No More Learning

the Amazons, under their queen Penthesileia, d. Archäol. (6 365, 417.
(L. S. )
came to the assistance of Priam ; but the queen AMAZO'NIUS ('Amazávios), a surname of
was killed by Achilles. (Quint. Smym. i. 669; Apollo, under which he was worshipped, and had
Paus. v. 11. & 2; Philostr. Her. xix. 19. ) [PEN- a temple at Pyrrhichus in Laconia. The name
THESILEIA. ]
was derived either from the belief that the Ama-
The question as to what the Amazons really zons had penetrated into Peloponnesus as far as
were, or rather, what gave rise to the belief that Pyrrhichus, or that they had founded the temple
there was such a race of women, has been much there. (Paus. iii. 25. & 2. )
[L. S. ]
discussed by ancient as well as modern writers. AMBIGA'TUS, king of the Celts in Gaul in
Herodotus (ir. 110) says, that in the Scythian the reign of Tarquinius Priscus. He belonged to
language their name was Oiorpata, which he trans- the Bituriges, the most powerful of the Celtic peo-
lates by dvopoktóvou. The Greek name Amazones ple. When Ambigatus was advanced in years, he
is usually derived from uafós, the breast, and is sup- sent out Bellovesus and Sigoresis, the sons of his
posed to mean “breastless,” or “not brought up by sister, with large swarms of his people to seek new
the breast," " beings with strong breasts,” or “ with settlements, in consequence of the great number of
one breast. ” (Philostr. l. c. ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. the population. Bellovesus and Sigovesus drew
402. ) Others derive it from the Circassian word lots as to the course they should take; the latter
mazá, said to signify the moon, or from Emmetch, in consequence went to the Hercynian forest and
which, according to a Caucasian tradition, is said the former into Italy. (Liv, v. 31. )
to have been their original name. (Sprengel, Apa AMBI'ORIX, a chief of the Eburones, a Gallic
logie dos Hippocrates, ij. p. 597; Klaproth, Keise people between the Meuse and the Rhine, who
nach dem Caucasus, i. p. 655. ) Among the various were formerly tributary to the Aduatici, but were


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AMBROSIUS.
139
AMBROSIUS.
delivered by Caesar from the payment of this tri- future greatness. His father having died, Am-
bute. In B. c. 54, Caesar placed a legion and five brose, then a boy, accompanied his mother to
cohorte, under the command of Q. Titurius Sabinus Rome, where he received the education of an advo-
and L. Aurunculeius Cotta, in the territories of cate under Anicius Probus and Symmachus. He
the Eburones for the purpose of passing the winter began pleading causes at Milan, then the imperial
there. But fifteen days after they had been sta- residence, and soon gained a high reputation for
tioned in their territories, the Eburones revolted at forensic eloquence. This success, together with
the instigation of Ambiorix and Cativolcus, another the influence of bis family, led to his appointment
chief, besieged the Roman camp, and destroyed (about 370 A. D. , a little later) as consular pre-
alınost all the Roman troops, after they had been fect of the provinces of Liguria and Aemilia, whose
induced by Ambiorix to leave their camp under seat of government was Milan.
promise of a safe-conduct. After their destruction The struggle between the Catholics and Arians
Ambiorix bastened to the Aduatici and Nervii, was now at its height in the Western Church,
and induced them, in conjunction with the Ebu- and upon the death of Auxentius, bishop of Milan,
rones, to attack the camp of Q. Cicero, who was in 374, the question of the appointment of his
stationed for the winter among the Nervii. The successor led to an open conflict between the two
firmness of Cicero, and the defeat of the Gauls on parties. Ambrose exerted his influence to restore
the arrival of Caesar, compelled Ambiorix to raise peace, and addressed the people in a conciliatory
the siege. In the following years Ambiorix con- speech, at the conclusion of which a child in the
tinued to prosecute the war against Caesar, but further part of the crowd cried out “ Ambrosius
though all his plans were thwarted, and the dif- episcopus. ” The words were received as an oracle
ferent troops he raised were defeated by Caesar, be from heaven, and Ambrose was elected bishop by
always escaped falling into the hands of the con- the acclamation of the whole multitude, the bishops
queror. (Caes. B. G. v. 24, 26–51, vi. 5, 29— of both parties uniting in his election. It was in
43, viii. 24, &c. ; Dion Cass. xl. 5–10, 31, &c. ; vain that he adopted the strangest devices to alter
Liv. Epit. 106. ) According to Florus (iii. 10. the determination of the people; nothing could
§ 8) he escaped the vengeance of the Romans by make them change their mind (Paulin. Vit. Ambros.
fleeing beyond the Rhine.
pp. 2, 3): in vain did he flee from Milan in the
L. AMBI'VIUS TU'RPIO. [TURPIO. ] night; he mistook his way, and found himself the
AMBOLOGEʻRA ('Auboreshpa), from dva- next morning before the gate of the city. At
barw and rpas " delaying old age,” as a sur-length he yielded to the express command of the
name of Aphrodite, who had a statue at Sparta emperor (Valentinian I. ), and was consecrated on
under this name. (Paus. iii. 18. § l; Plut. the eighth day after his baptism, for at the time of
Sympos. iii. 6. )
[L. S. ] his election he was only a catechumen.
