Leitner,
Gottlieb
William (lit'ner).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
He wrote a Book of Nonsense)
(1846); and thereafter Nonsense Songs and
Stories); Nonsense Songs, Pictures, etc. );
"Laughable Lyrics); "Nonsense Botany);
Nonsense Alphabets. He wrote also : Jour-
nal of a Landscape Painter in Greece and
Albania) (1851); Journal of a Landscape
Painter in Southern Calabria) (1852); Journal
of a Landscape Painter in Corsica (1870).
Learned, Walter. An American poet and
translator ; born in New London, Conn. , June 22,
1847. He is a resident of New London. Be-
sides contributions to current literature, he has
written Between Times) (1889), a volume
of poems; and translated (Ten Tales from
Coppée.
Lebid ibn Rabi'a (leb'ed ibn rab'yä). A
celebrated Arabian poet (about 575-662). He
was at first an opponent of Mohammed, after-
ward an adherent. His (Mu'allakat) has been
published both in the original language and in
French translation by M. de Sacy (1816); and
his (Divan in the original Arabic, and in Ger-
man translation by Huber (1887-91).
Lebrun, Pierre Antoine (lė-bruń'). A French
poet; born at Paris, Nov. 29, 1785; died there,
May 27, 1873. For his (Ode to the Grand
Army) (1805), Napoleon conferred on him a
pension of 6000 francs a year; and his Ode
on the Campaign of 1807) won for him the
place of chief collector of indirect taxes. He
was elected to the Academy on the publication
of his (Travels in Greece) (1828). He wrote
several mediocre tragedies ; his Mary Stuart
(1820), which still holds a place in the French
theatrical repertoire, is half imitation, half trans-
lation, of Schiller's play.
Lebrun, Ponce Denis Écouchard, surnamed
Lebrun-Pindare. A French poet; born at
Paris, Aug. II, 1729; died there, Sept. 2, 1807.
His title “Pindar" is due to the form and the
mythological allusions of his odes, not to any
large poetical merit, either in them or the
lyrics; and as a satirist, he alternately groveled
before and libeled the same men. His best
odes are addressed to Buffon. He excelled
in the composition of madrigals and epigrams;
the latter relate for the most part to his quar-
rels with other authors.
Le Chevalier, Jean Baptiste (lė-shev-ä-lyā').
A French archæologist; born at Trelly, July 1,
1752; died at Paris, July 2, 1836. Before the
Revolution he made an archæological explora-
tion of the Troad, and published (1794) A
Visit to the Troad, or the Plain of Troy as It
Now Is. He wrote also (The Propontis and
the Euxine) (2 vols. , 1800).
Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. An Eng.
lish historian; born in Dublin, Ireland, March
26, 1838. His first work, (The Leaders of Pub-
lic Opinion in Ireland (1861), is a study, from
a Liberal and Union standpoint, of Swift, Flood,
Grattan, and O'Connell. His next work was a
(History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit
of Rationalism in Europe) (2 vols. , 1865); a
semi-controversial essay to prove that the ad-
vance of the masses in religious common-sense
has been due to the general progress of civiliza-
tion and not to the arguments of enlightened
leaders. Then followed A History of Euro-
pean Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne)
(2 vols. , 1869); A History of England in the
18th Century) (8 vols. , 1878–90); (A History of
Ireland in the 18th Century) (5 vols. , 1892),
## p. 332 (#348) ############################################
332
LECLERCQ-LEE
enlarged from the chapters on this subject in
the English History. His (Democracy and
Liberty) (2 vols. ) appeared in 1896. *
Leclercq, Michel Théodore (lė-klerk'). A
French dramatic poet; born at Paris, April 1,
1777; died there, Feb. 15, 1851. He wrote after
the manner of Carmontel a series of Dra.
matic Proverbs, little pieces for the drawing-
room, which, by their pointed, witty dialogue,
their fine character-drawing, and their elegant
style, won universal favor. The latest edition
was in six volumes (1828), and comprised about
80 pieces.
Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie René (lė-
könt' de lēl'). A French poet; born in the Isle
of Bourbon (Réunion), Oct. 23, 1818; died at
Louveciennes, near Paris, July 17, 1894. Settling
in Paris (1846), he was at first an enthusiastic
socialist and disciple of Fourier; afterward he
became an impassioned admirer of the ancient
religions of Greece and India, and a pantheistic
conception of the universe dominated all his
thoughts. In his “Antique Poems) (1853), he
sings in verse exquisite in form the praises of
the ancient gods and heroes; in his “Barbarian
Poems) (1862), with a poet's insight he seeks
to interpret the mythological ideas of the He-
brews, Irish, Bretons, Scandinavians, Indians,
and Polynesians. His (Tragic Poems) (1882)
were crowned by the French Academy. He
made admirable translations of ancient Grecian
poets,- Homer, Hesiod, Theocritus, Anacreon,
and the dramatists. *
Le Conte, Joseph (lė-kont'). An American
scientist; born in Liberty County, Ga. , Feb. 26,
1823. He practiced medicine for some years at
Macon, Ga. , but in 1850 went to Cambridge,
Mass. , where he studied natural history under
Agassiz. He subsequently held several pro-
fessorships, and since 1869 has occupied the
chair of geology and natural history in the Uni-
versity of California. "The Mutual Relations
of Religion and Science) appeared in 1874, and
was followed byElements of Geology) (1878);
(Light) (1881); (A Compend of Geology (1884);
(Evolution and its Relation to Religious
Thought) (1888).
Ledeganck, Karel Lodewyk (led-ė-gänk').
A Flemish poet; born at Eecloo, Nov. 9, 1805;
died March 19, 1847. He is one of the most
popular of Flemish writers. His first collection
of poems was ( Flowers of my Springtide) (1839).
His poem on (The Three Sister Cities) - i. e. ,
Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp- is considered his
finest production.
Ledesma Buitrago, Alonso de (lā-dēs'mä
bwe-trä'go). A Spanish poet; born in Segovia,
1552; died 1623. He was very mystical and
allegorical in his verse, carrying imaginative-
ness to the point of unintelligibility. (Spiritual
Conceptions) (1600-12) is his best work.
Lee, Eliza Buckminster. An American
prose-writer; born in Portsmouth, N. H. , in
1794; died in Brookline, Mass. , June 22, 1864.
Her (Sketches of New England Life) ap-
peared in 1837, and was followed by Delus.
ion) (1839); a translation from the German of
the Life of Jean Paul Richter) (1842); “Naomi;
or, Boston Two Hundred Years Ago) (1848);
(Parthenia; or, The Last Days of Paganism)
(1858); and a translation of Berthold Auer.
bach's (Barefoot Maiden) (1800).
Lee, Frederick George. An English clergy-
man and miscellaneous writer; born at Thame
Vicarage, Oxfordshire, Jan. 6, 1832. At Oxford
he was both University and College prizeman.
He was ordained in 1854, and is at present
vicar of All Saints', Lambeth. He is author
of nearly fifty poems, essays, lectures, ser-
mons, religious and historical studies, among
which are : Poems) (2d ed. 1855); (The Beauty
of Holiness) (1859), lectures; (The Martyrs of
Vienne and Lyons) (3d ed. 1866), an Oxford
prize poem; (Glimpses of the Supernatural
(1875); (A Glossary of Liturgical and Eccle-
siastical Terms) (1877); Historical Sketches of
the Reformation) (1878); (The Church under
Queen Elizabeth) (1880); (King Edward the
Sixth, Supreme Head (1886); (Cardinal Regi-
nald Pole) (1887); (A Manual of Politics)
(1889).
Lee, Mrs. Hannah Farnham Sawyer. An
American essayist and miscellaneous writer,
wife of George Gardiner Lee of Boston; born
in Newburyport, Mass. , 1780; died in Boston,
1865. Her works, which exerted considerable
influence during the first quarter of the nine-
teenth century, are: (Grace Seymour) (1835);
(Three Experiments in Living) (1838); “The
Huguenots in France and America (1842); Me.
moir of Pierre Toussaint) (1853).
Lee, Nathaniel. An English dramatist; born
about 1650 ; died 1692. He wrote several trage-
dies, including (The Rival Queens' (1677) and
( Theodosius) (1680).
