Bathippus
died soon after, and his
cideris.
cideris.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
11; Auson.
Ep.
106 ;
from the frequent mention of tabulae with reference Anthol. Planud. iv. 178-182. ) Statius (Sülr. i. 1.
to bis pictures. Pliny expressly says, that he did 100) and Martial (xi. 9) call painting by the name
not paint on walls. (xxxv. 37. )
of “ Ars A pellea. " Sir Joshua Reynolds says of
the Greek painters, and evidently with an especial
* Does this refer only to the excessive thinness reference to A pelles, “if we had the good fortune
of the lines, or may it mean that the three lines to possess what the ancients themselves esteemed
were actually tapered away towards a common their masterpieces, I have no doubt but we should
vanishing point ?
find their figures as correctly drawn as the Lao.
## p. 223 (#243) ############################################
APELLES.
223
APELLICON.
;
coon, and probably coloured like Titian” (Notes on | ledge of the degrees of things, or taste, presupposes
Du Fresnoy, note 37); and, though the point has a perfect knowledge of the things themselves : that
been disputed, such is the general judgment of the colour, grace, and taste, are ornaments, not substi-
best modern authorities. It need scarcely be said, tutes, of form, expression, and character ; and,
that not one of the pictures of Apelles remains to when they usurp that title, degenerate into splen-
decide the question by.
did faults. Such were the principles on which
In order to understand what was the excellence A pelles formed his Venus, or rather the personifi-
which was peculiar to Apelles, we must reſer to cation of Female Grace, -the wonder of art, the
the state of the art of painting in his time. (Dict. despair of artists. ” That this view of the Venus
of Ant. s. v. Painting. ) After the essential forns is right, is proved, if proof were needed, by the
of Polygnotus had been elevated to dramatic effect words of Pliny (xxxv. 36. $ 10), “ Deesse iis
and ideal expression by Apollodorus and Zeuxis, unam Venerem dicebat, quam Graeci Charita vo-
and enlivened with the varied character and feeling cant,” except that there is no reason for calling
which the school of Eupompus drew forth from the Venus the personification of Female Grace ;"
direct observation of nature, A pelles perceived that it was rather Grace personified in a female form.
something still was wanting, something which the Apelles wrote on painting, but his works are
refinements attained by his contemporaries in group- entirely lost.
[P. S. )
ing, perspective, accuracy, and finish, did not sup APELLES ('Anellñs), a disciple of Marcion,
ply-something which he boasted, and succeeding departed in some points from the teaching of his
ages confirmed the boast, that he alone achieved – master. Instead of wholly rejecting the Old
namely, the quality called rápis, venustas, grace Testament, he looked upon its contents as coming
(Plin. xxxv. 36. & 10; Quintil. xii. 10; Plut. De partly from the good principle, partly from the
met. 22; Aelian, V. H. xii. 41); that is, not only evil principle. Instead of denying entirely the
beauty, sublimity, and pathos, but beauty, subli- reality of Christ's human body, he held that in his
mity, and pathos, each in its proper measure; the descent from heaven he assumed to himself an
expending of power enough to produce the desired aërial body, which he gave back to the air as he
effect, and no more; the absence of all exaggeration, ascended. He denied the resurrection of the body,
as well as of any sensible deficiency; the most na- and considered differences of religious belief as
tural and pleasing mode of impressing the subject on unimportant, since, said he,“ all who put their
the spectator's mind, without displaying the means trust in the Crucified One will be saved, if they
by which the impression is produced. In fact, the only prove their faith by good works. ”
meaning which Fuseli attaches to the word seems Apelles flourished about A. D. 188, and lived to
to be that in which it was used by A pelles : “ By a very grcat age. Tertullian (Praescript. Haeret.
grace I mean that artless balance of motion and 30) says that he was expelled from the school of
repose sprung from character, founded on propriety, Marcion for fornication with one Philumene, who
which neither falls short of the demands nor over- fancied herself a prophetess, and whose fantasies
leaps the modesty of nature. Applied to execution, were recorded by Apelles in his book entitled
it means that dexterous power which hides the pavepuo eis. But since Rhodon, who was the
means by which it was attained, the difficulties personal opponent of Apelles, speaks of him as
it has conquered. ” (Lect. 1. ) In the same Lecture universally honoured for his course of life (Euseb.
