No More Learning

The character of Ahmad was simpler than that of his versatile
and accomplished brother, Fīrūz, whose learning, with its taint of
scepticism, was replaced in Ahmad by superstition, with a tinge of
fanaticism. The uncouth enthusiasm of the long-haired zealot, Gīsū
1 There is some uncertainty as to the precise date of his death. The dates given
by the best authorities range between February 18 and February 27, 1435. Other
dates given are 1438 and 1444 or 1445, which are certainly wrong. In his tomb at
Bidar the date is given as Zi'l-Hijjah 29, in a year which may be variously read, in
a copy of the inscription supplied to me, as 837 or 839. The former reading gives
the date August 6, 1434, and the latter July 15, 1436,


## p. 403 (#449) ############################################

Xv ]
THE FOREIGNERS
403
Darāz, which had disgusted the cultured and fastidious Fīrūz, de.
lighted the devout and simple mind of his brother. But Ahmad,
though scantily endowed with wit and learning, depised neither,
and his court, if less brilliant than that of Firüz, was not destitute
of culture. Of the men of learning who enjoyed his patronage the
foremost was the poet Āzari of Isfarāyin in Khurāsān, who was
encouraged to undertake the composition of the Bahman-nāma, a
versified history of the dynasty, now unfortunately lost. From ſrag-
ments preserved in quotations it seems to have been an inferior
imitation of the Shāhnāma of Firdausi. Āzarī returned to his own
country before Ahmad's death, but in remote Isfarāyīn continued
the history until his own death in 1462. It was carried on by various
hands until the last days of the dynasty, and some of the poetasters
who disfigured the work with their turgid bombast, impudently
claimed the whole as their own.
Ahmad transferred his devotion from the successor of Gīsū
Darāz to Ni'matullāh, the famous saint of Māhān, but failed to
attract the holy man himself to India, and had to content himself
with his son Khalīlullāh, surnamed Butshikan, 'the Iconoclast,' who
visited Bīdar and whose shrine, a cenotaph, is still to be seen there.
The saint's family were Shiahs, and it is clear, from the inscriptions
in Ahmad's tomb, that they converted him to that faith, but his
religion was a personal matter, and he wisely refrained from inter-
fering with that of his subjects. The first militant Shiah ruler in
India was Yusuf, 'Adil Shāh of Bījāpur.
The employment of foreign troops in the Deccan, already men-
tioned, raised a question which shortly after this time became acute,
and remained a source of strife as long as any independent Muslim
state existed in the south. This was the feud between the Deccanis
and the Foreigners. The climate of India is undoubtedly injurious
to the natives of more temperate climes who adopt the country as
a permanent domicile, and the degeneracy of their descendants is,
as a rule, rather accelerated than retarded by unions with the
natives of the soil. In northern India such degeneracy was retarded
by the influx of successive waves of conquest and immigration from
the north-west, and the country, from the time of its first conquest
by the Muslims, seldom acknowledged for long rulers who could be
regarded as genuine natives of India ; but the Deccan was more
isolated, and though a domiciled race of kings succeeded in main-
taining their power for more than a century and a half they looked
abroad for their ablest and most active servants and their bravest
soldiers. Most of Bahman Shāh's nobles were foreigners. His Afghān
26-2


## p. 404 (#450) ############################################

404
[ CH. XV
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
minister was succeeded by a Persian from Shirāz, and he again by
a native of Basrah. As the descendants of foreigners became iden-
tified with the country they coalesced with the natives, and acquired
their manners, the process being sometimes retarded by the avoid-
ance of intermarriage with them; and their places were taken by
fresh immigrants, who were usually employed, in preference of the
less virile and energetic natives, in difficult and perilous enterprises,
in which they generally acquitted themselves well, and the Deccanis
found themselves outstripped at the council board as well as in the
field, and naturally resented their supersession ; but it was not
until the reign of Ahmad, who was the first to enlist large numbers
of ſoreigners in the rank and file of his army, that the line between
them was clearly drawn. War was openly declared between them
when Malik-ut-Tujjār attributed his defeat by the troops of Gujarāt
to the cowardice of the Deccanis, and the feud thus begun was not
confined to intrigues for place and power, but frequently found ex-
pression in pitched battles and bloody massacres, of which last the
Foreigners were usually the victims, and contributed in no small
measure, first to the disintegration of the kingdom of the Bahmanids,
and ultimately to the downfall of the states which rose on its ruins.
The feud was complicated by religious differences. The native
Deccanis were Sunnis, and though all the Foreigners were not
Shiahs, a sufficient number of them belonged to that sect to asso-
ciate their party with heterodoxy, so that although the lines of
cleavage drawn by interest and religion might not exactly coincide,
they approached one another closely enough to exacerbate political
jealousy by sectarian prejudice.
One class of foreigners, however, the Africans, who were after-
wards largely employed, stood apart from the rest. Their attach-
ment to the Sunni faith, and the contemptuous attitude adopted
towards them by other Foreigners, who refused to regard the un.
lettered and unprepossessing negro as the equal of the fair-skinned,
handsome, and cultured man of the north, threw them into the arms
of the Deccanis. To the negroes were added the Muwallads, a
name applied to the offspring of African fathers and Indian mothers.
Thus in this disastrous strife the Foreign Party consisted of Turks,
Arabs, Mughuls, and Persians, and the Deccani Party of native
Deccanis, negrces, and Muwallads. Instances of temporary or per-
manent apostasy, due to religious differences, to self interest, or
gratitude to a benefactor, were not unknown, but were not frequent
enough to affect the homogeneity of either party. Rarer still were
disinterested endeavours to restore peace for the benefit of the
state, for party spirit was stronger than patriotism.
to


## p. 405 (#451) ############################################

CHAPTER XVI
THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE KINGDOM
OF THE DECCAN. A. D. 1436–1490
AHMAD the Saint was succeeded by his eldest son, 'Alā-ud-din
Ahmad, who surrounded himself with Foreigners and provided for
his brother Muhammad by sending him to recover five years' arrears
of tribute due from Devarāya II of Vijayanagar. Muhammad re-
covered the arrears but his head was turned by his success, and
he was led astray by evil counsellors who persuaded him that his
father had intended to give him a share of the kingdom and
demanded that his brother should either admit him to an equal
share in the government, and the honours of royalty, or divide the
kingdom, giving him half. His demands were rejected and his
brother defeated him, but pardoned him and, on the death of their
younger brother, Dāūd, appointed him to the government of the
Rāichūr Doāb, where he remained faithful until his death.
Early in March, 1437, Dilāvar Khān was sent into the Konkan
to establish the king's authority, and reduced the Hindu chieftains
of that region to obedience. The raja of Sangarneshwar, besides
paying tribute, surrendered his beautiful and accomplished daughter
to 'Alā-ud-din, who married her and bestowed on her the name of
Zībā Chihra (“Beautiful Face'). After this expedition Dilāvar Khān
resigned the lieutenancy of the kingdom and was succeeded by the
eunuch Dastūr-ul-Mulk.
The new minister, who had the faults of his unfortunate class,
alienated the nobles by his arrogance, which led to his ruin.
Humāyān, the king's eldest son, a brutal youth who lived to become
the disgrace of his house, desired him to attend to some particular
business and when the eunuch procrastinated took him to task for
his negligence. He insolently replied that he would not tolerate
the prince's interference in affairs of state and Humāyūn employed
one of the king's esquires to assassinate him, and protected the
murderer. 'Alā-ud-din, who in the early days of his reign was averse
from taking life, was content, at his son's intercession, to leave the
assassin to his care.
The king's preference for his Hindu wife aroused the bitter
jealousy of Āghā Zainab, who complained to her father, Nasir Khan
of Khāndesh, of the indignity to which she was subjected, and he
invaded Berar to avenge his daughter's wrongs, and succeeded in


