971b26), "In the same way that one burns the wood of the funeral-pyre which first burned the body, so too when the absorption of emptiness (sunyatdsamddhi) burns the kleias, the ascetic namely
produced
sunyatdsamddhi in order to obtain disgust-abandon with respect to the first emptiness (=the first sunyatdsamddhi).
AbhidharmakosabhasyamVol-4VasubandhuPoussinPruden1991
64) who has not obtained the principle dhyana (mauladhydna: the dhyana itself).
" Now is it not by being in the dhyana that the ascetic obtains the deliverance-through-?
?
?
/?
?
?
?
Thus there is a dhyana which is not the mauladhydna, namely the preliminary dhyana, the andgamya.
On the mixed character of andgamya, iii.
35d.
d. The Sutra says, with respect to dhyandntara, that there are three samddhis, sa-vitarka,
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sa-vicdra, etc. (viii. 23c). It says that the First Dhyina contains vitarka and vicdra; and that, in the Second and the following Dhyanas, vitarka and vicdra have ceased. If there were no dhydndntara, what samddhi would "possess vicdra and not vitarka"! Because the citta-caittas cease gradually, it follows that there would be a dhydna with vicdra but without vitarka.
Furthermore, out from dhydndntara, what would be the cause of the arising of Mahabrahma the King of the World (? ? ? ? , viii. 23b)?
e. The Buddha does not speak of andgamya and dhydndntara, because both are included the First Dhyana. The word "dhydna" includes them also.
f. The first "vestibule," sdmantaka, is called andgamya because one would distinguish it from the others. A dhydna does not arise before one has entered into this first sdmantaka. (See above vi. 44d, p. 981. )
126. Elsewhere abhisamskdravdhya; see iv. 78c,. (vahati = gacchati), vi. 66a, 71d. 127. See ii. 4ld.
128. Not in Paramartha. Hsxian-tsang, samdpatti - teng-chih ? ? , samddhi, teng-ch'ih ? ? (to grasp, dhar).
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 821c2. Opinions differ on the difference between samddhi and samdpatti. Samddhi is understood as a momentary (ksanika) absorption; samdpatti as a prolonged (prdbandhika) absorption. The samddhis always involve the mind (citta); they are sacittaka\ this mind can be either samdhita, absorbed, or vyagra (or viksipta, i. 33c-d), dispersed. The samdpattis (ii. 44d, English trans, p. 231) can be accompanied by mind or not (for example asamjnisamdpatti and samjndveditanirodhydsamdpatti). Thus we have: 1. exclusively samddhi, the [semi]-absorption associated with the vyagra mind [We do not understand how a non-samdhita mind can be in samddhi, see above note 4; but it is certain that a mind in Kamadhatu can be in samddhi, viii. 25a, etc. ]; 2. exclusively samdhita, the states free from mind; and 3. samddhi and samdpatti, all states of absorbed mind. Samatha is a state accompanied by an absorbed mind.
A traditional summary of the Eighth Chapter holds that it treats of 1. the dhyanas, 2. the drupyas, 3. the samdpattis (all of which are "absorbed," samdhita, with or without mind (see ii. 44d, p. 231); and of 4. the samddhis, that is to say in the proper sense of the word, the sUnyatdsamddhi group (viii. 24).
129. Madhyama, TD 1, p. 538c3, Dirgha, TD 1, p. 110a24, Samyukta, TD 2, p. 132al8 (not closely related); Digha, iii. 219,274, Majjhima, iii. 162, Samyutta, iv. 363, Anguttara, iv. 300, Kathdvatthu, ix. 8 and trans, p. 239, note; elsewhere only savitarka-savicdra and avitarka-avicdra are distinguished, Samyutta, v. lll, etc. [The role of avitakka-avicdra in the reading of the mind of another, Digha, iii. 104. ] See Compendium, Introduction, 58, Visuddhimagga, 169.
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 744b24. The Darstantikas think that there is vitarka and vicdra up to Bhavagra.
130. On vitarka-vicdra, see above note 18.
131. Hsuan-tsang: "This refers to the First Dhyana and its sdmantaka. "
132. Dirgha, TD 1, p. 50bl, Ekottara, TD 2, p. ? ? ? ? ? ; Digha, iii. 219: sunnato samddhi, animitto samddhi, appanihito samddhi; Dhammasangani, 344, 505; Vibhanga, Preface, p. xviii; Atthasdlini, 221 and foil. ; Sutrdlamkdra, xviii, 77-79. Anguttara, iii. 397, animitta cet ? samddhi. Below note 140.
a. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 538a27. The samddhis are numberless; why say that they are three? From the point of view of their opposition (pratipalsa), their intention (dfaya), and their object (dlambana): 1. iunyatd-samddhi opposes the belief in a self (satkdyadrsti); as it considers things under the aspects of non-self and emptiness, it is opposed to the aspects of self and mine; 2. apranihitasamddhi is the samddhi in which there is no intention (dsaya), no will (pranidhdna) with respect to any dharma of the Three Dhatus (or bhava, tribhdva,
? threefold existence, i. 8c). There is no complete absence of pranidhdna with respect to the Path; but, although the Path rests on bhava, intention relative to the Path is not related to bhava; 3. dnimittasamddhi has an object free from the nimittas, namely from ? ? ? ? , sabda, etc. For others, the three samadhis, in this order, oppose satkdyadrsti, sUavrata and vicikitsd.