Fuseli gires the following estimate of the character H. E. v. 13), we may conclude that the former
of A pelles as an artist : « The name of Apelles in part of Tertullian's story is one of those inventions
Pliny is the synonyme of unrivalled and unattain which were so commonly made in order to damage
able excellence, but the enumeration of his works the character of heretics. Besides the pavepuoers,
points out the modification which we ought to ap- A pelles wrote a work entitled “ Syllogisms,” the
ply to that superiority ; it neither comprises exclu- object of which Eusebius states (l. c. ) to have been,
sive sublimity of invention, the most acute discri- to prove that the writings of Moses were false.
mination of character, the widest sphere of compre- It must have been a very large work, since Am-
bension, the most judicious and best balanced brose (De Paradis. 5) quotes from the thirty-eighth
composition, por the deepest pathos of expression : volume of it. (See also Tertull. adv. Marcion,
his great prerogative consisted more in the unison iv. 17; Augustin. de Huer. 23; Epiphanius, Haer.
than in the extent of his powers; he knew better 44. )
(P. S. )
what he could do, what ought to be done, at what ÁPE'LLICON ('ATEMW), a native of Teos,
point he could arrive, and what lay beyond his was a Peripatetic philosopher and a great collector
reach, than any other artist. Grace of conception of books. In addition to the number which his
and refinement of taste were his elements, and immense wealth enabled him to purchase, he stole
went hand in hand with grace of execution and several out of the archives of different Greek cities.
taste in finish; powerful and seldom possessed His practices having been discovered at Athens, he
singly, irresistible when united : that be built both was obliged to fly from the city to save his life.
on the firm basis of the former system, not on its He afterwards returned during the tyranny of
subversion, his well-known contest of lines with Aristion, who patronized him, as a member of the
Protogenes, not a legendary tale, but a well at- siime philosophic sect with himself, and gave him
tested fact, irrefragably proves :. . the corollaries the command of the expedition against Delos,
we may adduce from the contest are obviously which, though at first successful, was ruined by
these, that the schools of Greece recognized all one the carelessness of Apellicon, who was surprised by
elemental principle : that acuteness and fidelity of the Romans under Orobius, and with difficulty
eye and obedience of hand form precision ; preci- escaped, having lost his whole army. (Athen. v.
sion, proportion; proportion, beauty: that it is the pp. 214, 215. ) His library was carried to Rome
'little more or less,' imperceptible to rulgar eyes, i by Sulla. (B. C. 84. ) A pellicon had died just be
which constitutes grace, and establishes the supe fore. (Strab. xiii. p. 609. )
riority of one artist above another : that the know- Apellicon's library contained the autograpbs of
p
## p. 224 (#244) ############################################
224
APHAREUS.
APHTHONIUS.
Aristotle's works, which had been given by thet in ancient story under the name of 'Adapnolda. or
philosopher, on his death-bed, to Theophrastus, 'Apapntıddan, for their fight with the Dioscuri,
and by him to Neleus, who carried them to Scepsis, which is described by Pindar. (Nem. x. Ill, &c. )
in Troas, where they remained, baving been hidden Two other mythical personages of this name occur
and much injured in a cave, till they were pur- in Hom. Il. xiii. 541; 0v. Met
. xii. 341. (L. S. )
chased by Apellicon, who published a very faulty APHA'REUS ('A papeús), an Athenian orator
edition of them. Upon the arrival of the MSS. at and tragic poet, was a son of the rhetorician Hip-
Rome, they were examined by the grammarian pias and Plathane. After the death of his father,
Tyrannion, who furnished copies of them to An- i his mother married the orator Isocrates, who
dronicus of Rhodes, upon which the latter adopted Aphareus as his son. He was trained in
founded his edition of Aristotle. (ANDKONICUS the school of Isocrates, and is said to have written
of Rhodes. )
(P. S. ) judicial and deliberative speeches (λόγοι δικανικοί
APEMIUS ('Anhunos), a surname of Zeus, kal ovubovdeutikol). An oration of the former
under which he had an altar on mount Pares in kind, of which we know only the name, was writ-
Attica, on which sacrifices were offered to him. ten and spoken by Aphareus on behalf of Isocrates
(Paus. i. 32. & 2. )
(L. S. ) against Megacleides. (Plut. lit. X. Orat. p. 839;
APER, a Greek grammarian, who lived in Rome Dionys. Isocr. 18, Dmarch, 13; Eudoc. p. 67 ;
in the time of Tiberius. He belonged to the Suid. s. r. ; Phot. Cod. 260. ) According to Plu-
school of Aristarchus, and was the instructor of Larch, Aphareus wrote thirty-seven tragedies, but
Heracleides Ponticus. He was a strenuous oppo the authorship of two of them was a matter of dis-
nent of the grammarian Didymus. (Suidas, s. v. pute. He began his career as a tragic writer in
Ηρακλείδης. )
[C. P. M. ] B. C. 369, and continued it till B. C. 342. He
M. APER, a Roman orator and a native of gained four prizes in tragedy, two at the Dionysia
Gaul, rose by his eloquence to the rank of Quaes and two at the Lenaea His tragedies formed
tor, Tribune, and Praetor, successively. He is tetralogies, i. e. four were performed at a time and
introduced as one of the speakers in the Dialogue formed a didascalia ; but no fragments, not even a
de Oratoribus, attributed to Tacitus, defending the title of any of them, have come down to us. (L. S. )
style of oratory prevalent in his day against those APHEIDAS ('Apeidas), a son of Arcas by
who advocated the ancient form. (See cc. 2, 7, &c. ) Leaneira, or according to others, by Meganeira,
APER, A'RRIUS, the praetorian praefect, and Chrysopeleia or Erato. (Apollod. ii. 9. $ 1. )
the son-in-law of the emperor Numerian, murdered When Apheidas and his two brothers had grown
the emperor, as it was said, on the retreat of the up, their father divided his kingdom among them.
