15;
Contractualists,” and a curiously vulgar
while the Doctor abused Garrick, he would ing words :-
and that he will refrain from placing
let no one else do so.
Contractualists,” and a curiously vulgar
while the Doctor abused Garrick, he would ing words :-
and that he will refrain from placing
let no one else do so.
Athenaeum - London - 1912a
Maranatha as · Come, Lord !
” (Marana
the statement that the Galileans had
In “Some Characteristics of the Synop- tha) which Mr. Redman accepts on the
probably hardly a drop of Jewish blood tic Writers," Mr. H. G. Wood, one of the authority of Prof. Burkitt, is open to some
in their veins," and not a few will think distinguished Nonconformist 'students of serious objections.
that the unlovable features of the Jewish the College, first combats Prof. Reinach's
and the attractive elements of the Greek | opinion that,
Very interesting also is the Rev.
apart from the authority B. T. D. Smith’s contribution on The
type, as manifested in early times, are of the Church," the Gospels cannot be Johannine Theology. ' The reader will
rather exaggerated in the essay; but all used as “documents for the history of the here find adequate treatment of the Logos
will agree that Dr. Inge's over-coloured true life of Jesus,” and then proceeds to doctrine, the relation of Pauline to Johan-
descriptions—if such they really are
discuss the points of view that are peculiar nine ideas, the persistence for a time of a
enhance rather than diminish the sparkling to each of the Synoptists. He finds in separate Baptist sect, The Relation of
quality of the composition.
Mark a strong tendency to dwell, in popu- the Johannine Presentation of Christ to
The second essay, which is contributed lar fashion, on wonderful works”; and History, and many other important
by Canon Foakes Jackson, is entitled 'whilst regarding “ the argument for the topics. The statement, however, that
"The
as
a
was
» and
66
## p. 332 (#254) ############################################
332
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4404, March 23, 1912
on
66
was
even Pauline Christianity is not irre- of Europe,” as set forth in the Act of Morocco; and the Franco-German Declar-
concilable with the earlier Judaism” can Algeciras of 1905. In other words, the ation of February 8th, 1909, equally
hardly be accepted without much qualifica- Act of Algeciras, signed by all the Great admits that
tion. Mr. Smith bases this remark on an Powers, was a fraud, because three of
opinion found in the earlier part of Prof. the parties to it-England, France, and in that country are closely bound up with
“ the special political interests of France
Harnack’s ‘History of Dogma’; but it Spain-had already entered into agree- the consolidation of order and internal
is doubtful whether more is
is implied ments which it is urged) directly con- peace,"
in the passage in question than a mere travened it. The secret articles were not and that Germany will “not impede
possibility which seemed to exist. St. communicated to Germany, but such those
Paul, as a matter of fact, tried his best secrets have a way of leaking out; and recognition of a possible protectorate,
interests. ” This amounts to a
to make his doctrine intelligible to the some such leakage evidently provoked and, so far as France and England are
Jews. But did he succeed ?
the German Emperor's visit to Tangier concerned, the secret articles made no
Mr. Ephraim Levine, formerly scholar in March, 1905, which led to the Algeciras difference to German interests in Morocco,
of the College, valiantly defends, in Conference. When France, still acting in though the same may not apply to Spain.
Essay IX. , the Jewish side of the con- accordance with these secret articles,
troversy, and his inclusion among the which remained officially undivulged, pro-
It cannot be 'seriously argued that the
essayists of the volume reflects equal ceeded to occupy Fez, on (as it is argued) secret articles were abrogated by the Act
credit on the reigning authorities of the a false pretext, Germany declared her of Algeciras, Art. 123, for that Act dealt
institution and on Mr. Levine himself. liberty of action, and the dispatch of the only with certain specified matters, which
The last essay, headed Revelation' gunboat Panther to Agadir Roads in were not considered in the secret articles.
is contributed by Mr. P. Gardner-Smith, July, 1911, was her way of indicating If this be “ the true basis upon which the
who writes reverently and effectively that the affairs of Morocco were not to be German case reposes,” it rests very in-
from an advanced liberal standpoint. settled without her consent, as a signatory securely. As to the intention of the
both of the Madrid Convention of 1880 French Government not to “alter the
** The question which must be answered and the Algeciras Act of 1905 ; or, as political status of Morocco," it is obviously
all fours with the corresponding
complete (he says] is the supreme question Mr. Morel puts it, as a defender of the
underlying all the rest-Has man received “ Public Law of Europe. ” He would not, intention of the British Government “not
a revelation from God ? ”
we imagine, deny that both the Tangier to alter the political status of Egypt.
and the Agadir
incidents”
The great controversy is, of course,
were The “political status” has not been
altered in either case: the Sultan of
between the belief in a purely objective less subtle. ” he calls them-methods of Turkey is still legally sovereign of Egypt,
examples of the somewhat clumsy- altered in either case :
revelation and the modern subjective Prussian diplomacy; but his argument as the Sherifian Sultan is of Morocco.
theory of it, and Mr. Gardner-Smith is that Germany had a genuine grievance These are diplomatic fictions which deceive
tries to show that in the innermost mean- in not being consulted as to the coming nobody, not even
the man
in the
ing of revelation there is not neces- partition of Morocco into French and street
whom Mr. Morel addresses.
sarily any antagonism between the two
views. He stoutly opposes what he Spanish “spheres of influence,” and that
The true fact is that the Act of Algeciras
“ torn across and reduced to waste
regards as the half-way theory of Dr. she was entirely within her rights in pro-
Sanday and others, and apparently claims testing: He seems to consider that any paper," not by previous secret agreements,
that the doctrine of inspiration should be other form of protest would have been but by Moroccan internal disorders. Mr.
a formal Morel holds that these were fomented by
considered to be as wide as all that is open to more serious objection-
noble, true, and good.
diplomatic protest, if disregarded, may France under the influence of the Colonial
result in an ultimatum; and he rightly Party and the financial groups, and many
minimizes the value of Agadir as a possible French publicists have said the_same
port, and repudiates the rumour that thing ; but, however it happened, France
Morocco in Diplomacy. By E. D. Morel. officers. Germany, in point of fact, was tangle, till armed interference, in spite of
the town was occupied by the Panther's was drawn further and further into the
(Smith, Elder & Co. )
needlessly, because insincerely, careful numerous professions about maintaining
This is a timely book. Its chief purpose to base the Panther's position solely integrity and independence. ” became
is to persuade Englishmen to take an upon those economic interests, repre- inevitable. No “secret articles” were
impartial view of Germany's action in sented there by presumed German mer- necessary to secure this advance ; French
the Morocco dispute. Its second object chants, which France had specifically predominant interests were recognized
is to protest against secret agreements recognized, and the sending of a gunboat everywhere. Our own history in Egypt
and ententes concluded by Foreign Offices to protect nationals is an established is not very dissimilar. We are inclined to
without reference to the people's elected right of every Power in times of disturb- doubt the utility of the fierce invectives
representatives.
against the diplomatic machine,
In regard to the former purpose, Mr. Such is the case for Germany as set whether of England or France, or of
Morel has made out a case for Germany forth by Mr. Morel, and there is much in the diatribes against the hypocrisy
which should be carefully studied by its favour. Germany undoubtedly had a
of M. Delcassé or Sir Edward Grey. We
every fair-minded Englishman, and the genuine grievance in not being consulted, think, however, that the British Foreign
130 pages of documents appended to and, further, in the danger to her com- Secretary has not shown much skill in
his argument provide the means of mercial interests-not inconsiderable, and dealing with this and other critical ques-
checking his conclusions. The argument rapidly multiplying in recent years, tions. He and his spokesman, Mr. Lloyd
is that, while France and Spain were threatened by the curious limitation of George, made much too great a fuss over
publicly declaring their resolve to respect Article IV. of the (public) Anglo-French the Panther affair and the “new situa
the independence and integrity of the Declaration of 1904, which made it tion” (which was not new at all), and very
Sherifian Empire, they were both, with possible for France to set up protective nearly involved England in a European
the full concurrence of the British Foreign tariffs after thirty years. At the same war to which, as was admitted in the
Office, conspiring to partition Morocco time, in the present reviewer's opinion House of
of Commons, no diplomatic
between themselves. Mr. Morel urges Mr. Morel greatly exaggerates the case assurance committed us. The fact is that
that the secret articles of the Anglo- against the French and English Foreign Mr. Morel does not improve a good case
French Declaration of April 8th, 1904, Offices. Diplomatic instruments are by exaggeration. When the Declaration
which were first divulged, in part, by notoriously equivocal and difficult to speaks of “German commercial and
Le Temps in November, 1911, were a interpret, but, so far as we can see, the industrial interests,” he emphasizes them
menace to German interests in Morocco, Anglo - French Declaration, Article II. , as“ very special German interests in the
and that the proceedings resulting from completely recognizes a French predomin- Morocco question "; and he even lays
them were a breach of the “ Public Law and “sphere of
ance.