b. The Bodhisattvabhumi, fol. 106a, arranges the samadhis in the following order: iunyatd, apranihita, and dnimitta, and gives a definition of them very different from that of Vasubandhu:
tatra katamo bodhisattvasya iunyatdsamddhih / iha bodhisattvasya sarvabhildpdtmak- ena svabhdvena virahitam nirabhildpyasvabhdvam vastu pasyatah yd cittasya sthitih ayam asyocyate iunyatdsamddhih / apranihitasamddhih katamah / iha bodhisattvasya tad eva nirabhildpyasvabhdvam vastu mithydvikalpasamutthdpitena klesena parigrhitatvdd anekados adust am samanupasyato yd ayat ? am tatrdpranidhdnapurvakd cittasthitir ayam asydpranihitasamddhir ity ucyate / dnimittasamddhih katamah / iha bodhisattvasya tad eva nirabhildpyasvabhdvam vastu sarvavikalpaprapancanimittdny apaniya yathdbhutam s ant at ? manasi kurvato yd cittasthitir ayam asyocyate dnimittasamddhih /.
The second samddhi refers to conditioned (samskrta) things through which one does not form any pranidhdna; the third to unconditioned things (i. e. Nirvana), the object of pranidhdna; the first to non-existent (asat) things, the self, mine, with respect to which one does not form either pranidhdna or apranidhdna, but which one regards solely as empty.
133. Calm = nirodha = Nirvana, has four aspects of nirodha, pranita, sdnta, and nihsarana, vii. 13a.
134. Hsuan-tsang: "This samddhi has the four aspects of nirodha; nirodha can be called ? ama [or sdnta]"
135. On dnimitta as noun and adjective, see Wogihara, Bodhisattvabhumi p. 19-20. On nimitta, see Kola, ii. l4c.
136. The "emptiness" of the Hlnayana should be studied in greater depth.
137. See i. 7c-d, note 33. Majjhima, i. 135: . . . evam eva kho bhikkhave kullupamo mayd dhammo desito nittharanatthdya no gahanatthdya / kullupamam vo bhikkhave djdnantehi dhammd pi vo pahatabba prdg evddhammd.
Vajracchedikd, p. 23: . . . na khalu punah subhute bodhisattvena mahasattvena dharma ugrahitavyo nddharmah / tasmdd iyam tathdgatena samdhdya vdg bhdsitd / kolopamam dharmaparydyam djdnadbhir dharma eva prahdtavydh prdg evddharmd iti.
Bodhicarydvatdra, ix. 33: adhigata upeya pascat kolopamatvdd upayasydpi prahdnam.
Compare the bhisi (vrsi, raft) of the Suttanipdta, 22: "I have passed over . . . there is no (further) use for a raft. "
In Samyutta, iv. 174-175, the magga is a raft, but it is not said that one should abandon it.
The Vajracchedikdpikd (Tanjur, Mdo, xvi. 237b) quotes the Ratnakaranda, where the formula: kolopamam dharmaparydyam . . prdg evddharmdh is completed by the words: ye dharmdh prahdtavyd na te dharma ndpy adharmdh.
One should examine the meaning of dharma and adharma in these sources. 138. See viii. 5.
139. Excluding Kamadhatu, Bhavagra, and the sdmantakas from the sdmantaka of the Second Dhyana.
140. Patisambhiddmagga, ii. 35: tayo me bhikkhave vimokkhd sunnato vimokkho animitto vimikkho appanihito; ibid, ii. 67. Dhammasamgani, 344, Atthasdlint, 223, Visuddhimagga, 658 (Compendium, 111, 216); Nettippakarana, 90, 119, 126; Milinda, 413. Mahdvyutpatti, 73, the Three Vimoksamukhas, Iunyatd, animittam, apranihitam; Madhyamakavrtti, 246: trtni vimoksamukhdni sunyatdnimittdpranihitdkhydni vimuktaye vineyebhyo bhagavatd
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nirdistdni. . . ; Madhyamakdvatdra, 319; Deva, Catuhsatikd, p. 497; Bodhisattvabhumi, 1. 17. 14 (with nirodhasamdpatti, the three Vimoksas constitute the dryavihdra of the Buddha).
141. According to Ekottara, 26. 5
The Vibhdsd (see below) and Hstian-tsang (in the ? ? fa) call these samddhis
chung Jf - samddhis, "repeated" samddhis, "accumulated" samddhis, since they are sunya-sunya . . . The thought that inspires the theory of these samddhis is clearly explained by Sarhghabhadra (in his Prakarandfdsana, TD 29. p.
971b26), "In the same way that one burns the wood of the funeral-pyre which first burned the body, so too when the absorption of emptiness (sunyatdsamddhi) burns the kleias, the ascetic namely produced sunyatdsamddhi in order to obtain disgust-abandon with respect to the first emptiness (=the first sunyatdsamddhi). "
The Vibhdsd treats of these samddhis, TD 27, p. 543a27 (and c5 and following): 1. At what moment does one obtain them? According to one opinion, in darianamdrga, when one obtains abhisamaydntika (vii. 21a); according to another opinion, in bhdvandmdrga, when the detached (virakta) Aryan obtains nirmdnacitta (vii. 49c); according to a third opinion (the orthodox opinion), at the moment of ksayajndna (vi. 44d), because, at this moment, the ascetic cultivates all the impure (sdsrava) good dharmas of the three spheres (vii. 26c). 2. Does one obtain them without effort? 3. After which jndnas? 4. In what spheres (viii. 27b)? 5. With what dsraya (viii. . 27a)? 6. What dkdras do they take up?