Lee, Sophia and Harriet. English novel
ists; born in London-Sophia 1750, Harriet
1757; died --Sophia March 13, 1824, Harriet
Aug. I, 1851. They were daughters of John
Lee, actor, Sophia at 29 wrote a very success-
ful comedy, "The Chapter of Accidents. In
(The Recess: A Tale of Other Days) (1784)
and in Canterbury Tales) (5 vols. , 1797-1805),
which she wrote in conjunction with Harriet,
and which soon became a general favorite, is
seen the beginning of the historical school in
novel-writing. One of the 'Canterbury Tales) —
Kruitzner; or, The German's Tale) - written
by Harriet, suggested to Byron the subject of
(Werner. She also wrote the stories (The
Errors of Innocence) (5 vols. , 1786), and (Clara
Lennox) (1797).
Lee, Vernon, pseudonym of Violet Paget. An
English essayist and miscellaneous writer; born
in 1856. Her writings include: "Studies of the
Eighteenth Century in Italy) (1880); (Belcaro)
(1882), a volume of essays; (The Prince of a
Hundred Soups) (1883), a fairy tale; Miss
Brown) (1884), a novel; and many others. She
has lived in Italy for years.
## p. 333 (#349) ############################################
LE FANU-LEIBNITZ
333
:
Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan (lė-fä'nü or lef'.
a-nū). A popular Irish journalist and novelist;
born in Dublin, Aug. 28, 1814; died there, Feb.
7, 1873. Having graduated from Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, he joined (1837) the staff of the
Dublin University Magazine, at first as con-
tributor, and afterwards as editor and proprie.
tor, besides having an interest in the Evening
Mail. He made his literary début while in
college, but did not attract attention until the
publication of two stirring Irish ballads,
(Phaudbrig Crookore) and (Shamus O'Brien. '
Among modern Irish novelists he stands next
in popularity to Charles Lever. (The House
by the Churchyard appeared in 1863, and was
succeeded by Uncle Silas) (1864), his most
powerful work; 'Guy Deverell (1865); (The
Tenants of Malory) (1867); (The Wyvern
Mystery) (1869); "In a Glass Darkly) (1872).
Leffler, Charlotte. See Edgren.
Le Gallienne, Richard. An English poet and
journalist; born in Liverpool, 1866. His first
volume of poems, "My Lady's Sonnets) (1887),
was printed privately; among his other works
in verse and prose are: (Volumes in Folio);
(The Book Bills of Narcissus ); (English Poems)
(1892);(The Religion of a Literary Man' (1893);
(Prose Fancies) (1894). He has recently put
out some translations of the (Rubáiyát) of
Omar Khayyam. *
Legendre, Adrien Marie (lė-zhondr'). An
eminent French mathematician; born in Paris,
Sept. 18, 1752; died Jan. 10, 1833. At 22 he
was professor of mathematics in the Military
School at Paris, and in 1783 was elected mem-
ber of the Academy. He was one of a com-
mission of three in 1787 to measure a degree of
latitude between Dunkirk and Boulogne,- the
basis of the metric system; afterward he held
high and honorable posts under the govern-
ment; and in 1824 was Inspector of the Higher
Education. From this office he was dismissed
in disgrace because he refused, as member of
the Academy, to vote for the admission of
government nominees. He died in great pov-
erty. His principal works are: Elements of
Geometry) (1794); (Theory of Numbers) (1798);
(Treatise on Euler's Elliptical and Integral
Functions) (3 vols. , 1826–29).
Leger, Paul Louis (le-zhā'). A French
scholar and author; born in Toulouse, Jan.
13, 1843. He is professor of the Slav lan-
guages at the Collège de France, and has done
much to awaken an interest in the history and
philology of the Slav peoples by such works
as: “Slav Studies) (1875); History of Austria-
ilungary) (1878), translated into English ; (Slav
Tales) (1882); (The Save, Danube, and Bal-
kan (1884); (Bulgaria) (1885); (Russians and
Slavs) (1890); Russian Literature) (1892).
Leggett, William. An American story-writer
and journalist; born in New York city, 1802;
died in New Rochelle, N. Y. , May 29, 1839. He
was on the editorial staff of the New York
Evening Post (1829–1836); and wrote: (Leisure
Hours at Sea) (1825); Naval Stories (1834),
(Tales of a Country Schoolmaster' (1835).
Legouvé, Ernest Wilfried (lė-go-vā'). A
French dramatist and story-teller; born at Paris,
Feb. 15, 1807. In 1827 he won a prize of the
Academy with a poem on the art of printing.
As instructor in the Collège de France, 1847, he
lectured on the history of woman's develop-
ment; and later published (Moral Flistory of
Women) (7th ed. 1882), and “Woman in France
in the Nineteenth Century) (1864). These
works, addressed to a feminine public, were re-
ceived with great favor, and were followed by
(Science of the Family) (1867), and (Messieurs
the Young Folk) (1868). Meanwhile Legouvé
was winning high distinction as a playwright
with Louise de Lignerolles); (Adrienne Le-
couvreur); Medea); ( By Right of Conquest';
(Miss Susanna); (Anne de Kerwiler); (Con.
sideration); etc. In 1882 he published (Recol-
lections of Sixty Years, and in 1890 (Winter
Flowers, Winter Fruits : Story of my Household. ”
Lehrs, Karl (lārs). A German philologist;
born at Königsberg, Prussia, Jan. 14, 1802; died
there, June 9, 1878. He was appointed in-
structor in philology in the Königsberg Uni-
versity in 1831, and in 1845 became professor.
His works deal for the most part with recon.
dite questions, as (Aristarchus's Studies on
Homer) (1833); (Three Writings of Herodi-
anus) (1848); “The Scholia to Pindar) (1873);
but he wrote also Popular Essays on Antiq-
uity, Especially on the Ethics and Religion of
the Greeks) (1856; enlarged ed. 1875).
Leibnitz or Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von,
Baron. A renowned German philosopher and
scholar; born at Leipsic, July 6, 1646; died at
Hanover, Nov. 14, 1716. His learning was uni-
versal, and in every branch he was master. At
15 he entered Leipsic University for the study of
law and philosophy. He then passed to Jena,
devoting himself there chiefly to mathematics.
In the mean time he composed two disquisi-
tions, with which he proposed to qualify himself
for a degree at Leipsic: the degree was refused
because of his youth, but in 1666 he took the
doctor's degree in law at Altdorf. His scholar-
ship is almost unparalleled in the vastness of
its range: he reached the highest eminence
among the scholars of his time in languages,
history, divinity, philosophy, jurisprudence, po-
litical science, physical science, mathematics,
even in polite letters. His essays and disqui-
sitions in the field of mere erudition are nu-
merous in the transactions of the learned
societies of his time, such as the (Acta Erudi-
torum,! (Miscellanea Berolinensia, Journal des
Savants,' and in his voluminous (Correspond-
ence. Among his theological and philosoph-
ical writings are : Essays on God's Goodness,
Man's Freedom, and the Origin of Evil (1710);
(Principles of Nature and Grace) (1717); New
Essays on the Human Understanding); (Refu.
tation of Spinoza, first printed in 1854. An
incomplete edition of his Mathematical Works)
was published in eleven volumes (1884).
## p. 334 (#350) ############################################
334
LEICHHARDT-LEMCKE
Leichhardt, Ludwig (lich'hardt). A Ger-
man traveler; born at Trebatsch, Oct. 23, 1813.
He visited Australia in 1841, and made several
tentative explorations preparatory to his great
expedition of 1844-46, which traversed Queens-
land from Moreton Bay to the Gulf of Carpen-
taria, and crossing the peninsula of Arnhem
Land reached Port Essington (or Victoria) on
the west coast of the peninsula. For this he
received a reward of $7,000, with which he
equipped a second expedition to traverse the
continent from west to east: he failed in this
attempt, and perished in the wilderness. lle
published his (Journal of an Overland Expe-
dition,' etc. (1847).
Leighton, William. An American poet;
born in Cambridge, Mass. , 1833. Educated at
Harvard. He wrote: "The Sons of Godwin)
(1876), a tragedy; Change: the Whisper of
the Sphinx) (1878), a philosophical poem; A
Sketch of Shakespeare' (1879); “The Subjec-
tion of Hamlet (1882).
Leisewitz, Johann Anton (li'zė-vits). A
German poet ; born at Hanover, May 9, 1752 ;
died at Brunswick, Sept. 10, 1806 His one tra-
gedy, Julius of Tarentum? (1776), is one of
the characteristic dramas of the period of
a storm and stress," and was highly admired
by the young Schiller. Several other dramatic
pieces he leít in an unfinished state ; after his
death they were destroyed; and all that re-
mains is one scene of a comedy.