army from Persia to the Hellespont. He carefully Apheidas obtained Tegea and the surrounding
concealed the death of Numerian, and issued all territory, which was therefore called by poets the
the orders in his name, till the soldiers learnt the kiñpos 'Apeidartes. Apheidas had a son, Aleus.
truth by breaking into the imperial tent on the (Paus, viii. 4. & 2; ALEUS. ) Two other mythical
Hellespont. They then elected Diocletian as bis personages of this name occur in Hom. Od. xxv.
successor, A. D. 284, who straightway put Aper to 305; Ov. Met. xii. 317.
(L. S. )
death with his own hand without any trial. Va APHE'PSION ('Apeblaw), a son of Bathippus,
piscus relates that Diocletian did this to fulfil a who commenced operations against the law of
prophecy which had been delivered to him by a Leptines respecting the abolition of exemptions
female Druid, “ Imperator eris, cum Aprum oc- from liturgies.
Bathippus died soon after, and his
cideris. ” (Vopisc. Numer. 12–14; Aurel. Vict. son Aphepsion resumed the matter. He was joined
de Caes. 38, 39, Epit. 38; Eutrop. ix. 12, 13. ) by Ctesippus. Phormion, the orator, spoke for
APESANTIUS ('ATTEOLUTiOs), a surname of Aphepsion, and Demosthenes for Ctesippus. (Ar-
Zeus, under which he had a temple on mount gum. ad Dem. Leptin. p. 453; Dem. c. Lept. p. 501;
A pesas near Nemea, where Perseus was said to Wolf, Proleg. in Demosth. Lept. p. 48, &c. , pp. 52
have first offered sacrifices to him. (Paus, ii, 15. -56. )
(L. S. ]
§ 3; Steph. Byz. s. r. 'Améras. ) [L. S. ) APHNEIUS ('Apveios), the giver of food or
APHACI'TIS ('Apakitus), a surname of Aphro plenty, a surname of Ares, under which he had a
dite, derived from the town of Aphace in Coele temple on mount Cnesius, near Tegea in Arcadia.
Syria, where she had a celebrated temple with an Aërope, the daughter of Cepheus, became by Ares
oracle, which was destroyed by the command of the mother of a son ( A ëropus), but she died at the
the emperor Constantine. (Zosimus, i. 58. ) [L. S. ] moment she gave birth to the child, and Ares,
APHAEA. (BritomARTIS. ]
wishing to save it, caused the child to derive food
APHA'REUS ('Aoapeús), a son of the Messe from the breast of its dead mother. This wonder
nian king Perieres and Gorgophone, the daughter gave rise to the surname 'Apveds. (Paus. viii. 44.
of Perseus. (Apollod. i. 9. & 5. ) His wife is called $ 6. )
[L. S. ]
by Apollodorus (iii. 10. § 3) Arene, and by others APHRODISIANUS, a Persian, wrote a de
Polydora or Laocoossa. (Schol. ad Apollo. Rhod. scription of the east in Greek, a fragment of which
i. 152; Theocrit. xxii. 106. ) A phareus had three is given by Du Cange. (Ad Zonar. p. 50. ) An
sons, Lynceus, Idas, and Peisus. He was believed extract from this work is said to exist in the royal
to have founded the town of Arene in Messenia, library at Vienna. He also wrote an historical
which he called after his wife. He received Neleus work on the Virgin Mary. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
and Lycus, the son of Pandion, who had fled from xi. p. 578. )
(P. S. ]
their countries into his dominions. To the former APHRODI'SIUS, SCRIBO'NIUS, a Roman
he assigned a tract of land in Messenia, and from grammarian, originally a slave and disciple of
the latter he and his family learned the orgies of Orbilius, was purchased by Scribonia, the first wife
the great gods. (Paus. iv. 2. $ 3, &c. ) Pausanias of Augustus, and by her manumitted. (Suet de
in this passage mentions only the two sons of Ilustr. Gram. 19. )
Aphareus, Idas and Lynceus, who are celebrated APHTHONIUS ('Apéórios), of Antioch, a
a
## p. 225 (#245) ############################################
APICATA.
