ments) (1775–78), which was
received
with ex-
traordinary favor by the leading minds of Ger-
many, among them Goethe, Stolberg, Jakobi.
traordinary favor by the leading minds of Ger-
many, among them Goethe, Stolberg, Jakobi.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
g.
,
"Questions of Art and Morals) (1861); "Liberal
Education (1873); Essays in Idealist Criti-
cism' (1882).
La Ramée, Louise de. See Ouida.
Larcom, Lucy. An American poet; born in
Beverly, Mass. , 1826; died in Boston, 1893.
Through her early contributions to the Lowell
Offering, she attracted the attention of Whit-
tier, who assisted her in literary work, and
was a faithful friend to the close of his life.
She edited Our Young Folks, 'a Boston maga-
zine, from 1866 to its absorption by St. Nicholas
in 1874. Her published works include: (Poems)
(1868); (An Idyl of Work, a Story in Verse)
(1875); “As It Is in Heaven' (1891); and (The
Unseen Friend' (1892).
Lardner, Dionysius. An Irish physicist;
born in Dublin, April 3, 1793; died at Naples,
April 29, 1859. He wrote several notable
mathematical treatises; and edited, himself be.
ing one of the chief contributors, an "Encyclo-
pedia) (132 vols. , 1829-46). Among his other
writings are: Manual of Electricity,' etc. (2
vols. , 1841); (Treatise on Heat) (1844); (The
Steam Engine! (1852); Natural Philosophy
and Astronomy) (3 vols. , 1851-52)
Larivey, Pierre (lä-rē-vā'). A French dram-
atist (1540-1611). His prose comedies, founded
on Italian originals, are full of life and spirit,
and had an influence on Molière. Larivey's
best comedy, Les Esprits,' is an adaptation of
Lorenzo de' Medici's (Aridosio.
La Roche, Maria Sophie (lä-rosh'). A Ger.
man story-teller; born at Kaufbeuren, Dec. 6,
1731 ; died at Offenbach, Feb. 18, 1807. Her
stories show intimate knowledge of the human
heart. She was a correspondent of Wieland
and of Goethe. She wrote: (The History of
Fräulein von Sternheim) (1771); (Moral Tales)
(1782); (History of Miss Long) (1789); (Me-
lusine's Summer Evenings) (1806).
La Rochefoucauld, François, Duc de. See
Rochefoucauld.
Larousse, Pierre (lä-rös'). A French lex-
icographer; born at Toucy, Oct. 23, 1817; died
Jan. 3, 1875. For several years he compiled
valuable educational text-books.
In 1864 ap-
peared the first volume of his Great Universal
Dictionary of the Nineteenth Century) (com-
pleted 1876, 15 vols. , with supplementary volumes
1878 and 1887). He also published two smaller
works of the same class, the New Illustrated
Dictionary, and (Complete Illustrated Dic-
tionary.
Larra, Mariano José de (lär'ä). A Spanish
playwright and journalist; born at Madrid, 1809,
committed suicide Feb. 13, 1837. He adapted
to the Spanish stage several French comedies,
and wrote a tragedy, (Macias) (1834), on the
tragic ending of a famous Galician troubadour.
Five volumes of his contributions to the Re-
vista Española were published in 1837; his prin-
cipal work is (From 1830 to 1835, or Spain
from Fernando VII. to Mendizabal(1836).
Larrazabal, Felipe (lär-rä-thä'bäl). A Ven.
ezuelan biographer and historian; born about
1822; drowned 1873. He wrote a valuable (Life
of the Liberator Simon Bolivar) (2 vols. , 1863),
collected a large amount of manuscript ma-
terial on the history of America, and was on
his way to Europe to arrange for the publica-
tion of several of his works when he was
drowned in the wreck of the steamship City
of Havre.
>
(
## p. 328 (#344) ############################################
328
LA SALLE-LATHROP
com-
La Salle, Antoine de (lä-sal'). A French
mediæval romancer (1398–1470). Among his
works may be mentioned the (Chronicle of
Little John of Saintré,' a historical romance ex-
emplifying the ideal knightly education of the
time. His Fifteen Joys of Wedlock) is a witty
satire on marriage. He wrote also A Hun-
dred New Novels, stories purporting to be re-
counted by personages attached to the court
of his patron, Philip the Good, of Flanders.
Las Casas. See Casas.
Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonné,
Marquis de (läs-käz). A French writer ; born
near Revel, 1766; died May 15, 1842. He was
one of the emigrant nobles of 1791, but re-
turned to France in 1799, and set up in Paris
as a bookseller. Under the pseudonym Le
Sage he compiled an Atlas, Historical, Geo-
graphical, Chronological, and Genealogical)
(1803-4) which gained him high office from
Napoleon. He accompanied the latter to St.
Helena, and began to take down his (Memoirs)
from dictation; but before they were
pleted, Las Cases's secret correspondence with
Napoleon's friends outside was discovered, and
he had to quit his master's service. The re-
mainder of the "Memoirs) is contained in
O'Meara's Napoleon in Exile. After Napo-
leon's death, Las Cases published (Memorial
of St. Helena) (8 vols. , 1821-23).
Laskaratos, Andreas (läs-kär'ä-tõs). A
modern Greek poet; born in Kephalenia, May
I, 1811.
His most notable work is the satire
(The Mysteries of Cephalonia) (1856), which
gave great offense to the clergy, and provoked a
long and bitter controversy. In defense the poet
wrote a (Reply to the Decision of the Clergy
of Cephalonia) (1867), and (Behold the Man)
(1886). He wrote in Italian an account of his
sufferings in prison, My Sufferings.
Lasker, Eduard (läs ker). A German polit-
ical leader; born at Jarotschin in Posen, Oct.
14, 1829; died at New York, Jan. 5, 1884. His
principal works are: Constitutional History
of Prussia) (1874); (Future of the German Em-
pire) (1877), Ways and Means of Cultural
Development) (1881).
Lassalle, Ferdinand (lä-säl'). A German
agitator, founder of the German Social Democ-
racy; born of Jewish parents named Lassal,
at Breslau, April 11, 1825; died Aug. 31, 1864.
Before entering politics he had earned high dis-
tinction in philosophical thought, which had
brought him to the notice of Humboldt, Böckh,
and others. Among his writings of this period
are (Franz von Sickingen, a historical drama
(1859); (The Philosophy of Heraclitus the
Obscure) (2 vols. , 1858); (The System of Ac-
quired Rights) (2 vols. , 1860); (Fichte's Phi-
losophy and the Popular Mind of Germany)
(1862). He first came into the political arena
as the spokesman of the German workingman
in 1862, when he published the Workingmen's
Programme. For this he was arrested and im-
prisoned. Other pamphlets followed : (Science
and the Workingmen' (1863); (The Criminal
Trial of Lassalle) (1863); Indirect Taxation
and the Condition of the Laboring Classes)
(1863). He further developed the Socialist pro-
gramme in an (Open Reply to the Central
Committee (1863). His last work was a spir.
ited attack on one of the foremost opponents
of the Social Democracy, Herr Bastiat-Schulze
von Delitzsch, the Julian of Economics; or Cap-
ital and Labor) (1864). His talents won him
the admiration even of his enemies.
Lassen, Christian (läs'sen). An eminent
German Orientalist; born at Bergen, Norway,
Oct. 22, 1800; died at Bonn, May 8, 1876. He
has been since 1827 first tutor and then pro-
fessor of ancient Indian languages and litera-
ture at the University of Bonn, where he learned
Sanskrit and Arabic; he spent three years in
Paris and London. His editions of ancient
texts in the languages of India, with transla-
tions and commentaries, give ample proof of
his accurate and comprehensive scholarship.
His greatest work is “The Science of Indian
Antiquity) (4 vols. , 1844-61; 2d ed. enlarged.
1867 and 1874); in this he co-ordinates the total
results of antiquarian research in India.
Lasson, Adolf (läs-son). A German writer
on philosophy; born at Altstrelitz, March 12,
1832. He is author of 'J. H. Fichte in his
Relation to Church and State) (1863); (Civil-
ization and War) (1868); (Master Eckhart the
Mystic) (1878); Philosophy of Law) (1881).