## p. 406 (#452) ############################################

406
[ ch.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
seducing from their allegiance many of the officers serving in that
province, whose fidelity to their master was not proof against their
veneration for the descendant of the Caliph 'Umar.
Khān Jahān, governor of Berar, withdrew into the fortress of
Narnāla, and was there besieged by the troops of Khāndesh ; and
h
the Deccani faction, which had risen to power in the capital after
the assassination of Dastūr-ul-Mulk and, as Sunnis, respected the
descendant of the second Caliph, advised caution in dealing with
the aggressor, lest he should be joined by the kings of Gujarāt and
Mālwa, but Malik-ut-Tujjār, governor of Daulatābād and leader of
the Foreigners, volunteered to take the field, provided that all the
Foreign troops were placed at his disposal and that he was not
hampered by native troops, to whose pusillanimity he attributed
the mishap at Bombay. The Deccanis, resenting these aspersions,
agreed that all the Foreign troops should be sent forward as an
advanced guard, hoping that they would be destroyed, and that the
king should follow with the rest of the army.
Malik-ut-Tujjār left Daulatābād with 7000 Foreign horse, and,
leaving the Deccani troops to guard the frontier, entered Berar.
He was joined at Mehkar by Khān Jahān, who had escaped from
Narnāla and was sent to Ellichpur and Bālāpur to check the in-
cursions of the Korkus, who were in alliance with Nasir Khān,
while Malik-ut-Tujjār marched northward to Rohankhed, where
the hills of southern Berar descend into the valley of the northern
Purna, and there attacked and defeated Nasir Khān, who fled to
Burhānpur and thence to Laling, where he took refuge. Malik-ut.
Tujjār laid waste the rich plain of Khāndesh, destroyed the public
buildings of Burhānpur, and followed Nasir Khān to Laling. He
had now no more than 4000 horse with him, and Nasir Khān, who
had assembled 12,000, attacked him, but was defeated with heavy
loss. Malik-ut-Tujjār returned with the spoils of victory to Bidar,
where his success assured the supremacy of his party and gained
for it the place of honour at court, on the right hand of the throne,
the Deccanis and Africans being relegated to the left.
Devarāya II of Vijayanagar now reorganised his army by re-
cruiting a large number of Muslims, to whom he gave special
privileges, and by discarding the useless and ill-trained troops
which had formerly swelled its numbers. It had consisted of 200,000
inferior cavalry and 800,000 worse infantry, but after its reorgani-
sation it consisted of 10,000 mounted foreign archers, and 60,000
Hindu horse, trained to the use of the bow, and 300,000 tolerably
well-trained infantry, and the pay of all arms was greatly improved.


## p. 407 (#453) ############################################

xvi ]
DEATH OF 'ALĀ-UD-DIN AHMAD
407
With this force Devarāya, in 1443, invaded the Rāichūr Doāb,
captured Mudgal, besieged Rāichūr and Bankāpur, encamped on
the Krishna and laid waste the country as far as Bījāpur and
Sāgar. On the approach of 'Alā-ud-din he withdrew to Mudgal,
and Malik-ut-Tujjār, having compelled the raja's two sons to raise
the sieges of Rāichữr and Bankāpur, rejoined 'Alā-ud-dīn before
Mudgal, where, within a period of three months, as many battles
were fought, the Hindus being victorious in the first and the
Muslims in the second. In the third Devarāya's elder son was
killed and his troops were driven headlong into the fortress, whither
two Muslim officers, Fakhr-ul-Mulk of Delhi and his brother, fol.
lowed them and were captured and imprisoned, but a message
from their master to the effect that the lives of 200,000 Hindus
would be required as the price of theirs, so alarmed Devarāya that
he sued for peace, which was granted on his promising to make no
default in future remittances of tribute.
'Alā-ud-din, though generally pious and benevolent, gradually
overcame his repugnance to taking life. He used wine himself, but
prohibited its use by his subjects, and gamblers and wine-bibbers
had iron collars riveted on their necks and were compelled to work
as scavengers or set to hard labour on the public works ; and those
who persisted, despite this discipline, in the use of wine, had molten
lead poured down their throats. A grandson of the saint Gisū
Darāz, convicted of brawling with a women of the town, received
the bastinado in the market place, and his companion was expelled
from the city. The king's benevolence was displayed in the estab-
lishment and endowment at Bīdar of a hospital where food, drugs,
and medical treatment were supplied free of charge, and his piety
in his love of long sermons and the destruction of idol-temples,
from the materials of which mosques were built. He prided him-
self also on his love of justice, and added al-ādil ('the Just') to
his titles. At the end of his reign an Arab merchant who had been
unable to obtain payment for some horses sold to officers of the
court, and had also been scandalised by the massacre of the Sayyids
and other Foreigners at Chākan, sprang up on hearing the king
thus described, and cried, 'No, by God! Thou art not just, gene-
rous, clement, or compassionate. O tyrant and liar ! Thou hast
slain the pure seed of the prophet and in the pulpit of the Muslims
takest to thyself such titles as these ! ' The king, weeping bitterly,
replied, 'They will hardly escape from the fire of God's wrath who
give me, in this world and the next, a name as ill, as Yazid's. ' He
then retired to his chamber and left it no more until he was borne
a


## p. 408 (#454) ############################################

408
[ CH
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
3
2
forth to the grave. Against his virtues must be set that gross
sensuality which his religion permitted, and which he carried to
such excess that most of his time was spent among the thousand
women collected in his harem, and he so neglected business as to
hold a public audience no oſtener than once in four or five months.
During this seclusion the Deccanis regained most of the power
which they had lost, and Miyān, Minullāh, in order to compass the
destruction of the Foreigners, organised an expedition for the
subjugation of the northern Konkan. Malik-ut-Tujjār, who was
appointed to the command, fortified Chākan, which he selected as
his base, dispatched expeditions against several minor chieftains,
who were reduced to obedience, and personally led a force against
one Sirka, whose stronghold was in the neighbourhood, and who
was defeated and captured. Malik-ut-Tujjār offered him the choice
between Islam and death, and Sirka professed his readiness to
change his faith but declared that he could not make an open
profession so long as his enemy the raja of Sangameshwar, near
Kondhāna, was in a position to punish him. He promised to act
as guide and to lead the royal troops to Sangameshwar, and in
1446 Malik-ut-Tujjār set forth on the enterprise.
The march through the dense forest and over the precipitous
slopes of the Ghāts was intensely laborious and the climate was
deadly. Malik-ut-Tujjār himself suffered from a severe attack of
dysentery, and the army was entirely demoralised. Sirka trea-
cherously informed the raja of Sangameshwar of its plight, and he,
with 30,000 men well skilled in mountain warfare, fell upon it at
night and slew seven or eight thousand men besides its leader.
The remnant of the army contrived, with infinite difficulty, to
extricate itself from the hills and jungles, and joined those Deccanis
who had refused to accompany the expedition to Sangameshwar.
They advised the fugitives to return to their fiefs and collect fresh
troops for the renewal of the war, but the Foreigners returned to
Chākan. Some of them had incautiously avowed their intention
of informing the king that the disaster had been due to the refusal
of the Deccanis to support Malik-ut-Tujjār, whereupon the Deccanis
at once concocted a dispatch attributing it to Malik-ut-Tujjār's
own rashness and imputing to the survivors the intention of trans-
ferring their allegiance to the enemy. The dispatch was delivered
to the king, when he was drunk, by Mushir-ul-Mulk, the bitterest
of the Foreigners' enemies, who persuaded him to give him the
command of a force wherewith to punish the fugitives in Chākan.
He intercepted all messages which the Foreigners attempted to
1


## p. 409 (#455) ############################################

XVI)
DECCANIS AND FOREIGNERS
409
transmit to the court, lured them from Chākan by means of a
forged decree granting them a free pardon and murdered their
officers at a banquet. At the same time 4000 Deccani horse fell
upon their camp, put to the sword 1200 Sayyids, 1000 other
foreigners, and five or six thousand children, and appropriated the
wives, daughters, and goods of their victims. Qāsim Beg and two
other Foreign officers, whose suspicions bad led them to encamp
at a distance from the rest, contrived to escape, and, after under.
going great difficulties and hardships, succeeded in conveying to
the king a true report of all that had passed. 'Alā-ud-din, overcome
by remorse, avenged the wrongs of the Foreigners by executing
the leaders of the Deccani party and reducing their families to
beggary, Qāsim Beg was appointed to the government of Daulat-
ābād, vacant since the death of Malik-ut-Tujjār, and his two
companions were promoted to high rank.
high rank. The Foreign party com-
pletely regained its former ascendancy, and in 1451 the king re-
ceived from the poet Āzari, in Isfarāyīn, a letter urging him to
abandon the use of wine and to dismiss all Deccani officials. He
obeyed both injunctions, and henceforth attended personally to
affairs of state.
In 1453 the king received an injury to his leg which confined
him to his palace, and rumours of his death were circulated and
credited. Jalāl Khān, a Sayyid who had married a daughter of
Ahmad Shāh, rose in rebellion in Telingāna, with the object of
establishing the independence of his son, Sikandar, in that province.
He learned too late that the king yet lived, but might still have
been recalled to his allegiance by his promise of forgiveness but
for Sikandar, who, having been deeply implicated in the revolt of
Muhammad Khān at the beginning of the reign, despaired of pardon
for a second act of rebellion. He sought aid, therefore, of Mahmud
I of Mālwa, assuring him that ‘Alā-ud-din was dead, that the cour-
tiers were concealing his death for their own ends, and that Berar
and Telingāna might be annexed to Mālwa without difficulty or
opposition. Mahmūd responded to the appeal, and in 1456 invaded
Berar, where Sikandar joined him with a thousand horse.
‘Alā-ud-din marched against Mahmud I who, indignant at the
deception of which he had been the victim, hastily returned to
Mālwa, while Sikandar joined his father at Bālkonda, where both
were besieged by Khvāja Mahmūd Gāvān of Gilān, a foreigner
who afterwards rose 10 the highest rank in the state. They were
compelled to surrender and 'Alā-ud-din not only pardoned them
but injudiciously permitted them to retain Bālkonda.