226
APICIUS
Greek rhetorician who lived about A. D. 315, but | Drusus, and was plotting against the life of the
of whose life nothing is known. He is the author latter. His subsequent niurder of Drusus was first
of an elementary introduction to the study of disclosed by Apicata. (Tac. Ann. iv. 3, 11. ) When
rhetoric, and of a number of fables in the style of Sejanus and his children were killed eight years
those of Aesop: The introduction to the study of afterwards, A. D. 31, Apicata put an end to her
rhetoric, which bears the title Progymnasmata own life. (Dion Cass. Iviii. 11. )
(apoyuuváo para), if considered from a right point API'CIUS. Ancient writers distinguish three
of view, is of great interest, inasmuch as it shews Romans bearing this name, all of them indebted
us the method followed by the ancients in the in- for celebrity to the saine cause, their devotion to
struction of boys, before they were sent to the gluttony.
regular schools of the rhetoricians. The book con- 1. The first of these in chronological order, is
sists of rules and exercises. Previous to the time said to have been instrumental in procuring the
of Aphthonius the progymnasmata of Hermogenes condemnation of Rutilius Rufus, who went into
were commonly used in schools ; Aphthonius found exile in the ycar B. c. 92. According to Posido-
it insufficient, and upon its basis he constructed / nius, in the 19th book of his history, he transcend-
his new work, which contained fourteen progym- ed all men in luxury. (Athen iv. p. 168, d. ; com-
nasmata, while that of his predecessor contained pare Posidonü Reliquiae, ed. Bake. )
only twelve. Soon after its appearance the work 2. The second and most renowned, M. Gabius
of Aphthonius superseded that of Hermogenes, and Apicius, flourished under Tiberius, and many
became the common school-book in this branch of anecdotes have been preserved of the inventive
education for several centuries. On the revival of genius, the skill and the prodigality which he dis-
letters the progymnasmata of Aphthonius recovered played in discovering and creating new sources of
their ancient popularity, and during the sixteenth culinary delight, arranging new combinations, and
and seventeenth centuries they were used every- ransacking every quarter of the globe and every
where, but more especially in Germany, in schools kingdom of nature for new objects to stimulate and
and universities, as the text-book for rhetoric. But gratify his appetite. At last, after having squan-
by a singular mistake the work was during that dered upwards of eight hundred thousand pounds
period regarded as the canon of everything that upon the indulgence of his all-engrossing passion,
was required to form a perfect orator, whereas the he balanced his books, and found that little more
author and the ancients had intended and used it than eighty thousand remained ; upon which, de-
as a collection of elementary and preparatory exer- spairing of being able to satisfy the cravings of
cises for children. The number of editions and hunger from such a miserable pittance, he forth-
translations which were published during that with hanged himself. But he was not forgotten.
period is greater than that of any other ancient Sundry cakes (Apicia) and sauces long kept alive
writer. (Fabr. Bill. Graec. vi. p. 96, &c. ; Hoff his memory; Apion, the grammarian, composed a
mann, Lex. Bibliogr. i. p. 199, &c. ) The editio work upon his luxurious labours ; his name passed
princeps is that in Aldus collection of the Rhetores into a proverb in all matters connected with the
Graeci, Venice, 1508, fol. The most important pleasures of the table ; he became the model of
among the subsequent editions are that of Giunta, gastronomers, and schools of cookery arose which
Florence, 1515, 8vo. , which contains also the hailed him as their mighty master. (Tacit. Ann.
progymnasmata of Hermogenes ; that of Camerarius, iv. l; Dion Cass. Ivii. 19; Athen. i. p. 7, a. ; Plin.
with a Latin translation, Lips. 1567, 8vo. ; of B. H. N. viii. 51, ix. 17, 1. 48, six. 8; Senec. Conso! .