142. The Vydkhyd, doubtlessly quoting a Sastra or the Vibhdsd: aha / kim atra kdranamyac chunyatdsunyatdsamddhih sunyatdkara eva na punar anatmdkdro'pi sunyatdvad iti / atrocyate / sunyatdkdrapravrttaiunyattdprsthenotpattir na punar andtmdkdrapravrttasu- nyatdprstheneti / atrocyate / tadutpattyanukulydt sa eva hi sunyatdkdrah sunyatdsamddhis tasya sunyatdsunydsamddher utpattdv anukulyendvatisthate ndndtmdkdrah / na hy evam andtmadarsanam udvejayati yathd sunyatddarsanam / drstesu hy andtmato bhavesv abhiratir asti samsdre sunyatddarsandbhdvdt / tadyathddhvagasydsambddhddhvadariandd apipritih / ekdkinas tu tacchunyatvad apritir iti / tadvat. Sunyatdfunyatdsamddhi follows a sunyatdsamddhi which has the aspect of sunya, not one which has the aspect of anatman. Sunyatd disgusts more than andtmatd: one continues to find pleasure in things which one recognized as andtman, as a traveller sees with pleasure a path little frequented (asambddha; MSS: asambandha), but, alone, be has a fear of the path because it is empty.
143. dusaniyatvdt. Vydkhyd: so'saiksasamddhir dusayitavya iti.
144. See viii. 35b-d.
145. There are two nirodhas of dnimittasamddhi:
a. anityatdnirodha [or svalaksananirodha or svarasanirodha] (i. 20a, English trans, p. 77,
ii. 45c): the extinction of which is the law of all conditioned things (samskrta).
b. apratisamkhydnirodha (see i. 5c, 6c-d, ii. 55d, English trans, p. 280). Here the word nirodha cannot be legitimately translated by extinction, but it is not impossible to say what it refers to: when an Arhat leaves the dnimittasamddhi, some pure or impure thoughts arise in him which are no longer of this samddhi\ if these thoughts had not arisen, some new moments of the dnimittasamddhi would have arisen. When these other thoughts arise, the Arhat takes possession of apratisamkhydnirodha of the new moments of dnimittasamddhi
which, lacking causes, would not arise.
Vydkhyd: katham tasya [dnimittasamddher] apratisamkhydnirodhah / aiaiksdd animittdt samddher vyutthitasya tadanantaram ye sdsravdh ksana atikrdmanty anye vdndsravd(s) yadi te notpanndh syur asaiksd dnimittaksand utpanndh syuh / tesdm sdsravdndm anyesdm andsravdndm votpattikdle tesdm asaiksdndm dnimittaksandndm apratisamkhydnirodho abhyate pratyayavaikalyd / tarn apratisamkhydnirodham dlambate santdkdrena.
Animittdnimittasamddhi thus takes the apratisamkhydnirodha of the dnimittasamddhi
? Footnotes 1299 as its object, for this nirodha is the enemy of this samadhi (tatpratyarthikabhutatvdt) and
the ascetic desires to become disgusted {vidusanam abhHasan) with this samadhi.
146. As we have seen in i. 6c. Pratisamkhydnirodha is the nirodha which one obtains by a type of prajnd called pratisamkhyd.
The Vydkhyd explains: apratikulatvdt / ? ad dhi prtikulam drydnam tatsamyogavisamy- ogdya yatante / visamypoga/ ca pratisamkhydnirodha! ? .
The pure dharmas are aheya, i. 40a, English trans, p. 112.
147. Sarhghabhadra (in his Prakaranasdsana, TD 29, p. 972a3) says, "The sdnta [characteristic or aspect] indicates only cessation (chih-hsi l b ? ); apratisamkhydni- rodha thus has the characteristic of sdnta; the prolonged practice of the Path (dryamdrga) (which culminates in funyatd, apranihita, and animittasamddhi) includes fatigue, so one produces pleasure (sukhalaksana) with respect to its cessation. "
148. If the ascetic were to consider the apratisamkhydnirodha of animittasamddhi under the aspect of nirodha or extinctbn, he would not consider it as "calm," sdnta; he would consider it under an aspect which renders it hateful, and as a consequence he would not take a dislike to animittasamddhi.
149. As we have seen iv. 9d.
150. The apratisamkhydnirodha of a certain klesa is not the visamyoga (ii. 55d) of this klesa. Let us suppose that an ascetic takes possession of the apratisamkhydnirodha of good or bad dharmas, but he remains bound to these dharmas because their possession (prdpti)y which alone can cut off the possession of pratisamkhydnirodha, has not been cut off. [A good example, Ko/a, vi. 23: the possessor of ksdnti contains the apratisamkhydnirodha of the klesas whose pratisamkhydnirodha can only be attained by darsanamdrga. ]
151. Only the akopyadharman Arhat, by reason of his sharp faculties, has the power (sdmarthya) to produce them; not the other Arhats. The Vydkhyd explains: tebhyo drstadharmasukhavihdratvdd dsangdspadabhutebhyo 'iaiksebhyah SUnyatddisamadhibhyo vaimukhydrtham aparasamddhin samdpadyante.
152. On samddhibhdvand, above note 4; Visuddhi, ? 1\.
The Vydkhyd quote the Sutra: asti samddhibhdvand dsevitd bhdvitd bahulikrtd
drstadhrmasukhavihdrdya samvartate / asti . . . divyacaksurabhijn"djndnadarsandya samvartate / asti. . . prajndprabheddya samvartate / asti. . . dsravaksaydya samvaratate.
On the value of dsevita, bhdvita, bahulikrta, the Vydkhyd says: dsevitd nisevitd bhdvanayd / bhdvitd vipaksaprahdnatayd / bahulikrtd vipaksadurikaranatayd. When this refers to the paths of action, iv. 85a.