## p. 410 (#456) ############################################

410
[CH
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
>
'Alā-ud-din died in 1458, having some time before designated
as his heir his eldest son Humāyün, who bore a reputation so evil
that his father had been urged to reconsider his decision, which
however, had never been revoked. On the king's death a party
among the courtiers, headed by Saif Khān, Mallũ Khān, and Shāh
Habibullāh, the soldier son of Khalilullah the Iconoclast, enthroned
his younger son, Hasan Khān, and the populace assembled for the
purpose of attacking Humāyūn in his house and putting him to
deat h, but cowardice was not among the prince's many faults, and
he came forth with his personal guard of eighty horsemen, and cut
his way through the crowd to the palace, where the royal troops
joined him. He secured his brother's person, caused Saif Khān to
be tied to the leg of an elephant and dragged through the streets
until he perished, and imprisoned Habībullāh, but Mallũ Khān fled
into the Carnatic.
Humāyūn bestowed his favours chiefly upon the Foreign faction,
and appointed Mahmūd Gāvān lieutenant of the kingdom and
governor of Bijapur, conferring on him the title of Malik-ut-Tujjār,
but the Deccanis were not entirely excluded from office, and
received some appointments.
Sikandar Khān, who had been with Humāyūn when the mob
threatened to overwhelm hiin, and had contributed materially to
his success, was so disappointed at not receiving the government
of Telingāna that he joined his father at Bālkonda, again rebelled,
and defeated the army of Berar, under Khān Jahān, which was sent
against him. Humāyūn marched in person to Bālkonda where
Sikandar, on being summoned to surrender, insolently replied that
iſ Humāyān was son's son to Ahmad the Saint he was daughter's
son, and demanded the cession of the eastern half of the kingdom.
To this there could be but one reply, and Humāyūn sounded the
attack. Sikandar was on the point of defeating the royal troops
when he was thrown to the ground by an elephant and trampled to
death by his own cavalry. His army broke and fled and Humāyün
captured Bālkonda after a week's siege and imprisoned Jalāl Khān.
The Hindus of Telingāna, and especially those of the district of
Deūrkonda, had generally supported Sikandar, and early in 1459
Humāyūn marched to Warangal and sent a force to reduce Deūr.
konda. The garrison obtained assistance from one of the rajas of
southern Orissa and Khyāja Jahän the Turk and Nizām-ul-Mulk
Ghūri, who commanded the Muslims, were attacked simultaneously
by the garrison and the relieving force, and were utterly defeated,
and Aed to Warangal. Here Khvāja Jahān basely attributed the
>


## p. 411 (#457) ############################################

xvi ]
HUMĀYON THE TYRANT
411
disaster to his colleague, who had in fact recommended that the siege
should be raised in order that the relieving force might be dealt
with singly, and Humāyān, without investigating the facts, put
Nizām-ul-Mulk to death, and the family of the unfortunate officer
fled to Mālwa and threw themselves on the protection of Mahmūd 11.
Khvāja Jahān was imprisoned and the king was preparing to march
to Deūrkonda when he learned of a rising in his capital. Scald-
headed Yusuf, the Turk, had released the king's brothers, Hasan
Khān and Yahya Khān, Shāh Habībullāh, and Jalāl Khan. The
Kotwal had put to death the younger prince, and the aged Jalāl
Khān, but the rest of the party, after an abortive attempt to seize
the citadel, had fled to Bir, where Hasan assumed the royal title
and appointed Habībullāh and Yūsuf his ministers. Humāyūn left
Mahmud Gāvān in charge of affairs in Telingāna, and returned by
forced maches to Bidar, where he displayed the ferocity which
brands his memory. The Kotwāl, who had done his best to suppress
the rising, was confined in an iron cage and exhibited daily in the
city for the remainder of his life, which was not of long duration,
for the tyrant caused portions of his body to be cut off daily, and
presented to him as his only food. The three or four thousand
infantry to whom the defence of the city had been entrusted was
put to death with various tortures, and a force was sent to Bir to
suppress the rebellion. The royal troops were defeated, but a
second and larger army defeated Hasan, who fled with his ad-
herents towards Vijayanagar. Sirāj Khān Junaidi, governor of
Bijāpur, lured them into that fortress by professions of attachment
to the prince's cause, and attacked them. Habībullāh was so fortu-
nate as to fall fighting, but the rest were taken and sent to meet
their fate at Bidar, where all suffered in public. The prince was
thrown to a tiger, some of his followers were beheaded, their wives
and families were dragged from their houses and tortured to death
and seven hundred innocent persons who were connected with
Hasan or had been dependent on his bounty were impaled, thrown
to beasts, boiled to death, or slowly cut to pieces, joint by joint,
and nearly all the descedants of Bahman Shāh were put to death.
Humāyūn's behaviour for the rest of his reign was that of a
homicidal maniac. 'The torchbearer of his wrath ever consumed
both Hindu and Muslim alike, the broker of his fury sold at one
price the guilty and the innocent, and the executioner of his
punishment slew whole families for a single fault. ' Nobles sum-
moned to court made their wills and bade their families farewell
1 See Chapter XIV


## p. 412 (#458) ############################################

412
[ch.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
before leaving them, and the inmates of the harem were butchered
in mere sportive brutality, but the most hideous of all his acts of
oppression were the forcible abduction of the wives and children
of his subjects and his exercise of the droit du seigneur. He earned
the name of Zālim, 'the Oppressor,' by which he is still remembered
by the Deccan, and tormented his subjects until 'God the Most
High, the Most Merciful, and the Succourer of them that seek aid
answered the prayerful cries of his people' and stretched the
monster on a bed of sickness. On September 4, 1461, the tyrant
died and his people were 'freed from the talons of his tortures. It
was understood that he had succumbed to his illness, but the best
authority for his reign relates the true story of his death. He re.
covered but the, inmates of the harem could no longer endure his
barbarity and the eunuch Shihāb Khān suborned an African maid-
servant to stab him to death when he was helpless with drink.
The dome of the Tyrant's tomb at Bijar is split, and half of it
has fallen away. It is locally believed that this occurred when the
monster's body was placed in it, and that the Almighty refused his
remains protection. The accident happened when the building was
struck by lightning forty or fifty years ago, but the currency of the
legend proves at least that his memory is still execrated.
He was succeeded by his infant son Nizām Shāh, whose mother,
with the assistance of Khvāja Jahān and Mahmud Gāvān, managed
the affairs of the kingdom, but the neighbouring rulers regarded
the reign of a child as their opportunity, and the Hindus of Orissa,
who were joined by those of Telingāna, invaded the kingdom and
advanced to within twenty miles of Bīdar, where they were met by
the royal army. Their advanced guard, driven in on to the main
body of their army threw them into a panic, and they fled headlong,
but the raja of southern Orissa was compelled to pay half a million
of silver tangas in order to secure his retreat from molestation.
The young king had hardly been borne back to the capital when
news was received that Mahmūd I of Mālwa, instigated by the
family of the murdered Nizām-ul-Mulk, had invaded the kingdom
with 28,000 horse and that the Hindus of Orissa and Telingāna
had reassembled their forces and were menacing the capital from
the east and north-east.
The local troops in Telingāna were instructed to deal with the
Hindus while the ministers with the rest of the royal army carrying
with them the young king, met the army of Mālwa in the neigh-
bourhood of Kandhār. The wings of the invading army were put
1 See p. 357.