Harbart, 1591, 8vo. , with a Latin translation and ad Helr. 10, Epp. xciv. 43, cxx. 20, De Vit. Beat.
notes; of F. Scobarius, 1597, 8vo. , and that of J. xi. 3; Jur. iv. 23, and Schol. xi. 2; Martial,
Scheffer, Upsala, 1670, 8vo. The last and best i. 69, iii. 22, . 73; Lamprid. Heligab. 18, &c. ;
edition is that in Walz's collection of the “ Rhetores Sidon. A pollin. Epp. iv. 7; Suidas, s. o.
from the frequent mention of tabulae with reference Anthol. Planud. iv. 178-182. ) Statius (Sülr. i. 1.
to bis pictures. Pliny expressly says, that he did 100) and Martial (xi. 9) call painting by the name
not paint on walls. (xxxv. 37. )
of “ Ars A pellea. " Sir Joshua Reynolds says of
the Greek painters, and evidently with an especial
* Does this refer only to the excessive thinness reference to A pelles, “if we had the good fortune
of the lines, or may it mean that the three lines to possess what the ancients themselves esteemed
were actually tapered away towards a common their masterpieces, I have no doubt but we should
vanishing point ?
find their figures as correctly drawn as the Lao.
## p. 223 (#243) ############################################
APELLES.
223
APELLICON.
;
coon, and probably coloured like Titian” (Notes on | ledge of the degrees of things, or taste, presupposes
Du Fresnoy, note 37); and, though the point has a perfect knowledge of the things themselves : that
been disputed, such is the general judgment of the colour, grace, and taste, are ornaments, not substi-
best modern authorities. It need scarcely be said, tutes, of form, expression, and character ; and,
that not one of the pictures of Apelles remains to when they usurp that title, degenerate into splen-
decide the question by.
did faults. Such were the principles on which
In order to understand what was the excellence A pelles formed his Venus, or rather the personifi-
which was peculiar to Apelles, we must reſer to cation of Female Grace, -the wonder of art, the
the state of the art of painting in his time. (Dict. despair of artists. ” That this view of the Venus
of Ant. s. v. Painting. ) After the essential forns is right, is proved, if proof were needed, by the
of Polygnotus had been elevated to dramatic effect words of Pliny (xxxv. 36. $ 10), “ Deesse iis
and ideal expression by Apollodorus and Zeuxis, unam Venerem dicebat, quam Graeci Charita vo-
and enlivened with the varied character and feeling cant,” except that there is no reason for calling
which the school of Eupompus drew forth from the Venus the personification of Female Grace ;"
direct observation of nature, A pelles perceived that it was rather Grace personified in a female form.
something still was wanting, something which the Apelles wrote on painting, but his works are
refinements attained by his contemporaries in group- entirely lost.
[P. S. )
ing, perspective, accuracy, and finish, did not sup APELLES ('Anellñs), a disciple of Marcion,
ply-something which he boasted, and succeeding departed in some points from the teaching of his
ages confirmed the boast, that he alone achieved – master. Instead of wholly rejecting the Old
namely, the quality called rápis, venustas, grace Testament, he looked upon its contents as coming
(Plin. xxxv. 36. & 10; Quintil. xii. 10; Plut. De partly from the good principle, partly from the
met. 22; Aelian, V. H. xii. 41); that is, not only evil principle. Instead of denying entirely the
beauty, sublimity, and pathos, but beauty, subli- reality of Christ's human body, he held that in his
mity, and pathos, each in its proper measure; the descent from heaven he assumed to himself an
expending of power enough to produce the desired aërial body, which he gave back to the air as he
effect, and no more; the absence of all exaggeration, ascended. He denied the resurrection of the body,
as well as of any sensible deficiency; the most na- and considered differences of religious belief as
tural and pleasing mode of impressing the subject on unimportant, since, said he,“ all who put their
the spectator's mind, without displaying the means trust in the Crucified One will be saved, if they
by which the impression is produced. In fact, the only prove their faith by good works. ”
meaning which Fuseli attaches to the word seems Apelles flourished about A. D. 188, and lived to
to be that in which it was used by A pelles : “ By a very grcat age. Tertullian (Praescript. Haeret.
grace I mean that artless balance of motion and 30) says that he was expelled from the school of
repose sprung from character, founded on propriety, Marcion for fornication with one Philumene, who
which neither falls short of the demands nor over- fancied herself a prophetess, and whose fantasies
leaps the modesty of nature. Applied to execution, were recorded by Apelles in his book entitled
it means that dexterous power which hides the pavepuo eis. But since Rhodon, who was the
means by which it was attained, the difficulties personal opponent of Apelles, speaks of him as
it has conquered. ” (Lect. 1. ) In the same Lecture universally honoured for his course of life (Euseb.