AMBRA'CIA ('Aubpakia), a daughter of Au- Immediately after his election he gave all his
geas, from whom the town of Ambracia derived its property to the church and the poor, and adopted
name. (Steph. Byz. s. D. ; Eustath. ad Dionys. Pe an ascetic mode of life, while the public adminis-
rieg. 492. ) Other traditions represent her as a tration of his office was most firm and skilful. He
grand-daughter of Apollo, and a daughter of Mela- was a great patron of monasticism : about two
neus, king of the Dryopes. (Anton. Lib. 4. ) A years after his consecration he wrote his three
third account derived the name of the town from books “De Virginibus,” and dedicated them to his
Ambrar, a son of Thesprotus and grandson of sister Marcellina. In the Arian controversy he
Lycaon. (Steph. Byz. l. c. ).
(L. S. ) espoused the orthodox side at his very entrance on
AMBROSIUS ('Aubpórios) ALEXANDRI'- his bishopric by demanding that his baptism should
NUS, a nobleman and courtier (S. Epiph. adv. be performed by an orthodox bishop. He applied
Haer. 64. (44) $ 3) flourished A. D. 230. At first himself most diligently to the study of theology
a Valentinian (Euseb. H. E. vii. 18) and Marcionist, under Simplician, a presbyter of Rome, who after
he was won to the faith by Origen, whose con- wards be me his successor in the bishopric. His
stant fellow-student he became (Origen, Ep. ad influence soon became very great, both with the
African, vol. i. p. 29), and was ordained deacon. people and with the emperor Valentinian and his
(S. Hier. Vir. Illustr. 56. ) He plied Origen with son Gratian, for whose instruction be composed his
questions, and urged him to write his Com- treatises “De Fide," and "De Spiritu Sancto. "
mentaries (épyodikTNS), supplying him with In the year 377, in consequence of an invasion of
transcribers in abundance. He shone as a Con- Italy by the northern barbarians, Ambrose fied to
fessor during the persecution of Julius Maximinus Illyricum, and afterwards (in Cave's opinion) visited
(Euseb. vi. 18) a. D. 236, and died between A. D. Rome. After his return to Milan, he was employed
247 and 253. His letters to Origen (paised by by the court on important political affairs. When
St. Jerome) are lost ; part of one exists ap. Origen, Maximus, after the death of Gratian (383), threat-
Lib. de Orat. c. 5. p. 208, A. B. (See Routh's ened Italy, Justina, the mother of the young em-
Reliquiae Sacr. ii. p. 367. ) Origen dedicated to peror Valentinian II. , sent Ambrose on an em-
him his Exhortation to Martyrdom ; Books against bassy to the usurper, whose advance the bishop
Celsus : Coinmentary on St. John's Gospel; and On succeeded in delaying. At a later period (387),
Prayer.
(A. J. C. ) Ambrose went again to Treves on a like mission;
AMBRO'SIUS, ST. , bishop of Milan, was but his conduct on this occasion gave such offence
bom probably at Augusta Trevirorum (Treves), to Maximus, that he was compelled to return to
which was the seat of government for the province Italy in haste.
of Gaul, of which his father was prefect. His While rendering these political services to Jus
biographers differ as to whether the date of his tina and Valentinian, Ambrose was at open va-
birth was 333 or 340 A. D. , but the latter is pro- riance with them on the great religious question of
hably the true date. Circumstances occurred in the age. Justina was herself an Arian, and had
his infancy which were understood to portend his brought up the young emperor in the same teneta


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140
AMBROSIUS.
AMBRYON.
Jler contest with Ambrose began in the year 380, attempted ; and the state of the parties was quite
when she appointed an Arian bishop to the vacant altered by the death of Justina in the next year
bee of Sirmium ; upon which Ambrose went to (387), when Valentinian became a Catholic, and
Sirmium, and, a miraculous judgment on an Arian still more completely by the victory of Theodosius
who insulted him having struck terror into his op over Maximus (388). This event put the whole
ponents, he consecrated Anemmius, who was of power of the empire into the hands of a prince
the orthodox party, as bishop of Sirmium, and who was a firm Catholic, and over whom Ambrose
then returned to Milan, where Justina set on foot speedily acquired such influence, that, after the
several intrigues against him, but without effect. massacre at Thessalonica in 390, he refused Thea
In the year 382, Palladius and Secundianus, two dosius admission into the church of Milan for a
Arian bishops, petitioned Gratian for a general period of eight months, and only restored him after
council to decide the Arian controversy ; but, he had performed a public penance, and had con-
through the influence of Ambrose, instead of a fessed that he had learnt the difference between
general council, a synod of Italian, Illyrian and an emperor and a priest.
