671 German
ism, 236 logical of Realism, 296 of Averroism, 313, 338 ff. of Amal- ricans, 339 tendency of Renaissance, 368, 367 ff. of Cartesianism, 405 ff. and esp. Spinozism, 408 f. , 419; Schelling's, 608 Feuerbach's, 640 alleged, of Hegeliauism, 639 f. , 661 note.
of nineteenth century, 673; Bahu-
sen's, 676.
Peter Lombard, 276.
Peter of Poitiers, 276. Petnis Aureolus, 316. Petrus Hispanus, 316, 342. Phsedo, 72.
Phusdrus, 162.
Pessimism, among the Cyrenaics, 87; among Stoics, 169 in Christian doc
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Index. 711
Phaleas, 74.
Phenomena and phenomenal, objects
of sensation or perception as, 92 f. ,
106, 110; space and time as, 421 f. , Phurnutns, see Cornutus.
486, 540 f. , 686, 688 ; " impressions," Physicc-theology, with Stoics, 196- 468, 472 ff. , 067 ; opposed to true 197; Enlightenment, 489 ff. ; criti reality as qualitative to quantitative, cized by Hume, 494 Kant's early, 1 10 f. ; 388 as changing and particu 490 his later criticism on, 650 see
lar to changeless and universal, 120 ff.
as spatial to the spiritual or dynamic,
421 and note as sensuous to intel
ligible, 110 120 ff. , 421 note 483, Pietism. 446, 487, 683. 436 as = priori and necessary, Pinel, 627.
640 ff. , opposed to things-in-them- Pittacus, 24.
selves, 641 f„ 646 ff. and to the realm Pity, see Sympathy.
of faith and freedom, 664 cf. also Platner, 445, 693 (446).
Thing-in-ilself, Supersensuous, Ra Plato, as authority for Socrates, 71, 77, tionalism, Knowledge.
Pherecydes, 24, 34.
Philip, or I'hilippus, of Opus, 103, 123. Philo of Larissa, 103, 161
Philo of Alexandria, 214, 216, 220 ff. ,
227, 231, 237, 240 ff. , 290, 319, 687
(217), 688 (224).
Philodemus, 162, 198, 342.
PhiloUus, 29, 31, 46, 60 1, 63, 129, 21 Philosophy, various conceptions of,
97 as gystematiser, 99 general character of philos. , 101 life and writings, 102 f. ,684 (102), 686 (103); grounds metaphysics anew, 105-109; Ideas, 116 ff. doctrine of recollec tion, 118, 685 (119); of soul, 686
(123); logic and dialectic, 119 . Idea of Good, 122 his psychology, 123 f. ; ethics, 126; politics, 126 f. ; on education, 127 teleology, 128 doctrine of space, 129, 687 (238);
nal position, share of different
peoples in, 8; division of, 18 ff.
sources of, among the Greeks, 23 ff. ,
27 ff. at first costnological, 27 f. ; then
anthropological and practical, 68 ff.
Aristotle's division of, 163; sepa
rating of special sciences from, 166
as wisdom for life, 167 ff. fused with (see Neo-Platonists, English); on religion, 210 ff. relation to Chris Malebranche, 661 note on Mill, 667; tianity, 224 ff.
to theology with on Schelling through Neo-Platonism, Scholastics, 321 separation from 610; cf. also 184, 229, 242, 265, theology, 364, 375, 389 relation of 420, 640.
modern to religion, 399 ff. ; under' Platonism, as characteristic of Alex control of natural science, 378 ff. andrian philosophy, 212 see also aa world-wisdom in Enlightenment, Academy and Neo-Platonism.
437 ff. as psychology, 447 ff. as Play-impulse, 601.
criticism, &I2 ff. ; Influence on litera Pleasure and Pain, referred to differ ture, in Germany, 694 (630); Fichte's ences in motion, 86 as ethical crile- conception of, 679 Hegel's concep- rian, 165, 170 measurement of, in tion of, 611, 616; of this century,
623 ff. ; as science of values, 680 Philosophy, history of, defined,
utilitarianism. 613, 666 f. , and pessi mism, 072; swthetic as function of the faculty of approval or judgment with
Hegel's view of, 10 f. , 12 L, 614, Kant, 660, 662 see also Eudemo- 681 Fischer* view of, 13 three fac nism. Hedonism, Utilitarianism.
tors In, 11-14 tasks of, 15; sources Pleroma, of Gnostics, 2:19.
for, 16 its significance. 681 and Pletho, 364, 368.
see also each of the periods and Plotinus. 214 f. . 218, 228, 233 ff. , 237 f. ,
writers treated division of, 21
244 ff. . 290. 336, 867, 610, 688 (218). Ploucquet, 444.