Latham, Robert Gordon. A distinguished
English ethnologist and philologist; born at
Billingborough, 1812 ; died at Putney, March 9,
1888. He is author of numerous works on the
English tongue, among them a “Treatise on
the English Language) (1841; frequently re-
published); (History and Etymology of the
English Language) (1849); (Handbook of the
English Language) (1851); Elements of Com-
parative Philology) (1862). His principal works
on ethnology are: Natural History of the
Varieties of Man (1850); Man and his Mi-
grations) (1851); Ethnology of the British
Islands) (1852); (Ethnology of Europe) (1852);
(Descriptive Ethnology' (2 vols. , 1859); “Rus-
sian and Turk) (1878).
Lathrop, George Parsons. An American
poet and miscellaneous writer; born in the Ha-
waiian Islands, Aug. 25, 1851. He was for some
years employed editorially on the Atlantic
Monthly and the Boston Courier. He wrote:
(Rose and Roof-Tree, verses (1875); (A Study
of Hawthorne) (1876); (Afterglow' (1876); (An
Echo of Passion) (1882); (Spanish Vistas)
(1883); "Gettysburg, a Battle Ode) (1888);
(Would You Kill Him ? ) (1889); Dreams and
Days,' verses (1892); “Gold of Pleasure) (1892),
a novel; “Story of Courage, with Rose Haw-
thorne.
Lathrop, Mrs. Rose (Hawthorne). An
American poet, daughter of Nathaniel Haw-
thorne; born in Lenox, Mass. , May 20, 1851.
She passed her childhood in Europe. In 1871
>
## p. 329 (#345) ############################################
LATIMER-LAVATER
329
she married George Parsons Lathrop. She has
been prominent in literary circles, has written
for the periodicals, and has published (Along
the Shore) (1888) and (Some Memories of
Hawthorne.
Latimer, Hugh. An English bishop and
sermonist; born at Thurcaston, Leicestershire,
1491 (? ); died at the stake, Oct. 16, 1555. His
(Sermons) are famous.
Latour, Antoine Tenant de (lä-tör'). A
French writer; born at St. Yrieix, 1808; died
at Sceaux, Aug. 27, 1881. He wrote an Essay
on the Study of French History in the Nine-
teenth Century) (1835); a noteworthy study of
Luther (1835); an Account of a Voyage to
the East) (1847); and a series of studies of
Spain, the land and the people: the series com-
prises ten volumes, devoted to separate towns
and provinces, as, (Seville and Andalusia);
(Toledo and the Banks of the Tagus'; or to
general views, as (Spain, Religious and Liter-
ary); 'Spain: Traditions, Manners, and Liter-
ature.
Latreille, Pierre André (lä-trā'ē). A French
zoologist; born at Brives, Nov. 29, 1762; died
at Paris, Feb. 6, 1833. He has contributed ma-
terially to the classification of the animal king-
dom, as in a (History of the Salamanders)
(1800); Natural History of Reptilia) (4 vols. ,
1802); “Genera of Crustacea and Insecta);
(Course in Entomology) (2 vols. , 1831-33).
Laube, Heinrich (loub'é). A German dram-
atist and novelist; born at Sprottau, Sept. 18,
1806; died at Vienna, Aug. I, 1884. He was
director of theatres in several cities of Ger-
many and Austria between 1849 and 1880.
Among his dramatic works are: (Gustavus
Adolphus) (1829); (Zaganini, a farce (1829);
the tragedy (Monaldeschi? (1839); “The Amber
Witch) (1842); (Struensee, a tragedy (1847);
(The Schoolboys) (1847), a very clever drama-
tization of an incident in the life of Schiller;
(Lord Essex) (1856), his finest tragedy. Among
his stories and works of fiction are: Young
Europe) (1833); 'Love Letters); (The Actress)
(1836); (The Pretender) (1842); (Countess Cha-
teaubriand) (1843); ( The Belgian Count) (1845);
« The German War) (9 vols. , 1865); Life His-
tory of Franz Grillparzer) (1884).
Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury.
An English theologian ; born at Reading, Oct.
7, 1573; died at London, Jan. 10, 1645. He was
an uncompromising upholder of High-Church
principles, and exerted all the powers of his
high office for the repression of Puritanism.
He was brought to trial in the House of Lords
on the charge of high treason, Nov. 13, 1643,
and was beheaded Jan. 10 following. His writ.
ings are but few; his (Diary) (1695), and
his letters, are of value for the history of his
time.
Laughlin, James Lawrence. An eminent
American political economist ; born in Deer-
field, O. , April 2, 1850. In 1892 he became a
professor in Chicago University. His chief
works are : (The Study of Political Economy)
(1885); (The History of Bimetallism in the
United States) (1885); (The Elements of Polit-
ical Economy) (1887).
Lauremberg, Johann Wilhelm (lou'rem-
berg). A Low-German satirist; born at Ros-
tock, Feb. 26, 1590; died at Lorö, Feb. 28, 1658.
In (Four Famous Old Comic Poems) (1652),
written in the Low-German dialect, he ridicules
the fashion of the time in costume, manners,
speech, etc. He wrote also some Latin poems;
and a few dramatic pieces of little value in
High-German, with interludes in Low-German.
Laurent, François (lõ-ron'). A Belgian jurist
and historical writer; born at Luxemburg, July
8, 1810; died at Ghent, Feb. 11, 1887. His works
on law, municipal and international, are writ-
ten with great breadth of view. He wrote
several works in defense of Liberal principles
against the Clericals, among them one "On the
Passion of Catholics for Liberty) (1850); and
(Letters on the Jesuits) (1865).
Laurentie, Pierre Sébastien (lo-ron-te'). A
French journalist and historian; born at Houga,
Gers, Jan. 21, 1793; died at Paris, Feb. 9, 1876.
An ardent advocate of the royalist cause, he
held several important offices until the revo-
lution of 1830, after which he joined the Legiti-
mist journal La Quotidienne, with which he
had previously been connected. His extreme
royalist sentiments detract from the value of
most of his works, among which are: (History
of the Dukes of Orléans) (4 vols. , 1832-34);
(History of France) (8 vols. , 1841-43); Rome
and the Pope) (1860); "History of the Roman
Empire) (4 vols. , 1861–62); (The Pope and
the Czar) (1862); and numerous brochures, etc.
Lauser, Wilhelm (lou'ser). A German pub-
licist; born at Stuttgart, June 15, 1836. He spent
several years in France and Spain, and in for-
eign travel, and wrote: "Contemporary Spain)
(1872); History of Spain from the Fall of Isa-
bella to the Accession of Alfonso XII. (1877);
(In all Directions: Stories of my Travels' (1889);
(The First Picaresque Romance: Lazarillo of
Tormes) (1889).
Lavater, Johann Kaspar (läv'ä-ter). A Swiss
physiognomist and theological writer; born at
Zürich, Nov. 15, 1741 ; died there, Jan, 2, 1801.
He was pastor of a church in his native town,
and his semi-mystical religious writings won
him great fame throughout Germany. In his
(Christian Songs) (first 100, 1776; second 100,
1780), he seeks to counteract the principles of
Illuminism and Rationalism; and he has the
same aim in the drama (Abraham and Isaac)
(1776), in the epics (Jesus the Messiah, or the
Coming of the Lord' (1780), (Joseph of Ari-
mathea) (1794), etc. His views of the inner
life of the soul find expression in his 'Private
Diary of a Self-Observer) (1772–73). But his
most celebrated work is (Physiognomic Frag.
ments) (1775–78), which was received with ex-
traordinary favor by the leading minds of Ger-
many, among them Goethe, Stolberg, Jakobi.
## p. 330 (#346) ############################################
330
LAVEDAN-LAZARUS
Lavedan, Henri (läv-don'). A French jour-
nalist, critic, novelist, and playwright; born at
Orléans, in 1860. He contributed under the
pseudonym of “Manchecourt” a series of brill-
iant articles to Vie Parisienne, Gil Blas, etc. ,
and in the department of fiction has produced :
(Mam'zelle Virtue) (1885); (Queen Janvier)
(1886); (Lydie) (1887); Inconsolable) (1888);
(High Life) (1891); A New Game) (1892).