## p. 413 (#459) ############################################

XVI ]
WAR WITH MĀLWA
413
to flight and the day would have been won for the Deccan had not
Mahmūd I of Mālwa happened to hit the elephant of Sikandar
Khān, the young king's tutor, in the forehead with an arrow. The
beast, maddened with pain, turned and fled, trampling down many
in its fight, and Sikandar Khān bore the young king with him from
the field. The army of the Deccan, no longer perceiving the royal
elephant, began to retire in confusion, and, overtaking the king and
Sikandar Khān, bore them back with them to Bidar. Here Khvāja
Jahān threw Sikandar Khān into prison, but his incarceration,
owing to the number and influence of his supporters, created dis-
sensions which encouraged Mahmud of Mālwa to advance on the
capital, and the queen-mother carried her son to Firūzābād, where
he was out of danger. Mahmūd of Mālwa captured the town of
Bidar after a siege of seventeen days, but the citadel held out, and
Mahmud Begarha, in response to an appeal from the young king's
ministers, appeared on the frontier with 80,000 horse, and was
joined by Mahmud Gāvān who, with 20,000 horse placed at his
disposal by the king of Gujarāt and a force of equal strength
assembled by himself threatened the communications of the army
of Mālwa. Mahm ūd of Mālwa, thus menaced, retreated, and was
much harassed by Mahmud Gāvān. His troops also suffered severely
in their passage through the hills of the Melghāt, into which he
plunged in order to shake off his pursuers.
This discomfiture failed to deter him from invading the Deccan
in the following year with 90,000 horse, and he advanced as far
as Daulatābād, but the reappearance of Mahmud Begarha on the
northern frontier compelled him to retire to Māndū without having
effected anything.
The youthful Nizām Shāh died suddenly on July 30, 1463, and
was succeeded by his brother, aged nine, who ascended the throne
as Muhammad III.
The Foreign party retained its predominance in the state, and
the kingdom was administered, as in the preceding reign, by the
queen-mother, Khvāja Jahān, and Mahmūd Gāvān, but the ambi.
tion of Khvāja Jahān disturbed the harmony which had hitherto
prevailed. He aimed at the chief power in the state, and under-
mined Mahmúd Gāvān's influence at the capital by employing him
continually on the frontier. The queen-mother became suspicious
of his designs and persuaded her son to put him to death. When
he entered his master's presence two maidservants of the harem
appeared and cried aloud, in accordance with preconcerted arrange-
ments, ‘The matter which was spoken of yesterday should now bę


## p. 414 (#460) ############################################

414
[cu.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
taken in hand. ' Muhammad turned to Nizām-ul-Mulk and, pointing
to Khvāja Jahān said, 'This man is a traitor. Slay him. ' Nizām.
ul-Mulk seized Khvāja Jahān by the hand, dragged him forth, and
cut him to pieces.
Mahmud Gāvān, who had devoted such care to the young king's
education that he was the most accomplished monarch who had sat
on the throne since the days of Firūz, was summoned to the capital
and received the titles of Khvāja Jahān and Amir-ul-Umarā. The
queen-mother wisely retired from the management of public affairs
when her son reached the age of fifteen, and left him in the hands
of his advisers, but retained his respect, and was consulted by him
throughout her life.
In 1467 Nizām-ul-Mulk was appointed to the command of the
army of Berar and was sent against Kherla, which was in the
possession of Mahmūd I of Mālwa. He induced or compelled the
governor to surrender the place, but was himself murdered by two
Rājputs of the garrison, and Muhammad gained nothing by the
campaign, which was terminated by a treaty acknowledging Kherla
to be a fief of Mālwa, as in the reign of Ahmad the Saint. The
treaty was preceded by protracted negotiations, in the course of
which Mahmūd taxed Muhammad with bad faith in violating the
treaty which had secured Kherla to Mālwa, but was forced to admit
the justice of the retort that he had first violated the treaty of
peace between the two countries by twice invading the Deccan
during the reign of Nizām Shāh.
Mahmud Gāvān yet retained the government of Bījāpur, and in
1469 was sent into the Konkan to reduce to obedience the rajas of
Khelna (Vishālgarh), Sangameshwar, and other districts, whose
pirate fleets had inflicted much loss on Muslim merchants and
pilgrims. The two leading rajas entered into a close alliance and
fortified the Western Ghāts, but Mahmūd Gāvān went patiently to
work and forced and occupied the passes one by one. He dismissed
his cavalry, useless in mountain warfare, and assembled corps of
infantry from Junnār, Dābhol, and Karhād. The jungle was burnt
and the siege of Khelna was opened and continued for five months,
when Mahmud, wisely shunning the dangers of a campaign in the
hills during the rainy season, withdrew into quarters at Kolhāpur,
leaving garrisons to hold the passes.
When the rainy season was past he returned to Khelna and, by
tampering with the fidelity of the garrison, succeeded in capturing
and occupying the fortress. As the rainy season approached he
again retired above the Ghāts, leaving a garrison in Khelna, and,


## p. 415 (#461) ############################################

XVI ]
WAR IN THE KONKAN AND ORISSA
415
returning when the rains were abated, took Sangameshwar, aveng-
ing as Fīrishta says, the sufferings of Khalaf Hasan of Basrah.
Leaving officers to carry on the administration of his conquests he
marched to Goa, then one of the best ports of the raja of Vijaya-
nagar, attacked it by land and sea, and took it. The exploit was
celebrated with great rejoicings at Bidar, both as an important
victory over the hereditary enemies of the kingdom and as a boon
to Muslim pilgrims and merchants, for the western ports, which
might be dominated from Goa, harboured pirates whom their
nominal sovereigns might disown at will, while profiting by their
depredations.
Mahmud Gāvān returned to Bidar, after more than two years,
absence, in the early summer of 1472, and was received with the
highest honours by the king and the queen-mother. His slave
Khushqadam, who had ably seconded his efforts during the arduous
campaign in the Konkan, received the title of Kishvar Khān and
was manumitted and ennobled.
Before the great minister's return news had been received at
the capital that the Hindu chieftain of southern Orissa who had
vexed the kingdom during the reigns of Humāyūn and Nizām had
died and had been succeeded by an adopted son, Mangal whose
title to the throne was contested by the deceased raja's cousin,
Hambar. Hambar, having been defeated by Mangal and driven
into the mountains, sought aid of Muhammad III, in rerurn for
which he promised, on attaining to the throne, to pay tribute.
Malik Hasan, surnamed Bahri', the Brāhman of Pāthri who had
been captured during the invasion of Vijayanagar by Ahmad the
Saint and brought up as a Muslim, received the title of Nizām-ul-
Mulk, and was sent to the assistance of Hambar. The expedition
was successful. Mangal was defeated and put to flight and Hambar
was placed on the throne and assisted Hasan to reduce Raja.
mundry (Rajamahendri), the Hindu ruler of which had maintained
his independence and had assisted the rajas of southern Orissa in
their campaigns against the Muslims. Kondavīr also was captured,
1 The origin and meaning of this epithet, which is applied both to Hasan and to
his descendants, the Nizām Shāhi kings of Ahmadnagar, are obscure. As written by
Muslim historians it is an Arabic adjective singifying ‘of, or connected with, the
sea,' but Hasan was in no way connected with the sea and the word is never ex-
plained as bearing its obvious etymological signification. It is said to be connected
with a Hindi word for a falcon, and to have been given to Hasan owing to his hav-
i ng at one time kept the favourite falcon of Muhammad III, but the derivation is
unconvincing and fanciful, and the story lacks confirmation. I believe it to be a
corruption of an adjective Bhiravi, regularly formed from Bhairav, the name of
Hasan's father, and Arabicized in accordance with a custom not uncommon in
India.
a