Digha, iii. 222, Anguttara, ii. 44: atth'dvuso samddhibhdvand bhdvitd bahulikatd ditthadhammasukhavihdrdya samvattati. . . nanadasanapatildbhdya. . . satisampajafindya. . . dsavdnam khaydya samvattati.
In Bodhisattvabhumi (1,13, fol. 82), the theory of the three samddhibhdvands is modified:
tatra katamo bodhisattvandm dhydnasvabhdvah / bodhisattvapitaka-sravanacintdpu- rvakamyal laukikam lokottaram bodhisattvandm kusalam cittaikdgryam cittasthitih famathapaksyd vd vipasyandpaksyd vd. . . tadubhayapaksyd va ayam bodhisattvandm dhydnasvabhavo veditavyah / tatra katamad bodhisattvandm sarvadhydnam / tad dvividham laukikam lokottaram ca / tat punar yathdyogam trividham veditavyam drstadharmasukhavihdrdya dhydnam bodhisattvasamddhigunanirhdrdya dhydnam sattvdrthakriydyai dhydnam / tatra ? ad bodhisattvandm sarvavikalpdpagatam kdyikacaitasi- kaprasrabdhijanakam paramaprasdntam manyandpagatam andsvdditam sarvanimittdpagatam dhydnam idam esdm drstadharmasukhavihdrdya veditavyam / pratisamviddm arandpranid- hijfidnddindm gundndm srdvakdsddhdrandndm acchinirhdrdya samvartate idam bodhisat- tvasya dhydnam samddhigundbhirnirhdrdya veditavyam . . .
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153. The fourth pad a, the version of Paramartha appears to be: prajridprabhedaya samskdrajdh; the version of Hsuan-tsang: prajridprabhedaya prayogikaiubhabhdvana.
The theory of Harivarman, TD 32, no. 1646, chap. 158, is very different from that of the Abhidharma.
154. On the drspadharmasukhavihdras, ? ? fa, ii. 4, vi. 42c, 58b, 65b, (note 415).
Vihdra = samddhiviiesa (ii. , note 229).
According to ii. 4, English trans, p. 157, happiness here below depends on djndtavindriya
and thus supposes the state of Arhat; it consists of the fact of experiencing the "satisfaction" and the "well-being" of deliverance from the defilements {klefavimukupritisukhapratisarri- vedand); in other words, this happiness is the enjoyment {upabhoga) of Nirvana) ii. 6, English trans, p. 159).
We should distinguish idntavihdra from sukhavihdra, the former being nirodhasamd- patti (ii. 43b), which is similar to Nirvana (the idnta vimoksas, viii. p. 10, Majjhima i. 472). We owe to Samghabhadra (above note 57) the fact that the word sukha does not necessarily signify "agreeable sensation"; but sukhavihdra, being pratisamvedand, is "sensation. "
According to the Vibhdsd, the sukhavihdras solely refer to the four fundamental dhydnas, pure {iuddhaka) or andsrava, not to the prefatory spheres (sdmantakas) or the drupyas.
In Buddhaghosa, the Arhats (compare Majjhima, iii. 4) cultivate the right samdpattis (four dhydnas and four drupyas) "in order to agreeably pass the day with their minds concentrated" {ekaggacittd sukham divasam viharissdma), and the ninth samdpatti {samjfidveditanirodha) "in order to agreeably pass seven days delivered in mind, having attained nirodhd, Nirvana in this world": . . . sattdham acittakd hutvd dittheva dhamme nirodham nibbdnam patvd sukham viharissdma {Samantapdsddikd, i. 156).
155. The Vydkhyd explains the value of these two words. Jndna is a discernment (prajnd) associated with the mental consciousness {manovijHdnasamprayukta) which includes vikalpas (or "judgements" as here: "Beings, endowed with bad bodily actions. . . ;" Darsana, on the contrary, is discernment associated with the visual consciousness, and as such free from vikalpa {avikalpika prajfia, see i. 33a-b, English trans, p. 97).
Some references to jnanadarsana:
i. Worldly insight-consciousness.
a. The Buddha possesses asanga apratihata jnanadarsana with respect to the past,
present, and future (last three dvenikas of the Mahdvyutpatti, 9. Koia, vii. note 162); this fidnadassana is attraka, Dtgha, iii. 134.
Panadassana has previous existences for its sphere, Nettippakarana, 28.
b. The ascetic obtains fidnadassana through dlokasafifidmanasikdra (by having, both day and night, the idea that it is daytime, divdsarlnd); in this way sappabhdsam cittam bhdveti, Dtgha, iii. 223.
? The Bodhisattva obtains fidnadassana after samddhisampad, before the jhdnas, Majjhima, i. 203.
d. The Bodhisattva, before Bodhi, purifies his fidnadassana: he samjdndtis the obhdsa but does not see the rupas; then the gods, Anuttara, iv. 302.
e. The Niggantha affirms that "going, staying in place, lying down, awaking, fidnadassana is present in me without interruption," Anguttara, i. 220, iv. 428.
f. The jfidnadariana of &akra views what is below, Avaddnaiataka, i. 189.
g. Bodhisattvasya sarvavidydsthdnesv av? ahatam parisuddham paryavaddtam jfidnadarianam {Bodhisattvabhumi, I. xv, Museon 1906, 22a); later, by virtue of
vipa/yandparisuddhi, this jfidnadariana acquires prthuvrddhivaipulyatd.
ii. Consciousness, knowledge, sambodha.
a. Ko/a, vi. 75b, fidna = dassana; Majjhima, i. 173: fidnam nesam dassanam udapddi:
akuppd no vimutti; Mahdvyutpatti, 81. 9: vimuktasya vvmukto'smiti jfidnadarianam bhavati; this is the vimuktijfidnadarianaskandha {ibid. 4. 5, Koia, vi. p. 1033, vii. p. 1157).