Plurality, of substances, 39 with Her
additional literature of, 683. Philnstralus, 216.
bert, 684, cf. ; 423 f; denied by the 4wn, as title of early philosophic writ Eleatics, 37 f. . 44 of co-existing ings, 29 . as nature, Xenophanes, worlds, in Atomism. 54 with Bruno,
Phrenology, 517.
34 as origin, or primal substance, 369.
47 ff. opposed to »ia u, 74 ff. , 436 harmonized with riuot with Stoics, 172, 209 Plotinus, 246.
Teleology.
Pico, 364, 372
Pierre d'Ailly, 315, 333, 346.
ff. ; relation to other sciences,
667, 680, to civilisation, 13 exter importance of mathematics for, 129
philos. of Nature, 1211 f. ; relation to Aristotle, 133, 139 ff. ; on freedom, 191 influence of his dualism, 211 regarded as starting-point for natural science, 31)3 influence on More's Utopia, 428 on Bacon's New At lantis, 429 on Cambridge PlatonisU
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Plutarch of Chser. , 175, 213, 216, 221. 231 i. , 225, 239.
Plutarch of Athens, 215, 234. Pneuma, Stoic doctrine of, 186 f. Poiret, 381, 395.
Polemo, 103.
gious views, 74, 76 perception the ory, 86, 91 influence of this on De- mocritus and Plato, 104 f. , 117; relativism, 92, 105, 117 cf. 60 note
69, 88.
Protestant philosophy, 364 426, 433 Psellos, see Michael.
^ux1). see Soul.
Psycho-physics, 645.
Psychology, at first materialistic, 65;
522 f. , 666.
Political economy, 517
Politics, see State.
Polus, 75.
Polybius, 176.
Pomponatiu8 (or Pomponazzi) 355, advanced by the Sophists, 69 of the
359.
Pope, 447, 508.
Porphyry, 21, 215, 218, 250
(218). Porta, 355.
288, 688
Cyrenaics, 86 of Protagoras, 91 ff. of Democritus, 113-116; of Plato, 123 of Aristotle, 149 of Stoics, 168, 187 f. , 202-204; of Epicureans, 202 of Plutarch, Origen, etc. , 232 of Neo-Platonism, 234 of Augustine, 280-283 studied in the Middle Ages, 303 ff. associational, founded by John of Salisbury, 307 metaphysical
Posidonlus, 161 f. , 230, 687 (189). Positive philosophy, of Schelling, 619
see Positivism.
Positivism, of Epicureans, 205; influ
ential in Renaissance, 361 of Hume, psych, of Thomas, Scotus, and Oc 477 of Bayle and the Ideologists, cam, 324 empirical psych, of 477 ff. of Comte, 660-653 cf. 628, later Scholastics, 344 mechan 633, 671 ical, of Descartes and Spinoza, 412,
Possibility, with Aristotle, 140 with 414; associational, of Hobbes, 413;
empirical, made authority for epis- temology, 447 ff. of Locke, 450 f. , 467 of Berkeley, 452, 469 of Hume, 463, 472 ff. materialistic, of Descartes' disciples, 464 of Hartley, 465 of Priestley, 456 of Lamettrie, 465 sensualistic and associational, of Condillac and Ideologists, 456- 459 as philosophy with Scottish School, 469 rational and empiri cal, of Wolff, 460 Lambert, 461 Leibniz, 462-464 new division of faculties, 612 rational, criticized by Kant, 549 " faculty " theory, criti cized by Schulze and Herbart, 577 Herbart's, 586 as a central sub ject in this century, 626, 628 f. , 634 of Ideologists of this century, 636
589. Purpose, see Teleology.
Principle of Contradiction, Zeno, 61 Purposiveness, subjective and objective Protagoras, 88 Aristotle, 138 Leib = aesthetic and Ideological, 569 ff. -
as heuristic principle, 665 Pyrrho, 160, 163, 165 ff. , 200. Pythagoras, 24, 30 21-6, 372.