influence " in ! stress on the fact that Germany comes
ance
## p. 333 (#255) ############################################
No. 4404, MARCH 23, 1912
THE ATHEN É UM
333
can
we
name
first “ in the order given in the Act” of a scene in the days of Chaucer, and con- The hospital was removed in 1676 to
Algeciras, although the signatures are tinued to enliven the district during the Moorfields, and occupied a new building
obviously arranged in alphabetical order, coaching period, havo gradually passed orected from the designs of the famous
and in French Allemagne naturally away, and nothing remains of their former Robert Hooke. The third building, in
precedes all the rest. His zeal even leads glories. The whole district is full of his- St. George's Fields, was designed by
him to unauthorized doubling of conso- toric and literary interests, to mention Philip Hardwick, and erected 1812-15,
nants when he tries to minimize the only the Bankside and its theatres, to extensive additions being made in 1843–68.
importance of the “minuscullar war- which Londoners flocked in the numerous The most interesting portion of the
vessel,” translated as the “twopenny- boats supplied by the great company of volume is in the chapter on The Thames,'
halfpenny. gunboat," or to deprecate the Watermen; Winchester House and the where a description is given of the great
crocodillian tactics” of the diplomatic Clink; the grand old church of St. embankment which protects London from
machine ” and its supporters in the press. Saviour's (now Southwark Cathedral); the flowing of the waters of the Thames
Omitting a vowel in “ Abd-el-Kadi” is Bermondsey and its famous abbey ; Ken- over the low-lying marshes ; but little
inadequate compensation.
nington and its palace; and Newington, is here added to the account given by
As to the second object of this book, with its historic theatre. Here is surely Besant in his East London,' and a full
its protest against the treaty-making enough to make one small district of South history of the whole work--which has
prerogative of the Crown, as exercised London illustrious. Then there is Lam- been ºneglected by the historians of
through the Secretary of State, such beth, with its famous palace of the Arch- London-is a desideratum.
prerogative may be inconsistent with bishops; and the south-western out-
This volume contains a large number
democratic ideas, but we fail to see what growths at Battersea and Putney, which of good illustrations in the text; we are
be substituted at present.
Committee of the French Senate has commanding position on the river. The sorry we cannot say the same of the full-
page plates.
undoubtedly dealt a blow at secret agree- swallowing up of Dulwich, Lee, Eltham,
ments, but there have been not a few and other pretty spots in Surrey and
At first sight the title of Mr. Bosworth's
instances when these have been at least Kent by the relentless growth of London book, West London,' is not very clear,
expedient and have even proved valuable to the south is largely due to the building as its early pages refer to the City of
Mr. Morel may be right in criticizing of the Crystal Palace and the opening of London from the pre-Roman period.
the departure from Lord Salisbury's the Chatham and Dover and other rail-Further
on, however, find that
policy which was taken by Lord Lans- ways in the latter half of the nineteenth the
of London refers to the
downe and followed by Sir Edward century.
County of London, and West London
Grey; the entente with France may be
All must regret that beautiful country indicates Westminster and the neighbour-
worth less, to both parties, than its resorts have been covered by continued ing boroughs west of the City. This is,
obvious benefits imply; and a reason- rows of houses. No part of London has of course, correct, but sufficient care has
able understanding with Germany. is been more completely spoilt by the want not been taken to make clear the his-
unquestionably the most desirable object of proper planning than the roads running toric changes, as, for instance, in reference
on the political horizon. The present southward from the various bridges to London's fight with Winchester for the
Foreign Secretary might have shown Crowded thoroughfares have been allowed position of chief city of England, in which
clearer insight into the problem, to grow up without any system, but it is the former did not win until the reign
but his policy was an inheritance from to be hoped that, when the new County of Edward the Confessor. We read of
his predecessor. Mr. Morel's book clears Hall of the London County Council is the building of Westminster “ as the last
the air, after a thunderous fashion, finished, a complete system of improved event of importance in Old London. ”.
and we believe that most readers will rebuilding may be undertaken. It would Westminster Abbey was not then a part of
judge Germany more fairly after its be well if London followed the example London, and the use of the Abbey outside
perusal. The series of maps at the end of Paris, where the quarter south of the the City as the crowning place of our
admirably illustrate the recent cessions Seine has been rebuilt on a well-considered kings is one of the most striking facts in
of territory and diplomatic arrangements plan.
English history.
of " spheres of influence. '
Mr. Bosworth has condensed a consider-
The tenth and last volume of Besant's able amount of useful information in a
· Survey of London' has been devoted to small space.
the districts south of the Thames, and
all the interesting places to which we In The Making of London 'Sir Laurence
BOOKS ON LONDON.
have casually referred are described in Gomme has produced an interesting sketch
The vast district of South London is its pages. In spite, however, of a whole of its growth from the evolution of the site to
full of interest on account of its prominent volume being devoted to the subject, its present condition as the empire city. It
position in the history of England as the sufficient space has scarcely, we think, is a fascinating story, and the author thrills
entrance to the City proper from the been allowed for its thorough investiga- us with his picture of London as a strug.
south by means of London bridge, and tion. For instance, Charlton House is one gling centre * against Anglo-Saxon, against
therefore the main trade route from the of the most interesting old houses in the Norman, against Plantagenet. ” With the
continent of Europe. It has, however, country, and in the neighbourhood of last-named it entered ®“ into the great
been treated in modern times as the London is second only in importance work of nation - building," and it held
Cinderella of the aggregated Londons. to. Holland House. There is much to be its own in the struggle. “ The City
In the ordinary histories so much space said of its history which is omitted here. could not bear easily encroachment by
has been taken up by descriptions of Bethlehem. Hospital, built on the old St. the Crown, but it never disputed the
London north of the Thames that South George's Fields, is one of the most imposing political pre-eminence of the Crown. "
wark and its surroundings have been buildings in the south of London, but we London's remarkable position in the
often crowded out.
find no illustration or full description of history of the country is well brought out,
The historic inns of old Southwark, this, and, instead, there is a view of the and, if we are able to accept the author's
which made the High Street so animated second hospital built in Moorfields, where premises, we shall find a well-connected
Finsbury Square now stands. The first view of the whole history; but we do not
London, South of the Thames. By Sir Walter hospital was on the site of Broad Street feel that the evidence relating to Celtic
Besant. (A. & C. Black. )
and Liverpool Street stations. It was and Roman London is at present clear
West London. By G. F. Bosworth. (Cam. founded by Simon Fitz-Mary in 1246, or full enough to allow us to follow him
bridge University Press. )
The Making of London. By Sir Laurence
without a certain amount of dissent.
especially to receive the Bishop of Beth.
Gomme. (Oxford, Clarendon Press. ) lehem, canons, brothers, and messengers of
We say this with regret, and we hope that
London Stories, Edited by John o' London. the Church of Bethlehem as often as they
fuller evidence may in the future be
(Jack. )
had occasion to travel to London. "
obtainable.