Of his plays the most notable are: A Family,
a comedy produced at the Comédie Française
(1890), and awarded a prize of 4,000 francs by
the French Academy; and Prince d'Aurec)
(acted in 1892).
Laveleye, Émile de (läv-lā'). A Belgian
economist; born at Bruges, April 5, 1822; died
at Doyon, near Liège, Jan. 3, 1892. Among his
numerous writings are: (History of the Pro-
vençal Language and Literature) (1846); (The
Question of Gold' (1860); Property and its
Principal Forms) (1874); Contemporary So-
cialism) (1881); Elements of Political Econ-
omy) (1882); (Money and International Bimet-
allism' (1891); (Government in Democracies)
(1891).
La Vigne, Andrieu de (lä-vēn'). A French
poet (1457-1527). He accompanied Charles
VIII. to Naples, and told the story of the
march in verse. He also wrote a Mystery-
Play of Saint Martin,' and several minor po-
ems; among them a sonnet in the Lombard
dialect, the first sonnet written by a French-
(
man.
Lawless, Emily, Hon. An Irish novelist,
daughter of the third Baron Cloncurry; bom
in 1845. She is the author of several popular
romances of Irish life, full of pathos and pict-
ures
eness, among which may be noticed :
A Millionaire's Cousin' (1885); Hurrish
(1886), a study; (Grania! ( 1892 ), her most
powerful work; (Maelcho) (1894), a story of
the rebellion of Sir James Fitzmaurice in the
16th century. She is also author of (Ireland
(1887) in the Story of the Nations) series.
Lawton, William Cranston. An American
classical teacher and writer; born at New Bed-
ford, Mass. , May 22, 1853. He graduated at
Harvard in 1873; studied in Europe from 1880
to 1883; was a classical teacher in New Bed-
ford and Boston for several years; was pro-
fessor at Bryn Mawr; and is now in Adelphi
College, Brooklyn. Besides contributions to the
periodicals, he has published: (Three Dramas
of Euripides) (1889); Folia Dispersa, a vol-
ume of verse; Art and Humanity in Homer. '
Layamon or Lawemon. The name of the
author of a chronicle of Britain. This chron-
icle is described as a poetical semi-Saxon
paraphrase, and it is entitled Brut. Laya-
mon seems to have modeled his work upon
the Roman de Brut' of Wace, for there are
marked resemblances and not many differences
between the two. Nothing is known of the
personal history of Layamon, but his (Brut)
is supposed to have been completed about the
beginning of the thirteenth century. See the
volume (Noted Books) in the Library. ?
Layard, Sir Austen Henry. An English
traveler; born at Paris, March 5, 1817; died
July 5, 1894. He first became interested in
archæological research in 1840, while traveling
in Asiatic Turkey, on discovering at Nimrud,
a village near the junction of the Tigris with
the Zab, the ruins of an ancient city: this
was the site of Nineveh. He made excavations
on the site, and soon uncovered remains of
several palatial edifices. The results of his ex-
plorations he published in Nineveh and its
Remains) (2 vols. , 1848), and Nineveh and
Babylon) (1853). He wrote also Early Ad-
ventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia)
(2 vols. , 1887).
Lazarus, Emma (laz'a-rus ). A Hebrew
American poet; born in New York city, July
22, 1849; died there, Nov. 19, 1887. She la-
bored diligently in behalf of her race and de-
voted her pen largely to Hebrew subjects,
publishing a much-discussed article in the
Century on (Russian Christianity versus Mod-
ern Judaism. Her first volume was composed
of Poems and Translations) (1866), written
between the ages of fourteen and seventeen.
This was followed by (Admetus) (1871); (Alide:
an Episode of Goethe's Life) (1874); (Songs
of a Semite ) (1882), all of which are marked
by naturalness of sentiment, vivid effect, and
artistic reserve of expression.
Lazarus, Moritz (lät'sä-rös). A German
philosophical writer; born at Filehne (Posen),
La Villemarqué, Théodore Hersart, Vi-
comte de. See Villemarqué.
Lavisse, Ernest (lä-vēs'). A French his-
torian; born at Nouvion-en-Thiérache, Dec. 17,
1842. His historical researches have chiefly to
do with Prussia and the German Empire, as
in (The Mark of Brandenburg under the As-
canian Dynasty) (1875); (Studies of the His-
tory of Prussia) (1879); (Frederick the Great
before his Accession (1893); (Three Emperors
of Germany: William I. , Frederick III. , Will-
iam II. (1888).
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (lä-vwä-zyā').
A celebrated French chemist, one of the found-
ers of modern chemistry ; born at Paris, Aug.
16, 1743; died there, May 8, 1794. Starting from
the discoveries which the phlogistonists had
added to the work of the much-libeled alche-
mists, he demonstrated experimentally the acid-
ifying action of (dephlogisticated air, or as
he renamed it, "oxygen gas. ” He was the first
to analyze water, and to obtain by synthesis
« fixed air,) or as he called it, (carbonic acid. )
He first gave system to chemistry; and not
least of his services to science was his part in
devising — with Guyton de Morveau — a con-
sistent scheme of chemical nomenclature. Be-
sides papers contributed to the proceedings
of learned societies, he wrote an Element-
ary Treatise on Chemistry) (1789). He was a
farmer-general of taxes, and was guillotined
for it in the Terror.
## p. 331 (#347) ############################################
LEA - LECKY
331
Sept. 15, 1824. Among his writings are : (The
Soul's Life in Monographs) (1856); (Origin of
Customs); Ideal Questions) (1878); (The
Allurements of Gaming) (1883); (The Prophet
Jeremiah) (1894). With Steinthal he founded
(1859) the Journal of Ethnopsychology and
Philology, since 1890 known as the Journal of
the Ethnological Society.
Lea, Henry Charles. An American pub-
lisher and historian; born in Philadelphia,
Sept. 19, 1825. He entered his father's pub-
lishing house in 1843; became the principal in
1865; and retired from business in 1880. Be-
tween 1840 and 1860 he wrote many papers on
chemistry and conchology. Since 1857 he has
devoted his attention to European mediæval
history, his chief works being: (Superstition
and Force) (1866); (An Historical Sketch of
Sacerdotal Celibacy) (1867); History of the
Inquisition of the Middle Ages) (1888); "For-
mulary of the Papal Penitentiary) (1893).
Leaf, Walter. An English banker, scholar,
and translator; born in 1852. After a brilliant
career at Cambridge University, where he was
Senior Classic, Chancellor's Medalist, and Fel-
low of Trinity, he entered mercantile life in
1877, retiring in 1892. In addition to his duties
as vice-president of the Chamber of Commerce
and director of charitable and educational or-
ganizations, he is editor of the Journal of Hel-
lenic Studies, and has published : (The Story
of Achilles) (1880), with J. H. Pratt; (The
Iliad of Homer Translated into English Prose)
(1882), with A. Lang and E. Myers; (The
Iliad' (1886-88); (Companion to the Iliad)
(1892); (A Modern Priestess of Isis) (1894),
from the Russian.
Leake, William Martin. An English anti-
quarian and classical topographer; born at
London, Jan. 14, 1777; died at Brighton, Jan. 6,
1860. An officer in the West Indian service
(1794-98), and artillery instructor at Constanti-
nople in early life, he later traveled in the East,
and was engaged in surveys and diplomatic
business for the British government in Greece
(1805-9). Among his publications are: (Re-
searches in Greece) (1814); (Topography of
Athens) (1821: 2d ed. 1841), a learned and still
valuable work; Historical Outline of the Greek
Revolution (1826); (Travels in Northern
Greece) (4 vols. , 1835); "Peloponnesia' (1846).