Leitner, Gottlieb William (lit'ner). A Ger-
man Orientalist and traveler; born at Buda-
Pesth, Oct. 14, 1840. He received his education
chiefly in King's College, London, and after-
ward was professor of modern Greek, Arabic,
and Turkish, in that institution. In 1864 he
became a member of the Punjab University
College faculty, and took a lively interest in
promoting the cause of education in the Punjab.
He is author of (The Races and Languages
of Dardistan) (1867); “Theory and Practice of
Education); (Races of Turkey); (History of
Indigenous Education in the Punjab) (1883).
Leitner, Karl Gottfried, Ritter von. An
Austrian poet; born at Gratz, Nov. 18, 1800;
died there, June 20, 1890. By his popular bal-
lads he earned the title of « The Uhland of
Styria. ) He published three volumes of his
collected verses : Poems) (1825); (Autumn
Flowers) (1870); (Stories and Poems) (1880).
Leixner, Otto von (lix'ner). A German poet
and miscellaneous writer; born at Saar in Mora-
via, April 24, 1847. Among his poetical works
are: a volume of Poems) (1868); the drama
"Resurrection of Germany) (1870); «Twilight)
(1886); “Proverbs and Satiric Rhymes. He has
also written short stories : « The Two Marys);
Memento Vivere); (Princess Sunshine) (1882).
Among his other works are: (Marginal Notes
by a Hermit); (Gossamer) (1886); (Gossipy
Letters to a Young Matron) (1890); "Lay Ser.
mons) (1894). His History of German Liter-
ature) is a notable work.
Leland, Charles Godfrey. An American poet
and prose-writer; born in Philadelphia, Aug. 15,
1824. He is most widely known for his "Hans
Breitmann's Party, and Other Ballads) (1868);
burlesque poems in Pennsylvania Dutch, of
which there have been four series. He has
spent much time abroad, studying gipsy life.
His works include: Poetry and Mystery of
Dreams'; (English Gypsies); Minor Arts);
(The Gypsies); Practical Education); etc.
Lelewel, Joachim (le'-le-vel). A Polish pa-
triot and historian; born at Warsaw, March
21, 1786; died at Paris, May 29, 1861. While
a professor at Wilna he delivered a series of
popular lectures on Polish history, which pro-
voked interference by the Russian government;
and later for his active participation in the
revolution of 1830, he was compelled to leave
his native country and locate in France and
Belgium. Among his various works on Polish
history and antiquities are: (Ancient Polish
Bibliography) (1823-26); (History of Poland
(1829); (History of Lithuania and Little Rus.
sia) (1830); “Geography of the Arabs) (1851);
(Geography of the Middle Ages) (1852-57).
Lemaître, François Élie Jules (lė-mātr').
A French literary critic and dramatist; born
at Vennecy, (Loiret), April 27, 1853. He is
the author of five volumes of literary biogra-
phies, 'Contemporaries : Being Literary Studies
and Portraits ) (1885-95). He was for many
years dramatic critic of the Journal des Débats.
His début as a dramatist was made at the
Odéon with “La Revoltée) (1889), followed by
Deputy Leveau' (1890), an exceedingly clever
political satire. Of his other dramatic compo-
sitions may be mentioned : (The Kings) (1893),
and “The Pardon) (1895). He is the author
of two volumes of poems, Medallions) (1880)
and Petites Orientales) (1882); (Corneille and
Aristotle's Poetics) (1888); Myrrha : Stories
(1894). *
Lemay, Léon Pamphile. A Canadian writer
of prose and verse ; born in Lotbinière, Que-
bec, Jan. 5, 1837. He published "Essais Poé-
tiques) (1865). (The Discovery of Canada)
won him the gold medal of Laval University.
He translated Longfellow's (Evangeline) (1870).
His best work is said to be found in (L'Affaire
Sougraine) (1884).
Lembcke, Eduard (lemb'kė). A Danish
poet; born at Copenhagen, 1815. He made
excellent translations of Shakespeare, Byron,
Moore, and other English poets. He published
in 1870 a volume of original' Poems and Songs,
in which he laments the defeat of Denmark
in the Schleswig-Holstein war; his ballad (Our
Mother Tongue ) is one of the favorite national
songs of Denmark.
Lemcke, Karl (lem'kė). A German writer
on æsthetics; born at Schwerin, Aug. 26, 1831.
Ilis Popular Æsthetics) (1805), a work of
rare merit, has been often republished, and has
been translated into several foreign languages.
He is author also of 'Songs and Poems (1861);
## p. 335 (#351) ############################################
LEMERCIER - LENNEP
335
:
(History of Recent German Poetry); and of
biographies of distinguished painters. Under
the pseudonym Karl Manno » he wrote the
novels (Beowulf) (1882); A Lovely Boy' (1885);
and Countess Gerhild) (1892).
Lemercier, Nepomucène (lė-mer-syā'). A
French poet; born at Paris, April 21, 1771; died
there, June 7, 1840. After many failures he
made a brilliant success with his classical tra-
gedy (Agamemnon (1795). Elegance of versi-
fication, grace of style, and richness of fancy,
characterize his "Four Metamorphoses) (1799),
and 'Pinto) (1800), a mixture of tragedy and
comedy, in which he attempts to outdo‘Figaro's
Wedding. The most notable of his poems is
the philosophical satire (The Panhypocrisiad,
or Infernal Spectacle of the Sixteenth Century)
(in 16 cantos; 4 more added in 1832).
Le Moine, James MacPherson. A Canadian
historian; born in Quebec, Jan. 24, 1825. His
historical works are so fair in spirit and accu-
rate in statement as to disarm adverse criti.
cism. Among his works are : (L'Ornithologie
du Canada' (1860); 'Étude sur les Navigateurs
Arctiques Franklin, McClure, Kane, McClin-
tock) (1862); (The Tourist's Note-Book) (1870);
(Quebec: Past and Present) (1876); and “The
Scot in New France) (1880).
Lemoinne, John Émile (lė-mwän'). A
French publicist; born in London, Oct. 17, 1815:
died at Paris, Dec. 14, 1892. He was political
editor of the Journal des Débats.
He was
elected to the Academy in succession to Jules
Janin in 1876, and in 1880 became a senator
for life. Some of his political writings were
collected and published under the titles (Criti-
cal and Biographical Studies) (1852), and New
Studies) (1862).
Lemon, Mark. An English humorous writer
and playwright; born at London, Nov. 30, 1809;
died at Crawley in Sussex, May 23, 1870. Among
his comedies and dramas are: (Domestic Econ-
omy); (Arnold of Winkelried' (1835); Hearts
Are Trumps) (1849); (The Railway Belle)
(1854); "Lost and Won); “The Gentleman in
Black); (Medea, or the Libel on the Lady
of Colchis) (1856). He was the first editor of
Punch, and for 29 years controlled it. He
wrote many fairy tales, among them: (The
Enchanted Doll (1850); (Tinykin's Trans-
formations) (1869); and A Christmas Ham-
per. Memorable among his humorous writ-
ings is Mark Lemon's Jest-Book.
Lemonnier, Camille (le-mo-nyā'). A Bel-
gian novelist; born at Brussels, March 24, 1835.
He is a pronounced realist. Among his stories
are : 'Our Flemings) (1869); (Flemish and Wal-
loon Stories) (1873); Neither Fish nor Flesh)
(1884); (Flemish Christmas Carols) (1887); Ma-
dame Lupar) (1888).
Lemoyne, Camille André (lė-mwän). A
French poet; born at Saint-Jean-d'Angély
(dept. Charente-Inférieure), in 1822. Having
suffered financial reverses while studying for
the bar, he became a compositor and proof-
reader in the publishing house of Firmin Didot,
and subsequently archivist librarian of the
School of Decorative Arts. He belongs to
the Parnassian school of French poets, and is
the author of: 'Last Year's Roses) (1865-
69); (The Charmers) (1867); (Flowers of the
Meadows) (1876); (Flowers of the Ruins)
(1888); (Flowers of the Evening) (1893), sev-
eral of which have been crowned by the French
Academy. He was decorated with the Legion
of Honor in 1870.