Leibniz, 425 as category, with Kant, 543 as eternal truth, with Weisse, 640 cf. Potential, Actual, Necessity.
Postulates, of empirical thought, 545; moral, 654 cf. 590.
Potencies, Schelling, 009.
Potential, 140, 144, 146.
Power, with Aristotle, 140 Locke, 404,
467 will for, with Nietzsche, 678 see also Potential, Force mental, see Faculty.
Pragmatic factor, in history of philoso phy, 11-13, 683 (12).
Prantl, 631.
Predestination, with Augustine, 284
maintained by Thomas, and rejected
by Scotus, 334. du Prel, 633. Prtvost, 627. Price, 440, 603.
" without soul," 643 social or com parative, 631, 649; lit. of, 20, 445, 693 (445), 628 632.
Priestley, 440, 465, 480, 613.
Principium individuations, 337, 341, Puffendorf, 382, 397, 432.
niz, 398 Herbart, 683
Principle of Identity, Sophists, 89
Principle of Sufficient Reason, 399.
Principles, pure, of the Understanding, Pythagoreans, 29 ff. , 45 ff. , 56 f. , 60
641 f. , 646
Principles, regulative, 549. Probabilism, with Carneades, 207 Hu
72. 106 f. , 120, 131, 147, 212 . , 684 (46, 62), 688 (238) see also Neo- Pythagoreans.
manists, 301 practical, of Hume, Pythagoreanism, 215, 402, 687 (189).
477, 494.
Proclus, 215, 218, 220, 222, 226, 228, Qualities, primary vs. secondary, 117
238 250 all qualitative reduced to quantita Prodicus, 69, 71, 73, 76, 88, 96. tive by Democritus, 111 this opposed Protagoras, life, 70 ethical and reli by Aristotle, 148 occult displaced,
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Index. 719
872, 402 ; intellectuality of, 403 ; pri Recollection, Plato's doctrine of, 18 mary and secondary, with Descartes Ree, 603, 078.
and Locke, 404, 40" f. ; distinction Reflection, as source of ideas with
denied by Berkeley, 409 ; absolute,
Locke, 461 as idealistic method with Fichte, 681 emotions of, 609, 514.
of Herbart, 686.
Quantification of the predicate, 039.
Quantitative, the only determinations Reid, 442, 459, 482, 537.
recognised by Democritug, 111 ; this Keimarus, 445. 489, 490
shifted to cosmic processes and re Reinhold, 570, 576 ff. , 090 (570). asserted by Galileo, 388 ; and by Relativity of knowledge, Protagorean, Hobbes and Descartes, 389, 393, 404 ; 92 of Aristippus, 93 with Scep opposed by Schelling and Goethe, tics, 200 ff. with Comte. 060 with 698 f. ; in ethics, 613, 004, 066 f.
Quesnay, 443.
Rabanus Maurus, 273.
Ramandus Lullus, see Lull us. Ramundus of Sabunde, 316, 322. Ramus, 355, 301.
Rationalism, of Pythagoreans, 45 f. ;
of Cosmologista, 00 ; of I'lato and Democritus, 105, 108, 110; of the Stoics, 207 ff. ; of Abelard, 3(>0 ; of Descartes, 389-393 ; of Spinoza, Hi*! ,
Spencer, 067 relativism fatal to phi ios. 080 see also Knowledge and Epistemology.
Rattich, 385 note 4.
Kavaisson. 027, 030.
Heal ism, media-val, 271 f. ; of John macher, 682; lerbart's phiios. of, 585,
Scotus, 289 ; tends to pantheism, 21*5 ; modified, 297 ; criticized by Abelard, 298 ; of Scot us, 341 ; |>emists in Des cartes, 405 ; in Spinoza. 408, 410.
as Vumttllung, Hegel, 013 as motif in Schelling's phiios. 010 as orgauou for phiios. , 019; Fcuerbach's expla nation of, 041 of humanity, Comte, 050, 052 see Revelation, Chris tianity.
Reality, grades of, 100, 260 291 ff.
Reals,' of Herbart, 584
Keason, as motive-matter with Anax- Rcmigius, 273.