## p. 416 (#462) ############################################

416
( CH.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
and the kingdom of the Bahmanids for the first time extended from
sea to sea.
Malik, Hasan, on his return to the capital with his spoils, was
received with every mark of distinction and was made governor of
Telingāna, now the most extensive of the four provinces. At the
same time Fathullāh 'Imād-ul-Mulk, the other Brāhman who had
been captured in Ahmad Shāh's campaign, was made governor of
Berar, and Yûsuf 'Adil Khān, Savāi', a Turk”, received the govern-
ment of Daulatābād.
Honours were now fairly evenly divided between the Foreigners
and the Deccanis. Of the four great provincial governments two,
Gulbarga (with Bījāpur ) and Daulatābād, were held by Mahmūd
Gāvān and Yusuf 'Adil Khān, foreigners, and two, Telingāna and
Berar, by Malik Hasan and Fathullāh Imād-ul-Mulk, Deccanis.
The leaders of the Foreigners were well disposed towards the Decc-
anis, and of the latter Fathullāh was a lifelong friend of Yusuf 'Adil
Khān and was on terms of intimacy with many of the Foreigners,
but the crafty, unscrupulous, and ambitious Malik Hasan could not
tolerate a Foreigner's tenure of the first post in the kingdom, and
never rested till he had destroyed Mahmud Gāvān. His ambition
was purely selfish, for Mahmud was free from party spirit, and it
was Yūsuf that became the leader of the Foreigners, who flocked
around him in Daulatābād and enabled him to complete the sub-
jugation of the northern Konkan, which earned him higher honours
than those which had been accorded to Hasan, and the bitter
hostility of the latter and of his followers.
At the end of the same year the rajas of Belgaum and Bankāpur,
instigated by Virupaksha of Vijayanagar, attempted to recover
1 The meaning of this title, corrupted by the Portuguese into Sabaio or Cabaio, is
also obscure. It has been explained as Sawai, 'the one and a quarter man,' i. e. he
who is better by one quarter than others-a conceit common enough in northern
India, where the Mahārāja of Alwar still bears the title, but peculiar to Hindus, and
unusual, if not unknown, in the Deccan. It is otherwise explained as an adjective
formed from Sāva, the town in northern Persia where Yûsuf's youth was spent, but
the first syllable of Sawai is short and the second long, whereas in Sāva the first is
long and the second short. Moreover, the adjective formed from Sāva takes the
form Sāvaji.
2 Yūsuf claimed to be a son of Murād II, of Turkey, saved from the cus-
tomary massacre of the males of the imperial house by the affection of his mother,
who caused him to be secretly conveyed from the palace on the accession of his elder
brother, Muhammad II, and delivered to a Turkish or Persian merchant of Sāva,
who brought him up as his adopted son. There is little or no evidence in support
of this legend, and the most that can be said of it is that it involves no impossibilities
and may be true ; but it is at least equally probable that Yusuf was a Turk of Såva.
The principal objection to the legend that he was a scion of the imperial house of
Turkey is that he was a bigoted Shiah, and was the first Muslim ruler in India to
attempt to establish that faith as the state religion in his kingdom.


## p. 417 (#463) ############################################

XVI)
CAMPAIGN IN TELINGANA
417
Goa and Muhammad III marched, with Mahmūd Gāvān, to
punish them. Birkāna, raja of Belgaum, was besieged in his strong-
hold and, when the outer defences had been carried and only the
citadel remained to him, escaped in disguise and appeared in the
Muslim camp in the character of an envoy. It was not until he was
in the royal presence that he disclosed his identity and begged for
mercy. His life was spared, but Belgaum was annexed and granted
to Mahmūd Gāvān, whose fiefs it adjoined, and Muhammad III on
entering the fortress, assumed the title of Lashkari, 'the Soldier,'
by which he is known in history. After the fall of Belgaum his
mother, who had served the state so well, died, and her body was
sent to Bidar for burial while he halted at Bījāpur as the guest of
Mahmud Gāvān.
The Deccan now suffered from a terrible famine, the result of
the failure of the rains for two successive years. Large numbers
died of hunger and of an epidemic of cholera, which usually ac-
companies or follows a famine in India, and the kingdom was
further depopulated by the flight of a large proportion of its in-
habitants to Gujarāt and Mālwa, which escaped the visitation. The
land lay untilled and cultivation was not resumed until, in the third
year, the rain once more fell in abundance.
As soon
as this calamity was past news was received that the
people of Kondavir had risen against their Muslim governor, an
oppressor belonging to the school of Humāyān, had put him to
death, and had delivered the town to Hambar, who, forgetful of his
obligations to Muhammad, had accepted the offering and, doubtful
of his ability to retain it, had sought help of the raja of Jājpur in
Orissa, who invaded Telingāna and besieged Malik Hasan in Raja-
mundry.
Muhammad marched to Rajamundry and relieved Malik Hasan,
while Hamber shut himself up in Kondavir and the raja withdrew
to the northern bank of the Godavari, secured his position there by
seizing all the boats which could be found, and, finding that nothing
was to be gained by lingering in the neighbourhood, retired to
Orissa. Muhammad followed him, invaded Orissa in February,
1478, and spent six months in the country, which he laid waste.
He was contemplating its annexation when envoys arrived from
the raja, bringing numbers of elephants and other rich gifts and
charged with expressions of contrition, but Muhammad refused to
retreat until the raja, most unwillingly, had surrendered other
twenty-five elephants, the best which his father's stables had con-
tained. On his return he besieged Hambar in Kondavīr, and on his
C. H. JIJI,
27


## p. 418 (#464) ############################################

418
( CH.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
surrendering granted him his life, but destroyed the great temple
of Kondavir, built a mosque on its site, and earned the title of
Ghāzi by slaying with his own hand some of the attendant Brāhmans.
He made Rajamundry his headquarters for nearly three years
and, having completely subjugated Telingāna, prepared to invade
the eastern Carnatic, but, before setting out, provided for the
efficient administration of Telingāna by dividing it into two pro-
vinces, and appointed Malik Hasan to the eastern, or Rajamundry,
division and A'zam Khān, son of the rebel Sikandar, to Warangal,
which became the capital of the western division. The kingdom
had outgrown the old provincial system established by the first two
kings of the dynasty. Its extension to the sea coast on the west
and on the east had doubled the area of the old provinces of
Gulbarga and Daulatābād, and very much more than doubled that
of Telingāna, the partition of which was part of a scheme for the
division of the other provinces ; but Malik Hasan, who had hoped
to assume the government of the whole vast province, bitterly
resented its dismemberment, and resolved to destroy Mahmud
Gavān, the author of the scheme. He begged that he might be
permitted to accompany the king on his expedition into the
Carnatic and to leave his son Ahmad as the deputy at Rajamundry.
Ahmad bore a higher reputation as a soldier than his father and
had been provided with a fief in the Māhūr district of Berar
because it had been considered dangerous to employ father and
son in the same province, but Hasan's prayer was granted, and his
son was summoned from Māhūr and installed in Rajamundry.
Narasimha, whose territory Muhammad invaded, was probably
a viceroy or the decendant of a viceroy of the rajas of Vijayanagar,
who had extended his power at the expense of his former masters
until his territories included the eastern districts of their kingdom
and extended on the north to Machchhlīpatan (Masulipatam).
Muhammad made Kondapalli his headquarters, and leaving his
son Mahmūd with Mahmūd Gāvān, in that town led a raid to the
famous temple of Kānchi (Conjeveram). He rode so hard that of
6000 horse who had set out with him no more than forty, among
whom were Yusuf 'Adil Khān and Malik Hasan, were with him
when he arrived at his destination. Nothing daunted herode
towards the temple, from which emerged 'many Hindus of devilish
appearance, among them a black-faced giant of the seed of demons,
mounted on a powerful horse, who, having regarded them fixedly,
urged his horse straight at the king. While his companions were
occupied with other Hindus Muhammad slew this champion and


## p. 419 (#465) ############################################

XVI ]
PARTITION OF THE PROVINCES
419
another, and entered the temple, plundered it, and slew the at-
tendant Brāhmans.
After resting for a week in Conjeveram Muhammad sent
15,000 horse against Narasimha and, having captured Masulipatam,
returned to Kandapalli, where Malik Hasan, Zarif-ul-Mulk, and
the Deccani party lost no opportunity of slandering Mahmūd Gāvān
to him.
It was at Kondapalli that Mahmud Gāvān's plan for the parti-
tion of the four great tarafs or provinces of the kingdom was
completed. As Telingāna had been divided into the two provinces
of Rajamundry and Warangal, so Berar was divided into those of
Gāwil, or northern, and Māhūr, or southern Berar ; Daulatābād
into those of Daulatābād on the east, and Junnār on the west ;
and Gulbarga into those of Belgaum on the west and Gulbarga on
the east. At the same time the powers of the tarafdārs or provin-
cial governors were curtailed in many ways. Many of the parganas,
or sub-districts, in the provinces were appropriated as crown lands
and removed from the jurisdiction of the governor, and all military
appointments which had formerly been part of the governor's
patronage, were, with the exception of the command of the
principal fortress in each province, resumed by the king. Allow-
ances for the maintenance of troops, whether in cash or in grants of
land, had hitherto been calculated at the rate of 100,000 huns for
five hundred and 200,000 for 1000 horse. These sums
raised to 125,000 and 250,000, but on the other hand a system of
inspection and control was introduced, and deductions were made
on account of men not regularly maintained and mustered. These
reforms were most unpopular. The older nobles disliked them
because they curtailed the power and diminished the wealth of the
provincial governors, and all resented the curtailment of oppor-
tunities for peculation. They rendered their author more odious
than ever to the Deccani faction, headed by Malik Hasan, who
had been the first to suffer by them.
The new governments were fairly divided, Fathullāh 'Imād-ul.
Mulk retained Gāwil, Yusuf 'Adil Khān Daulatābād, Malik Hasan
Rajamundry, and Mahmūd Gāvān Belgaum, and to the four pro-
vinces of Māhūr, Junnār, Gulbarga, and Warangal Khudāvand
Khān the African, Fakhr-ul-Mulk the Turk, Dastūr Dīnār the
African, and Afzam Khān the Deccani were appointed. 'The
Deccani faction thus held five of the eight provincial governments,
but this advantage was neutralised by Malik Hasan's hostility to
the interloper, Ąʻzam Khān.
were now
27-2