Fuseli gires the following estimate of the character H. E. v. 13), we may conclude that the former
of A pelles as an artist : « The name of Apelles in part of Tertullian's story is one of those inventions
Pliny is the synonyme of unrivalled and unattain which were so commonly made in order to damage
able excellence, but the enumeration of his works the character of heretics. Besides the pavepuoers,
points out the modification which we ought to ap- A pelles wrote a work entitled “ Syllogisms,” the
ply to that superiority ; it neither comprises exclu- object of which Eusebius states (l. c. ) to have been,
sive sublimity of invention, the most acute discri- to prove that the writings of Moses were false.
mination of character, the widest sphere of compre- It must have been a very large work, since Am-
bension, the most judicious and best balanced brose (De Paradis. 5) quotes from the thirty-eighth
composition, por the deepest pathos of expression : volume of it. (See also Tertull. adv. Marcion,
his great prerogative consisted more in the unison iv. 17; Augustin. de Huer. 23; Epiphanius, Haer.
than in the extent of his powers; he knew better 44. )
(P. S. )
what he could do, what ought to be done, at what ÁPE'LLICON ('ATEMW), a native of Teos,
point he could arrive, and what lay beyond his was a Peripatetic philosopher and a great collector
reach, than any other artist. Grace of conception of books. In addition to the number which his
and refinement of taste were his elements, and immense wealth enabled him to purchase, he stole
went hand in hand with grace of execution and several out of the archives of different Greek cities.
taste in finish; powerful and seldom possessed His practices having been discovered at Athens, he
singly, irresistible when united : that be built both was obliged to fly from the city to save his life.
on the firm basis of the former system, not on its He afterwards returned during the tyranny of
subversion, his well-known contest of lines with Aristion, who patronized him, as a member of the
Protogenes, not a legendary tale, but a well at- siime philosophic sect with himself, and gave him
tested fact, irrefragably proves :. . the corollaries the command of the expedition against Delos,
we may adduce from the contest are obviously which, though at first successful, was ruined by
these, that the schools of Greece recognized all one the carelessness of Apellicon, who was surprised by
elemental principle : that acuteness and fidelity of the Romans under Orobius, and with difficulty
eye and obedience of hand form precision ; preci- escaped, having lost his whole army. (Athen. v.
sion, proportion; proportion, beauty: that it is the pp. 214, 215. ) His library was carried to Rome
'little more or less,' imperceptible to rulgar eyes, i by Sulla. (B. C. 84. ) A pellicon had died just be
which constitutes grace, and establishes the supe fore. (Strab. xiii. p. 609. )
riority of one artist above another : that the know- Apellicon's library contained the autograpbs of
p
## p. 224 (#244) ############################################
224
APHAREUS.
APHTHONIUS.
Aristotle's works, which had been given by thet in ancient story under the name of 'Adapnolda. or
philosopher, on his death-bed, to Theophrastus, 'Apapntıddan, for their fight with the Dioscuri,
and by him to Neleus, who carried them to Scepsis, which is described by Pindar. (Nem. x. Ill, &c. )
in Troas, where they remained, baving been hidden Two other mythical personages of this name occur
and much injured in a cave, till they were pur- in Hom. Il. xiii. 541; 0v. Met
. xii. 341. (L. S. )
chased by Apellicon, who published a very faulty APHA'REUS ('A papeús), an Athenian orator
edition of them. Upon the arrival of the MSS. at and tragic poet, was a son of the rhetorician Hip-
Rome, they were examined by the grammarian pias and Plathane. After the death of his father,
Tyrannion, who furnished copies of them to An- i his mother married the orator Isocrates, who
dronicus of Rhodes, upon which the latter adopted Aphareus as his son. He was trained in
founded his edition of Aristotle. (ANDKONICUS the school of Isocrates, and is said to have written
of Rhodes. )
(P. S. ) judicial and deliberative speeches (λόγοι δικανικοί
APEMIUS ('Anhunos), a surname of Zeus, kal ovubovdeutikol). An oration of the former
under which he had an altar on mount Pares in kind, of which we know only the name, was writ-
Attica, on which sacrifices were offered to him. ten and spoken by Aphareus on behalf of Isocrates
(Paus. i. 32. & 2. )
(L. S. ) against Megacleides. (Plut. lit. X. Orat. p. 839;
APER, a Greek grammarian, who lived in Rome Dionys. Isocr. 18, Dmarch, 13; Eudoc. p. 67 ;
in the time of Tiberius. He belonged to the Suid. s. r. ; Phot. Cod. 260. ) According to Plu-
school of Aristarchus, and was the instructor of Larch, Aphareus wrote thirty-seven tragedies, but
Heracleides Ponticus. He was a strenuous oppo the authorship of two of them was a matter of dis-
nent of the grammarian Didymus. (Suidas, s. v. pute. He began his career as a tragic writer in
Ηρακλείδης. )
[C. P. M. ] B. C. 369, and continued it till B. C. 342. He
M. APER, a Roman orator and a native of gained four prizes in tragedy, two at the Dionysia
Gaul, rose by his eloquence to the rank of Quaes and two at the Lenaea His tragedies formed
tor, Tribune, and Praetor, successively. He is tetralogies, i. e. four were performed at a time and
introduced as one of the speakers in the Dialogue formed a didascalia ; but no fragments, not even a
de Oratoribus, attributed to Tacitus, defending the title of any of them, have come down to us. (L. S. )
style of oratory prevalent in his day against those APHEIDAS ('Apeidas), a son of Arcas by
who advocated the ancient form. (See cc. 2, 7, &c. ) Leaneira, or according to others, by Meganeira,
APER, A'RRIUS, the praetorian praefect, and Chrysopeleia or Erato. (Apollod. ii. 9. $ 1. )
the son-in-law of the emperor Numerian, murdered When Apheidas and his two brothers had grown
the emperor, as it was said, on the retreat of the up, their father divided his kingdom among them.