Lenartovicz, Teofil (len-art'o-vêch). A Pol-
ish poet; born at Warsaw, Feb. 27, 1822; died at
Florence, Feb. 3, 1893. His popular ballads and
songs, "Lirenka) (1855), are reckoned among
the choicest pearls of the national poetry. The
most noteworthy of his longer poems are : (The
Polish Land) (1848); (The Gladiators) (1857);
and the Italian Album) (1870). He wrote in
Italian (On the Character of Polono-Slavic
Poetry) (1886).
Lenau, Nikolaus (lā-nou'), pseudonym of
Nikolaus Franz Niembsch von Strehlenau. A
celebrated German lyric poet; born at Csatad,
Hungary, Aug. 13, 1802; died at Oberdöbling,
near Vienna, Aug. 22, 1850. An unhappy love
affair made him insane, and he died in a mad-
house. He is widely known for his elegies.
His works include (Savonarola) (1837), “The
Albigenses) (1842), and others; all of gloomy
tendency.
Leng, John, Sir. An English journalist; born
in Hull, in 1828. He began his successful
journalistic career in 1847 as sub-editor of the
Hull Advertiser; in 1851 became editor and
general manager of the Dundee Advertiser,
which has since been one of the most influ-
ential papers in Great Britain; and he was the
founder of the People's Journal, Evening Tel.
egraph, and People's Friend. He was knighted
in 1893. Among a number of his books and
pamphlets are: "Impressions of America)
(1876); (Scottish Banking Reform) (1881);
(Practical Politics) (1885); “Trip to Norway)
(1886); (Home Rule All Round' (1890).
Lenient, Charles Félix (len-yen'). A French
historian of literature; born at Provins, 1826. In
1865 he became professor of poetry in the Sor-
bonne. His principal works are: (France in
the Middle Ages) (1859); “Satire in France, or
the Militant Literature of the Sixteenth Cen-
tury) (1866); (Comedy in France in the Eigh-
teenth Century) (2 vols. , 1888); Patriotic Po-
etry in France in the Middle Ages) (1892); and
(Patriotic Poetry in France in Modern Times)
(2 vols. , 1894).
Lennep, Jacob van (len'nep). A celebrated
Dutch poet; born at Amsterdam, March 24,
1802; died at Oosterbeek, Aug. 25, 1868. He
translated some of Byron's poems. His first vol-
ume of original verse, Academic Idylls) (1826),
won little attention; but his (Legends of the
Netherlands) were received with universal ap-
plause. The Legends) comprise among oth-
ers: Adegild) (1828); (Jacoba and Bertha)
## p. 336 (#352) ############################################
336
LENNGRÉN – LEO
>
(1829); (The Struggle with Flanders) (1831);
(Edward van Gelre) (1847).
Lenngrén, Anna Maria (len'gren). A Swed-
ish poetess; born at Stockholm, June 18, 1754;
died there, March 8, 1817. She received from
her father, Prof. Malmstedt, a very thorough
education. Her poems were originally con-
tributed to the Stockholmsposten, of which her
husband was editor : they were collected after
her death and published under the title of
(Essays in Poesy) (1819; 12th ed. 1890). They
consist of humorous satires or epigrams, amus-
ing travesties and idyllic sketches, all distin-
guished by perfection of form and true poetic
sensibility.
Lennox, Charlotte Ramsay. An American
novelist; born in New York city in 1720; died
in London, Jan. 4, 1804. Educated in England,
she received encouragement in her literary
work from Samuel Johnson. Her best achieve.
ment is (Shakespeare Illustrated' (2 vols. , 1753),
and a supplementary volume (1754). She also
wrote Memoirs of Harriet Stewart) (1751);
(The Female Quixote (1752); (Sophia,' a novel
(1763); “The Sisters,' a comedy (1769).
Lennox, William Pitt, Lord. An English
writer of biographical memoirs; born 1799;
died in London, Feb. 18, 1881. He was son of
the fourth Duke of Richmond. He wrote (Fifty
Years' Biographical Reminiscences) (2 vols. ,
1863); (My Recollections from 1806 to 1873'
(2 vols. ); (Three Years with the Duke of
Wellington); “Life of the Duke of Richmond);
(Recreations of a Sportsman' (1862). He wrote
several novels, among them “The Tuft-Hunter)
(1843).
Lenormant, Charles (lė-nor-män'). A French
archæologist and art historian; born at Paris,
June 1, 1802; died at Athens, Nov. 24, 1859. He
was professor of Egyptian archæology in the
Collège de France from 1848 till his death.
Among his writings are: (Thesaurus of Numis-
matics and Glyptics) (20 vols. , 1834-50); (Intro-
duction to Oriental History) (1838); (Museum
of Egyptian Antiquities) (1835-42); “Selection of
Keramographic Monuments) (4 vols. , 1837-61).
Lenormant, François. A French historian
and archæologist, son of Charles; born at Paris,
Jan. 17, 1837; died there, Dec. 10, 1883. He
is one of the foremost of French Assyriologists.
His works are very numerous. Among them are:
(Archæological Researches at Eleusis) (1862);
(Political and Economic Organization of Coin-
age in Antiquity) (1863); (Ancient History in
the East) (3 vols. , 1868-69); Letters on Assyr-
iology) (5 vols. , 1871-79); (Akkadian Studies)
(3 vols. , 1873-79); (The Primitive Language of
Chaldea) (1875); (The Beginnings of History
according to the Bible) (3 vols. , 1880-84).
Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold (lents). A
German poet; born at Sesswegen, in Livonia,
Jan. 12, 1751; died at Moscow, May 24, 1792.
He was an enthusiastic admirer of Shakes-
peare, and in 1774 published (Remarks on the
Stage, with Translation of Parts of Shakes-
peare's (Love's Labour's Lost)); and the influ-
ence of Shakespeare is seen in his odd com-
edies, 'The Tutor) (1774); “The New Menoza!
(1774); (The Soldiers) (1776). He adapted sev-
eral Plays of Plautus for the German Stage
(1774). His finest poem is ( Love in the Country!
His minor songs and ballads are sometimes
admirable for their simple and unaffected poetic
feeling.
Lenz, Oskar. A German traveler; born at
Leipsic, April 13, 1848. He visited the west
coast of Africa in the service of the German
African Society (1874), and spent three years
in exploring the course of the Ogowe; he re-
counted his observations and experiences in
(Sketches from West Africa' (1878). He next
visited Marocco and Timbuctu, and wrote (Tim-
buctu: Journey through Marocco, the Sahara,
and Soudan (1884). He wrote also (Wander-
ings in Africa' (1895).
Leo I. , the Great, Pope. One of the Fa-
thers of the Latin Church; fifth century; Pope
440-61. He was a vigorous asserter in words and
in acts of the primacy of the bishop of Rome.
He heard the appeal of Celidonius, bishop of
Vesontio (Besançon) from the sentence of the
synod of Arles deposing him, and pronounced
an ecclesiastical censure on Hilarius, the bishop
who had presided over the synod. His Dog-
matic Epistle to Flavianus) set forth the Cath-
olic doctrine in opposition to the heretical
teaching of Eutyches, in the form and terms
ever since recognized as orthodox in the creeds.
His writings consist of 96 (Sermons) or dis-
courses, and 173 (Epistles. A treatise on
(The Sacraments and one on (The Calling of
all the Nations) are appended to his undoubt.
edly genuine works, and attributed to him.
Leo XIII. , Pope (Count Gioachino Pecci).
He was born at Carpineto, near Anagni, March
2, 1810. He was nuncio to Belgium 1843-45;
was made archbishop of Perugia 1845; cardi.
nal 1853; supreme pontiff March 3, 1878. He
opened the Vatican archives to scholars desir-
ing to examine them for purposes of historical
research. Two of his "Encyclical Letters) are
worthy of special mention; viz. , that to (All
Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, etc. , on (The
Condition of Labor) (1891), and that to « The
English People on Church Unity) (1895).
He is author of a small volume of lyrics in
Latin : Lyric Poems (Carmina] of Leo XIII. ,
Supreme Pontiff) (1883).
Leo, Heinrich. A German historian; born
at Rudolstadt, March 19, 1799; died at Halle,
April 24, 1878. He was appointed professor of
history in the University of Halle, 1830. In
early life he was in religion a rationalist, and
in political faith a radical; but later he be-
came a conservative and an obscurantist. ”
His principal works are: (History of the Ital-
ian States) (5 vols.