Lear, Edward. An English writer and
draughtsman of nonsense verses and pictures;
born at London, May 12, 1812; died at San
Remo, 1888. early life he was a designer,
drawing birds and animals in the way of illus-
tration; his later years were passed in South-
ern Italy. He wrote a Book of Nonsense)
(1846); and thereafter Nonsense Songs and
Stories); Nonsense Songs, Pictures, etc. );
"Laughable Lyrics); "Nonsense Botany);
Nonsense Alphabets. He wrote also : Jour-
nal of a Landscape Painter in Greece and
Albania) (1851); Journal of a Landscape
Painter in Southern Calabria) (1852); Journal
of a Landscape Painter in Corsica (1870).
Learned, Walter. An American poet and
translator ; born in New London, Conn. , June 22,
1847. He is a resident of New London. Be-
sides contributions to current literature, he has
written Between Times) (1889), a volume
of poems; and translated (Ten Tales from
Coppée.
Lebid ibn Rabi'a (leb'ed ibn rab'yä). A
celebrated Arabian poet (about 575-662). He
was at first an opponent of Mohammed, after-
ward an adherent. His (Mu'allakat) has been
published both in the original language and in
French translation by M. de Sacy (1816); and
his (Divan in the original Arabic, and in Ger-
man translation by Huber (1887-91).
Lebrun, Pierre Antoine (lė-bruń'). A French
poet; born at Paris, Nov. 29, 1785; died there,
May 27, 1873. For his (Ode to the Grand
Army) (1805), Napoleon conferred on him a
pension of 6000 francs a year; and his Ode
on the Campaign of 1807) won for him the
place of chief collector of indirect taxes. He
was elected to the Academy on the publication
of his (Travels in Greece) (1828). He wrote
several mediocre tragedies ; his Mary Stuart
(1820), which still holds a place in the French
theatrical repertoire, is half imitation, half trans-
lation, of Schiller's play.
Lebrun, Ponce Denis Écouchard, surnamed
Lebrun-Pindare. A French poet; born at
Paris, Aug. II, 1729; died there, Sept. 2, 1807.
His title “Pindar" is due to the form and the
mythological allusions of his odes, not to any
large poetical merit, either in them or the
lyrics; and as a satirist, he alternately groveled
before and libeled the same men. His best
odes are addressed to Buffon. He excelled
in the composition of madrigals and epigrams;
the latter relate for the most part to his quar-
rels with other authors.
Le Chevalier, Jean Baptiste (lė-shev-ä-lyā').
A French archæologist; born at Trelly, July 1,
1752; died at Paris, July 2, 1836. Before the
Revolution he made an archæological explora-
tion of the Troad, and published (1794) A
Visit to the Troad, or the Plain of Troy as It
Now Is. He wrote also (The Propontis and
the Euxine) (2 vols. , 1800).
Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. An Eng.
lish historian; born in Dublin, Ireland, March
26, 1838. His first work, (The Leaders of Pub-
lic Opinion in Ireland (1861), is a study, from
a Liberal and Union standpoint, of Swift, Flood,
Grattan, and O'Connell. His next work was a
(History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit
of Rationalism in Europe) (2 vols. , 1865); a
semi-controversial essay to prove that the ad-
vance of the masses in religious common-sense
has been due to the general progress of civiliza-
tion and not to the arguments of enlightened
leaders. Then followed A History of Euro-
pean Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne)
(2 vols. , 1869); A History of England in the
18th Century) (8 vols. , 1878–90); (A History of
Ireland in the 18th Century) (5 vols. , 1892),
## p. 332 (#348) ############################################
332
LECLERCQ-LEE
enlarged from the chapters on this subject in
the English History. His (Democracy and
Liberty) (2 vols. ) appeared in 1896. *
Leclercq, Michel Théodore (lė-klerk'). A
French dramatic poet; born at Paris, April 1,
1777; died there, Feb. 15, 1851. He wrote after
the manner of Carmontel a series of Dra.
matic Proverbs, little pieces for the drawing-
room, which, by their pointed, witty dialogue,
their fine character-drawing, and their elegant
style, won universal favor. The latest edition
was in six volumes (1828), and comprised about
80 pieces.
Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie René (lė-
könt' de lēl'). A French poet; born in the Isle
of Bourbon (Réunion), Oct. 23, 1818; died at
Louveciennes, near Paris, July 17, 1894. Settling
in Paris (1846), he was at first an enthusiastic
socialist and disciple of Fourier; afterward he
became an impassioned admirer of the ancient
religions of Greece and India, and a pantheistic
conception of the universe dominated all his
thoughts. In his “Antique Poems) (1853), he
sings in verse exquisite in form the praises of
the ancient gods and heroes; in his “Barbarian
Poems) (1862), with a poet's insight he seeks
to interpret the mythological ideas of the He-
brews, Irish, Bretons, Scandinavians, Indians,
and Polynesians. His (Tragic Poems) (1882)
were crowned by the French Academy. He
made admirable translations of ancient Grecian
poets,- Homer, Hesiod, Theocritus, Anacreon,
and the dramatists. *
Le Conte, Joseph (lė-kont'). An American
scientist; born in Liberty County, Ga. , Feb. 26,
1823. He practiced medicine for some years at
Macon, Ga. , but in 1850 went to Cambridge,
Mass. , where he studied natural history under
Agassiz. He subsequently held several pro-
fessorships, and since 1869 has occupied the
chair of geology and natural history in the Uni-
versity of California. "The Mutual Relations
of Religion and Science) appeared in 1874, and
was followed byElements of Geology) (1878);
(Light) (1881); (A Compend of Geology (1884);
(Evolution and its Relation to Religious
Thought) (1888).
Ledeganck, Karel Lodewyk (led-ė-gänk').
A Flemish poet; born at Eecloo, Nov. 9, 1805;
died March 19, 1847. He is one of the most
popular of Flemish writers. His first collection
of poems was ( Flowers of my Springtide) (1839).
His poem on (The Three Sister Cities) - i. e. ,
Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp- is considered his
finest production.
Ledesma Buitrago, Alonso de (lā-dēs'mä
bwe-trä'go). A Spanish poet; born in Segovia,
1552; died 1623. He was very mystical and
allegorical in his verse, carrying imaginative-
ness to the point of unintelligibility. (Spiritual
Conceptions) (1600-12) is his best work.
Lee, Eliza Buckminster. An American
prose-writer; born in Portsmouth, N. H. , in
1794; died in Brookline, Mass. , June 22, 1864.
Her (Sketches of New England Life) ap-
peared in 1837, and was followed by Delus.
ion) (1839); a translation from the German of
the Life of Jean Paul Richter) (1842); “Naomi;
or, Boston Two Hundred Years Ago) (1848);
(Parthenia; or, The Last Days of Paganism)
(1858); and a translation of Berthold Auer.
bach's (Barefoot Maiden) (1800).
Lee, Frederick George. An English clergy-
man and miscellaneous writer; born at Thame
Vicarage, Oxfordshire, Jan. 6, 1832. At Oxford
he was both University and College prizeman.
He was ordained in 1854, and is at present
vicar of All Saints', Lambeth. He is author
of nearly fifty poems, essays, lectures, ser-
mons, religious and historical studies, among
which are : Poems) (2d ed. 1855); (The Beauty
of Holiness) (1859), lectures; (The Martyrs of
Vienne and Lyons) (3d ed. 1866), an Oxford
prize poem; (Glimpses of the Supernatural
(1875); (A Glossary of Liturgical and Eccle-
siastical Terms) (1877); Historical Sketches of
the Reformation) (1878); (The Church under
Queen Elizabeth) (1880); (King Edward the
Sixth, Supreme Head (1886); (Cardinal Regi-
nald Pole) (1887); (A Manual of Politics)
(1889).
Lee, Mrs. Hannah Farnham Sawyer. An
American essayist and miscellaneous writer,
wife of George Gardiner Lee of Boston; born
in Newburyport, Mass. , 1780; died in Boston,
1865. Her works, which exerted considerable
influence during the first quarter of the nine-
teenth century, are: (Grace Seymour) (1835);
(Three Experiments in Living) (1838); “The
Huguenots in France and America (1842); Me.
moir of Pierre Toussaint) (1853).
Lee, Nathaniel. An English dramatist; born
about 1650 ; died 1692. He wrote several trage-
dies, including (The Rival Queens' (1677) and
( Theodosius) (1680).