army from Persia to the Hellespont. He carefully Apheidas obtained Tegea and the surrounding
concealed the death of Numerian, and issued all territory, which was therefore called by poets the
the orders in his name, till the soldiers learnt the kiñpos 'Apeidartes. Apheidas had a son, Aleus.
truth by breaking into the imperial tent on the (Paus, viii. 4. & 2; ALEUS. ) Two other mythical
Hellespont. They then elected Diocletian as bis personages of this name occur in Hom. Od. xxv.
successor, A. D. 284, who straightway put Aper to 305; Ov. Met. xii. 317.
(L. S. )
death with his own hand without any trial. Va APHE'PSION ('Apeblaw), a son of Bathippus,
piscus relates that Diocletian did this to fulfil a who commenced operations against the law of
prophecy which had been delivered to him by a Leptines respecting the abolition of exemptions
female Druid, “ Imperator eris, cum Aprum oc- from liturgies.
Bathippus died soon after, and his
cideris. ” (Vopisc. Numer. 12–14; Aurel. Vict. son Aphepsion resumed the matter. He was joined
de Caes. 38, 39, Epit. 38; Eutrop. ix. 12, 13. ) by Ctesippus. Phormion, the orator, spoke for
APESANTIUS ('ATTEOLUTiOs), a surname of Aphepsion, and Demosthenes for Ctesippus. (Ar-
Zeus, under which he had a temple on mount gum. ad Dem. Leptin. p. 453; Dem. c. Lept. p. 501;
A pesas near Nemea, where Perseus was said to Wolf, Proleg. in Demosth. Lept. p. 48, &c. , pp. 52
have first offered sacrifices to him. (Paus, ii, 15. -56. )
(L. S. ]
§ 3; Steph. Byz. s. r. 'Améras. ) [L. S. ) APHNEIUS ('Apveios), the giver of food or
APHACI'TIS ('Apakitus), a surname of Aphro plenty, a surname of Ares, under which he had a
dite, derived from the town of Aphace in Coele temple on mount Cnesius, near Tegea in Arcadia.
Syria, where she had a celebrated temple with an Aërope, the daughter of Cepheus, became by Ares
oracle, which was destroyed by the command of the mother of a son ( A ëropus), but she died at the
the emperor Constantine. (Zosimus, i. 58. ) [L. S. ] moment she gave birth to the child, and Ares,
APHAEA. (BritomARTIS. ]
wishing to save it, caused the child to derive food
APHA'REUS ('Aoapeús), a son of the Messe from the breast of its dead mother. This wonder
nian king Perieres and Gorgophone, the daughter gave rise to the surname 'Apveds. (Paus. viii. 44.
of Perseus. (Apollod. i. 9. & 5. ) His wife is called $ 6. )
[L. S. ]
by Apollodorus (iii. 10. § 3) Arene, and by others APHRODISIANUS, a Persian, wrote a de
Polydora or Laocoossa. (Schol. ad Apollo. Rhod. scription of the east in Greek, a fragment of which
i. 152; Theocrit. xxii. 106. ) A phareus had three is given by Du Cange. (Ad Zonar. p. 50. ) An
sons, Lynceus, Idas, and Peisus. He was believed extract from this work is said to exist in the royal
to have founded the town of Arene in Messenia, library at Vienna. He also wrote an historical
which he called after his wife. He received Neleus work on the Virgin Mary. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
and Lycus, the son of Pandion, who had fled from xi. p. 578. )
(P. S. ]
their countries into his dominions. To the former APHRODI'SIUS, SCRIBO'NIUS, a Roman
he assigned a tract of land in Messenia, and from grammarian, originally a slave and disciple of
the latter he and his family learned the orgies of Orbilius, was purchased by Scribonia, the first wife
the great gods. (Paus. iv. 2. $ 3, &c. ) Pausanias of Augustus, and by her manumitted. (Suet de
in this passage mentions only the two sons of Ilustr. Gram. 19. )
Aphareus, Idas and Lynceus, who are celebrated APHTHONIUS ('Apéórios), of Antioch, a
a
## p. 225 (#245) ############################################
APICATA.