(1846); and thereafter Nonsense Songs and
Stories); Nonsense Songs, Pictures, etc. );
"Laughable Lyrics); "Nonsense Botany);
Nonsense Alphabets. He wrote also : Jour-
nal of a Landscape Painter in Greece and
Albania) (1851); Journal of a Landscape
Painter in Southern Calabria) (1852); Journal
of a Landscape Painter in Corsica (1870).
Learned, Walter. An American poet and
translator ; born in New London, Conn. , June 22,
1847. He is a resident of New London. Be-
sides contributions to current literature, he has
written Between Times) (1889), a volume
of poems; and translated (Ten Tales from
Coppée.
Lebid ibn Rabi'a (leb'ed ibn rab'yä). A
celebrated Arabian poet (about 575-662). He
was at first an opponent of Mohammed, after-
ward an adherent. His (Mu'allakat) has been
published both in the original language and in
French translation by M. de Sacy (1816); and
his (Divan in the original Arabic, and in Ger-
man translation by Huber (1887-91).
Lebrun, Pierre Antoine (lė-bruń'). A French
poet; born at Paris, Nov. 29, 1785; died there,
May 27, 1873. For his (Ode to the Grand
Army) (1805), Napoleon conferred on him a
pension of 6000 francs a year; and his Ode
on the Campaign of 1807) won for him the
place of chief collector of indirect taxes. He
was elected to the Academy on the publication
of his (Travels in Greece) (1828). He wrote
several mediocre tragedies ; his Mary Stuart
(1820), which still holds a place in the French
theatrical repertoire, is half imitation, half trans-
lation, of Schiller's play.
Lebrun, Ponce Denis Écouchard, surnamed
Lebrun-Pindare. A French poet; born at
Paris, Aug. II, 1729; died there, Sept. 2, 1807.
His title “Pindar" is due to the form and the
mythological allusions of his odes, not to any
large poetical merit, either in them or the
lyrics; and as a satirist, he alternately groveled
before and libeled the same men. His best
odes are addressed to Buffon. He excelled
in the composition of madrigals and epigrams;
the latter relate for the most part to his quar-
rels with other authors.
Le Chevalier, Jean Baptiste (lė-shev-ä-lyā').
A French archæologist; born at Trelly, July 1,
1752; died at Paris, July 2, 1836. Before the
Revolution he made an archæological explora-
tion of the Troad, and published (1794) A
Visit to the Troad, or the Plain of Troy as It
Now Is. He wrote also (The Propontis and
the Euxine) (2 vols. , 1800).
Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. An Eng.
lish historian; born in Dublin, Ireland, March
26, 1838. His first work, (The Leaders of Pub-
lic Opinion in Ireland (1861), is a study, from
a Liberal and Union standpoint, of Swift, Flood,
Grattan, and O'Connell. His next work was a
(History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit
of Rationalism in Europe) (2 vols. , 1865); a
semi-controversial essay to prove that the ad-
vance of the masses in religious common-sense
has been due to the general progress of civiliza-
tion and not to the arguments of enlightened
leaders. Then followed A History of Euro-
pean Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne)
(2 vols. , 1869); A History of England in the
18th Century) (8 vols. , 1878–90); (A History of
Ireland in the 18th Century) (5 vols. , 1892),
## p. 332 (#348) ############################################
332
LECLERCQ-LEE
enlarged from the chapters on this subject in
the English History. His (Democracy and
Liberty) (2 vols. ) appeared in 1896. *
Leclercq, Michel Théodore (lė-klerk'). A
French dramatic poet; born at Paris, April 1,
1777; died there, Feb. 15, 1851. He wrote after
the manner of Carmontel a series of Dra.
matic Proverbs, little pieces for the drawing-
room, which, by their pointed, witty dialogue,
their fine character-drawing, and their elegant
style, won universal favor. The latest edition
was in six volumes (1828), and comprised about
80 pieces.
Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie René (lė-
könt' de lēl'). A French poet; born in the Isle
of Bourbon (Réunion), Oct. 23, 1818; died at
Louveciennes, near Paris, July 17, 1894. Settling
in Paris (1846), he was at first an enthusiastic
socialist and disciple of Fourier; afterward he
became an impassioned admirer of the ancient
religions of Greece and India, and a pantheistic
conception of the universe dominated all his
thoughts. In his “Antique Poems) (1853), he
sings in verse exquisite in form the praises of
the ancient gods and heroes; in his “Barbarian
Poems) (1862), with a poet's insight he seeks
to interpret the mythological ideas of the He-
brews, Irish, Bretons, Scandinavians, Indians,
and Polynesians. His (Tragic Poems) (1882)
were crowned by the French Academy. He
made admirable translations of ancient Grecian
poets,- Homer, Hesiod, Theocritus, Anacreon,
and the dramatists. *
Le Conte, Joseph (lė-kont'). An American
scientist; born in Liberty County, Ga. , Feb. 26,
1823. He practiced medicine for some years at
Macon, Ga. , but in 1850 went to Cambridge,
Mass. , where he studied natural history under
Agassiz. He subsequently held several pro-
fessorships, and since 1869 has occupied the
chair of geology and natural history in the Uni-
versity of California. "The Mutual Relations
of Religion and Science) appeared in 1874, and
was followed byElements of Geology) (1878);
(Light) (1881); (A Compend of Geology (1884);
(Evolution and its Relation to Religious
Thought) (1888).
Ledeganck, Karel Lodewyk (led-ė-gänk').
A Flemish poet; born at Eecloo, Nov. 9, 1805;
died March 19, 1847. He is one of the most
popular of Flemish writers. His first collection
of poems was ( Flowers of my Springtide) (1839).
His poem on (The Three Sister Cities) - i. e. ,
Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp- is considered his
finest production.
Ledesma Buitrago, Alonso de (lā-dēs'mä
bwe-trä'go). A Spanish poet; born in Segovia,
1552; died 1623. He was very mystical and
allegorical in his verse, carrying imaginative-
ness to the point of unintelligibility. (Spiritual
Conceptions) (1600-12) is his best work.
Lee, Eliza Buckminster. An American
prose-writer; born in Portsmouth, N. H. , in
1794; died in Brookline, Mass. , June 22, 1864.
Her (Sketches of New England Life) ap-
peared in 1837, and was followed by Delus.
ion) (1839); a translation from the German of
the Life of Jean Paul Richter) (1842); “Naomi;
or, Boston Two Hundred Years Ago) (1848);
(Parthenia; or, The Last Days of Paganism)
(1858); and a translation of Berthold Auer.
bach's (Barefoot Maiden) (1800).
Lee, Frederick George. An English clergy-
man and miscellaneous writer; born at Thame
Vicarage, Oxfordshire, Jan. 6, 1832. At Oxford
he was both University and College prizeman.
He was ordained in 1854, and is at present
vicar of All Saints', Lambeth. He is author
of nearly fifty poems, essays, lectures, ser-
mons, religious and historical studies, among
which are : Poems) (2d ed. 1855); (The Beauty
of Holiness) (1859), lectures; (The Martyrs of
Vienne and Lyons) (3d ed. 1866), an Oxford
prize poem; (Glimpses of the Supernatural
(1875); (A Glossary of Liturgical and Eccle-
siastical Terms) (1877); Historical Sketches of
the Reformation) (1878); (The Church under
Queen Elizabeth) (1880); (King Edward the
Sixth, Supreme Head (1886); (Cardinal Regi-
nald Pole) (1887); (A Manual of Politics)
(1889).
Lee, Mrs. Hannah Farnham Sawyer. An
American essayist and miscellaneous writer,
wife of George Gardiner Lee of Boston; born
in Newburyport, Mass. , 1780; died in Boston,
1865. Her works, which exerted considerable
influence during the first quarter of the nine-
teenth century, are: (Grace Seymour) (1835);
(Three Experiments in Living) (1838); “The
Huguenots in France and America (1842); Me.
moir of Pierre Toussaint) (1853).
Lee, Nathaniel. An English dramatist; born
about 1650 ; died 1692. He wrote several trage-
dies, including (The Rival Queens' (1677) and
( Theodosius) (1680).