Lee, Sophia and Harriet. English novel
ists; born in London-Sophia 1750, Harriet
1757; died --Sophia March 13, 1824, Harriet
Aug. I, 1851.
"Questions of Art and Morals) (1861); "Liberal
Education (1873); Essays in Idealist Criti-
cism' (1882).
La Ramée, Louise de. See Ouida.
Larcom, Lucy. An American poet; born in
Beverly, Mass. , 1826; died in Boston, 1893.
Through her early contributions to the Lowell
Offering, she attracted the attention of Whit-
tier, who assisted her in literary work, and
was a faithful friend to the close of his life.
She edited Our Young Folks, 'a Boston maga-
zine, from 1866 to its absorption by St. Nicholas
in 1874. Her published works include: (Poems)
(1868); (An Idyl of Work, a Story in Verse)
(1875); “As It Is in Heaven' (1891); and (The
Unseen Friend' (1892).
Lardner, Dionysius. An Irish physicist;
born in Dublin, April 3, 1793; died at Naples,
April 29, 1859. He wrote several notable
mathematical treatises; and edited, himself be.
ing one of the chief contributors, an "Encyclo-
pedia) (132 vols. , 1829-46). Among his other
writings are: Manual of Electricity,' etc. (2
vols. , 1841); (Treatise on Heat) (1844); (The
Steam Engine! (1852); Natural Philosophy
and Astronomy) (3 vols. , 1851-52)
Larivey, Pierre (lä-rē-vā'). A French dram-
atist (1540-1611). His prose comedies, founded
on Italian originals, are full of life and spirit,
and had an influence on Molière. Larivey's
best comedy, Les Esprits,' is an adaptation of
Lorenzo de' Medici's (Aridosio.
La Roche, Maria Sophie (lä-rosh'). A Ger.
man story-teller; born at Kaufbeuren, Dec. 6,
1731 ; died at Offenbach, Feb. 18, 1807. Her
stories show intimate knowledge of the human
heart. She was a correspondent of Wieland
and of Goethe. She wrote: (The History of
Fräulein von Sternheim) (1771); (Moral Tales)
(1782); (History of Miss Long) (1789); (Me-
lusine's Summer Evenings) (1806).
La Rochefoucauld, François, Duc de. See
Rochefoucauld.
Larousse, Pierre (lä-rös'). A French lex-
icographer; born at Toucy, Oct. 23, 1817; died
Jan. 3, 1875. For several years he compiled
valuable educational text-books.
In 1864 ap-
peared the first volume of his Great Universal
Dictionary of the Nineteenth Century) (com-
pleted 1876, 15 vols. , with supplementary volumes
1878 and 1887). He also published two smaller
works of the same class, the New Illustrated
Dictionary, and (Complete Illustrated Dic-
tionary.
Larra, Mariano José de (lär'ä). A Spanish
playwright and journalist; born at Madrid, 1809,
committed suicide Feb. 13, 1837. He adapted
to the Spanish stage several French comedies,
and wrote a tragedy, (Macias) (1834), on the
tragic ending of a famous Galician troubadour.
Five volumes of his contributions to the Re-
vista Española were published in 1837; his prin-
cipal work is (From 1830 to 1835, or Spain
from Fernando VII. to Mendizabal(1836).
Larrazabal, Felipe (lär-rä-thä'bäl). A Ven.
ezuelan biographer and historian; born about
1822; drowned 1873. He wrote a valuable (Life
of the Liberator Simon Bolivar) (2 vols. , 1863),
collected a large amount of manuscript ma-
terial on the history of America, and was on
his way to Europe to arrange for the publica-
tion of several of his works when he was
drowned in the wreck of the steamship City
of Havre.
>
(
## p. 328 (#344) ############################################
328
LA SALLE-LATHROP
com-
La Salle, Antoine de (lä-sal'). A French
mediæval romancer (1398–1470). Among his
works may be mentioned the (Chronicle of
Little John of Saintré,' a historical romance ex-
emplifying the ideal knightly education of the
time. His Fifteen Joys of Wedlock) is a witty
satire on marriage. He wrote also A Hun-
dred New Novels, stories purporting to be re-
counted by personages attached to the court
of his patron, Philip the Good, of Flanders.
Las Casas. See Casas.
Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonné,
Marquis de (läs-käz). A French writer ; born
near Revel, 1766; died May 15, 1842. He was
one of the emigrant nobles of 1791, but re-
turned to France in 1799, and set up in Paris
as a bookseller. Under the pseudonym Le
Sage he compiled an Atlas, Historical, Geo-
graphical, Chronological, and Genealogical)
(1803-4) which gained him high office from
Napoleon. He accompanied the latter to St.
Helena, and began to take down his (Memoirs)
from dictation; but before they were
pleted, Las Cases's secret correspondence with
Napoleon's friends outside was discovered, and
he had to quit his master's service. The re-
mainder of the "Memoirs) is contained in
O'Meara's Napoleon in Exile. After Napo-
leon's death, Las Cases published (Memorial
of St. Helena) (8 vols. , 1821-23).
Laskaratos, Andreas (läs-kär'ä-tõs). A
modern Greek poet; born in Kephalenia, May
I, 1811.
His most notable work is the satire
(The Mysteries of Cephalonia) (1856), which
gave great offense to the clergy, and provoked a
long and bitter controversy. In defense the poet
wrote a (Reply to the Decision of the Clergy
of Cephalonia) (1867), and (Behold the Man)
(1886). He wrote in Italian an account of his
sufferings in prison, My Sufferings.
Lasker, Eduard (läs ker). A German polit-
ical leader; born at Jarotschin in Posen, Oct.
14, 1829; died at New York, Jan. 5, 1884. His
principal works are: Constitutional History
of Prussia) (1874); (Future of the German Em-
pire) (1877), Ways and Means of Cultural
Development) (1881).
Lassalle, Ferdinand (lä-säl'). A German
agitator, founder of the German Social Democ-
racy; born of Jewish parents named Lassal,
at Breslau, April 11, 1825; died Aug. 31, 1864.
Before entering politics he had earned high dis-
tinction in philosophical thought, which had
brought him to the notice of Humboldt, Böckh,
and others. Among his writings of this period
are (Franz von Sickingen, a historical drama
(1859); (The Philosophy of Heraclitus the
Obscure) (2 vols. , 1858); (The System of Ac-
quired Rights) (2 vols. , 1860); (Fichte's Phi-
losophy and the Popular Mind of Germany)
(1862). He first came into the political arena
as the spokesman of the German workingman
in 1862, when he published the Workingmen's
Programme. For this he was arrested and im-
prisoned. Other pamphlets followed : (Science
and the Workingmen' (1863); (The Criminal
Trial of Lassalle) (1863); Indirect Taxation
and the Condition of the Laboring Classes)
(1863). He further developed the Socialist pro-
gramme in an (Open Reply to the Central
Committee (1863). His last work was a spir.
ited attack on one of the foremost opponents
of the Social Democracy, Herr Bastiat-Schulze
von Delitzsch, the Julian of Economics; or Cap-
ital and Labor) (1864). His talents won him
the admiration even of his enemies.
Lassen, Christian (läs'sen). An eminent
German Orientalist; born at Bergen, Norway,
Oct. 22, 1800; died at Bonn, May 8, 1876. He
has been since 1827 first tutor and then pro-
fessor of ancient Indian languages and litera-
ture at the University of Bonn, where he learned
Sanskrit and Arabic; he spent three years in
Paris and London. His editions of ancient
texts in the languages of India, with transla-
tions and commentaries, give ample proof of
his accurate and comprehensive scholarship.
His greatest work is “The Science of Indian
Antiquity) (4 vols. , 1844-61; 2d ed. enlarged.
1867 and 1874); in this he co-ordinates the total
results of antiquarian research in India.
Lasson, Adolf (läs-son). A German writer
on philosophy; born at Altstrelitz, March 12,
1832. He is author of 'J. H. Fichte in his
Relation to Church and State) (1863); (Civil-
ization and War) (1868); (Master Eckhart the
Mystic) (1878); Philosophy of Law) (1881).