Religion, relation to phiios. , in early thought, 27, 083 (24), 085 (123); among Cyrenaics, 80 in Hellenistic thought, l. ">8, 210 ft. ; Epicurus' alti tude toward, 188 Stoics', 189 attitude of Galileo, Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Leibniz, 400 natural,
Herbert of Cherbury, 430 Locke on toleration in, 487 natural religion in eighteenth century (see Deism); as postulate for morality, 490 history
418 f. ; of Locke, 094 (462) ; of Wolff,
482 ; theological, of Socinians, 487 ;
of Clarke, in Ethics, 504 ; of Bayle, of, by Hume, 497 as education of 604 f. ; of Kant, 540.
agoras. 41 active and passive with Renaissance, foreshadowing of, 302, Aristotle, 150; Stoic doctrine of, 307 phiios. of, 349 ff. its innovat 171 f. , 175, 180, 187 f. , 223 opposed ing impulse. 352 ff.
Nicomachus, 213, 210. Nietzsche, 033, 070-080. Nifo, 355, 369.
view, 597, 699 as realm of the con tingent. 143, 341, 344, 425, 500, 041 as esthetic standard, 493 as ethical standard. 73 86, 110, 435 f. , 024 008 f. , 072; state of, with Cynics, 83 llobbes. view of, 434 Rous
Nineteenth century, philosophy of, 623 ff.
Nizolius, 365, 300, 376.
Nominalism, 272 its origin, 290 of
Roscellinus, 296 revived, 312, 342 favours study of natural science, 843 370 influence on Descartes, Locke, and llobbes, 403 on Locke, 461 '. , 408 on Berkeley, 452, 409 of Feuerbach, 041 see also Termin- ism.
seau, 625 Kant, 658 Fichte, 008.
Schiller, 004
Nausiphanes, 106.
Necessity, mechanical, with Leucippus,
Norms, 03, 09, 181, 279, 080. Aristotle. 134 natural, with Stoics, Norris, 471.
63 with 1'lato, 130 logical, with
181 denied by Epicurus, 183 two
kinds, Leibniz, 390; Spinoza's, 419;
subjective, Tetens, 400 of evil, Leib
niz, 492 logical, identified with real
ity, 637 of a priori Forms, 639 ff.
feeling of, attaching to experience,
Fichte, 679 teleological, of ideal Novalis, Fr. v. Hardcnberg, 671, 599. ism, 690 see also Materialism, Mech Numbers, with Pythagoreans, 46, 47
anism.
Negative theology, with Philo, Apolo
with Plato, 122, 129, 131 in Alcx- andrianism, 242 ff. in the Renais sance, 372, 387.
gists, and Neo-Platonists, 237 f. , 689
(238); with Scotus Erigena, 290; of Numenius, 213, 210, 220, 223, 232.
Eikhart, 336 of Bruno, 308
of Spi
Object, of knowledge, Kant, 637 ff. ,
674, 676 indifference of subject and object, 608.
noza, 408 cf. Agnosticism.
Nekkam, Alex. , 344.
Neo-Kantianism, 6:13, 042
Neo-Platunisiii, dependent on earlier Objectification, 68'. l.
Greek conceptions, 123, 167 per Objective, with Dew arte*, = subjective sonality and writings. 216, 218 phil in modern sense. 303; objective spirit, osophical interpretation of myths, with Hegel. 613; cf. En*.
222 on spirit and matter, 233 ff. Occam, see William of Occam-
doctrine of Ideas, 117 note 0; 233 Occasionalisni, 410 ff. , 474 note note on nature of God, 237 ff. , 089 Odo (Odardus) of Cambray, 29. }. (238); on history, 2. V» In Middle Oinomaoa, 216, 686 (163).
Ages, 208 ff. influence on Augustine, Ok«n, 671, 698, 008, 056.
279 280 on John Scotus, 289 ff. Oldendorf, 382.
on Bernard of Chartres, 294 on One (fr), of Xenophauea, 34 with William of Champeaux, 296; on Parmenides, 38; with Neo-Pythago
Nouniena, Kant's theory of, 647
*»0i, of Anaxagoras, 42. 084 (42) 64,
03; as part of soul with Plato, 124 with Aristotle, 150; with Theo- phrastus, 178 Plotinus, 246; Au gustine, 270, note see Reason.
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716 Index.
reans, 237 with riato, 122 with
Proclus, 261.
Ontological argument of Anselm, 292
restated by Descartes, 393. Ontologism, 631, 661 n.
Ontology, of the Stoics, 199 possibility
of denied, 546 ff. cf. Metaphysics. Ophites, 268.
Opinion, opposed to knowledge, 68, 96,
106-117; to sense perceptions, 204; relativity of, 201.