Lee, Sophia and Harriet. English novel
ists; born in London-Sophia 1750, Harriet
1757; died --Sophia March 13, 1824, Harriet
Aug. I, 1851. They were daughters of John
Lee, actor, Sophia at 29 wrote a very success-
ful comedy, "The Chapter of Accidents. In
(The Recess: A Tale of Other Days) (1784)
and in Canterbury Tales) (5 vols. , 1797-1805),
which she wrote in conjunction with Harriet,
and which soon became a general favorite, is
seen the beginning of the historical school in
novel-writing. One of the 'Canterbury Tales) —
Kruitzner; or, The German's Tale) - written
by Harriet, suggested to Byron the subject of
(Werner. She also wrote the stories (The
Errors of Innocence) (5 vols. , 1786), and (Clara
Lennox) (1797).
Lee, Vernon, pseudonym of Violet Paget. An
English essayist and miscellaneous writer; born
in 1856. Her writings include: "Studies of the
Eighteenth Century in Italy) (1880); (Belcaro)
(1882), a volume of essays; (The Prince of a
Hundred Soups) (1883), a fairy tale; Miss
Brown) (1884), a novel; and many others. She
has lived in Italy for years.
## p. 333 (#349) ############################################
LE FANU-LEIBNITZ
333
:
Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan (lė-fä'nü or lef'.
a-nū). A popular Irish journalist and novelist;
born in Dublin, Aug. 28, 1814; died there, Feb.
7, 1873. Having graduated from Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, he joined (1837) the staff of the
Dublin University Magazine, at first as con-
tributor, and afterwards as editor and proprie.
tor, besides having an interest in the Evening
Mail. He made his literary début while in
college, but did not attract attention until the
publication of two stirring Irish ballads,
(Phaudbrig Crookore) and (Shamus O'Brien. '
Among modern Irish novelists he stands next
in popularity to Charles Lever. (The House
by the Churchyard appeared in 1863, and was
succeeded by Uncle Silas) (1864), his most
powerful work; 'Guy Deverell (1865); (The
Tenants of Malory) (1867); (The Wyvern
Mystery) (1869); "In a Glass Darkly) (1872).
Leffler, Charlotte. See Edgren.
Le Gallienne, Richard. An English poet and
journalist; born in Liverpool, 1866. His first
volume of poems, "My Lady's Sonnets) (1887),
was printed privately; among his other works
in verse and prose are: (Volumes in Folio);
(The Book Bills of Narcissus ); (English Poems)
(1892);(The Religion of a Literary Man' (1893);
(Prose Fancies) (1894). He has recently put
out some translations of the (Rubáiyát) of
Omar Khayyam. *
Legendre, Adrien Marie (lė-zhondr'). An
eminent French mathematician; born in Paris,
Sept. 18, 1752; died Jan. 10, 1833. At 22 he
was professor of mathematics in the Military
School at Paris, and in 1783 was elected mem-
ber of the Academy. He was one of a com-
mission of three in 1787 to measure a degree of
latitude between Dunkirk and Boulogne,- the
basis of the metric system; afterward he held
high and honorable posts under the govern-
ment; and in 1824 was Inspector of the Higher
Education. From this office he was dismissed
in disgrace because he refused, as member of
the Academy, to vote for the admission of
government nominees. He died in great pov-
erty. His principal works are: Elements of
Geometry) (1794); (Theory of Numbers) (1798);
(Treatise on Euler's Elliptical and Integral
Functions) (3 vols. , 1826–29).
Leger, Paul Louis (le-zhā'). A French
scholar and author; born in Toulouse, Jan.
13, 1843. He is professor of the Slav lan-
guages at the Collège de France, and has done
much to awaken an interest in the history and
philology of the Slav peoples by such works
as: “Slav Studies) (1875); History of Austria-
ilungary) (1878), translated into English ; (Slav
Tales) (1882); (The Save, Danube, and Bal-
kan (1884); (Bulgaria) (1885); (Russians and
Slavs) (1890); Russian Literature) (1892).
Leggett, William. An American story-writer
and journalist; born in New York city, 1802;
died in New Rochelle, N. Y. , May 29, 1839. He
was on the editorial staff of the New York
Evening Post (1829–1836); and wrote: (Leisure
Hours at Sea) (1825); Naval Stories (1834),
(Tales of a Country Schoolmaster' (1835).
Legouvé, Ernest Wilfried (lė-go-vā'). A
French dramatist and story-teller; born at Paris,
Feb. 15, 1807. In 1827 he won a prize of the
Academy with a poem on the art of printing.
As instructor in the Collège de France, 1847, he
lectured on the history of woman's develop-
ment; and later published (Moral Flistory of
Women) (7th ed. 1882), and “Woman in France
in the Nineteenth Century) (1864). These
works, addressed to a feminine public, were re-
ceived with great favor, and were followed by
(Science of the Family) (1867), and (Messieurs
the Young Folk) (1868). Meanwhile Legouvé
was winning high distinction as a playwright
with Louise de Lignerolles); (Adrienne Le-
couvreur); Medea); ( By Right of Conquest';
(Miss Susanna); (Anne de Kerwiler); (Con.
sideration); etc. In 1882 he published (Recol-
lections of Sixty Years, and in 1890 (Winter
Flowers, Winter Fruits : Story of my Household. ”
Lehrs, Karl (lārs). A German philologist;
born at Königsberg, Prussia, Jan. 14, 1802; died
there, June 9, 1878. He was appointed in-
structor in philology in the Königsberg Uni-
versity in 1831, and in 1845 became professor.
His works deal for the most part with recon.
dite questions, as (Aristarchus's Studies on
Homer) (1833); (Three Writings of Herodi-
anus) (1848); “The Scholia to Pindar) (1873);
but he wrote also Popular Essays on Antiq-
uity, Especially on the Ethics and Religion of
the Greeks) (1856; enlarged ed. 1875).
Leibnitz or Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von,
Baron. A renowned German philosopher and
scholar; born at Leipsic, July 6, 1646; died at
Hanover, Nov. 14, 1716. His learning was uni-
versal, and in every branch he was master. At
15 he entered Leipsic University for the study of
law and philosophy. He then passed to Jena,
devoting himself there chiefly to mathematics.
In the mean time he composed two disquisi-
tions, with which he proposed to qualify himself
for a degree at Leipsic: the degree was refused
because of his youth, but in 1666 he took the
doctor's degree in law at Altdorf. His scholar-
ship is almost unparalleled in the vastness of
its range: he reached the highest eminence
among the scholars of his time in languages,
history, divinity, philosophy, jurisprudence, po-
litical science, physical science, mathematics,
even in polite letters. His essays and disqui-
sitions in the field of mere erudition are nu-
merous in the transactions of the learned
societies of his time, such as the (Acta Erudi-
torum,! (Miscellanea Berolinensia, Journal des
Savants,' and in his voluminous (Correspond-
ence. Among his theological and philosoph-
ical writings are : Essays on God's Goodness,
Man's Freedom, and the Origin of Evil (1710);
(Principles of Nature and Grace) (1717); New
Essays on the Human Understanding); (Refu.
tation of Spinoza, first printed in 1854. An
incomplete edition of his Mathematical Works)
was published in eleven volumes (1884).
## p. 334 (#350) ############################################
334
LEICHHARDT-LEMCKE
Leichhardt, Ludwig (lich'hardt). A Ger-
man traveler; born at Trebatsch, Oct. 23, 1813.
He visited Australia in 1841, and made several
tentative explorations preparatory to his great
expedition of 1844-46, which traversed Queens-
land from Moreton Bay to the Gulf of Carpen-
taria, and crossing the peninsula of Arnhem
Land reached Port Essington (or Victoria) on
the west coast of the peninsula. For this he
received a reward of $7,000, with which he
equipped a second expedition to traverse the
continent from west to east: he failed in this
attempt, and perished in the wilderness. lle
published his (Journal of an Overland Expe-
dition,' etc. (1847).
Leighton, William. An American poet;
born in Cambridge, Mass. , 1833. Educated at
Harvard. He wrote: "The Sons of Godwin)
(1876), a tragedy; Change: the Whisper of
the Sphinx) (1878), a philosophical poem; A
Sketch of Shakespeare' (1879); “The Subjec-
tion of Hamlet (1882).
Leisewitz, Johann Anton (li'zė-vits). A
German poet ; born at Hanover, May 9, 1752 ;
died at Brunswick, Sept. 10, 1806 His one tra-
gedy, Julius of Tarentum? (1776), is one of
the characteristic dramas of the period of
a storm and stress," and was highly admired
by the young Schiller. Several other dramatic
pieces he leít in an unfinished state ; after his
death they were destroyed; and all that re-
mains is one scene of a comedy.