Latham, Robert Gordon. A distinguished
English ethnologist and philologist; born at
Billingborough, 1812 ; died at Putney, March 9,
1888. He is author of numerous works on the
English tongue, among them a “Treatise on
the English Language) (1841; frequently re-
published); (History and Etymology of the
English Language) (1849); (Handbook of the
English Language) (1851); Elements of Com-
parative Philology) (1862). His principal works
on ethnology are: Natural History of the
Varieties of Man (1850); Man and his Mi-
grations) (1851); Ethnology of the British
Islands) (1852); (Ethnology of Europe) (1852);
(Descriptive Ethnology' (2 vols. , 1859); “Rus-
sian and Turk) (1878).
Lathrop, George Parsons. An American
poet and miscellaneous writer; born in the Ha-
waiian Islands, Aug. 25, 1851. He was for some
years employed editorially on the Atlantic
Monthly and the Boston Courier. He wrote:
(Rose and Roof-Tree, verses (1875); (A Study
of Hawthorne) (1876); (Afterglow' (1876); (An
Echo of Passion) (1882); (Spanish Vistas)
(1883); "Gettysburg, a Battle Ode) (1888);
(Would You Kill Him ? ) (1889); Dreams and
Days,' verses (1892); “Gold of Pleasure) (1892),
a novel; “Story of Courage, with Rose Haw-
thorne.
Lathrop, Mrs. Rose (Hawthorne). An
American poet, daughter of Nathaniel Haw-
thorne; born in Lenox, Mass. , May 20, 1851.
She passed her childhood in Europe. In 1871
>
## p. 329 (#345) ############################################
LATIMER-LAVATER
329
she married George Parsons Lathrop. She has
been prominent in literary circles, has written
for the periodicals, and has published (Along
the Shore) (1888) and (Some Memories of
Hawthorne.
Latimer, Hugh. An English bishop and
sermonist; born at Thurcaston, Leicestershire,
1491 (? ); died at the stake, Oct. 16, 1555. His
(Sermons) are famous.
Latour, Antoine Tenant de (lä-tör'). A
French writer; born at St. Yrieix, 1808; died
at Sceaux, Aug. 27, 1881. He wrote an Essay
on the Study of French History in the Nine-
teenth Century) (1835); a noteworthy study of
Luther (1835); an Account of a Voyage to
the East) (1847); and a series of studies of
Spain, the land and the people: the series com-
prises ten volumes, devoted to separate towns
and provinces, as, (Seville and Andalusia);
(Toledo and the Banks of the Tagus'; or to
general views, as (Spain, Religious and Liter-
ary); 'Spain: Traditions, Manners, and Liter-
ature.
Latreille, Pierre André (lä-trā'ē). A French
zoologist; born at Brives, Nov. 29, 1762; died
at Paris, Feb. 6, 1833. He has contributed ma-
terially to the classification of the animal king-
dom, as in a (History of the Salamanders)
(1800); Natural History of Reptilia) (4 vols. ,
1802); “Genera of Crustacea and Insecta);
(Course in Entomology) (2 vols. , 1831-33).
Laube, Heinrich (loub'é). A German dram-
atist and novelist; born at Sprottau, Sept. 18,
1806; died at Vienna, Aug. I, 1884. He was
director of theatres in several cities of Ger-
many and Austria between 1849 and 1880.
Among his dramatic works are: (Gustavus
Adolphus) (1829); (Zaganini, a farce (1829);
the tragedy (Monaldeschi? (1839); “The Amber
Witch) (1842); (Struensee, a tragedy (1847);
(The Schoolboys) (1847), a very clever drama-
tization of an incident in the life of Schiller;
(Lord Essex) (1856), his finest tragedy. Among
his stories and works of fiction are: Young
Europe) (1833); 'Love Letters); (The Actress)
(1836); (The Pretender) (1842); (Countess Cha-
teaubriand) (1843); ( The Belgian Count) (1845);
« The German War) (9 vols. , 1865); Life His-
tory of Franz Grillparzer) (1884).
Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury.
An English theologian ; born at Reading, Oct.
7, 1573; died at London, Jan. 10, 1645. He was
an uncompromising upholder of High-Church
principles, and exerted all the powers of his
high office for the repression of Puritanism.
He was brought to trial in the House of Lords
on the charge of high treason, Nov. 13, 1643,
and was beheaded Jan. 10 following. His writ.
ings are but few; his (Diary) (1695), and
his letters, are of value for the history of his
time.
Laughlin, James Lawrence. An eminent
American political economist ; born in Deer-
field, O. , April 2, 1850. In 1892 he became a
professor in Chicago University. His chief
works are : (The Study of Political Economy)
(1885); (The History of Bimetallism in the
United States) (1885); (The Elements of Polit-
ical Economy) (1887).
Lauremberg, Johann Wilhelm (lou'rem-
berg). A Low-German satirist; born at Ros-
tock, Feb. 26, 1590; died at Lorö, Feb. 28, 1658.
In (Four Famous Old Comic Poems) (1652),
written in the Low-German dialect, he ridicules
the fashion of the time in costume, manners,
speech, etc. He wrote also some Latin poems;
and a few dramatic pieces of little value in
High-German, with interludes in Low-German.
Laurent, François (lõ-ron'). A Belgian jurist
and historical writer; born at Luxemburg, July
8, 1810; died at Ghent, Feb. 11, 1887. His works
on law, municipal and international, are writ-
ten with great breadth of view. He wrote
several works in defense of Liberal principles
against the Clericals, among them one "On the
Passion of Catholics for Liberty) (1850); and
(Letters on the Jesuits) (1865).
Laurentie, Pierre Sébastien (lo-ron-te'). A
French journalist and historian; born at Houga,
Gers, Jan. 21, 1793; died at Paris, Feb. 9, 1876.
An ardent advocate of the royalist cause, he
held several important offices until the revo-
lution of 1830, after which he joined the Legiti-
mist journal La Quotidienne, with which he
had previously been connected. His extreme
royalist sentiments detract from the value of
most of his works, among which are: (History
of the Dukes of Orléans) (4 vols. , 1832-34);
(History of France) (8 vols. , 1841-43); Rome
and the Pope) (1860); "History of the Roman
Empire) (4 vols. , 1861–62); (The Pope and
the Czar) (1862); and numerous brochures, etc.
Lauser, Wilhelm (lou'ser). A German pub-
licist; born at Stuttgart, June 15, 1836. He spent
several years in France and Spain, and in for-
eign travel, and wrote: "Contemporary Spain)
(1872); History of Spain from the Fall of Isa-
bella to the Accession of Alfonso XII. (1877);
(In all Directions: Stories of my Travels' (1889);
(The First Picaresque Romance: Lazarillo of
Tormes) (1889).
Lavater, Johann Kaspar (läv'ä-ter). A Swiss
physiognomist and theological writer; born at
Zürich, Nov. 15, 1741 ; died there, Jan, 2, 1801.
He was pastor of a church in his native town,
and his semi-mystical religious writings won
him great fame throughout Germany. In his
(Christian Songs) (first 100, 1776; second 100,
1780), he seeks to counteract the principles of
Illuminism and Rationalism; and he has the
same aim in the drama (Abraham and Isaac)
(1776), in the epics (Jesus the Messiah, or the
Coming of the Lord' (1780), (Joseph of Ari-
mathea) (1794), etc. His views of the inner
life of the soul find expression in his 'Private
Diary of a Self-Observer) (1772–73). But his
most celebrated work is (Physiognomic Frag.
ments) (1775–78), which was received with ex-
traordinary favor by the leading minds of Ger-
many, among them Goethe, Stolberg, Jakobi.
## p. 330 (#346) ############################################
330
LAVEDAN-LAZARUS
Lavedan, Henri (läv-don'). A French jour-
nalist, critic, novelist, and playwright; born at
Orléans, in 1860. He contributed under the
pseudonym of “Manchecourt” a series of brill-
iant articles to Vie Parisienne, Gil Blas, etc. ,
and in the department of fiction has produced :
(Mam'zelle Virtue) (1885); (Queen Janvier)
(1886); (Lydie) (1887); Inconsolable) (1888);
(High Life) (1891); A New Game) (1892).