Paracelsus, 357. 368, 370 373 f. , 404 Parallelism, with Spinoza, 419 mate
rialistic interpretation of, 463 psycho-physical, 644-646 see also Soul.
Paralogisms of Pure Reason, 549. Parker, 491.
Parmenides, 28 ff. , 37 ff. , 46, 51, 58 ff. ,
90, 118, 129
Trapovaia, 120.
Participation, of things in the Ideas with
Optimism, religious, 252 of Bruno, Plato, 120 of finite minds in God, 368 of Shaftesbury, 489 of Leibniz, Malebranche, 407.
492 Voltaire on, 493 of Rousseau, Particular, see Universal.
526 of utilitarianism and positivism,
670 ff.
Optimism and pessimism, as moods,
676 united, Hartmann, 673 see Pessimism.
Oratory (Fathers of), 416. Order, Heraclitus, 36, 49
Pascal, 381, 396, 692 (381).
Passions, ancient conception of, 165;
Stoics on, 168 Descartes and Spinoza, 412-414; Hoboes, 413; Nietzsche, 677 cf. Emotions.
Patristics, 214.
as norm, 63
Anaxagoras, 42, 64 moral, Kant, 556, Pedagogy, of Humanism, 300 of Ba
566 as God, with Fichte, 696.
Ordo ordinans, 696.
Ordo rerum = ordo idearum, with Spi
noza, 396, 419
Organism, as principle with Aristotle,
conian doctrine, with Comenius and Rattich, 386; Rousseau's, 626; of associational psychology, with Her- bart and Beneke, 698 (586) see also Education.
Patrizzi, 364, 369.
141 Buffon's theory of, 480 as Perception, contrasted with reflective
" miracle," Kant, 480, 565 with Schelling, 599 as analogue of society, 666.
thought by cosmologists, 68 ff. Pro- tagoras's theory of, 91 ff. Democri- tus, 106, 113 ff. Epicurean theory, 202 Stoics', 202 only of our own states, ace. to Campanella, 370 with Leibniz, 462 pure, with Kant, 639 ff. implies a synthesis, 639 feeling of reality of sensuous, Jacobi, 574 intellectual, 681, 592.
Peregrinus Proteus, 216.
Peripatetic School, 103, 169, 161, 164,
178, 180, 229, 411 see also Aristote
lian ism.
Perseltas boni, 332, 416 note 2.
Persius, 216.
Personality, emphasised in Hellenistic
thought, 223 found in spirit, 232 Christian view of, 251 emphasised by Christian thinkers as against Ara bian pan-psychism, 340; worth of, Kant, 663 conception of in Hegelian School, 640.
Organon, of Aristotle, 104, 132 ff. new, of Bacon, 380, 383 ff.
the
Orient, its philosophy, 23 note, 683 (23); influence, on Greeks, 27, 211, 213 ff. on Middle Ages, 310, 316 ff.
Origen, the Christian, 214, 216 ff. , 222, 233, 236, 263 f. , 261, 499.
Origen, the Neo-Platonist, 218. Osiander, 366, 366.
Oswald, 442.
oiVio, with Plato, 108 ff. , 120-123;
Aristotle, 139 ff.
Origen, 254. "Over-man," 679 i.
Plotinus,
246
see
Pain, Schopenhauer's view of, 620 also Pleasure.
Paley, 441, 613, 514 f. , 664
Pansetius, 161 f. , 190.
Panentheism, of Krause, 610.
Pan-psychism, 340.
Pantheism, suggestions for in Eleati- trine, 252 Swift's, 515 Rousseau's,
cism, 34 f. , 37 Strata's, 179 of 626; Schopenhauer's, 620 ff. . 673; Stoics, 180 in conjunction with the opposed by Duhring, 671 German
ism, 236 logical of Realism, 296 of Averroism, 313, 338 ff. of Amal- ricans, 339 tendency of Renaissance, 368, 367 ff. of Cartesianism, 405 ff. and esp. Spinozism, 408 f. , 419; Schelling's, 608 Feuerbach's, 640 alleged, of Hegeliauism, 639 f. , 661 note.
of nineteenth century, 673; Bahu-
sen's, 676.
Peter Lombard, 276.
Peter of Poitiers, 276. Petnis Aureolus, 316. Petrus Hispanus, 316, 342. Phsedo, 72.
Phusdrus, 162.