а
## p. 334 (#256) ############################################
334
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4404, MARCH 23, 1912
'London Stories' is a frankly anecdotic
In one or two minor points we differ from
collection concerning Londoners of all THEOLOGY AND RELIGION. Mr. Russell Smith. In ascribing the triumph
ages, edited by “John o' London,” who
of the Church at the Restoration to a reaction
Religious Liberty under Charles II. and
applauds in a brief Preface the various James II. By H. F. Russell Smith.
against
“ Cam-
Sectarianism and disorder," he
omits the fact that it was a reaction of
writers and artists who have assisted him. bridge Historical Essays. " (Cambridge Uni-
The volume is somewhat clumsy in size, versity Press. ) - It is not possible, in the insults of twenty years, while its attitude
revenge for the accumulated injuries and
gathering up a series of parts which have space at our disposal, to do more than
as the reign went on was determined by
appeared from time to time. It is essen- speak in general terms of the success with the fact that, led by Sheldon, it was regarded
tially popular in style and outlook, and writings and especially of pamphlets and Catholicism. We do not quite follow the
as the one effective barrier against Roman
largely dependent on older volumes of papers, the author of this excellent disser- author when he says that “the fear of
gossip and reminiscence, as well as the tation has shown that, in spite of all appear Popery made it difficult to discover a
labours of recent scholars. Indeed, it ances to the contrary, the whole air, so to principle upon which Dissent could be
would seem that little more than the speak, from the Restoration onwards, was
ready writer is needed for brief articles saturated with the idea of religious tolerance, James I. was surely referring, not to the
allowedwhile Popery was prohibited. "
where so much is quoted. Ballads and until in 1689, the earliest moment when connexion between Toleration and repub-
other verses of earlier days appear here took place in the Act of Toleration. This is, bishop, no king," but to the powerlessness
and there.
we believe, Mr. Russell Smith's first appear- of a king under Presbyterian rule as he had
A good many fantastic and curious ance as an historian, and it is a pleasure to
known it in Scotland. Presbyterianism may
characters are depicted, stories of frauds congratulate him upon so well-balanced and have been established" in England for
and humbugs being varied by a modicum in illustration and argument ; in spite of the others, and the genius of the English people
of history and respectable people like demand for condensation, he is thoroughly
George Eliot and the Duke of Wellington. readable in point of style ; and he shows effective sense. When the author
saw to it that it was never established in an
The articles are never long enough to
that
a refreshing freedom from prejudice and Charles II. posed as the champion of the
says
weary the impatient reader, or to put any special pleading, with a firm grasp of Church, he clearly does not realize that
great strain on their writers as specialists. essentials and considerable power of analysis. throughout the running fight for the dis-
In judgment and scholarship the volume
As a necessary introduction to his main pensing power the King was vainly endeav:
. is not pre-eminent. To regard Dr. John- theme an account of the consistent and buring to escape from the relentless grip of
son as one of the worst enemies of Garrick monotonous cry for Toleration” during the the Church. We hope that in his next edition
period-Mr. Russell Smith Mr. Russell Smith will elide the terrible word
is to misconceive his attitude altogether. examines the principles of the chief Pro-
The writer ought to have known that, testant systems and sums up in the follow- phrase in 1. 7 from the bottom of p.
15;
Contractualists,” and a curiously vulgar
while the Doctor abused Garrick, he would ing words :-
and that he will refrain from placing
let no one else do so. The fact is neatly “ In Erastianism, Theocracy, and Hobbism the Buckingham-the buffoon, the coward, the
exhibited in two dialogues by Sir Joshua idea of the National Church was upheld with expert in vice and in nothing else (but in
Reynolds, and Congreve has been well of England denounced all three systems alike.
Mr. Russell Smith's view a " lover of liberty
quoted to explain the relations of the sage In reality, they combined them. They believed and of trade-a man of science and a poet)
and the actor :-
that the civil magistrate had authority to enforce -on terms of uality with leaders of so
statutes dealing solely with religion ; they believed commanding a type as Shaftesbury and
'In my conscience I believe the baggage without advice from the Church; they believed
that the magistrate must never use his power Halifax.
loves me; for she never speaks well of me that the sovereign had power to dictate the religion
herself, nor suffers anybody else to rail at of his subjects. '
The Truth of Religion. By Rudolf Eucken.
me. "
In the last sentence Mr. Russell Smith is Translated by W. Tudor Jones. (Williams
Garrick did not hesitate to mimic the Charles II. over assumed, or even tried to Nobel Prize of 1908
was awarded for this
had | & Norgate. ) — Prof. Eucken, to whom the
referring to pre-Restoration times ;
connubial endearments of Johnson and
assume, such a power, the language of essay, is the Senior Professor of Philosophy
the airs of his wife, and, though very Sheldon would have been more emphatic in the University of Jena. The fact that
agreeable in society, was notoriously than respectful. As to the necessity of the the author is a philosophical teacher suggests
insincere.
unity of Church and State Mr. Russell at once that his writing will be marked
Smith says truly :-
by freedom of speculation, and show his
In The Wits of Holland House' a
“ The line which was taken by the Dissenters
emancipation from dogmatic prejudices.
writer records that Creevey could never was this. The decalogue is divided into the two Though Prof. Eucken is ever reverent, as
quite succeed in spelling Talleyrand's tables. The first table asserts man's duty to one to whom life is spiritual, and theology
name correctly. This is a complaint in a According to the practice of the Anglican
Church
God, the second man's duty to his neighbour: with its varieties and vagaries is after all
glass house, for on the same page French the magistrate was
a search for truth, he is likely to find
custos utriusque tabulæ. '
many opponents, especially when he at-
is misspelt, as well as Sydney Smith's on the contrary, the Dissenters maintained his
sphere is really confined to the second table. . . . tempts to separate the eternal from the
name.
The Dissenters saw the question rather than transient in Christianity. The contents of
answered it. "
The lighter matter which now takes
the book may be illustrated from Part I. ,
the place of literature in popular favour In his treatment of the various influences which is named "The Universal Crisis in
is abundantly provided. An article which made, explicitly or implicitly, for Religion. Under it there are discussions
on the problem of religion, the characteristic
on The Old Red House at Battersea
Toleration, our author proceeds with con-
mentions a
fidence and convincing clearness. He passes features of Christianity, the movement of
celebrated talking raven successively in review the effect of the modern times directed against it, the
called Gyp; an expert thief of coins, urbanity" of the time, the support given reconsolidation of religion, and the explana-
spoons, and spectacles, who recalls the by the Whigs—especially by the Whig tion of the developing tendency.
Grip of ‘Barnaby Rudge. ' The writer aristocracy-to civil liberty, the demands Christianity, which is declared to be a
has, however, not recorded the most of trade and the trading classes, the examples religion of redemption and not of 'law, is
amusing exhibition of Gyp's powers. ments, the doctrines of the disciples of Eucken does not identify it with the absoluto
one of the historical religions ; but Prof.
the Social Contract,” the belief in the religion, though he takes it as its highest
Thames, and the bird actually succeeded sanctity of property (including in property", embodiment, and characterizes it as the
in calling a ferryman across it twice in
a man's religious belief), the growth of religion of religions which is certain of
one day for a non-existent passenger ! scientific knowledge with its natural adjunct permanent duration. Yet the transient
Mr. George Morrow supplies a long the rational theologians, and the Latitudin- | in order that it may be clearly seen as the
of scepticism, the tenets of the Utilitarians, must be separated from the eternal in it,
folding plate of London characters ar-
arians, Hobbes and Chillingworth, Roger embodiment of the absolute religion. A
ranged in a procession, and there are
Williams and Milton and Penn. His last miracle, for instance, is to be rejected, &$
numerous other illustrations, rather chapter, devoted to Locke-whom, though it would mean an overthrow of the total
roughly executed.
the famous letter upon Toleration was not order of nature; and the bodily resurrection
published until after the Toleration Act had of Jesus is, Prof. Eucken says,
been passed, he regards as the first exponent or asserted as an historical fact,” which is
of a complete theory of Toleration forms a either capable of proof or incapable of it.
fitting conclusion to his book.