Of his plays the most notable are: A Family,
a comedy produced at the Comédie Française
(1890), and awarded a prize of 4,000 francs by
the French Academy; and Prince d'Aurec)
(acted in 1892).
Laveleye, Émile de (läv-lā'). A Belgian
economist; born at Bruges, April 5, 1822; died
at Doyon, near Liège, Jan. 3, 1892. Among his
numerous writings are: (History of the Pro-
vençal Language and Literature) (1846); (The
Question of Gold' (1860); Property and its
Principal Forms) (1874); Contemporary So-
cialism) (1881); Elements of Political Econ-
omy) (1882); (Money and International Bimet-
allism' (1891); (Government in Democracies)
(1891).
La Vigne, Andrieu de (lä-vēn'). A French
poet (1457-1527). He accompanied Charles
VIII. to Naples, and told the story of the
march in verse. He also wrote a Mystery-
Play of Saint Martin,' and several minor po-
ems; among them a sonnet in the Lombard
dialect, the first sonnet written by a French-
(
man.
Lawless, Emily, Hon. An Irish novelist,
daughter of the third Baron Cloncurry; bom
in 1845. She is the author of several popular
romances of Irish life, full of pathos and pict-
ures
eness, among which may be noticed :
A Millionaire's Cousin' (1885); Hurrish
(1886), a study; (Grania! ( 1892 ), her most
powerful work; (Maelcho) (1894), a story of
the rebellion of Sir James Fitzmaurice in the
16th century. She is also author of (Ireland
(1887) in the Story of the Nations) series.
Lawton, William Cranston. An American
classical teacher and writer; born at New Bed-
ford, Mass. , May 22, 1853. He graduated at
Harvard in 1873; studied in Europe from 1880
to 1883; was a classical teacher in New Bed-
ford and Boston for several years; was pro-
fessor at Bryn Mawr; and is now in Adelphi
College, Brooklyn. Besides contributions to the
periodicals, he has published: (Three Dramas
of Euripides) (1889); Folia Dispersa, a vol-
ume of verse; Art and Humanity in Homer. '
Layamon or Lawemon. The name of the
author of a chronicle of Britain. This chron-
icle is described as a poetical semi-Saxon
paraphrase, and it is entitled Brut. Laya-
mon seems to have modeled his work upon
the Roman de Brut' of Wace, for there are
marked resemblances and not many differences
between the two. Nothing is known of the
personal history of Layamon, but his (Brut)
is supposed to have been completed about the
beginning of the thirteenth century. See the
volume (Noted Books) in the Library. ?
Layard, Sir Austen Henry. An English
traveler; born at Paris, March 5, 1817; died
July 5, 1894. He first became interested in
archæological research in 1840, while traveling
in Asiatic Turkey, on discovering at Nimrud,
a village near the junction of the Tigris with
the Zab, the ruins of an ancient city: this
was the site of Nineveh. He made excavations
on the site, and soon uncovered remains of
several palatial edifices. The results of his ex-
plorations he published in Nineveh and its
Remains) (2 vols. , 1848), and Nineveh and
Babylon) (1853). He wrote also Early Ad-
ventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia)
(2 vols. , 1887).
Lazarus, Emma (laz'a-rus ). A Hebrew
American poet; born in New York city, July
22, 1849; died there, Nov. 19, 1887. She la-
bored diligently in behalf of her race and de-
voted her pen largely to Hebrew subjects,
publishing a much-discussed article in the
Century on (Russian Christianity versus Mod-
ern Judaism. Her first volume was composed
of Poems and Translations) (1866), written
between the ages of fourteen and seventeen.
This was followed by (Admetus) (1871); (Alide:
an Episode of Goethe's Life) (1874); (Songs
of a Semite ) (1882), all of which are marked
by naturalness of sentiment, vivid effect, and
artistic reserve of expression.
Lazarus, Moritz (lät'sä-rös). A German
philosophical writer; born at Filehne (Posen),
La Villemarqué, Théodore Hersart, Vi-
comte de. See Villemarqué.
Lavisse, Ernest (lä-vēs'). A French his-
torian; born at Nouvion-en-Thiérache, Dec. 17,
1842. His historical researches have chiefly to
do with Prussia and the German Empire, as
in (The Mark of Brandenburg under the As-
canian Dynasty) (1875); (Studies of the His-
tory of Prussia) (1879); (Frederick the Great
before his Accession (1893); (Three Emperors
of Germany: William I. , Frederick III. , Will-
iam II. (1888).
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (lä-vwä-zyā').
A celebrated French chemist, one of the found-
ers of modern chemistry ; born at Paris, Aug.
16, 1743; died there, May 8, 1794. Starting from
the discoveries which the phlogistonists had
added to the work of the much-libeled alche-
mists, he demonstrated experimentally the acid-
ifying action of (dephlogisticated air, or as
he renamed it, "oxygen gas. ” He was the first
to analyze water, and to obtain by synthesis
« fixed air,) or as he called it, (carbonic acid. )
He first gave system to chemistry; and not
least of his services to science was his part in
devising — with Guyton de Morveau — a con-
sistent scheme of chemical nomenclature. Be-
sides papers contributed to the proceedings
of learned societies, he wrote an Element-
ary Treatise on Chemistry) (1789). He was a
farmer-general of taxes, and was guillotined
for it in the Terror.
## p. 331 (#347) ############################################
LEA - LECKY
331
Sept. 15, 1824. Among his writings are : (The
Soul's Life in Monographs) (1856); (Origin of
Customs); Ideal Questions) (1878); (The
Allurements of Gaming) (1883); (The Prophet
Jeremiah) (1894). With Steinthal he founded
(1859) the Journal of Ethnopsychology and
Philology, since 1890 known as the Journal of
the Ethnological Society.
Lea, Henry Charles. An American pub-
lisher and historian; born in Philadelphia,
Sept. 19, 1825. He entered his father's pub-
lishing house in 1843; became the principal in
1865; and retired from business in 1880. Be-
tween 1840 and 1860 he wrote many papers on
chemistry and conchology. Since 1857 he has
devoted his attention to European mediæval
history, his chief works being: (Superstition
and Force) (1866); (An Historical Sketch of
Sacerdotal Celibacy) (1867); History of the
Inquisition of the Middle Ages) (1888); "For-
mulary of the Papal Penitentiary) (1893).
Leaf, Walter. An English banker, scholar,
and translator; born in 1852. After a brilliant
career at Cambridge University, where he was
Senior Classic, Chancellor's Medalist, and Fel-
low of Trinity, he entered mercantile life in
1877, retiring in 1892. In addition to his duties
as vice-president of the Chamber of Commerce
and director of charitable and educational or-
ganizations, he is editor of the Journal of Hel-
lenic Studies, and has published : (The Story
of Achilles) (1880), with J. H. Pratt; (The
Iliad of Homer Translated into English Prose)
(1882), with A. Lang and E. Myers; (The
Iliad' (1886-88); (Companion to the Iliad)
(1892); (A Modern Priestess of Isis) (1894),
from the Russian.
Leake, William Martin. An English anti-
quarian and classical topographer; born at
London, Jan. 14, 1777; died at Brighton, Jan. 6,
1860. An officer in the West Indian service
(1794-98), and artillery instructor at Constanti-
nople in early life, he later traveled in the East,
and was engaged in surveys and diplomatic
business for the British government in Greece
(1805-9). Among his publications are: (Re-
searches in Greece) (1814); (Topography of
Athens) (1821: 2d ed. 1841), a learned and still
valuable work; Historical Outline of the Greek
Revolution (1826); (Travels in Northern
Greece) (4 vols. , 1835); "Peloponnesia' (1846).
Lear, Edward. An English writer and
draughtsman of nonsense verses and pictures;
born at London, May 12, 1812; died at San
Remo, 1888. early life he was a designer,
drawing birds and animals in the way of illus-
tration; his later years were passed in South-
ern Italy. He wrote a Book of Nonsense)
(1846); and thereafter Nonsense Songs and
Stories); Nonsense Songs, Pictures, etc. );
"Laughable Lyrics); "Nonsense Botany);
Nonsense Alphabets. He wrote also : Jour-
nal of a Landscape Painter in Greece and
Albania) (1851); Journal of a Landscape
Painter in Southern Calabria) (1852); Journal
of a Landscape Painter in Corsica (1870).