? Footnotes 1301 c. Mahdvyutpatti, 245. 51: samyak pratydtmam jndnadarfanam pravartate.
b. ? ?
d. The Sutra says, with respect to dhyandntara, that there are three samddhis, sa-vitarka,
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sa-vicdra, etc. (viii. 23c). It says that the First Dhyina contains vitarka and vicdra; and that, in the Second and the following Dhyanas, vitarka and vicdra have ceased. If there were no dhydndntara, what samddhi would "possess vicdra and not vitarka"! Because the citta-caittas cease gradually, it follows that there would be a dhydna with vicdra but without vitarka.
Furthermore, out from dhydndntara, what would be the cause of the arising of Mahabrahma the King of the World (? ? ? ? , viii. 23b)?
e. The Buddha does not speak of andgamya and dhydndntara, because both are included the First Dhyana. The word "dhydna" includes them also.
f. The first "vestibule," sdmantaka, is called andgamya because one would distinguish it from the others. A dhydna does not arise before one has entered into this first sdmantaka. (See above vi. 44d, p. 981. )
126. Elsewhere abhisamskdravdhya; see iv. 78c,. (vahati = gacchati), vi. 66a, 71d. 127. See ii. 4ld.
128. Not in Paramartha. Hsxian-tsang, samdpatti - teng-chih ? ? , samddhi, teng-ch'ih ? ? (to grasp, dhar).
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 821c2. Opinions differ on the difference between samddhi and samdpatti. Samddhi is understood as a momentary (ksanika) absorption; samdpatti as a prolonged (prdbandhika) absorption. The samddhis always involve the mind (citta); they are sacittaka\ this mind can be either samdhita, absorbed, or vyagra (or viksipta, i. 33c-d), dispersed. The samdpattis (ii. 44d, English trans, p. 231) can be accompanied by mind or not (for example asamjnisamdpatti and samjndveditanirodhydsamdpatti). Thus we have: 1. exclusively samddhi, the [semi]-absorption associated with the vyagra mind [We do not understand how a non-samdhita mind can be in samddhi, see above note 4; but it is certain that a mind in Kamadhatu can be in samddhi, viii. 25a, etc. ]; 2. exclusively samdhita, the states free from mind; and 3. samddhi and samdpatti, all states of absorbed mind. Samatha is a state accompanied by an absorbed mind.
A traditional summary of the Eighth Chapter holds that it treats of 1. the dhyanas, 2. the drupyas, 3. the samdpattis (all of which are "absorbed," samdhita, with or without mind (see ii. 44d, p. 231); and of 4. the samddhis, that is to say in the proper sense of the word, the sUnyatdsamddhi group (viii. 24).
129. Madhyama, TD 1, p. 538c3, Dirgha, TD 1, p. 110a24, Samyukta, TD 2, p. 132al8 (not closely related); Digha, iii. 219,274, Majjhima, iii. 162, Samyutta, iv. 363, Anguttara, iv. 300, Kathdvatthu, ix. 8 and trans, p. 239, note; elsewhere only savitarka-savicdra and avitarka-avicdra are distinguished, Samyutta, v. lll, etc. [The role of avitakka-avicdra in the reading of the mind of another, Digha, iii. 104. ] See Compendium, Introduction, 58, Visuddhimagga, 169.
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 744b24. The Darstantikas think that there is vitarka and vicdra up to Bhavagra.
130. On vitarka-vicdra, see above note 18.
131. Hsuan-tsang: "This refers to the First Dhyana and its sdmantaka. "
132. Dirgha, TD 1, p. 50bl, Ekottara, TD 2, p. ? ? ? ? ? ; Digha, iii. 219: sunnato samddhi, animitto samddhi, appanihito samddhi; Dhammasangani, 344, 505; Vibhanga, Preface, p. xviii; Atthasdlini, 221 and foil. ; Sutrdlamkdra, xviii, 77-79. Anguttara, iii. 397, animitta cet ? samddhi. Below note 140.
a. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 538a27. The samddhis are numberless; why say that they are three? From the point of view of their opposition (pratipalsa), their intention (dfaya), and their object (dlambana): 1. iunyatd-samddhi opposes the belief in a self (satkdyadrsti); as it considers things under the aspects of non-self and emptiness, it is opposed to the aspects of self and mine; 2. apranihitasamddhi is the samddhi in which there is no intention (dsaya), no will (pranidhdna) with respect to any dharma of the Three Dhatus (or bhava, tribhdva,
? threefold existence, i. 8c). There is no complete absence of pranidhdna with respect to the Path; but, although the Path rests on bhava, intention relative to the Path is not related to bhava; 3. dnimittasamddhi has an object free from the nimittas, namely from ? ? ? ? , sabda, etc. For others, the three samadhis, in this order, oppose satkdyadrsti, sUavrata and vicikitsd.
b. The Bodhisattvabhumi, fol. 106a, arranges the samadhis in the following order: iunyatd, apranihita, and dnimitta, and gives a definition of them very different from that of Vasubandhu:
tatra katamo bodhisattvasya iunyatdsamddhih / iha bodhisattvasya sarvabhildpdtmak- ena svabhdvena virahitam nirabhildpyasvabhdvam vastu pasyatah yd cittasya sthitih ayam asyocyate iunyatdsamddhih / apranihitasamddhih katamah / iha bodhisattvasya tad eva nirabhildpyasvabhdvam vastu mithydvikalpasamutthdpitena klesena parigrhitatvdd anekados adust am samanupasyato yd ayat ? am tatrdpranidhdnapurvakd cittasthitir ayam asydpranihitasamddhir ity ucyate / dnimittasamddhih katamah / iha bodhisattvasya tad eva nirabhildpyasvabhdvam vastu sarvavikalpaprapancanimittdny apaniya yathdbhutam s ant at ? manasi kurvato yd cittasthitir ayam asyocyate dnimittasamddhih /.