If, he declares, “it is not capable of proof,
6
an historical
## p. 335 (#257) ############################################
No. 4404, MARCH 23, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
335
can
are
are
asso-
or at least of sufficient proof, religion can which, he holds, must be undertaken before merely writes. He is continually changing
never make its acknowledgment & duty. ” & satisfactory text be established. bis subject; from a highly interesting de-
Then, again, in dealing with another problem, Systematic method and minute scholarship scription of the circumstances in which
he argues that, as religion cannot have more are shown on every page of the book ; 'Ben Hur' came to be written. we
than one centre, either God or Christ stands and the seeker for the text to be built on a plunged without any warning, into a recital
in that position. The Christianity, we are foundation which cannot be shaken will of the difficulties of reading improperly typed
told,
rejoice that such a task as this is being accom- manuscript. His anecdotes are numerous,
"which occupies itself solely with Jesus, and which plished. At the conclusion of part iii. of but chosen apparently at random. We
to many to-day seems an exit from all entangle- the first volume it is stated, as the result of learn, for instance, what the German
ments, is not yet a match for the mighty problems, an inquiry, that the trend is to reduce the Emperor wrote to Schliemann when the latter
and does not carry, within itself the energy to Curetonian, Sinaitic, and the Diatessaron presented him with his collection of Trojan
overcome the world. ”
to the rank of secondary documents. " antiquities. Many of the stories have
Prof. Eucken's book, from the subject This conclusion and others may be disputed, already attained celebrity-Labouchere's
itself, is of supremo interest; and, apart but no one will ignore the scholarship dis- telegram to Bismarck, for example. It was
altogether from the value of some of its played, or despise the scientific methods hardly worth while to fill four pages with
assertions and the worth of some of its employed.
Mark Twain's ‘Petition to the Queen of
conclusions, it deserves to be read for the
England,' which can be found in his re-
sake of its acute speculations.
printed works. It is tantalizing, too, to be
told of Mark Twain and Mr. W. D. Howells
THIS WEEK'S BOOKS. *
The Old Testament in Greek according to
swapping stories,” with no indication of
the Text of Codex Vaticanus, supplemented MR. FISHER UNWIN has sent us The had said a little more.
their character: for once we wish the author
The numerous
from other Uncial Manuscripts, with a Normandy Coast, by the Rev. Charles Merk,
letters reprinted refer frequently to the
Critical Apparatus containing the Variants English Chaplain at Dieppe, a pleasant
of the Chief Ancient Authorities for the Text volume with many excellent photographs
generous treatment of authors.
of the Septuagint. Edited by Alan England -in fact, we think the illustrations are the
The book, however, contains many passages
Brooke and Norman McLean. -Vol. I. The best part of the book, and they will probably of real interest, some on non-literary topics.
Octateuch. Part III. Numbers and Deutero-help some readers to choose a place for a
A description of the anti-Tammany cam-
nomy. (Cambridge University Press. ) - summer holiday. Mr. Merk begins at paign, which ended with the imprisonment,
The editors explain that, though the publi- Tréport, and takes us through Dieppe,
in 1871, of “ Boss Twecd, forms a vivid
cation of this part of the text has been some- Fécamp, Le Havre, Trouville, and many chapter. Frequent references are made to
what delayed owing to the appointment of smaller seaside places, to Cherbourg. Then The Athenæum, especially concerning the
an assistant to other work, they have not he turns south and shows us the coast International Copyright agitation, a matter
greatly exceeded the time they expected to road by Granville and Avranches to Mont
on which the house of Harper at times found
spend on its preparation, as in the case of St. Michel. His volume would have been
itself at variance with ourselves.
Numbers and Deuteronomy there are no improved if he had given us more about the The book is excellently produced, and
complicated problems such as
little villages he visits, and less history. contains some exceptionally good portraits,
ciated with the hexaplar text of the closing The latter he has to start afresh at
chapters of Exodus. " There is certainly no each of the many towns and villages on
indication of hasty workmanship, and those the coast that ho visits; and this way of In the Introduction to War and its Alleged
who have studied Parts I. and II. will find writing about wars-chiefly fights with the Benefits (Heinemann), by J. Novikow,
in this section of the text a continuance of English—is a little confusing, at any rate Norman Angell explains how that writer
the critical methods of the editors and the to a reader who thinks he has picked up a has been working for some time on the same
use of the available MSS. and versions.
book of travel. We do not like the mixture lines as himself. The book, he declares,
No serious modifications, they tell us, of French and English in such names as contains more arguments against war in the
have been made in their Imethod of pre- “ Duke de Guise ” and “Duke du Maine. ' abstract than anything of similar bulk I
senting evidence, but their list of authorities Neither do we like “Mount St. Michel ” know. ” The author is a sociologist whose
has been enlarged. The most important any more than Richard Lionheart and work is well known on the Continent, where
addition is the Washington Codex of Deu- we do not think that Mr. Merk can defend a Pacifism is progressing as rapidly as it is
teronomy and Joshua, published recently sentence in which he talks of a view from
here. He states the case with great lucidity
in facsimile by the University of Michigan, the lighthouse of Ailly. . . . to that of dw and force, and exposes the fallacies which
which contains almost the entire text of Touquet. ” Writing of the church at Eu, underlie the most plausible contentions of the
the two books. It is & MS. of the fifth
our author speaks of the ravages which supporters of war. His most effective point
century, and, apart from its own worth, time, more than the hand of man, has wrought is that differences between nations are never
supplies evidence of the early existence of in the noble structure. ” Others, with a more decided by recourse to arms and bloodshed.
a text closely akin to that represented by just appreciation of the work of Viollet-le- “ If," he asks,
two late though valuable cursive MSS. Duc, have told us that the church was
more than 8,000 wars have settled nothing,
The Prefatory Note, which supplies the injured by modern restoration.
what probability is there that the eight thousand
information regarding the Washington Codex, These trifles do not detract from the value and first, as it by magic, will suddenly decide
explains the symbols which appear for the of a useful volume, but the lack of a good all questions in dispute ? . . . ,. Each war merely
first time in this part of the work, and dis- map is a serious defect. The little sketch
sows the seeds for future war. "
tinguishes according to their sources the map on the inner cover does not name half He scoffs at the idea that wars perfect the
various fragments of the Palestinian Ara- the places we have searched for.
maic Version. Every page of the text, with
its voluminous notes, reveals exact scholar-
The House of Harper. By J. Henry certainly one of the handsomest people on earth.
The contrary is true. The English are most
ship. When finished, the work at which Harper. (Harpers. )-The well-known firm They are also the least warlike, since they alone
the editors have been labouring will be is a monument to the industry of three of all European nations have abolished com-
recognized as of standard value, and will be
a monument of English scholarship.
generations of Harpers. It has pub pulsory military service. "
lished part or the whole of the works of
perhaps the majority of the distinguished This is highly complimentary, but to
Concerning the Genesis of the Versions of writers of the United States, and it has intro-1 be fair it must be frankly acknowledged
the New Testament. By H. C. Hoskier. duced to the American public, to mention that the British shipbuilding programmes
of
2 vols. (Bernard Quaritch. )—The title-page a few names out of many, Thomas Hardy,
the last decade have contributed
indicates that this book is intended as a William Black, and Du Maurier. Readers notably to the competition in armaments
supplement to the library publication of may therefore expect from the author and to the ruinous war budgets of other
the Morgan MS. , and in the Preface it is whose connexion with the house is some
nations. The present maintenance of Euro.
stated that the author in 1890 wrote
forty years old, and who has produced a
pean armies costs 212,600,0001. a year,
we had laid no certain foundation on which volume of close upon 700 pages-some
The bill for the British Navy and Army is
to build up a scientific textual theory. ” insight into the literary world of the United
over 70,000,0001. If we are not warlike,
Mr. Hoskier is emphatic in his judgments. States, and some considerable knowledge
this is a very successful way of pretending
Hort was too sweeping,” he says, ' and of its component characters. Their hopes to the world that we are.
too much in a hurry to say the final word. will find but a partial satisfaction. Mr. We continue to wage wars, says Mr.