Learned, Walter. An American poet and
translator ; born in New London, Conn. , June 22,
1847. He is a resident of New London. Be-
sides contributions to current literature, he has
written Between Times) (1889), a volume
of poems; and translated (Ten Tales from
Coppée.
Lebid ibn Rabi'a (leb'ed ibn rab'yä). A
celebrated Arabian poet (about 575-662). He
was at first an opponent of Mohammed, after-
ward an adherent. His (Mu'allakat) has been
published both in the original language and in
French translation by M. de Sacy (1816); and
his (Divan in the original Arabic, and in Ger-
man translation by Huber (1887-91).
Lebrun, Pierre Antoine (lė-bruń'). A French
poet; born at Paris, Nov. 29, 1785; died there,
May 27, 1873. For his (Ode to the Grand
Army) (1805), Napoleon conferred on him a
pension of 6000 francs a year; and his Ode
on the Campaign of 1807) won for him the
place of chief collector of indirect taxes. He
was elected to the Academy on the publication
of his (Travels in Greece) (1828). He wrote
several mediocre tragedies ; his Mary Stuart
(1820), which still holds a place in the French
theatrical repertoire, is half imitation, half trans-
lation, of Schiller's play.
Lebrun, Ponce Denis Écouchard, surnamed
Lebrun-Pindare. A French poet; born at
Paris, Aug. II, 1729; died there, Sept. 2, 1807.
His title “Pindar" is due to the form and the
mythological allusions of his odes, not to any
large poetical merit, either in them or the
lyrics; and as a satirist, he alternately groveled
before and libeled the same men. His best
odes are addressed to Buffon. He excelled
in the composition of madrigals and epigrams;
the latter relate for the most part to his quar-
rels with other authors.
Le Chevalier, Jean Baptiste (lė-shev-ä-lyā').
A French archæologist; born at Trelly, July 1,
1752; died at Paris, July 2, 1836. Before the
Revolution he made an archæological explora-
tion of the Troad, and published (1794) A
Visit to the Troad, or the Plain of Troy as It
Now Is. He wrote also (The Propontis and
the Euxine) (2 vols. , 1800).
Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. An Eng.
lish historian; born in Dublin, Ireland, March
26, 1838. His first work, (The Leaders of Pub-
lic Opinion in Ireland (1861), is a study, from
a Liberal and Union standpoint, of Swift, Flood,
Grattan, and O'Connell. His next work was a
(History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit
of Rationalism in Europe) (2 vols. , 1865); a
semi-controversial essay to prove that the ad-
vance of the masses in religious common-sense
has been due to the general progress of civiliza-
tion and not to the arguments of enlightened
leaders. Then followed A History of Euro-
pean Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne)
(2 vols. , 1869); A History of England in the
18th Century) (8 vols. , 1878–90); (A History of
Ireland in the 18th Century) (5 vols. , 1892),
## p. 332 (#348) ############################################
332
LECLERCQ-LEE
enlarged from the chapters on this subject in
the English History. His (Democracy and
Liberty) (2 vols. ) appeared in 1896. *
Leclercq, Michel Théodore (lė-klerk'). A
French dramatic poet; born at Paris, April 1,
1777; died there, Feb. 15, 1851. He wrote after
the manner of Carmontel a series of Dra.
matic Proverbs, little pieces for the drawing-
room, which, by their pointed, witty dialogue,
their fine character-drawing, and their elegant
style, won universal favor. The latest edition
was in six volumes (1828), and comprised about
80 pieces.
Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie René (lė-
könt' de lēl'). A French poet; born in the Isle
of Bourbon (Réunion), Oct. 23, 1818; died at
Louveciennes, near Paris, July 17, 1894. Settling
in Paris (1846), he was at first an enthusiastic
socialist and disciple of Fourier; afterward he
became an impassioned admirer of the ancient
religions of Greece and India, and a pantheistic
conception of the universe dominated all his
thoughts. In his “Antique Poems) (1853), he
sings in verse exquisite in form the praises of
the ancient gods and heroes; in his “Barbarian
Poems) (1862), with a poet's insight he seeks
to interpret the mythological ideas of the He-
brews, Irish, Bretons, Scandinavians, Indians,
and Polynesians. His (Tragic Poems) (1882)
were crowned by the French Academy. He
made admirable translations of ancient Grecian
poets,- Homer, Hesiod, Theocritus, Anacreon,
and the dramatists. *
Le Conte, Joseph (lė-kont'). An American
scientist; born in Liberty County, Ga. , Feb. 26,
1823. He practiced medicine for some years at
Macon, Ga. , but in 1850 went to Cambridge,
Mass. , where he studied natural history under
Agassiz. He subsequently held several pro-
fessorships, and since 1869 has occupied the
chair of geology and natural history in the Uni-
versity of California. "The Mutual Relations
of Religion and Science) appeared in 1874, and
was followed byElements of Geology) (1878);
(Light) (1881); (A Compend of Geology (1884);
(Evolution and its Relation to Religious
Thought) (1888).
Ledeganck, Karel Lodewyk (led-ė-gänk').
A Flemish poet; born at Eecloo, Nov. 9, 1805;
died March 19, 1847. He is one of the most
popular of Flemish writers. His first collection
of poems was ( Flowers of my Springtide) (1839).
His poem on (The Three Sister Cities) - i. e. ,
Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp- is considered his
finest production.
Ledesma Buitrago, Alonso de (lā-dēs'mä
bwe-trä'go). A Spanish poet; born in Segovia,
1552; died 1623. He was very mystical and
allegorical in his verse, carrying imaginative-
ness to the point of unintelligibility. (Spiritual
Conceptions) (1600-12) is his best work.
Lee, Eliza Buckminster. An American
prose-writer; born in Portsmouth, N. H. , in
1794; died in Brookline, Mass. , June 22, 1864.
Her (Sketches of New England Life) ap-
peared in 1837, and was followed by Delus.
ion) (1839); a translation from the German of
the Life of Jean Paul Richter) (1842); “Naomi;
or, Boston Two Hundred Years Ago) (1848);
(Parthenia; or, The Last Days of Paganism)
(1858); and a translation of Berthold Auer.
bach's (Barefoot Maiden) (1800).
Lee, Frederick George. An English clergy-
man and miscellaneous writer; born at Thame
Vicarage, Oxfordshire, Jan. 6, 1832. At Oxford
he was both University and College prizeman.
He was ordained in 1854, and is at present
vicar of All Saints', Lambeth. He is author
of nearly fifty poems, essays, lectures, ser-
mons, religious and historical studies, among
which are : Poems) (2d ed. 1855); (The Beauty
of Holiness) (1859), lectures; (The Martyrs of
Vienne and Lyons) (3d ed. 1866), an Oxford
prize poem; (Glimpses of the Supernatural
(1875); (A Glossary of Liturgical and Eccle-
siastical Terms) (1877); Historical Sketches of
the Reformation) (1878); (The Church under
Queen Elizabeth) (1880); (King Edward the
Sixth, Supreme Head (1886); (Cardinal Regi-
nald Pole) (1887); (A Manual of Politics)
(1889).
Lee, Mrs. Hannah Farnham Sawyer. An
American essayist and miscellaneous writer,
wife of George Gardiner Lee of Boston; born
in Newburyport, Mass. , 1780; died in Boston,
1865. Her works, which exerted considerable
influence during the first quarter of the nine-
teenth century, are: (Grace Seymour) (1835);
(Three Experiments in Living) (1838); “The
Huguenots in France and America (1842); Me.
moir of Pierre Toussaint) (1853).
Lee, Nathaniel. An English dramatist; born
about 1650 ; died 1692. He wrote several trage-
dies, including (The Rival Queens' (1677) and
( Theodosius) (1680).
Lee, Sophia and Harriet. English novel
ists; born in London-Sophia 1750, Harriet
1757; died --Sophia March 13, 1824, Harriet
Aug. I, 1851.