Pessimism, among the Cyrenaics, 87; among Stoics, 169 in Christian doc
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Index. 711
Phaleas, 74.
Phenomena and phenomenal, objects
of sensation or perception as, 92 f. ,
106, 110; space and time as, 421 f. , Phurnutns, see Cornutus.
486, 540 f. , 686, 688 ; " impressions," Physicc-theology, with Stoics, 196- 468, 472 ff. , 067 ; opposed to true 197; Enlightenment, 489 ff. ; criti reality as qualitative to quantitative, cized by Hume, 494 Kant's early, 1 10 f. ; 388 as changing and particu 490 his later criticism on, 650 see
lar to changeless and universal, 120 ff.
as spatial to the spiritual or dynamic,
421 and note as sensuous to intel
ligible, 110 120 ff. , 421 note 483, Pietism. 446, 487, 683. 436 as = priori and necessary, Pinel, 627.
640 ff. , opposed to things-in-them- Pittacus, 24.
selves, 641 f„ 646 ff. and to the realm Pity, see Sympathy.
of faith and freedom, 664 cf. also Platner, 445, 693 (446).
Thing-in-ilself, Supersensuous, Ra Plato, as authority for Socrates, 71, 77, tionalism, Knowledge.
Pherecydes, 24, 34.
Philip, or I'hilippus, of Opus, 103, 123. Philo of Larissa, 103, 161
Philo of Alexandria, 214, 216, 220 ff. ,
227, 231, 237, 240 ff. , 290, 319, 687
(217), 688 (224).
Philodemus, 162, 198, 342.
PhiloUus, 29, 31, 46, 60 1, 63, 129, 21 Philosophy, various conceptions of,
97 as gystematiser, 99 general character of philos. , 101 life and writings, 102 f. ,684 (102), 686 (103); grounds metaphysics anew, 105-109; Ideas, 116 ff. doctrine of recollec tion, 118, 685 (119); of soul, 686
(123); logic and dialectic, 119 . Idea of Good, 122 his psychology, 123 f. ; ethics, 126; politics, 126 f. ; on education, 127 teleology, 128 doctrine of space, 129, 687 (238);
nal position, share of different
peoples in, 8; division of, 18 ff.
sources of, among the Greeks, 23 ff. ,
27 ff. at first costnological, 27 f. ; then
anthropological and practical, 68 ff.
Aristotle's division of, 163; sepa
rating of special sciences from, 166
as wisdom for life, 167 ff. fused with (see Neo-Platonists, English); on religion, 210 ff. relation to Chris Malebranche, 661 note on Mill, 667; tianity, 224 ff.
to theology with on Schelling through Neo-Platonism, Scholastics, 321 separation from 610; cf. also 184, 229, 242, 265, theology, 364, 375, 389 relation of 420, 640.
modern to religion, 399 ff. ; under' Platonism, as characteristic of Alex control of natural science, 378 ff. andrian philosophy, 212 see also aa world-wisdom in Enlightenment, Academy and Neo-Platonism.
437 ff. as psychology, 447 ff. as Play-impulse, 601.
criticism, &I2 ff. ; Influence on litera Pleasure and Pain, referred to differ ture, in Germany, 694 (630); Fichte's ences in motion, 86 as ethical crile- conception of, 679 Hegel's concep- rian, 165, 170 measurement of, in tion of, 611, 616; of this century,
623 ff. ; as science of values, 680 Philosophy, history of, defined,
utilitarianism. 613, 666 f. , and pessi mism, 072; swthetic as function of the faculty of approval or judgment with
Hegel's view of, 10 f. , 12 L, 614, Kant, 660, 662 see also Eudemo- 681 Fischer* view of, 13 three fac nism. Hedonism, Utilitarianism.
tors In, 11-14 tasks of, 15; sources Pleroma, of Gnostics, 2:19.
for, 16 its significance. 681 and Pletho, 364, 368.
see also each of the periods and Plotinus. 214 f. . 218, 228, 233 ff. , 237 f. ,
writers treated division of, 21
244 ff. . 290. 336, 867, 610, 688 (218). Ploucquet, 444.
Plurality, of substances, 39 with Her
additional literature of, 683. Philnstralus, 216.
bert, 684, cf. ; 423 f; denied by the 4wn, as title of early philosophic writ Eleatics, 37 f. . 44 of co-existing ings, 29 . as nature, Xenophanes, worlds, in Atomism. 54 with Bruno,
Phrenology, 517.