There was no need for the radical revision J. Henry Harper is not a raconteur ; he Novikow, from the force of tradition, “be-
of 1881. We were not ready for it. We are
cause in the same circumstances our ancestors
not ready now. ” Fortunately, Mr. Hoskier * Under this heading we include notices which are
declared war, and we have to do the same
is something more than a critic of other men's too lengthy to appear in our • List of New Books as they did' as a matter of routine. '
work, and his own labour is a part of that in its present form.
There is more in modern warfare than this.
>
race,
" that
## p. 336 (#258) ############################################
336
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4404, MARCH 23, 1912
>
men
The motive may not be the same as it was
young, and impose on them a predetermined
in past centuries, but there exists, neverthe-
NOTES FROM OXFORD.
discipline, on which they are given no chance
less, a very distinct motive. Again we
of reacting critically and intelligently, is,
are largely responsible, for it is we who
Who can tell whether the most significant from the standpoint of education and of
have set the fashion of empire-building and event of the term was not one that, on a
national welfare, a public danger. Let not
colonial expansion. To acquire territory narrow reckoning, might appear to be no Ruskin College, therefore, confuse its true
it is not always necessary to conquer native concern of the University at all? Ruskin policy by looking back over its shoulder
races, but the inevitable diplomatic bar. College, which before must perforce be
towards
any such outworn and sinister
gaining with powerful neighbours is a
content to picnic in a barn, has at length purpose.
fruitful source of the quarrels which lead to established the foundations of an ample Its true policy is indicated by the good
hostilities. This, many hope, will be cor. dwelling-place. Clearly it has come to result with which its students have com.
rected when democracies become
more stay. The question then arises, What is the peted in the open arena afforded by the
articulate in the realm of diplomacy. meaning of this sign that streaks the edge of examination for the University Diploma in
In setting out to prove that all wars of our firmament ? Does it portend the up- Political Economy. If they had
been
the past were needless, futile, and barren in rising of the dragon that is going to swallow educated as seminarists, they would assuredly
results, Mr. Novikow requires more space the sun ?
not have displayed such merit as they did
than he can devote to so large a theme in The feebler folk, undoubtedly, are alarmed. in the eyes of impartial judges. In one year,
such a small book. He appears in this They shake their heads and say that the of the successful candidates from Ruskin
connexion to be endeavouring to prove too days of sound learning, and the larger view College, eight obtained distinction, whilst
much, and the few pages he devotes to this of life, are numbered. ' Even some of the four others passed; whereas the average
part of the subject will hardly carry con-
relatively stalwart are heard to opine that prevailing amongst members of the Uni-
viction with students of military history, Cambridge, the acknowledged home of versity who succeed in this examination
In the light of modern knowledge and science and true progress, was the more is that about six obtain distinction for every
experience the conclusion he comes to may fitting field for this experiment in the training five who do not. This, then, is a fine record
be broadly correct. But there is justifi. of democrats. Yet it was for the nonce on the part of Ruskin College, which is
cation in any human endeavour, however comforting to listen to the speeches made hardly to be explained away, either by
misguided it may prove to be in the by the champions of Labour at the founda- alleging that its alumni start with an unfair
long run, provided it is undertaken at the
tion ceremony. Their intentions, at any advantage in their first-hand knowledge of
moment with a deep conviction of its certain rate, are of the best ; even if, according to labour conditions, or that the members of
efficacy: In this alone there is something the pessimist, calculated none the less to the University who take the diploma are not
ennobling. To-day, however, it seems to pave a way to our destruction. The orators representative of the more intelligent type
the present reviewer that a decreasing declared in so many words that“ the people
of students. All that is needed, then, is that
number of the population will be able to already has power, plenty of power ; what it light for the sake of light, and not merely
convince themselves of the efficacy of war. I still lacks is education enough to use that for the sake of tempting fruit, should
be
Its justification therefore will vanish.
power effectively.
the statement that the Galileans had
In “Some Characteristics of the Synop- tha) which Mr. Redman accepts on the
probably hardly a drop of Jewish blood tic Writers," Mr. H. G. Wood, one of the authority of Prof. Burkitt, is open to some
in their veins," and not a few will think distinguished Nonconformist 'students of serious objections.
that the unlovable features of the Jewish the College, first combats Prof. Reinach's
and the attractive elements of the Greek | opinion that,
Very interesting also is the Rev.
apart from the authority B. T. D. Smith’s contribution on The
type, as manifested in early times, are of the Church," the Gospels cannot be Johannine Theology. ' The reader will
rather exaggerated in the essay; but all used as “documents for the history of the here find adequate treatment of the Logos
will agree that Dr. Inge's over-coloured true life of Jesus,” and then proceeds to doctrine, the relation of Pauline to Johan-
descriptions—if such they really are
discuss the points of view that are peculiar nine ideas, the persistence for a time of a
enhance rather than diminish the sparkling to each of the Synoptists. He finds in separate Baptist sect, The Relation of
quality of the composition.
Mark a strong tendency to dwell, in popu- the Johannine Presentation of Christ to
The second essay, which is contributed lar fashion, on wonderful works”; and History, and many other important
by Canon Foakes Jackson, is entitled 'whilst regarding “ the argument for the topics. The statement, however, that
"The
as
a
was
» and
66
## p. 332 (#254) ############################################
332
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4404, March 23, 1912
on
66
was
even Pauline Christianity is not irre- of Europe,” as set forth in the Act of Morocco; and the Franco-German Declar-
concilable with the earlier Judaism” can Algeciras of 1905. In other words, the ation of February 8th, 1909, equally
hardly be accepted without much qualifica- Act of Algeciras, signed by all the Great admits that
tion. Mr. Smith bases this remark on an Powers, was a fraud, because three of
opinion found in the earlier part of Prof. the parties to it-England, France, and in that country are closely bound up with
“ the special political interests of France
Harnack’s ‘History of Dogma’; but it Spain-had already entered into agree- the consolidation of order and internal
is doubtful whether more is
is implied ments which it is urged) directly con- peace,"
in the passage in question than a mere travened it. The secret articles were not and that Germany will “not impede
possibility which seemed to exist. St. communicated to Germany, but such those
Paul, as a matter of fact, tried his best secrets have a way of leaking out; and recognition of a possible protectorate,
interests. ” This amounts to a
to make his doctrine intelligible to the some such leakage evidently provoked and, so far as France and England are
Jews. But did he succeed ?
the German Emperor's visit to Tangier concerned, the secret articles made no
Mr. Ephraim Levine, formerly scholar in March, 1905, which led to the Algeciras difference to German interests in Morocco,
of the College, valiantly defends, in Conference. When France, still acting in though the same may not apply to Spain.
Essay IX. , the Jewish side of the con- accordance with these secret articles,
troversy, and his inclusion among the which remained officially undivulged, pro-
It cannot be 'seriously argued that the
essayists of the volume reflects equal ceeded to occupy Fez, on (as it is argued) secret articles were abrogated by the Act
credit on the reigning authorities of the a false pretext, Germany declared her of Algeciras, Art. 123, for that Act dealt
institution and on Mr. Levine himself. liberty of action, and the dispatch of the only with certain specified matters, which
The last essay, headed Revelation' gunboat Panther to Agadir Roads in were not considered in the secret articles.
is contributed by Mr. P. Gardner-Smith, July, 1911, was her way of indicating If this be “ the true basis upon which the
who writes reverently and effectively that the affairs of Morocco were not to be German case reposes,” it rests very in-
from an advanced liberal standpoint. settled without her consent, as a signatory securely. As to the intention of the
both of the Madrid Convention of 1880 French Government not to “alter the
** The question which must be answered and the Algeciras Act of 1905 ; or, as political status of Morocco," it is obviously
all fours with the corresponding
complete (he says] is the supreme question Mr. Morel puts it, as a defender of the
underlying all the rest-Has man received “ Public Law of Europe. ” He would not, intention of the British Government “not
a revelation from God ? ”
we imagine, deny that both the Tangier to alter the political status of Egypt.