Gallic bishops was assembled at Aquileia, over Ambrose was an active opponent not only of the
which Ambrose presided, and by which Palladius Arians, but also of the Macedonians, Apollinarians,
and Secundianus were deposed.
and Novatians, and of Jovinian.
It was probably
At length, in the years 385 and 386, Ambrose about the year 384 that he successfully resisted
and Justina came to open conflict. Justina, in the the petition of Symmachus and the heathen sena-`
name of the emperor, demanded of Ambrose the tors of Rome for the restoration of the altar of
use of at least one of the churches in Milan, for Victory. He was the principal instructor of Au-
the performance of divine worship by Arian eccle- gustine in the Christian faith. (AUGUSTINUS)
siastics. Ambrose refused, and the people rose up The latter years of his life, with the exception
to take his part. At Easter (385) an attempt was of a short absence from Milan during the usurpa-
made by Justina to take forcible possession of the tion of Eugenius (392), were devoted to the care
basilica, but the show of resistance was so great, of his bishopric. He died on the 4th of April,
that the attempt was abandoned, and the court A. D. 397.
was even obliged to apply to Ambrose to quell the As a writer, Ambrose cannot be ranked high,
tumult. He answered, that he had not stirred notwithstanding his great eloquence. His theo-
up the people, and that God alone could still them. logical knowledge scarcely extended beyond a fair
The people now kept guard about the bishop's re- acquaintance with the works of the Greek fathers,
sidence and the basilica, which the imperial forces from whom he borrowed much. His works bear
hesitated to attack. In fact, the people were al- also the marks of haste. He was rather a man
most wholly on the side of Ambrose, the Arian of action than of letters
party consisting of few beyond the court and the His works are very numerous, though several of
Gothic troops. Auxentius, an Arian bishop, who them have been lost
. They consist of Letters,
was Justina's chief adviser in these proceedings, Sermons, and Orations, Commentaries on Scrip
now challenged Ambrose to a public disputation in ture, Treatises in commendation of celibacy and
the emperor's palace ; but Ambrose refused, saying monasticism, and other treatises, of which the most
that a council of the church was the only proper important are: “Hexaëmeron," an account of the
place for such a discussion. He was next com- creation ; “De Officiis Ministrorum,” which is ge-
manded to leave the city, which he at once refused nerally considered his best work ; “De Mysteriis;"
to do, and in this refusal the people still supported “De Sacramentis ;” “De Poenitentia ;" and the
him. In order to keep up the spirits of the peo above-mentioned works, “ De Fide," and "De Spi-
ple, he introduced into the church where they kept ritu Sancto," which are both upon the Trinity.
watch the regular performance of antiphonal hymns, The well-known hymn, “Te Deum laudamus," has
which had been long practised in the Eastern been ascribed to him, but its date is at least a cen-
Church, but not hitherto introduced into the West. tury later. There are other hymns ascribed to
At length, the contest was decided about a year him, but upon doubtful authority. He is believed
after its commencement by the miracles which are to have settled the order of public worship in the
reported to bave attended the discovery of the churches of Milan in the form which it had till the
reliques of two hitherto unknown martyrs, Gerva- eighth century under the names of " Officium Am-
bius and Protasius. A blind man was said to brosianum" and "Missa Ambrosiana. ”
have been restored to sight, and several demoniacs The best edition of his works is that of the
dispossessed. These events are recorded by Am- Benedictines, 2 vols. fol. , Paris, 1686 and 1690,
brose himself, by his secretary Paulinus, and by with an Appendix containing a life of Ambrose by
his disciple Augustine, who was in Milan at the his secretary Paulinus, another in Greek, which is
time; but a particular discussion of the truth of anonymous, and is chiefly copied frum Theodoret's
these miracles would be out of place here. They Ecclesiastical History, and a third by the Benedic-
were denied by the Arians and discredited by the tine editors. Two works of Ambrose, Explanatio
court, but the impression made by them upon the Symboli ad initiandos, and Epistola de Fide, have
people in general was such, that Justina thought it been discovered by Angelo Maii
, and are published
prudent to desist from her attempt. (Ambros. Epist
. by him in the seventh volume of his Siriptorum
xii. xx. xxi. xxii. $ 2, lij. liv. ; Paulin. lit. Ambros. Veterum Nova Collectio.