34 as origin, or primal substance, 369.
47 ff. opposed to »ia u, 74 ff. , 436 harmonized with riuot with Stoics, 172, 209 Plotinus, 246.
Teleology.
Pico, 364, 372
Pierre d'Ailly, 315, 333, 346.
ff. ; relation to other sciences,
667, 680, to civilisation, 13 exter importance of mathematics for, 129
philos. of Nature, 1211 f. ; relation to Aristotle, 133, 139 ff. ; on freedom, 191 influence of his dualism, 211 regarded as starting-point for natural science, 31)3 influence on More's Utopia, 428 on Bacon's New At lantis, 429 on Cambridge PlatonisU
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Plutarch of Chser. , 175, 213, 216, 221. 231 i. , 225, 239.
Plutarch of Athens, 215, 234. Pneuma, Stoic doctrine of, 186 f. Poiret, 381, 395.
Polemo, 103.
gious views, 74, 76 perception the ory, 86, 91 influence of this on De- mocritus and Plato, 104 f. , 117; relativism, 92, 105, 117 cf. 60 note
69, 88.
Protestant philosophy, 364 426, 433 Psellos, see Michael.
^ux1). see Soul.
Psycho-physics, 645.
Psychology, at first materialistic, 65;
522 f. , 666.
Political economy, 517
Politics, see State.
Polus, 75.
Polybius, 176.
Pomponatiu8 (or Pomponazzi) 355, advanced by the Sophists, 69 of the
359.
Pope, 447, 508.
Porphyry, 21, 215, 218, 250
(218). Porta, 355.
288, 688
Cyrenaics, 86 of Protagoras, 91 ff. of Democritus, 113-116; of Plato, 123 of Aristotle, 149 of Stoics, 168, 187 f. , 202-204; of Epicureans, 202 of Plutarch, Origen, etc. , 232 of Neo-Platonism, 234 of Augustine, 280-283 studied in the Middle Ages, 303 ff. associational, founded by John of Salisbury, 307 metaphysical
Posidonlus, 161 f. , 230, 687 (189). Positive philosophy, of Schelling, 619
see Positivism.
Positivism, of Epicureans, 205; influ
ential in Renaissance, 361 of Hume, psych, of Thomas, Scotus, and Oc 477 of Bayle and the Ideologists, cam, 324 empirical psych, of 477 ff. of Comte, 660-653 cf. 628, later Scholastics, 344 mechan 633, 671 ical, of Descartes and Spinoza, 412,
Possibility, with Aristotle, 140 with 414; associational, of Hobbes, 413;
empirical, made authority for epis- temology, 447 ff. of Locke, 450 f. , 467 of Berkeley, 452, 469 of Hume, 463, 472 ff. materialistic, of Descartes' disciples, 464 of Hartley, 465 of Priestley, 456 of Lamettrie, 465 sensualistic and associational, of Condillac and Ideologists, 456- 459 as philosophy with Scottish School, 469 rational and empiri cal, of Wolff, 460 Lambert, 461 Leibniz, 462-464 new division of faculties, 612 rational, criticized by Kant, 549 " faculty " theory, criti cized by Schulze and Herbart, 577 Herbart's, 586 as a central sub ject in this century, 626, 628 f. , 634 of Ideologists of this century, 636
589. Purpose, see Teleology.
Principle of Contradiction, Zeno, 61 Purposiveness, subjective and objective Protagoras, 88 Aristotle, 138 Leib = aesthetic and Ideological, 569 ff. -
as heuristic principle, 665 Pyrrho, 160, 163, 165 ff. , 200. Pythagoras, 24, 30 21-6, 372.
Leibniz, 425 as category, with Kant, 543 as eternal truth, with Weisse, 640 cf. Potential, Actual, Necessity.
Postulates, of empirical thought, 545; moral, 654 cf. 590.
Potencies, Schelling, 009.
Potential, 140, 144, 146.
Power, with Aristotle, 140 Locke, 404,
467 will for, with Nietzsche, 678 see also Potential, Force mental, see Faculty.
Pragmatic factor, in history of philoso phy, 11-13, 683 (12).
Prantl, 631.
Predestination, with Augustine, 284
maintained by Thomas, and rejected
by Scotus, 334. du Prel, 633. Prtvost, 627. Price, 440, 603.