and the Agadir
incidents”
The great controversy is, of course,
were The “political status” has not been
altered in either case: the Sultan of
between the belief in a purely objective less subtle. ” he calls them-methods of Turkey is still legally sovereign of Egypt,
examples of the somewhat clumsy- altered in either case :
revelation and the modern subjective Prussian diplomacy; but his argument as the Sherifian Sultan is of Morocco.
theory of it, and Mr. Gardner-Smith is that Germany had a genuine grievance These are diplomatic fictions which deceive
tries to show that in the innermost mean- in not being consulted as to the coming nobody, not even
the man
in the
ing of revelation there is not neces- partition of Morocco into French and street
whom Mr. Morel addresses.
sarily any antagonism between the two
views. He stoutly opposes what he Spanish “spheres of influence,” and that
The true fact is that the Act of Algeciras
“ torn across and reduced to waste
regards as the half-way theory of Dr. she was entirely within her rights in pro-
Sanday and others, and apparently claims testing: He seems to consider that any paper," not by previous secret agreements,
that the doctrine of inspiration should be other form of protest would have been but by Moroccan internal disorders. Mr.
a formal Morel holds that these were fomented by
considered to be as wide as all that is open to more serious objection-
noble, true, and good.
diplomatic protest, if disregarded, may France under the influence of the Colonial
result in an ultimatum; and he rightly Party and the financial groups, and many
minimizes the value of Agadir as a possible French publicists have said the_same
port, and repudiates the rumour that thing ; but, however it happened, France
Morocco in Diplomacy. By E. D. Morel. officers. Germany, in point of fact, was tangle, till armed interference, in spite of
the town was occupied by the Panther's was drawn further and further into the
(Smith, Elder & Co. )
needlessly, because insincerely, careful numerous professions about maintaining
This is a timely book. Its chief purpose to base the Panther's position solely integrity and independence. ” became
is to persuade Englishmen to take an upon those economic interests, repre- inevitable. No “secret articles” were
impartial view of Germany's action in sented there by presumed German mer- necessary to secure this advance ; French
the Morocco dispute. Its second object chants, which France had specifically predominant interests were recognized
is to protest against secret agreements recognized, and the sending of a gunboat everywhere. Our own history in Egypt
and ententes concluded by Foreign Offices to protect nationals is an established is not very dissimilar. We are inclined to
without reference to the people's elected right of every Power in times of disturb- doubt the utility of the fierce invectives
representatives.
against the diplomatic machine,
In regard to the former purpose, Mr. Such is the case for Germany as set whether of England or France, or of
Morel has made out a case for Germany forth by Mr. Morel, and there is much in the diatribes against the hypocrisy
which should be carefully studied by its favour. Germany undoubtedly had a
of M. Delcassé or Sir Edward Grey. We
every fair-minded Englishman, and the genuine grievance in not being consulted, think, however, that the British Foreign
130 pages of documents appended to and, further, in the danger to her com- Secretary has not shown much skill in
his argument provide the means of mercial interests-not inconsiderable, and dealing with this and other critical ques-
checking his conclusions. The argument rapidly multiplying in recent years, tions. He and his spokesman, Mr. Lloyd
is that, while France and Spain were threatened by the curious limitation of George, made much too great a fuss over
publicly declaring their resolve to respect Article IV. of the (public) Anglo-French the Panther affair and the “new situa
the independence and integrity of the Declaration of 1904, which made it tion” (which was not new at all), and very
Sherifian Empire, they were both, with possible for France to set up protective nearly involved England in a European
the full concurrence of the British Foreign tariffs after thirty years. At the same war to which, as was admitted in the
Office, conspiring to partition Morocco time, in the present reviewer's opinion House of
of Commons, no diplomatic
between themselves. Mr. Morel urges Mr. Morel greatly exaggerates the case assurance committed us. The fact is that
that the secret articles of the Anglo- against the French and English Foreign Mr. Morel does not improve a good case
French Declaration of April 8th, 1904, Offices. Diplomatic instruments are by exaggeration. When the Declaration
which were first divulged, in part, by notoriously equivocal and difficult to speaks of “German commercial and
Le Temps in November, 1911, were a interpret, but, so far as we can see, the industrial interests,” he emphasizes them
menace to German interests in Morocco, Anglo - French Declaration, Article II. , as“ very special German interests in the
and that the proceedings resulting from completely recognizes a French predomin- Morocco question "; and he even lays
them were a breach of the “ Public Law and “sphere of
ance.
influence " in ! stress on the fact that Germany comes
ance
## p. 333 (#255) ############################################
No. 4404, MARCH 23, 1912
THE ATHEN É UM
333
can
we
name
first “ in the order given in the Act” of a scene in the days of Chaucer, and con- The hospital was removed in 1676 to
Algeciras, although the signatures are tinued to enliven the district during the Moorfields, and occupied a new building
obviously arranged in alphabetical order, coaching period, havo gradually passed orected from the designs of the famous
and in French Allemagne naturally away, and nothing remains of their former Robert Hooke. The third building, in
precedes all the rest. His zeal even leads glories. The whole district is full of his- St. George's Fields, was designed by
him to unauthorized doubling of conso- toric and literary interests, to mention Philip Hardwick, and erected 1812-15,
nants when he tries to minimize the only the Bankside and its theatres, to extensive additions being made in 1843–68.
importance of the “minuscullar war- which Londoners flocked in the numerous The most interesting portion of the
vessel,” translated as the “twopenny- boats supplied by the great company of volume is in the chapter on The Thames,'
halfpenny. gunboat," or to deprecate the Watermen; Winchester House and the where a description is given of the great
crocodillian tactics” of the diplomatic Clink; the grand old church of St. embankment which protects London from
machine ” and its supporters in the press. Saviour's (now Southwark Cathedral); the flowing of the waters of the Thames
Omitting a vowel in “ Abd-el-Kadi” is Bermondsey and its famous abbey ; Ken- over the low-lying marshes ; but little
inadequate compensation.
nington and its palace; and Newington, is here added to the account given by
As to the second object of this book, with its historic theatre. Here is surely Besant in his East London,' and a full
its protest against the treaty-making enough to make one small district of South history of the whole work--which has
prerogative of the Crown, as exercised London illustrious. Then there is Lam- been ºneglected by the historians of
through the Secretary of State, such beth, with its famous palace of the Arch- London-is a desideratum.
prerogative may be inconsistent with bishops; and the south-western out-
This volume contains a large number
democratic ideas, but we fail to see what growths at Battersea and Putney, which of good illustrations in the text; we are
be substituted at present.
Committee of the French Senate has commanding position on the river. The sorry we cannot say the same of the full-
page plates.
undoubtedly dealt a blow at secret agree- swallowing up of Dulwich, Lee, Eltham,
ments, but there have been not a few and other pretty spots in Surrey and
At first sight the title of Mr. Bosworth's
instances when these have been at least Kent by the relentless growth of London book, West London,' is not very clear,
expedient and have even proved valuable to the south is largely due to the building as its early pages refer to the City of
Mr. Morel may be right in criticizing of the Crystal Palace and the opening of London from the pre-Roman period.
the departure from Lord Salisbury's the Chatham and Dover and other rail-Further
on, however, find that
policy which was taken by Lord Lans- ways in the latter half of the nineteenth the
of London refers to the
downe and followed by Sir Edward century.
County of London, and West London
Grey; the entente with France may be
All must regret that beautiful country indicates Westminster and the neighbour-
worth less, to both parties, than its resorts have been covered by continued ing boroughs west of the City. This is,
obvious benefits imply; and a reason- rows of houses. No part of London has of course, correct, but sufficient care has
able understanding with Germany. is been more completely spoilt by the want not been taken to make clear the his-
unquestionably the most desirable object of proper planning than the roads running toric changes, as, for instance, in reference
on the political horizon. The present southward from the various bridges to London's fight with Winchester for the
Foreign Secretary might have shown Crowded thoroughfares have been allowed position of chief city of England, in which
clearer insight into the problem, to grow up without any system, but it is the former did not win until the reign
but his policy was an inheritance from to be hoped that, when the new County of Edward the Confessor. We read of
his predecessor. Mr. Morel's book clears Hall of the London County Council is the building of Westminster “ as the last
the air, after a thunderous fashion, finished, a complete system of improved event of importance in Old London. ”.
and we believe that most readers will rebuilding may be undertaken. It would Westminster Abbey was not then a part of
judge Germany more fairly after its be well if London followed the example London, and the use of the Abbey outside
perusal. The series of maps at the end of Paris, where the quarter south of the the City as the crowning place of our
admirably illustrate the recent cessions Seine has been rebuilt on a well-considered kings is one of the most striking facts in
of territory and diplomatic arrangements plan.