226
APICIUS
Greek rhetorician who lived about A. D. 315, but | Drusus, and was plotting against the life of the
of whose life nothing is known. He is the author latter. His subsequent niurder of Drusus was first
of an elementary introduction to the study of disclosed by Apicata. (Tac. Ann. iv. 3, 11. ) When
rhetoric, and of a number of fables in the style of Sejanus and his children were killed eight years
those of Aesop: The introduction to the study of afterwards, A. D. 31, Apicata put an end to her
rhetoric, which bears the title Progymnasmata own life. (Dion Cass. Iviii. 11. )
(apoyuuváo para), if considered from a right point API'CIUS. Ancient writers distinguish three
of view, is of great interest, inasmuch as it shews Romans bearing this name, all of them indebted
us the method followed by the ancients in the in- for celebrity to the saine cause, their devotion to
struction of boys, before they were sent to the gluttony.
regular schools of the rhetoricians. The book con- 1. The first of these in chronological order, is
sists of rules and exercises. Previous to the time said to have been instrumental in procuring the
of Aphthonius the progymnasmata of Hermogenes condemnation of Rutilius Rufus, who went into
were commonly used in schools ; Aphthonius found exile in the ycar B. c. 92. According to Posido-
it insufficient, and upon its basis he constructed / nius, in the 19th book of his history, he transcend-
his new work, which contained fourteen progym- ed all men in luxury. (Athen iv. p. 168, d. ; com-
nasmata, while that of his predecessor contained pare Posidonü Reliquiae, ed. Bake. )
only twelve. Soon after its appearance the work 2. The second and most renowned, M. Gabius
of Aphthonius superseded that of Hermogenes, and Apicius, flourished under Tiberius, and many
became the common school-book in this branch of anecdotes have been preserved of the inventive
education for several centuries. On the revival of genius, the skill and the prodigality which he dis-
letters the progymnasmata of Aphthonius recovered played in discovering and creating new sources of
their ancient popularity, and during the sixteenth culinary delight, arranging new combinations, and
and seventeenth centuries they were used every- ransacking every quarter of the globe and every
where, but more especially in Germany, in schools kingdom of nature for new objects to stimulate and
and universities, as the text-book for rhetoric. But gratify his appetite. At last, after having squan-
by a singular mistake the work was during that dered upwards of eight hundred thousand pounds
period regarded as the canon of everything that upon the indulgence of his all-engrossing passion,
was required to form a perfect orator, whereas the he balanced his books, and found that little more
author and the ancients had intended and used it than eighty thousand remained ; upon which, de-
as a collection of elementary and preparatory exer- spairing of being able to satisfy the cravings of
cises for children. The number of editions and hunger from such a miserable pittance, he forth-
translations which were published during that with hanged himself. But he was not forgotten.
period is greater than that of any other ancient Sundry cakes (Apicia) and sauces long kept alive
writer. (Fabr. Bill. Graec. vi. p. 96, &c. ; Hoff his memory; Apion, the grammarian, composed a
mann, Lex. Bibliogr. i. p. 199, &c. ) The editio work upon his luxurious labours ; his name passed
princeps is that in Aldus collection of the Rhetores into a proverb in all matters connected with the
Graeci, Venice, 1508, fol. The most important pleasures of the table ; he became the model of
among the subsequent editions are that of Giunta, gastronomers, and schools of cookery arose which
Florence, 1515, 8vo. , which contains also the hailed him as their mighty master. (Tacit. Ann.
progymnasmata of Hermogenes ; that of Camerarius, iv. l; Dion Cass. Ivii. 19; Athen. i. p. 7, a. ; Plin.
with a Latin translation, Lips. 1567, 8vo. ; of B. H. N. viii. 51, ix. 17, 1. 48, six. 8; Senec. Conso! .
Harbart, 1591, 8vo. , with a Latin translation and ad Helr. 10, Epp. xciv. 43, cxx. 20, De Vit. Beat.
notes; of F. Scobarius, 1597, 8vo. , and that of J. xi. 3; Jur. iv. 23, and Schol. xi. 2; Martial,
Scheffer, Upsala, 1670, 8vo. The last and best i. 69, iii. 22, . 73; Lamprid. Heligab. 18, &c. ;
edition is that in Walz's collection of the “ Rhetores Sidon. A pollin. Epp. iv. 7; Suidas, s. o.