The second samddhi refers to conditioned (samskrta) things through which one does not form any pranidhdna; the third to unconditioned things (i. e. Nirvana), the object of pranidhdna; the first to non-existent (asat) things, the self, mine, with respect to which one does not form either pranidhdna or apranidhdna, but which one regards solely as empty.
133. Calm = nirodha = Nirvana, has four aspects of nirodha, pranita, sdnta, and nihsarana, vii. 13a.
134. Hsuan-tsang: "This samddhi has the four aspects of nirodha; nirodha can be called ? ama [or sdnta]"
135. On dnimitta as noun and adjective, see Wogihara, Bodhisattvabhumi p. 19-20. On nimitta, see Kola, ii. l4c.
136. The "emptiness" of the Hlnayana should be studied in greater depth.
137. See i. 7c-d, note 33. Majjhima, i. 135: . . . evam eva kho bhikkhave kullupamo mayd dhammo desito nittharanatthdya no gahanatthdya / kullupamam vo bhikkhave djdnantehi dhammd pi vo pahatabba prdg evddhammd.
Vajracchedikd, p. 23: . . . na khalu punah subhute bodhisattvena mahasattvena dharma ugrahitavyo nddharmah / tasmdd iyam tathdgatena samdhdya vdg bhdsitd / kolopamam dharmaparydyam djdnadbhir dharma eva prahdtavydh prdg evddharmd iti.
Bodhicarydvatdra, ix. 33: adhigata upeya pascat kolopamatvdd upayasydpi prahdnam.
Compare the bhisi (vrsi, raft) of the Suttanipdta, 22: "I have passed over . . . there is no (further) use for a raft. "
In Samyutta, iv. 174-175, the magga is a raft, but it is not said that one should abandon it.
The Vajracchedikdpikd (Tanjur, Mdo, xvi. 237b) quotes the Ratnakaranda, where the formula: kolopamam dharmaparydyam . . prdg evddharmdh is completed by the words: ye dharmdh prahdtavyd na te dharma ndpy adharmdh.
One should examine the meaning of dharma and adharma in these sources. 138. See viii. 5.
139. Excluding Kamadhatu, Bhavagra, and the sdmantakas from the sdmantaka of the Second Dhyana.
140. Patisambhiddmagga, ii. 35: tayo me bhikkhave vimokkhd sunnato vimokkho animitto vimikkho appanihito; ibid, ii. 67. Dhammasamgani, 344, Atthasdlint, 223, Visuddhimagga, 658 (Compendium, 111, 216); Nettippakarana, 90, 119, 126; Milinda, 413. Mahdvyutpatti, 73, the Three Vimoksamukhas, Iunyatd, animittam, apranihitam; Madhyamakavrtti, 246: trtni vimoksamukhdni sunyatdnimittdpranihitdkhydni vimuktaye vineyebhyo bhagavatd
Footnotes 1297
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nirdistdni. . . ; Madhyamakdvatdra, 319; Deva, Catuhsatikd, p. 497; Bodhisattvabhumi, 1. 17. 14 (with nirodhasamdpatti, the three Vimoksas constitute the dryavihdra of the Buddha).
141. According to Ekottara, 26. 5
The Vibhdsd (see below) and Hstian-tsang (in the ? ? fa) call these samddhis
chung Jf - samddhis, "repeated" samddhis, "accumulated" samddhis, since they are sunya-sunya . . . The thought that inspires the theory of these samddhis is clearly explained by Sarhghabhadra (in his Prakarandfdsana, TD 29. p.
971b26), "In the same way that one burns the wood of the funeral-pyre which first burned the body, so too when the absorption of emptiness (sunyatdsamddhi) burns the kleias, the ascetic namely produced sunyatdsamddhi in order to obtain disgust-abandon with respect to the first emptiness (=the first sunyatdsamddhi). "
The Vibhdsd treats of these samddhis, TD 27, p. 543a27 (and c5 and following): 1. At what moment does one obtain them? According to one opinion, in darianamdrga, when one obtains abhisamaydntika (vii. 21a); according to another opinion, in bhdvandmdrga, when the detached (virakta) Aryan obtains nirmdnacitta (vii. 49c); according to a third opinion (the orthodox opinion), at the moment of ksayajndna (vi. 44d), because, at this moment, the ascetic cultivates all the impure (sdsrava) good dharmas of the three spheres (vii. 26c). 2. Does one obtain them without effort? 3. After which jndnas? 4. In what spheres (viii. 27b)? 5. With what dsraya (viii. . 27a)? 6. What dkdras do they take up?