English history.
of " spheres of influence. '
Mr. Bosworth has condensed a consider-
The tenth and last volume of Besant's able amount of useful information in a
· Survey of London' has been devoted to small space.
the districts south of the Thames, and
all the interesting places to which we In The Making of London 'Sir Laurence
BOOKS ON LONDON.
have casually referred are described in Gomme has produced an interesting sketch
The vast district of South London is its pages. In spite, however, of a whole of its growth from the evolution of the site to
full of interest on account of its prominent volume being devoted to the subject, its present condition as the empire city. It
position in the history of England as the sufficient space has scarcely, we think, is a fascinating story, and the author thrills
entrance to the City proper from the been allowed for its thorough investiga- us with his picture of London as a strug.
south by means of London bridge, and tion. For instance, Charlton House is one gling centre * against Anglo-Saxon, against
therefore the main trade route from the of the most interesting old houses in the Norman, against Plantagenet. ” With the
continent of Europe. It has, however, country, and in the neighbourhood of last-named it entered ®“ into the great
been treated in modern times as the London is second only in importance work of nation - building," and it held
Cinderella of the aggregated Londons. to. Holland House. There is much to be its own in the struggle. “ The City
In the ordinary histories so much space said of its history which is omitted here. could not bear easily encroachment by
has been taken up by descriptions of Bethlehem. Hospital, built on the old St. the Crown, but it never disputed the
London north of the Thames that South George's Fields, is one of the most imposing political pre-eminence of the Crown. "
wark and its surroundings have been buildings in the south of London, but we London's remarkable position in the
often crowded out.
find no illustration or full description of history of the country is well brought out,
The historic inns of old Southwark, this, and, instead, there is a view of the and, if we are able to accept the author's
which made the High Street so animated second hospital built in Moorfields, where premises, we shall find a well-connected
Finsbury Square now stands. The first view of the whole history; but we do not
London, South of the Thames. By Sir Walter hospital was on the site of Broad Street feel that the evidence relating to Celtic
Besant. (A. & C. Black. )
and Liverpool Street stations. It was and Roman London is at present clear
West London. By G. F. Bosworth. (Cam. founded by Simon Fitz-Mary in 1246, or full enough to allow us to follow him
bridge University Press. )
The Making of London. By Sir Laurence
without a certain amount of dissent.
especially to receive the Bishop of Beth.
Gomme. (Oxford, Clarendon Press. ) lehem, canons, brothers, and messengers of
We say this with regret, and we hope that
London Stories, Edited by John o' London. the Church of Bethlehem as often as they
fuller evidence may in the future be
(Jack. )
had occasion to travel to London. "
obtainable.
а
## p. 334 (#256) ############################################
334
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4404, MARCH 23, 1912
'London Stories' is a frankly anecdotic
In one or two minor points we differ from
collection concerning Londoners of all THEOLOGY AND RELIGION. Mr. Russell Smith. In ascribing the triumph
ages, edited by “John o' London,” who
of the Church at the Restoration to a reaction
Religious Liberty under Charles II. and
applauds in a brief Preface the various James II. By H. F. Russell Smith.
against
“ Cam-
Sectarianism and disorder," he
omits the fact that it was a reaction of
writers and artists who have assisted him. bridge Historical Essays. " (Cambridge Uni-
The volume is somewhat clumsy in size, versity Press. ) - It is not possible, in the insults of twenty years, while its attitude
revenge for the accumulated injuries and
gathering up a series of parts which have space at our disposal, to do more than
as the reign went on was determined by
appeared from time to time. It is essen- speak in general terms of the success with the fact that, led by Sheldon, it was regarded
tially popular in style and outlook, and writings and especially of pamphlets and Catholicism. We do not quite follow the
as the one effective barrier against Roman
largely dependent on older volumes of papers, the author of this excellent disser- author when he says that “the fear of
gossip and reminiscence, as well as the tation has shown that, in spite of all appear Popery made it difficult to discover a
labours of recent scholars. Indeed, it ances to the contrary, the whole air, so to principle upon which Dissent could be
would seem that little more than the speak, from the Restoration onwards, was
ready writer is needed for brief articles saturated with the idea of religious tolerance, James I. was surely referring, not to the
allowedwhile Popery was prohibited. "
where so much is quoted. Ballads and until in 1689, the earliest moment when connexion between Toleration and repub-
other verses of earlier days appear here took place in the Act of Toleration. This is, bishop, no king," but to the powerlessness
and there.
we believe, Mr. Russell Smith's first appear- of a king under Presbyterian rule as he had
A good many fantastic and curious ance as an historian, and it is a pleasure to
known it in Scotland. Presbyterianism may
characters are depicted, stories of frauds congratulate him upon so well-balanced and have been established" in England for
and humbugs being varied by a modicum in illustration and argument ; in spite of the others, and the genius of the English people
of history and respectable people like demand for condensation, he is thoroughly
George Eliot and the Duke of Wellington. readable in point of style ; and he shows effective sense. When the author
saw to it that it was never established in an
The articles are never long enough to
that
a refreshing freedom from prejudice and Charles II. posed as the champion of the
says
weary the impatient reader, or to put any special pleading, with a firm grasp of Church, he clearly does not realize that
great strain on their writers as specialists. essentials and considerable power of analysis. throughout the running fight for the dis-
In judgment and scholarship the volume
As a necessary introduction to his main pensing power the King was vainly endeav:
. is not pre-eminent. To regard Dr. John- theme an account of the consistent and buring to escape from the relentless grip of
son as one of the worst enemies of Garrick monotonous cry for Toleration” during the the Church. We hope that in his next edition
period-Mr. Russell Smith Mr. Russell Smith will elide the terrible word
is to misconceive his attitude altogether. examines the principles of the chief Pro-
The writer ought to have known that, testant systems and sums up in the follow- phrase in 1. 7 from the bottom of p.
15;
Contractualists,” and a curiously vulgar
while the Doctor abused Garrick, he would ing words :-
and that he will refrain from placing
let no one else do so. The fact is neatly “ In Erastianism, Theocracy, and Hobbism the Buckingham-the buffoon, the coward, the
exhibited in two dialogues by Sir Joshua idea of the National Church was upheld with expert in vice and in nothing else (but in
Reynolds, and Congreve has been well of England denounced all three systems alike.
Mr. Russell Smith's view a " lover of liberty
quoted to explain the relations of the sage In reality, they combined them. They believed and of trade-a man of science and a poet)
and the actor :-
that the civil magistrate had authority to enforce -on terms of uality with leaders of so
statutes dealing solely with religion ; they believed commanding a type as Shaftesbury and
'In my conscience I believe the baggage without advice from the Church; they believed
that the magistrate must never use his power Halifax.
loves me; for she never speaks well of me that the sovereign had power to dictate the religion
herself, nor suffers anybody else to rail at of his subjects. '
The Truth of Religion. By Rudolf Eucken.
me. "
In the last sentence Mr. Russell Smith is Translated by W. Tudor Jones. (Williams
Garrick did not hesitate to mimic the Charles II. over assumed, or even tried to Nobel Prize of 1908
was awarded for this
had | & Norgate. ) — Prof. Eucken, to whom the
referring to pre-Restoration times ;
connubial endearments of Johnson and
assume, such a power, the language of essay, is the Senior Professor of Philosophy
the airs of his wife, and, though very Sheldon would have been more emphatic in the University of Jena. The fact that
agreeable in society, was notoriously than respectful. As to the necessity of the the author is a philosophical teacher suggests
insincere.
unity of Church and State Mr. Russell at once that his writing will be marked
Smith says truly :-
by freedom of speculation, and show his
In The Wits of Holland House' a
“ The line which was taken by the Dissenters
emancipation from dogmatic prejudices.
writer records that Creevey could never was this. The decalogue is divided into the two Though Prof. Eucken is ever reverent, as
quite succeed in spelling Talleyrand's tables. The first table asserts man's duty to one to whom life is spiritual, and theology
name correctly. This is a complaint in a According to the practice of the Anglican
Church
God, the second man's duty to his neighbour: with its varieties and vagaries is after all
glass house, for on the same page French the magistrate was
a search for truth, he is likely to find
custos utriusque tabulæ. '
many opponents, especially when he at-
is misspelt, as well as Sydney Smith's on the contrary, the Dissenters maintained his
sphere is really confined to the second table. . . . tempts to separate the eternal from the
name.