## p. 420 (#466) ############################################

420
(CH.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
The absence of Yusuf 'Adil Khān with the field force encouraged
Malik Hasan, Zarif-ul-Mulk, and Miftāh the African, the leaders
of the Deccani party, to prosecute their designs against Mahmūd
Gāvān. They induced the keeper of his seals, an African, to affix
his private seal to a blank paper, on which they wrote, above the
seal, a letter to the raja of Orissa, informing him that the people
of the Deccan were weary of the tyranny and perpetual drunken-
ness of their king and urging him to invade the country. The paper
was read to the king when he was drunk, and he at once sent for
Mahmud Gāvān, who insisted on obeying the summons, notwith-
standing the protests of his friends, who warned him that mischief
was brewing. The king made no inquiries and did not even require
the production of the messenger with whom the letter was said to
have been found, but when Mahmūd appeared roughly demanded
what was the punishment due to a traitor. 'Death by the sword,
, ‘'
replied the minister, confident in his innocence. The king then
showed him the letter, and, having read it, he exclaimed, “By God,
this a manifest forgery! The seal is mine, but the writing is none
of mine, and I know nothing of the matter. ' The king, disregarding
his protestations of innocence, rose to leave the hall and, as he did
so, ordered an African named Jauhar to put him to death. The
minister knelt down and recited the short symbol of his faith, and
cried, as the sword fell, 'Praise be to God for the blessing of
martyrdom ! '
He was seventy-eight years of age when, on April 5, 1481, he
was unjustly put to death, and had served the Bahmani dynasty
with conspicuous ability and unwavering loyalty for thirty-five years.
He was generous, charitable, learned, accomplished, and blameless
in his private life. His attitude towards the Deccanis might have
healed the disastrous feud between them and the Foreigners, but
for the in appeasable rancour of Malik Hasan, and his death de.
prived his master of the only counsellor who united fidelity to ability.
The troops and the mob were permitted to plunder his camp,
but his own Foreigners rode with all speed to the field force, where
they took refuge with Yusuf ‘ādil Khān, who was also joined by
most of the Forign nobles in the royal camp.
The king sent for Nizām-ud-din Hasan Gilānī, the murdered
man's treasurer, and discovered, to his chagrin, that Mahmūd, with
all his opportunities for acquiring wealth, had left no hoard, having
distributed his income, as he received it, in charity. The faithful
servant boldly taxed the King with having shed innocent blood and
challenged him to prove his minister's guilt. Muhammad, too late,


## p. 421 (#467) ############################################

XVI )
MURDER OF MAHMUD GĀVĀN
421
commanded his betrayers to produce the messenger with whom the
letter had been found, and on receiving no answer hurriedly left the
hall of audience, leaving the courtiers trembling with apprehension.
On reaching his chamber he gave way to paroxysms of grief and
remorse. The body was sent to Bidar for burial, escorted by the
young prince Mahmūd, the king himself being unable to accompany
it owing to the refusal of the nobles to march with him. Fathullāh
and Khudāvand Khān, both members of the Deccani party, refused
even to see him for the purpose of discussing the punishment of the
conspirators, and bluntly replied to his summons that they would not
trust the murderer of such a minister as Mahmud, but would shape
their conduct by the advice of Yusuf 'Adil Khān. Muhammad re-
called Yusuf, but he could not join the royal camp, and encamped
apart, with Fathullāh and Khundāvand Khān.
The wretched king thus deserted by the Foreigners and by the
respectable portion of the Deccani party, was thrown into the arms
of the late minister's betrayers and compelled to accede to their
demands. Malik Hasan became lieutenant of the kingdom and was
henceforth known as Malik Nāib, his son Ahmad received his
father's title of Nizām-ul-Mulk and the province of Daulatābād,
vacated by Yusuf, who had decided to take possession of Mahmud
Gāvān's fieſs of Belgaum and Bijāpur, and Qivām-ul-Mulk the
elder and Qivām-ul-Mulk the younger, two Turks who, from selfish
motives, had attached themselves to Malik Nāib's faction, were
appointed to Warangal and Rajamundry.
The king set out for his capital, but the great nobles, except
Malik Näib and his friends, marched and encamped at a distance
from the royal troops and, on reaching Bīdar, refused to enter the
city and were dismissed to their provinces. Shortly afterwards he
commanded Fathullāh 'Imād-ul-Mulk and Khudāvand Khān to
accompany him to Belgaum, where he hoped to conciliate Yusuf
‘Ādil Khān, but they, though they obeyed the summons, would
neither march with the royal troops nor enter his presence, but
saluted him always from a distance and chose their own road. From
Belgaum he proposed to visit Goa, but the nobles refused to accom-
pany him and when news was received that Vira Nrisimha of
Vijayanagar was preparing to attack the port, Yusuf 'Adil Khān
was sent to its relief. Fathullāh 'Imād-ul-Mulk and Khudāvand
Khān returned to Berar without permission, and the king withdrew
to Firūzābād, where he endeavoured to drown his humiliation and
grief in drink, and formally designated the young Mahmūd heir to
the throne. Thence he returned to Bidar where, on March 22, 1482,


## p. 422 (#468) ############################################

422
( CH.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
he died at the age of twenty-eight from the effects of incessant
drinking crying out in his last moments that Mahmūd Gāvān was
slaying him.
He was an accomplished and high-spirited prince of great energy
and possessed considerable military ability. He was better served
than any of his predecessors, and might have been the greatest
prince of his house but for his addiction to drink, which destroyed
first his reputation and then his life. He may be considered the last
king of his line, for though five of his descendants followed him on
the throne ‘none was more than a state prisoner in the hands of
ambitious and unscrupulous ministers.
On the death of Muhammad, his son Mahmūd, a boy of twelve
years of age, was seated on the throne by Malik Näib, Qivām-ul-Mulk
the younger, and Qāsim, Barid-ul-Mamālik, another Turk who for
selfish reasons had allied himself to Malik Nāib's faction. None of
the Foreign Party or of the more respectable section of the Deccani
Party was present at his enthronement, which was a mean spectacle,
shorn of the magnificence to which courtiers and people were accus-
tomed, and a superstitious populace augured ill of a reign thus
ushered in.
Yūsuf 'Adil Khān, with most of the Foreign and many Deccani
officers, had been absent at Goa at the time of Muhammad's unex-
pected death, and on his return he marched to Bidar to make his
obeisance to the new king. Disregarding the rule which prohibited
the attendance of armed retainers at court he entered the palace
with 200 picked troops. Malik Nāib had drawn up 500 of the royal
guards at the gate, but none ventured to oppose Yûsuf, who as a
precaution against assassination, compelled Malik Näib and Qāsim
Barid-ul-Mamālik to precede him in the royal presence, where
he took his place above them, notwithstanding Malik Nāib's high
office. On leaving the palace Yūsuf took Malik Nāib by the hand
and compelled him to accompany him as far as the gate. He lodged
in the city with a guard of a thousand men while Daryā Khān, with
the rest of his army, remained on the alert without the walls. He
resisted all Malik Nāib's attempts to induce him to bring his troops
into the city, where the Deccanis might have surprised them, and
when the nobles met for the purpose of apportioning the great
offices of state acquiesced in the retention of the principal places
in the capital by the Deccani faction. Malik Näib remained lieu-
tenant of the kingdom. Qivām-ul-Mulk the elder became minister,
Qivām-ul-Mulk the younger master of the ceremonies, and Dilāvar
Khān the African assistant minister of finance.
1