142. The Vydkhyd, doubtlessly quoting a Sastra or the Vibhdsd: aha / kim atra kdranamyac chunyatdsunyatdsamddhih sunyatdkara eva na punar anatmdkdro'pi sunyatdvad iti / atrocyate / sunyatdkdrapravrttaiunyattdprsthenotpattir na punar andtmdkdrapravrttasu- nyatdprstheneti / atrocyate / tadutpattyanukulydt sa eva hi sunyatdkdrah sunyatdsamddhis tasya sunyatdsunydsamddher utpattdv anukulyendvatisthate ndndtmdkdrah / na hy evam andtmadarsanam udvejayati yathd sunyatddarsanam / drstesu hy andtmato bhavesv abhiratir asti samsdre sunyatddarsandbhdvdt / tadyathddhvagasydsambddhddhvadariandd apipritih / ekdkinas tu tacchunyatvad apritir iti / tadvat. Sunyatdfunyatdsamddhi follows a sunyatdsamddhi which has the aspect of sunya, not one which has the aspect of anatman. Sunyatd disgusts more than andtmatd: one continues to find pleasure in things which one recognized as andtman, as a traveller sees with pleasure a path little frequented (asambddha; MSS: asambandha), but, alone, be has a fear of the path because it is empty.
143. dusaniyatvdt. Vydkhyd: so'saiksasamddhir dusayitavya iti.
144. See viii. 35b-d.
145. There are two nirodhas of dnimittasamddhi:
a. anityatdnirodha [or svalaksananirodha or svarasanirodha] (i. 20a, English trans, p. 77,
ii. 45c): the extinction of which is the law of all conditioned things (samskrta).
b. apratisamkhydnirodha (see i. 5c, 6c-d, ii. 55d, English trans, p. 280). Here the word nirodha cannot be legitimately translated by extinction, but it is not impossible to say what it refers to: when an Arhat leaves the dnimittasamddhi, some pure or impure thoughts arise in him which are no longer of this samddhi\ if these thoughts had not arisen, some new moments of the dnimittasamddhi would have arisen. When these other thoughts arise, the Arhat takes possession of apratisamkhydnirodha of the new moments of dnimittasamddhi
which, lacking causes, would not arise.
Vydkhyd: katham tasya [dnimittasamddher] apratisamkhydnirodhah / aiaiksdd animittdt samddher vyutthitasya tadanantaram ye sdsravdh ksana atikrdmanty anye vdndsravd(s) yadi te notpanndh syur asaiksd dnimittaksand utpanndh syuh / tesdm sdsravdndm anyesdm andsravdndm votpattikdle tesdm asaiksdndm dnimittaksandndm apratisamkhydnirodho abhyate pratyayavaikalyd / tarn apratisamkhydnirodham dlambate santdkdrena.
Animittdnimittasamddhi thus takes the apratisamkhydnirodha of the dnimittasamddhi
? Footnotes 1299 as its object, for this nirodha is the enemy of this samadhi (tatpratyarthikabhutatvdt) and
the ascetic desires to become disgusted {vidusanam abhHasan) with this samadhi.
146. As we have seen in i. 6c. Pratisamkhydnirodha is the nirodha which one obtains by a type of prajnd called pratisamkhyd.
The Vydkhyd explains: apratikulatvdt / ? ad dhi prtikulam drydnam tatsamyogavisamy- ogdya yatante / visamypoga/ ca pratisamkhydnirodha! ? .
The pure dharmas are aheya, i. 40a, English trans, p. 112.
147. Sarhghabhadra (in his Prakaranasdsana, TD 29, p. 972a3) says, "The sdnta [characteristic or aspect] indicates only cessation (chih-hsi l b ? ); apratisamkhydni- rodha thus has the characteristic of sdnta; the prolonged practice of the Path (dryamdrga) (which culminates in funyatd, apranihita, and animittasamddhi) includes fatigue, so one produces pleasure (sukhalaksana) with respect to its cessation. "
148. If the ascetic were to consider the apratisamkhydnirodha of animittasamddhi under the aspect of nirodha or extinctbn, he would not consider it as "calm," sdnta; he would consider it under an aspect which renders it hateful, and as a consequence he would not take a dislike to animittasamddhi.
149. As we have seen iv. 9d.
150. The apratisamkhydnirodha of a certain klesa is not the visamyoga (ii. 55d) of this klesa. Let us suppose that an ascetic takes possession of the apratisamkhydnirodha of good or bad dharmas, but he remains bound to these dharmas because their possession (prdpti)y which alone can cut off the possession of pratisamkhydnirodha, has not been cut off. [A good example, Ko/a, vi. 23: the possessor of ksdnti contains the apratisamkhydnirodha of the klesas whose pratisamkhydnirodha can only be attained by darsanamdrga. ]
151. Only the akopyadharman Arhat, by reason of his sharp faculties, has the power (sdmarthya) to produce them; not the other Arhats. The Vydkhyd explains: tebhyo drstadharmasukhavihdratvdd dsangdspadabhutebhyo 'iaiksebhyah SUnyatddisamadhibhyo vaimukhydrtham aparasamddhin samdpadyante.
152. On samddhibhdvand, above note 4; Visuddhi, ? 1\.
The Vydkhyd quote the Sutra: asti samddhibhdvand dsevitd bhdvitd bahulikrtd
drstadhrmasukhavihdrdya samvartate / asti . . . divyacaksurabhijn"djndnadarsandya samvartate / asti. . . prajndprabheddya samvartate / asti. . . dsravaksaydya samvaratate.
On the value of dsevita, bhdvita, bahulikrta, the Vydkhyd says: dsevitd nisevitd bhdvanayd / bhdvitd vipaksaprahdnatayd / bahulikrtd vipaksadurikaranatayd. When this refers to the paths of action, iv. 85a.
Digha, iii. 222, Anguttara, ii. 44: atth'dvuso samddhibhdvand bhdvitd bahulikatd ditthadhammasukhavihdrdya samvattati. . . nanadasanapatildbhdya. . . satisampajafindya. . . dsavdnam khaydya samvattati.