Leitner, Gottlieb William (lit'ner). A Ger-
man Orientalist and traveler; born at Buda-
Pesth, Oct. 14, 1840. He received his education
chiefly in King's College, London, and after-
ward was professor of modern Greek, Arabic,
and Turkish, in that institution. In 1864 he
became a member of the Punjab University
College faculty, and took a lively interest in
promoting the cause of education in the Punjab.
He is author of (The Races and Languages
of Dardistan) (1867); “Theory and Practice of
Education); (Races of Turkey); (History of
Indigenous Education in the Punjab) (1883).
Leitner, Karl Gottfried, Ritter von. An
Austrian poet; born at Gratz, Nov. 18, 1800;
died there, June 20, 1890. By his popular bal-
lads he earned the title of « The Uhland of
Styria. ) He published three volumes of his
collected verses : Poems) (1825); (Autumn
Flowers) (1870); (Stories and Poems) (1880).
Leixner, Otto von (lix'ner). A German poet
and miscellaneous writer; born at Saar in Mora-
via, April 24, 1847. Among his poetical works
are: a volume of Poems) (1868); the drama
"Resurrection of Germany) (1870); «Twilight)
(1886); “Proverbs and Satiric Rhymes. He has
also written short stories : « The Two Marys);
Memento Vivere); (Princess Sunshine) (1882).
Among his other works are: (Marginal Notes
by a Hermit); (Gossamer) (1886); (Gossipy
Letters to a Young Matron) (1890); "Lay Ser.
mons) (1894). His History of German Liter-
ature) is a notable work.
Leland, Charles Godfrey. An American poet
and prose-writer; born in Philadelphia, Aug. 15,
1824. He is most widely known for his "Hans
Breitmann's Party, and Other Ballads) (1868);
burlesque poems in Pennsylvania Dutch, of
which there have been four series. He has
spent much time abroad, studying gipsy life.
His works include: Poetry and Mystery of
Dreams'; (English Gypsies); Minor Arts);
(The Gypsies); Practical Education); etc.
Lelewel, Joachim (le'-le-vel). A Polish pa-
triot and historian; born at Warsaw, March
21, 1786; died at Paris, May 29, 1861. While
a professor at Wilna he delivered a series of
popular lectures on Polish history, which pro-
voked interference by the Russian government;
and later for his active participation in the
revolution of 1830, he was compelled to leave
his native country and locate in France and
Belgium. Among his various works on Polish
history and antiquities are: (Ancient Polish
Bibliography) (1823-26); (History of Poland
(1829); (History of Lithuania and Little Rus.
sia) (1830); “Geography of the Arabs) (1851);
(Geography of the Middle Ages) (1852-57).
Lemaître, François Élie Jules (lė-mātr').
A French literary critic and dramatist; born
at Vennecy, (Loiret), April 27, 1853. He is
the author of five volumes of literary biogra-
phies, 'Contemporaries : Being Literary Studies
and Portraits ) (1885-95). He was for many
years dramatic critic of the Journal des Débats.
His début as a dramatist was made at the
Odéon with “La Revoltée) (1889), followed by
Deputy Leveau' (1890), an exceedingly clever
political satire. Of his other dramatic compo-
sitions may be mentioned : (The Kings) (1893),
and “The Pardon) (1895). He is the author
of two volumes of poems, Medallions) (1880)
and Petites Orientales) (1882); (Corneille and
Aristotle's Poetics) (1888); Myrrha : Stories
(1894). *
Lemay, Léon Pamphile. A Canadian writer
of prose and verse ; born in Lotbinière, Que-
bec, Jan. 5, 1837. He published "Essais Poé-
tiques) (1865). (The Discovery of Canada)
won him the gold medal of Laval University.
He translated Longfellow's (Evangeline) (1870).
His best work is said to be found in (L'Affaire
Sougraine) (1884).
Lembcke, Eduard (lemb'kė). A Danish
poet; born at Copenhagen, 1815. He made
excellent translations of Shakespeare, Byron,
Moore, and other English poets. He published
in 1870 a volume of original' Poems and Songs,
in which he laments the defeat of Denmark
in the Schleswig-Holstein war; his ballad (Our
Mother Tongue ) is one of the favorite national
songs of Denmark.
Lemcke, Karl (lem'kė). A German writer
on æsthetics; born at Schwerin, Aug. 26, 1831.
Ilis Popular Æsthetics) (1805), a work of
rare merit, has been often republished, and has
been translated into several foreign languages.
He is author also of 'Songs and Poems (1861);
## p. 335 (#351) ############################################
LEMERCIER - LENNEP
335
:
(History of Recent German Poetry); and of
biographies of distinguished painters. Under
the pseudonym Karl Manno » he wrote the
novels (Beowulf) (1882); A Lovely Boy' (1885);
and Countess Gerhild) (1892).
Lemercier, Nepomucène (lė-mer-syā'). A
French poet; born at Paris, April 21, 1771; died
there, June 7, 1840. After many failures he
made a brilliant success with his classical tra-
gedy (Agamemnon (1795). Elegance of versi-
fication, grace of style, and richness of fancy,
characterize his "Four Metamorphoses) (1799),
and 'Pinto) (1800), a mixture of tragedy and
comedy, in which he attempts to outdo‘Figaro's
Wedding. The most notable of his poems is
the philosophical satire (The Panhypocrisiad,
or Infernal Spectacle of the Sixteenth Century)
(in 16 cantos; 4 more added in 1832).
Le Moine, James MacPherson. A Canadian
historian; born in Quebec, Jan. 24, 1825. His
historical works are so fair in spirit and accu-
rate in statement as to disarm adverse criti.
cism. Among his works are : (L'Ornithologie
du Canada' (1860); 'Étude sur les Navigateurs
Arctiques Franklin, McClure, Kane, McClin-
tock) (1862); (The Tourist's Note-Book) (1870);
(Quebec: Past and Present) (1876); and “The
Scot in New France) (1880).
Lemoinne, John Émile (lė-mwän'). A
French publicist; born in London, Oct. 17, 1815:
died at Paris, Dec. 14, 1892. He was political
editor of the Journal des Débats.
He was
elected to the Academy in succession to Jules
Janin in 1876, and in 1880 became a senator
for life. Some of his political writings were
collected and published under the titles (Criti-
cal and Biographical Studies) (1852), and New
Studies) (1862).
Lemon, Mark. An English humorous writer
and playwright; born at London, Nov. 30, 1809;
died at Crawley in Sussex, May 23, 1870. Among
his comedies and dramas are: (Domestic Econ-
omy); (Arnold of Winkelried' (1835); Hearts
Are Trumps) (1849); (The Railway Belle)
(1854); "Lost and Won); “The Gentleman in
Black); (Medea, or the Libel on the Lady
of Colchis) (1856). He was the first editor of
Punch, and for 29 years controlled it. He
wrote many fairy tales, among them: (The
Enchanted Doll (1850); (Tinykin's Trans-
formations) (1869); and A Christmas Ham-
per. Memorable among his humorous writ-
ings is Mark Lemon's Jest-Book.
Lemonnier, Camille (le-mo-nyā'). A Bel-
gian novelist; born at Brussels, March 24, 1835.
He is a pronounced realist. Among his stories
are : 'Our Flemings) (1869); (Flemish and Wal-
loon Stories) (1873); Neither Fish nor Flesh)
(1884); (Flemish Christmas Carols) (1887); Ma-
dame Lupar) (1888).
Lemoyne, Camille André (lė-mwän). A
French poet; born at Saint-Jean-d'Angély
(dept. Charente-Inférieure), in 1822. Having
suffered financial reverses while studying for
the bar, he became a compositor and proof-
reader in the publishing house of Firmin Didot,
and subsequently archivist librarian of the
School of Decorative Arts. He belongs to
the Parnassian school of French poets, and is
the author of: 'Last Year's Roses) (1865-
69); (The Charmers) (1867); (Flowers of the
Meadows) (1876); (Flowers of the Ruins)
(1888); (Flowers of the Evening) (1893), sev-
eral of which have been crowned by the French
Academy. He was decorated with the Legion
of Honor in 1870.