[P. S. ]
$ 14-17, p. 4, Ben. ; Augustin. Confess. ix. 7. $ 14- AMBRO'SIUS, a hearer of Didymus, at Alex-
16, De Civ. Dei, xxii. 8. $ 2, Serm. 318, 286. ) andria, lived A. D. 392, and was the author of
An imperial rescript was bowever issued in the Commentaries on Jol, and a book in verse against
same year for the toleration of all sects of Chris- Apollinaris of Laodicea. Neither is extant. (S.
tians, any offence against which was made high Hieron. de l'ir. Illust. § 126. ) (A. J. C. )
treason (Cod. Theodos. IV. De Fide Catholicu); AMBRYON ('Aubpúwv) wrote a work op
but we have no evidence that its execution was Theocritus the Chinn, from which Diogenes Laer.


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AMBUSTUS.
141
AMEIPSIAS.
tius (v. 11) quotes an epigram of Theocritus against second time in 356, and carried on the war against
Aristotle.
the Falisci and Tarquinienses, whom he also con-
AMBRYSSUS Auspuooos), the mythical quered. As he was absent from Rome when the
founder of the town of Ambryssus or Amphryssus time came for holding the comitia, the senate, which
in Phocis. (Paus. x. 36. § 2. ) (L. S. ) did not like to entrust them to his colleague,
AMBU'LIA, AMBU'LII, and AMBU'LIUS who had appointed a plebeian dictator, and still
('Aubovnia, 'Auboú 101, and 'Aubotalos), surnames less to the dictator himself, nominated interreges
under which the Spartans worshipped Athena, the for the purpose. The object of the patricians was
Dioscuri, and Zeus. (Paus. ii. 13. § 4. ) The to secure both places in the consulship for their
meaning of the name is uncertain, but it has been own order again, which was effected by Ambustus,
supposed to be derived from drabáraw, and to de who seems to bave returned to Rome meantime.
signato those divinities as the delayers of death. He was appointed the eleventh interrex, and de-
(L. S) clared two patricians consuls in violation of the
AMBUSTUS, the name of a family of the Licinian law. (Liv. vii. 17. ) He was consul a
patrician FABIA GENS. The first member of the third time in 354, when he conquered the Tiburtes
Fabia gens, who acquired this cognomen, was Q. and obtained a triumph in consequence. (vii. 18,
Fabius Vibulanus, consul in B. C. 412, who appears 19; Fast. Triumph. ) In 351 he was appointed
to have been a son of N. Fabius Vibulanus, consul dictator merely to frustrate the Licinian law again
in B. C. 421. From this time the name Vibulanus at the comitia, but did not succeed in his object.
was dropt, and that of Ambustus took its place. (Liv. vii. 22. ) He was alive in 325, when his
The latter was in its turn supplanted by that of son, Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus, was master of
Maximus, which was first acquired by Q. Fabius, the borse to Papirius, and fled to Rome to implore
son of No. 7 (see below), and was handed down protection from the vengeance of the dictator. He
by him to bis descendants.
interceded on his son's behalf both with the senate
1. Q. Fabius M. P. Q. N. VIBULANUS AMBUS and the people. (viii. 33. )
TUS, consul in B. C. 412. (Liv. iv. 52. )
8. C. FABIUS (C. F. M. N. ) AMBUSTUS, consul
2. M. Fabius AMBUSTUS, Pontifex Maximus in B. C. 358, in which year a dictator was ap-
in the year that Rome was taken by the Gauls, pointed through fear of the Gauls. (Liv, vii. 12. )
B. C. 390. His three sons (see Nos. 3, 4, and 9. M. Fabius M. f. N. N. AMBUSTUS, son ap-
5) were sent as ambassadors to the Gauls, when parently of No. 7, and brother to the great Q.
the latter were besieging Clusium, and took part Fabius Maximus Rullianus, was master of the
in a sally of the besieged against the Gauls. The horse in B. C. 322. (Liv. viii. 38. )
Gauls demanded that the Fabii should be sur- 10. Q. FABIUS (Q. F. Q. N. ) AMBUSTUS, dio-
rendered to them for violating the law of nations; tator in B. c. 321, but immediately resigned
and upon the senate refusing to give up the guilty through some fault in the election. (Liv. ix. 7. )
parties, they marched against Rome. The three 11. C. Fabius M. f. N. N. AMBUSTUS, son apo
sons were in the same year elected consular tri- parently of No. 7, and brother to No. 9, was
bunes. (Liv. v. 35, 36, 41 ; Plut. Cam. 17. ) appointed master of the horse in B. C. 315 in place
- 3. K. FABIUS M. P. Q.