" without soul," 643 social or com parative, 631, 649; lit. of, 20, 445, 693 (445), 628 632.
Priestley, 440, 465, 480, 613.
Principium individuations, 337, 341, Puffendorf, 382, 397, 432.
niz, 398 Herbart, 683
Principle of Identity, Sophists, 89
Principle of Sufficient Reason, 399.
Principles, pure, of the Understanding, Pythagoreans, 29 ff. , 45 ff. , 56 f. , 60
641 f. , 646
Principles, regulative, 549. Probabilism, with Carneades, 207 Hu
72. 106 f. , 120, 131, 147, 212 . , 684 (46, 62), 688 (238) see also Neo- Pythagoreans.
manists, 301 practical, of Hume, Pythagoreanism, 215, 402, 687 (189).
477, 494.
Proclus, 215, 218, 220, 222, 226, 228, Qualities, primary vs. secondary, 117
238 250 all qualitative reduced to quantita Prodicus, 69, 71, 73, 76, 88, 96. tive by Democritus, 111 this opposed Protagoras, life, 70 ethical and reli by Aristotle, 148 occult displaced,
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Index. 719
872, 402 ; intellectuality of, 403 ; pri Recollection, Plato's doctrine of, 18 mary and secondary, with Descartes Ree, 603, 078.
and Locke, 404, 40" f. ; distinction Reflection, as source of ideas with
denied by Berkeley, 409 ; absolute,
Locke, 461 as idealistic method with Fichte, 681 emotions of, 609, 514.
of Herbart, 686.
Quantification of the predicate, 039.
Quantitative, the only determinations Reid, 442, 459, 482, 537.
recognised by Democritug, 111 ; this Keimarus, 445. 489, 490
shifted to cosmic processes and re Reinhold, 570, 576 ff. , 090 (570). asserted by Galileo, 388 ; and by Relativity of knowledge, Protagorean, Hobbes and Descartes, 389, 393, 404 ; 92 of Aristippus, 93 with Scep opposed by Schelling and Goethe, tics, 200 ff. with Comte. 060 with 698 f. ; in ethics, 613, 004, 066 f.
Quesnay, 443.
Rabanus Maurus, 273.
Ramandus Lullus, see Lull us. Ramundus of Sabunde, 316, 322. Ramus, 355, 301.
Rationalism, of Pythagoreans, 45 f. ;
of Cosmologista, 00 ; of I'lato and Democritus, 105, 108, 110; of the Stoics, 207 ff. ; of Abelard, 3(>0 ; of Descartes, 389-393 ; of Spinoza, Hi*! ,
Spencer, 067 relativism fatal to phi ios. 080 see also Knowledge and Epistemology.
Rattich, 385 note 4.
Kavaisson. 027, 030.
Heal ism, media-val, 271 f. ; of John macher, 682; lerbart's phiios. of, 585,
Scotus, 289 ; tends to pantheism, 21*5 ; modified, 297 ; criticized by Abelard, 298 ; of Scot us, 341 ; |>emists in Des cartes, 405 ; in Spinoza. 408, 410.
as Vumttllung, Hegel, 013 as motif in Schelling's phiios. 010 as orgauou for phiios. , 019; Fcuerbach's expla nation of, 041 of humanity, Comte, 050, 052 see Revelation, Chris tianity.
Reality, grades of, 100, 260 291 ff.
Reals,' of Herbart, 584
Keason, as motive-matter with Anax- Rcmigius, 273.
Religion, relation to phiios. , in early thought, 27, 083 (24), 085 (123); among Cyrenaics, 80 in Hellenistic thought, l. ">8, 210 ft. ; Epicurus' alti tude toward, 188 Stoics', 189 attitude of Galileo, Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Leibniz, 400 natural,
Herbert of Cherbury, 430 Locke on toleration in, 487 natural religion in eighteenth century (see Deism); as postulate for morality, 490 history
418 f. ; of Locke, 094 (462) ; of Wolff,
482 ; theological, of Socinians, 487 ;
of Clarke, in Ethics, 504 ; of Bayle, of, by Hume, 497 as education of 604 f. ; of Kant, 540.
agoras. 41 active and passive with Renaissance, foreshadowing of, 302, Aristotle, 150; Stoic doctrine of, 307 phiios. of, 349 ff. its innovat 171 f. , 175, 180, 187 f. , 223 opposed ing impulse. 352 ff.