## p. 423 (#469) ############################################

XVI)
DECLINE OF THE ROYAL POWER
423
This concession did not blind Malik Nāib to the necessity for
removing Yusuf, his most formidable enemy, and to this end he
summoned from Warangal 'Abdullāh "Ādil Khān the Deccani, the
deputy of Qivām-ul-Mulk the elder in that province. It nad become
customary to confer the same title on two men, usually a Deccani
and a Foreigner, though the two bearing the title of Qivām-ul-
Mulk were both Turks, and there was commonly much jealousy
between two bearers of the same title. 'Abdullāh Ādil Khān's
opportunities were, however, curtailed by the simultaneous arrival
in the capital of Yusuf's friend, Fathullāh 'Imād-ul-Mulk of Berar.
Malik Nāib first arranged that the troops of Bījāpur and Berar
should be reviewed by the king and that at the review the Deccanis
should fall upon the Foreigners. On the day appointed he seated
the king on one of the bastions of the citadel while the troops
paraded below. Yusuf and Fathullāh were summoned to the royal
presence and the young Muhmūd, tutored by Malik Nāib, ordered
the Deccanis to punish the Foreigners for their insolence and in.
subordination. Yusuf would have rejoined his men, but Fathullāh,
to save his life, detained him in the palace. Matters went ill with
the Foreign troops until Daryā Khān marched into the city with
the whole of the army of Bījāpur, when street fighting continued
for twenty days, and 4000 fell on both sides before the 'Ulamā
could restore peace.
Yusuf 'Adil Khān then returned with his
troops to Bijāpur, leaving Malik Nāib supreme in the capital. He
associated Fathullāh 'Imād-ul-Mulk with himself as minister, and
Qāsim Barid, who, though a Turk, had borne arms against the
Foreigners, was rewarded with the post of Kotwal of the city, and
the three carried on the administration for the next four years.
Dilāvar Khān the African, resenting his exclusion from the highest
offices, attempted, in obedience to the secret orders of the young
king, who chafed under the restraint to which he was subjected,
to assassinate the ministers, but failed and was obliged to flee to
Khāndesh, while the king was guarded more closely than before.
Fathullāh 'Imād-ul-Mulk grew weary of the atmosphere of
treachery and intrigue which pervaded the capital, and returned to
Berar, leaving Malik Näib supreme in the capital, and he, in order
to extend his influence in the provinces appointed two Deccanis,
Wahīd-ud-din and Sharaf-ud-din, as deputies for his son Ahmad, to
Daulatābād, conferred the government of Sholāpur and Parenda on
Fakhr-ud-din the Deccani, whom he had entitled Khvāja Jahān, and
sent Ahmad to Junnār. These measures were necessitated by the
virtual detachment of all other provinces, where the royal seal no


## p. 424 (#470) ############################################

424
[CH.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECĆAN
longer commanded respect, the governors being well aware that all
orders issued in the king's name were in fact the decrees of the
justly detested Malik Näib. In 1486 Qivām-ul-Mulk the younger
rebelled in Telingāna, and when Malik Nāib marched against him
complained to the king of the oppressive conduct of his minister,
but the complaint was fruitless, for it was handed by the king to
the minister. Najm-ud-din Gīlānī, governor of Goa, died, and his
servant, Bahādur Gilānī, seized the fortress and repudiated his alle-
giance to Mahmūd Shāh. Malik Nāib's son Ahmad accused Yūsuf
‘Adil Khān of countenancing and abetting the rebel, and thus further
estranged the Foreigners. Zain-ud-din ‘Ali, governor of Chākan,
refused, on the ground that the king was not master in his own
kingdom, to recognise Ahmad as governor of Junnār, and when
Malik Nāib ordered Khvāja Jahān of Parenda and Wajih-ud-din
of Daulatābād to assist Ahmad in asserting his authority, Yusuf
Adil Khān sent five or six thousand horse to the assistance of Zain-
ud-din ‘Ali. The news of this act of defiance reached Warangal,
where Malik Näib and the king were endeavouring to suppress
Qivām-ul-Mulk's rebellion, and undermined the authority of the
regent, whose arrogance had left him friendless. Qāsim Barid, the
African eunuch Dastūr Dinār, and other nobles complained of his
behaviour to the king, who replied that none could be more dis-
gusted than he with his minister, and besought them to seek occasion
to put him to death. Malik Nāib was informed of the conference
and fled from the camp, but instead of following the prudent course
of joining his son without delay made for Bidar where Dilpasand
Khān, one of his own creatures, commanded the citadel. He and
Dilpasand Khān broke into the treasury and began to raise troops,
and the king, on receiving this news, set out at once from Warangal.
Malik Nāib, not being strong enough to meet him in the field, pre-
pared to carry off the treasure to Junnār, and join his son, but
Dilpasand Khān deceitfully dissuaded him from this course and
secretly sent a message to the king, assuring him of his loyalty and
his readiness to obey any orders that he might receive. The king
replied that he would best show his loyalty by sending to him Malik
Nāib's head. Dilpasand Khān accordingly strangled the regent at
a private interview and sent his head to the king, who entered the
city and plunged into debauchery, neglecting all public business.
Meanwhile the quarrel between the Deccanis and the Foreigners
continued with unabated rancour, and the former, dissatisfied
with the king's attitude, plotted to dethrone him. On the night of
November 7, 1487, they entered the palace, where the king was


## p. 425 (#471) ############################################

xvi )
PARTITION OF THE KINGDOM
425
rose
on a
drinking, and, shutting the gates behind them lest the Foreign troops
should come to his assistance, entered the royal apartment. The
few Turkish slaves in attendance held their ground against the con:
spirators until the king had escaped to the roof of the great bastion
of the palace, and then followed him, holding the narrow stairway.
Mahmud found means to dispatch a messenger to the Foreign
troops, and three or four hundred were soon assembled before the
palace. Eight officers scaled the bastion and blew their whistles,
and the conspirators, believing that all the Foreign troops had
entered the palace, opened the gates to make their escape, but were
driven back by some Persian troops. A large body of troops entered
the building, and the royal servants, who had at first befriended the
conspirators, now drove them, with fire and smoke, from the corner
in which they were lurking, and slew them.
Meanwhile the citizens, hearing the tumult in the palace, rose
and plundered the houses of the Foreigners, but the Foreign troops,
supplied with horses from the royal stables, suppressed the disorder,
and when the sun
scene of indescribable confusion the
king took his seat on his throne and ordered a general massacre of
the Deccanis and Africans. T'he carnage continued for three days,
and was only stayed at the carnest prayer of a son of Shāh
Muhibbullāh.
The king now devoted himself entirely to pleasure, and the
great provincial governors, perceiving that he would never exercise
his authority, began to strengthen themselves in their provinces,
and when they attended him in court or camp shunned his presence
as they had been wont to shun that of his father in the last days of
his reign.
In 1490 Malik Ahmad Nizām-ul-Mulk, who had built the city
of Ahmadnagar and called it after his own name, sent envoys to
Yusuf 'Adil Khān of Bījāpur and Fathullāh 'Imād-ul-Mulk of Berar,
inviting them to join him in assuming the royal title and asserting
their independence of Bidar, and from this date these three rulers
became independent sovereigns of the territory which they had
hitherto held as viceroys of the king of the Deccan'. Their dynasties
1 The founders of the dynasties seem seldom, if ever, to have used the royal title.
The Portuguese did not accord it to Yūsuf ‘Adil Khān, or to his son Ismā'il ; Sultān,
Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, who became independent in Telingana in 1512 never used it, as
is evident from the epitaph on his tomb. Ahmad could hardly have borne it, for
iſ his courtiers had been accustomed to it they would not have murmured at his
using an umbrella, and if these three did not assume it it is certain that Fathullāh
did not. They were, however, in all respects independent, though they sometimes,
when it suited their policy and convenience, took the field with the puppet king of
Bidar, or rather with his guardian, and their successors used the title of Shāh.


## p. 426 (#472) ############################################

426
( CH.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
measures
were known, from the titles borne by their founders, as the Nizām
Shāhi, 'Adil Shāhi, and 'Imād Shāhi dynasties, and later Qutb-ul-
Mulk founded the Qutb Shāhi dynasty at Golconda and Barid-ul-
Mamālik the Barid Shāhi dynasty at Bidar.
These declarations of independence were not, except in the
case of Ahmad, who never forgave Mahmūd Shāh for the murder
of his father, prompted by disaffection towards the Bahmani
dynasty, for which Yusuf and Fathullāh entertained to the end of
their lives sentiments of loyalty and affection, but it was impossible
to serve Mahmūd, for he would not be served, and had no sooner
escaped from the toils of one master than he submitted to another,
so that loyalty to the king became no more than subservience to
an ambitious minister.
After the composition of the striſe between the Deccanis and
the Foreigners Qāsim Barid-ul-Mamālik became lieutenant of the
kingdom. He was a Turk, but he was a Sunni and had been a
friend of Malik Nāib, so that he was acceptable to the Deccanis
but odious to the Foreign Party. He held the king in thrall, and
made no pretence of consulting his wishes. One of his earliest
was to seize the government of the region abɔut the
capital, to take the field against the officers commanding its
numerous fortresses, who refused to surrender what they held of
the king, and to inflict several defeats on the royal troops. Dilāvar
Khān the African returned from Khāndesh to help the king, drove
Qāsim towards Golconda, and defeated him, but his troops, while
pursuing those of Qāsim, were thrown into confusion by an unruly
elephant, their victory was turned into a deſeat, and Dilāvar Khān
was slain. Qāsim returned to Bidar and reduced the king to a
condition of such impotence that some writers date the foundation
of the Barīd Shāhi dynasty from this year.
Qāsim Barīd aimed at extending his power by reducing to
obedience the provincial governors, and proceeded first against
Yusuf 'Ādil Shāh by inciting Sāluva Timma, the regent of Vijaya-
nagar, to attack him. The Hindus invaded Rāichur Doāb and
captured both Rāichur and Mudgal. Qāsim then induced Ahmad
Nizām Shāh and Khvāja Jahān of Parenda to join him, and attacked
Yūsuf near Gulbarga, but Ahmad disappointed him by taking no
part in the action, and Qāsim and Khvāja Jahān were defeated.
Burhān I of Ahmadnagar was rebuked by Bahādur of Gujarāt, who afterwards
recognised it, forusing it and it was never recognised by the Mughul emperors, who
always addressed the rulers of Bijāpur, Ahmadnagar, and Golconda as 'Ādil Khan,
Nizām-ul-Mulk, and Qutb-ul-Mulk.