Lenartovicz, Teofil (len-art'o-vêch). A Pol-
ish poet; born at Warsaw, Feb. 27, 1822; died at
Florence, Feb. 3, 1893. His popular ballads and
songs, "Lirenka) (1855), are reckoned among
the choicest pearls of the national poetry. The
most noteworthy of his longer poems are : (The
Polish Land) (1848); (The Gladiators) (1857);
and the Italian Album) (1870). He wrote in
Italian (On the Character of Polono-Slavic
Poetry) (1886).
Lenau, Nikolaus (lā-nou'), pseudonym of
Nikolaus Franz Niembsch von Strehlenau. A
celebrated German lyric poet; born at Csatad,
Hungary, Aug. 13, 1802; died at Oberdöbling,
near Vienna, Aug. 22, 1850. An unhappy love
affair made him insane, and he died in a mad-
house. He is widely known for his elegies.
His works include (Savonarola) (1837), “The
Albigenses) (1842), and others; all of gloomy
tendency.
Leng, John, Sir. An English journalist; born
in Hull, in 1828. He began his successful
journalistic career in 1847 as sub-editor of the
Hull Advertiser; in 1851 became editor and
general manager of the Dundee Advertiser,
which has since been one of the most influ-
ential papers in Great Britain; and he was the
founder of the People's Journal, Evening Tel.
egraph, and People's Friend. He was knighted
in 1893. Among a number of his books and
pamphlets are: "Impressions of America)
(1876); (Scottish Banking Reform) (1881);
(Practical Politics) (1885); “Trip to Norway)
(1886); (Home Rule All Round' (1890).
Lenient, Charles Félix (len-yen'). A French
historian of literature; born at Provins, 1826. In
1865 he became professor of poetry in the Sor-
bonne. His principal works are: (France in
the Middle Ages) (1859); “Satire in France, or
the Militant Literature of the Sixteenth Cen-
tury) (1866); (Comedy in France in the Eigh-
teenth Century) (2 vols. , 1888); Patriotic Po-
etry in France in the Middle Ages) (1892); and
(Patriotic Poetry in France in Modern Times)
(2 vols. , 1894).
Lennep, Jacob van (len'nep). A celebrated
Dutch poet; born at Amsterdam, March 24,
1802; died at Oosterbeek, Aug. 25, 1868. He
translated some of Byron's poems. His first vol-
ume of original verse, Academic Idylls) (1826),
won little attention; but his (Legends of the
Netherlands) were received with universal ap-
plause. The Legends) comprise among oth-
ers: Adegild) (1828); (Jacoba and Bertha)
## p. 336 (#352) ############################################
336
LENNGRÉN – LEO
>
(1829); (The Struggle with Flanders) (1831);
(Edward van Gelre) (1847).
Lenngrén, Anna Maria (len'gren). A Swed-
ish poetess; born at Stockholm, June 18, 1754;
died there, March 8, 1817. She received from
her father, Prof. Malmstedt, a very thorough
education. Her poems were originally con-
tributed to the Stockholmsposten, of which her
husband was editor : they were collected after
her death and published under the title of
(Essays in Poesy) (1819; 12th ed. 1890). They
consist of humorous satires or epigrams, amus-
ing travesties and idyllic sketches, all distin-
guished by perfection of form and true poetic
sensibility.
Lennox, Charlotte Ramsay. An American
novelist; born in New York city in 1720; died
in London, Jan. 4, 1804. Educated in England,
she received encouragement in her literary
work from Samuel Johnson. Her best achieve.
ment is (Shakespeare Illustrated' (2 vols. , 1753),
and a supplementary volume (1754). She also
wrote Memoirs of Harriet Stewart) (1751);
(The Female Quixote (1752); (Sophia,' a novel
(1763); “The Sisters,' a comedy (1769).
Lennox, William Pitt, Lord. An English
writer of biographical memoirs; born 1799;
died in London, Feb. 18, 1881. He was son of
the fourth Duke of Richmond. He wrote (Fifty
Years' Biographical Reminiscences) (2 vols. ,
1863); (My Recollections from 1806 to 1873'
(2 vols. ); (Three Years with the Duke of
Wellington); “Life of the Duke of Richmond);
(Recreations of a Sportsman' (1862). He wrote
several novels, among them “The Tuft-Hunter)
(1843).
Lenormant, Charles (lė-nor-män'). A French
archæologist and art historian; born at Paris,
June 1, 1802; died at Athens, Nov. 24, 1859. He
was professor of Egyptian archæology in the
Collège de France from 1848 till his death.
Among his writings are: (Thesaurus of Numis-
matics and Glyptics) (20 vols. , 1834-50); (Intro-
duction to Oriental History) (1838); (Museum
of Egyptian Antiquities) (1835-42); “Selection of
Keramographic Monuments) (4 vols. , 1837-61).
Lenormant, François. A French historian
and archæologist, son of Charles; born at Paris,
Jan. 17, 1837; died there, Dec. 10, 1883. He
is one of the foremost of French Assyriologists.
His works are very numerous. Among them are:
(Archæological Researches at Eleusis) (1862);
(Political and Economic Organization of Coin-
age in Antiquity) (1863); (Ancient History in
the East) (3 vols. , 1868-69); Letters on Assyr-
iology) (5 vols. , 1871-79); (Akkadian Studies)
(3 vols. , 1873-79); (The Primitive Language of
Chaldea) (1875); (The Beginnings of History
according to the Bible) (3 vols. , 1880-84).
Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold (lents). A
German poet; born at Sesswegen, in Livonia,
Jan. 12, 1751; died at Moscow, May 24, 1792.
He was an enthusiastic admirer of Shakes-
peare, and in 1774 published (Remarks on the
Stage, with Translation of Parts of Shakes-
peare's (Love's Labour's Lost)); and the influ-
ence of Shakespeare is seen in his odd com-
edies, 'The Tutor) (1774); “The New Menoza!
(1774); (The Soldiers) (1776). He adapted sev-
eral Plays of Plautus for the German Stage
(1774). His finest poem is ( Love in the Country!
His minor songs and ballads are sometimes
admirable for their simple and unaffected poetic
feeling.
Lenz, Oskar. A German traveler; born at
Leipsic, April 13, 1848. He visited the west
coast of Africa in the service of the German
African Society (1874), and spent three years
in exploring the course of the Ogowe; he re-
counted his observations and experiences in
(Sketches from West Africa' (1878). He next
visited Marocco and Timbuctu, and wrote (Tim-
buctu: Journey through Marocco, the Sahara,
and Soudan (1884). He wrote also (Wander-
ings in Africa' (1895).
Leo I. , the Great, Pope. One of the Fa-
thers of the Latin Church; fifth century; Pope
440-61. He was a vigorous asserter in words and
in acts of the primacy of the bishop of Rome.
He heard the appeal of Celidonius, bishop of
Vesontio (Besançon) from the sentence of the
synod of Arles deposing him, and pronounced
an ecclesiastical censure on Hilarius, the bishop
who had presided over the synod. His Dog-
matic Epistle to Flavianus) set forth the Cath-
olic doctrine in opposition to the heretical
teaching of Eutyches, in the form and terms
ever since recognized as orthodox in the creeds.
His writings consist of 96 (Sermons) or dis-
courses, and 173 (Epistles. A treatise on
(The Sacraments and one on (The Calling of
all the Nations) are appended to his undoubt.
edly genuine works, and attributed to him.
Leo XIII. , Pope (Count Gioachino Pecci).
He was born at Carpineto, near Anagni, March
2, 1810. He was nuncio to Belgium 1843-45;
was made archbishop of Perugia 1845; cardi.
nal 1853; supreme pontiff March 3, 1878. He
opened the Vatican archives to scholars desir-
ing to examine them for purposes of historical
research. Two of his "Encyclical Letters) are
worthy of special mention; viz. , that to (All
Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, etc. , on (The
Condition of Labor) (1891), and that to « The
English People on Church Unity) (1895).
He is author of a small volume of lyrics in
Latin : Lyric Poems (Carmina] of Leo XIII. ,
Supreme Pontiff) (1883).
Leo, Heinrich. A German historian; born
at Rudolstadt, March 19, 1799; died at Halle,
April 24, 1878. He was appointed professor of
history in the University of Halle, 1830. In
early life he was in religion a rationalist, and
in political faith a radical; but later he be-
came a conservative and an obscurantist. ”
His principal works are: (History of the Ital-
ian States) (5 vols.