In Bodhisattvabhumi (1,13, fol. 82), the theory of the three samddhibhdvands is modified:
tatra katamo bodhisattvandm dhydnasvabhdvah / bodhisattvapitaka-sravanacintdpu- rvakamyal laukikam lokottaram bodhisattvandm kusalam cittaikdgryam cittasthitih famathapaksyd vd vipasyandpaksyd vd. . . tadubhayapaksyd va ayam bodhisattvandm dhydnasvabhavo veditavyah / tatra katamad bodhisattvandm sarvadhydnam / tad dvividham laukikam lokottaram ca / tat punar yathdyogam trividham veditavyam drstadharmasukhavihdrdya dhydnam bodhisattvasamddhigunanirhdrdya dhydnam sattvdrthakriydyai dhydnam / tatra ? ad bodhisattvandm sarvavikalpdpagatam kdyikacaitasi- kaprasrabdhijanakam paramaprasdntam manyandpagatam andsvdditam sarvanimittdpagatam dhydnam idam esdm drstadharmasukhavihdrdya veditavyam / pratisamviddm arandpranid- hijfidnddindm gundndm srdvakdsddhdrandndm acchinirhdrdya samvartate idam bodhisat- tvasya dhydnam samddhigundbhirnirhdrdya veditavyam . . .
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153. The fourth pad a, the version of Paramartha appears to be: prajridprabhedaya samskdrajdh; the version of Hsuan-tsang: prajridprabhedaya prayogikaiubhabhdvana.
The theory of Harivarman, TD 32, no. 1646, chap. 158, is very different from that of the Abhidharma.
154. On the drspadharmasukhavihdras, ? ? fa, ii. 4, vi. 42c, 58b, 65b, (note 415).
Vihdra = samddhiviiesa (ii. , note 229).
According to ii. 4, English trans, p. 157, happiness here below depends on djndtavindriya
and thus supposes the state of Arhat; it consists of the fact of experiencing the "satisfaction" and the "well-being" of deliverance from the defilements {klefavimukupritisukhapratisarri- vedand); in other words, this happiness is the enjoyment {upabhoga) of Nirvana) ii. 6, English trans, p. 159).
We should distinguish idntavihdra from sukhavihdra, the former being nirodhasamd- patti (ii. 43b), which is similar to Nirvana (the idnta vimoksas, viii. p. 10, Majjhima i. 472). We owe to Samghabhadra (above note 57) the fact that the word sukha does not necessarily signify "agreeable sensation"; but sukhavihdra, being pratisamvedand, is "sensation. "
According to the Vibhdsd, the sukhavihdras solely refer to the four fundamental dhydnas, pure {iuddhaka) or andsrava, not to the prefatory spheres (sdmantakas) or the drupyas.
In Buddhaghosa, the Arhats (compare Majjhima, iii. 4) cultivate the right samdpattis (four dhydnas and four drupyas) "in order to agreeably pass the day with their minds concentrated" {ekaggacittd sukham divasam viharissdma), and the ninth samdpatti {samjfidveditanirodha) "in order to agreeably pass seven days delivered in mind, having attained nirodhd, Nirvana in this world": . . . sattdham acittakd hutvd dittheva dhamme nirodham nibbdnam patvd sukham viharissdma {Samantapdsddikd, i. 156).
155. The Vydkhyd explains the value of these two words. Jndna is a discernment (prajnd) associated with the mental consciousness {manovijHdnasamprayukta) which includes vikalpas (or "judgements" as here: "Beings, endowed with bad bodily actions. . . ;" Darsana, on the contrary, is discernment associated with the visual consciousness, and as such free from vikalpa {avikalpika prajfia, see i. 33a-b, English trans, p. 97).
Some references to jnanadarsana:
i. Worldly insight-consciousness.
a. The Buddha possesses asanga apratihata jnanadarsana with respect to the past,
present, and future (last three dvenikas of the Mahdvyutpatti, 9. Koia, vii. note 162); this fidnadassana is attraka, Dtgha, iii. 134.
Panadassana has previous existences for its sphere, Nettippakarana, 28.
b. The ascetic obtains fidnadassana through dlokasafifidmanasikdra (by having, both day and night, the idea that it is daytime, divdsarlnd); in this way sappabhdsam cittam bhdveti, Dtgha, iii. 223.
? The Bodhisattva obtains fidnadassana after samddhisampad, before the jhdnas, Majjhima, i. 203.
d. The Bodhisattva, before Bodhi, purifies his fidnadassana: he samjdndtis the obhdsa but does not see the rupas; then the gods, Anuttara, iv. 302.
e. The Niggantha affirms that "going, staying in place, lying down, awaking, fidnadassana is present in me without interruption," Anguttara, i. 220, iv. 428.
f. The jfidnadariana of &akra views what is below, Avaddnaiataka, i. 189.
g. Bodhisattvasya sarvavidydsthdnesv av? ahatam parisuddham paryavaddtam jfidnadarianam {Bodhisattvabhumi, I. xv, Museon 1906, 22a); later, by virtue of
vipa/yandparisuddhi, this jfidnadariana acquires prthuvrddhivaipulyatd.
ii. Consciousness, knowledge, sambodha.
a. Ko/a, vi. 75b, fidna = dassana; Majjhima, i. 173: fidnam nesam dassanam udapddi:
akuppd no vimutti; Mahdvyutpatti, 81. 9: vimuktasya vvmukto'smiti jfidnadarianam bhavati; this is the vimuktijfidnadarianaskandha {ibid. 4. 5, Koia, vi. p. 1033, vii. p. 1157).
? Footnotes 1301 c. Mahdvyutpatti, 245. 51: samyak pratydtmam jndnadarfanam pravartate.
b. ? ?