## p. 427 (#473) ############################################

XVI ]
REBELLION OF BAHADUR GİLANI
427
In 1493 Mahmūd Bigarha of Gujarāt complained that the pirate
Bahādur Gīlāni had plundered many ships of Gujarāt and had sent
his lieutenant, Yāqūt, to plunder the port of Bombay, and requested
'the King of the Deccan' to control his refractory vassal. Qāsim
Barid assembled the royal army and, carrying the king into the
field, marched against the rebel Yūsuf, Ahmad, and Fathullah sent
contingents to his aid, for it was to the interest of all that the king
of Gujarāt should have no pretext for invading the Deccan.
Bahādur had established himself so firmly in the Konkan and
the country above the Ghāts that both Yūsuf and Ahmad had been
constrained to treat him with respect. When he heard that the royal
army was marching towards his territory, and that an envoy was
bearing a farmān to him, he forbade his road guards to permit the
envoy to pass Miraj, and his defiant attitude left the allies no choice
but to advance. To Qutb-ul-Mulk the Deccani, now governor of
Telingāna, was entrusted the siege of Jāmkhandi, but he was slain,
and his title was conferred on Sultan Quli, a Turk of Hamadān,
who held fiefs in Telingāna. Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk captured
the fortress, handed it over to the officers of Yûsuf 'Adil Shāh, and
advanced to Mangalvedha, where Bahādur had taken refuge.
Meanwhile the royal army had advanced to Miraj, and, aſter
defeating Bahādur's troops before that place, captured the fortress
but weakly permitted the garrison to join Bahā lur. The royal
army marched from Miraj to Panhāla, and some of the courtiers
secretly informed Bahādur that the king was well disposed towards
him, and that a submissive attitude would probably earn him a
pardon. Negotiations were accordingly opened, but the terms
offered by Qāsim Barīd were so generous as to encourage Bahādur
to believe that his enemies despaired of crushing his revolt, and he
loudly boasted that he would conquer both the Deccan and Gujarāt.
Qāsim Barīd was loth to crush the rebel, whom he regarded as
a useful counterpoise to the power of Yusuf 'Adil Shāh, but as
Bahadur was not disposed to submit the war continued, and
Khvāja Jahān besieged him in Panhāla, and reduced him to such
straits that he sent an envoy to the king offering to submit on
other condition than that his life should be spared. The required
assurance was given, but in the meantime Bahādur had escaped
from Panhāla and demanded impossible conditions. Sultân Quli
Qutb-ul Mulk was therefore sent to continue the siege of Panhāla
and Khvāja Jahān was sent against Bahādur. He defeated and
slew the rebel, whose head was severed from his body and sent to
the king, and his lands were bestowed on 'Ain-ul-Mulk Kan'ānī,


## p. 428 (#474) ############################################

428
[CH.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
whom Qāsim Barid selected as one likely to be able to hold his
own against Yusuf 'Adil Shāh. The king and Qāsim Barid visited
Dābhol and on their return towards Bidar were entertained for
some time at Bījāpur by Yusuf Ādil Shāh.
In 1495 some changes were made in the provincial governments.
On the death of Qutb-ul-Mulk the Deccani Dastūr Dinār the
African had been appointed governor of western Telingāna. He
was now transferred to Gulbarga, his former fief, to make way for
Sultān Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, to whom the reward of distinguished
service was due The African, resenting his supersession, rebelled,
and occupied those districts of western Telingāna which adjoined
Gulbarga. Qāsim Barīd was obliged to enlist the aid of Yusuf
‘Adil Shāh against the rebel, and Dastùr was defeated, cap
tured, and sentenced to death, but was almost immediately
pardoned, and even reinstated in the fief of Gulbarga.
In 1497 the Deccanis again conspired to destroy the Foreigners
at Bidar, but the plot was discovered and Qāsim Barid put the
leading conspirators to death.
On May 3, 1494, during the expedition against Bahādur, a son,
named Ahmad, had been born to the king, and in 1498 a marriage
was arranged between the child and Bibi Sati, daughter of Yūsuf
‘Adil Shāh. Qāsim Barid and the king, Yusuf, Khvāja Jahān of
Parenda, and Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk assembled at Gulbarga to
celebrate the betrothal. During the festivities a serious quarrel
broke out between Dastūr Dinār and Yusuf, who claimed suzerainty
over him. The support given to Dastūr Dinār by Qāsim Barid bred
another quarrel between him and Yūsuf, Sultān Quli supported
Yusuf, and the strife became general. Qāsim Barīd Dastūr Dinār
and Khvāja Jahān fled to Aland and were pursued by Yusuf, who
defeated them at Gunjoti, drove Qāsim Barid, to Ausa and Khvāja
Jahān to Parenda, and assumed that control of the king of which
he had deprived Qāsim, but, having obtained from him such grants
and dignities as he required, permitted him to depart for Bidar,
whither Qāsim Barid immediately returned and resumed his former
position.
At the end of this year Yusuf attempted to compel Dastūr
Dinār to acknowledge his suzerainty, but the African gained
without difficulty the support of Ahmad Nizām Shāh as well as
that of Qāsim Barid, both of whom were interested in curbing
Yusuf's ambition, and he was content to abandon the enterprise
on obtaining from Bidar a decree prohibiting Ahmad from attacking
him.


## p. 429 (#475) ############################################

XVI)
RELIGIOUS STRIFE
429
In 1504 Qāsim Barid died, and was succeeded at Bidar, as a
matter of course, by his son, Amir 'Ali Barid, and Fathullāh died
in Berar and was succeeded, in like manner, by his son, 'Alā-ud-din
'Imād Shāh. In the same year Yusuf marched to Gulbarga, defeated
Dastūr Dinār, put him to death and annexed the province of Gul-
barga to his dominions. He now believed himself to be strong enough
to carry out a project which he seems to have cherished for some
time, and established in his dominions the Shiah religion, to which
he was devoutly attached. The khutba and the call to prayer were
recited after the Shiah form, and the use of the Sunni form was
prohibited. His decree raised a storm of discontent in his kingdom,
where the majority of Muslims of the middle and lower classes was
Sunni, and furnished all other rulers in the Deccan with a pretext
for attacking the daring innovator. Mahmud Shāh, under the in-
structions of Amir 'Ali Barid, commanded 'Alā-ud-din 'Imād Shāh,
Khudāvand Khān, Ahmad Nizām Shāh, and Sultān Quli Qutb-ul.
Mulk of Golconda to aid him in punishing the heretic, and the
manner in which each received the order illustrates their political
rather than their religious views. Ahmad Nizām Shāh responded
with alacrity, both as a Sunni and as a personal enemy of Yusuf,
but 'Alā-ud-din 'Inād Shāh and Khudāvand Khān, though Sunnis,
paid no heed to it, being well disposed towards Yūsuf and resentful
of Amīr 'Ali Barīd's ascendancy at Bidar. The Shiah Qutb-ul-Mulk,
though he was a personal friend of Yūsuf obeyed the order without
hesitation. His appointment to Golconda was recent, he still
regarded orders from Bidar, from whatever source they emanated,
as binding on him, and he probably disapproved of Yūsuf's action
as inopportune and likely to render his religion odious.
Yusuf, unable to withstand the confederacy arrayed against
him, fled to Berar and took refuge with Alā-ud-din 'Imād Shah,
who was sympathetic, but could not protect him against his ene-
mies and advised him to retire into Khāndesh.