The Dissenters saw the question rather than transient in Christianity. The contents of
answered it. "
The lighter matter which now takes
the book may be illustrated from Part I. ,
the place of literature in popular favour In his treatment of the various influences which is named "The Universal Crisis in
is abundantly provided. An article which made, explicitly or implicitly, for Religion. Under it there are discussions
on the problem of religion, the characteristic
on The Old Red House at Battersea
Toleration, our author proceeds with con-
mentions a
fidence and convincing clearness. He passes features of Christianity, the movement of
celebrated talking raven successively in review the effect of the modern times directed against it, the
called Gyp; an expert thief of coins, urbanity" of the time, the support given reconsolidation of religion, and the explana-
spoons, and spectacles, who recalls the by the Whigs—especially by the Whig tion of the developing tendency.
Grip of ‘Barnaby Rudge. ' The writer aristocracy-to civil liberty, the demands Christianity, which is declared to be a
has, however, not recorded the most of trade and the trading classes, the examples religion of redemption and not of 'law, is
amusing exhibition of Gyp's powers. ments, the doctrines of the disciples of Eucken does not identify it with the absoluto
one of the historical religions ; but Prof.
the Social Contract,” the belief in the religion, though he takes it as its highest
Thames, and the bird actually succeeded sanctity of property (including in property", embodiment, and characterizes it as the
in calling a ferryman across it twice in
a man's religious belief), the growth of religion of religions which is certain of
one day for a non-existent passenger ! scientific knowledge with its natural adjunct permanent duration. Yet the transient
Mr. George Morrow supplies a long the rational theologians, and the Latitudin- | in order that it may be clearly seen as the
of scepticism, the tenets of the Utilitarians, must be separated from the eternal in it,
folding plate of London characters ar-
arians, Hobbes and Chillingworth, Roger embodiment of the absolute religion. A
ranged in a procession, and there are
Williams and Milton and Penn. His last miracle, for instance, is to be rejected, &$
numerous other illustrations, rather chapter, devoted to Locke-whom, though it would mean an overthrow of the total
roughly executed.
the famous letter upon Toleration was not order of nature; and the bodily resurrection
published until after the Toleration Act had of Jesus is, Prof. Eucken says,
been passed, he regards as the first exponent or asserted as an historical fact,” which is
of a complete theory of Toleration forms a either capable of proof or incapable of it.
fitting conclusion to his book.
If, he declares, “it is not capable of proof,
6
an historical
## p. 335 (#257) ############################################
No. 4404, MARCH 23, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
335
can
are
are
asso-
or at least of sufficient proof, religion can which, he holds, must be undertaken before merely writes. He is continually changing
never make its acknowledgment & duty. ” & satisfactory text be established. bis subject; from a highly interesting de-
Then, again, in dealing with another problem, Systematic method and minute scholarship scription of the circumstances in which
he argues that, as religion cannot have more are shown on every page of the book ; 'Ben Hur' came to be written. we
than one centre, either God or Christ stands and the seeker for the text to be built on a plunged without any warning, into a recital
in that position. The Christianity, we are foundation which cannot be shaken will of the difficulties of reading improperly typed
told,
rejoice that such a task as this is being accom- manuscript. His anecdotes are numerous,
"which occupies itself solely with Jesus, and which plished. At the conclusion of part iii. of but chosen apparently at random. We
to many to-day seems an exit from all entangle- the first volume it is stated, as the result of learn, for instance, what the German
ments, is not yet a match for the mighty problems, an inquiry, that the trend is to reduce the Emperor wrote to Schliemann when the latter
and does not carry, within itself the energy to Curetonian, Sinaitic, and the Diatessaron presented him with his collection of Trojan
overcome the world. ”
to the rank of secondary documents. " antiquities. Many of the stories have
Prof. Eucken's book, from the subject This conclusion and others may be disputed, already attained celebrity-Labouchere's
itself, is of supremo interest; and, apart but no one will ignore the scholarship dis- telegram to Bismarck, for example. It was
altogether from the value of some of its played, or despise the scientific methods hardly worth while to fill four pages with
assertions and the worth of some of its employed.
Mark Twain's ‘Petition to the Queen of
conclusions, it deserves to be read for the
England,' which can be found in his re-
sake of its acute speculations.
printed works. It is tantalizing, too, to be
told of Mark Twain and Mr. W. D. Howells
THIS WEEK'S BOOKS. *
The Old Testament in Greek according to
swapping stories,” with no indication of
the Text of Codex Vaticanus, supplemented MR. FISHER UNWIN has sent us The had said a little more.
their character: for once we wish the author
The numerous
from other Uncial Manuscripts, with a Normandy Coast, by the Rev. Charles Merk,
letters reprinted refer frequently to the
Critical Apparatus containing the Variants English Chaplain at Dieppe, a pleasant
of the Chief Ancient Authorities for the Text volume with many excellent photographs
generous treatment of authors.
of the Septuagint. Edited by Alan England -in fact, we think the illustrations are the
The book, however, contains many passages
Brooke and Norman McLean. -Vol. I. The best part of the book, and they will probably of real interest, some on non-literary topics.
Octateuch. Part III. Numbers and Deutero-help some readers to choose a place for a
A description of the anti-Tammany cam-
nomy. (Cambridge University Press. ) - summer holiday. Mr. Merk begins at paign, which ended with the imprisonment,
The editors explain that, though the publi- Tréport, and takes us through Dieppe,
in 1871, of “ Boss Twecd, forms a vivid
cation of this part of the text has been some- Fécamp, Le Havre, Trouville, and many chapter. Frequent references are made to
what delayed owing to the appointment of smaller seaside places, to Cherbourg. Then The Athenæum, especially concerning the
an assistant to other work, they have not he turns south and shows us the coast International Copyright agitation, a matter
greatly exceeded the time they expected to road by Granville and Avranches to Mont
on which the house of Harper at times found
spend on its preparation, as in the case of St. Michel. His volume would have been
itself at variance with ourselves.
Numbers and Deuteronomy there are no improved if he had given us more about the The book is excellently produced, and
complicated problems such as
little villages he visits, and less history. contains some exceptionally good portraits,
ciated with the hexaplar text of the closing The latter he has to start afresh at
chapters of Exodus. " There is certainly no each of the many towns and villages on
indication of hasty workmanship, and those the coast that ho visits; and this way of In the Introduction to War and its Alleged
who have studied Parts I. and II. will find writing about wars-chiefly fights with the Benefits (Heinemann), by J. Novikow,
in this section of the text a continuance of English—is a little confusing, at any rate Norman Angell explains how that writer
the critical methods of the editors and the to a reader who thinks he has picked up a has been working for some time on the same
use of the available MSS. and versions.
book of travel. We do not like the mixture lines as himself. The book, he declares,
No serious modifications, they tell us, of French and English in such names as contains more arguments against war in the
have been made in their Imethod of pre- “ Duke de Guise ” and “Duke du Maine. ' abstract than anything of similar bulk I
senting evidence, but their list of authorities Neither do we like “Mount St. Michel ” know. ” The author is a sociologist whose
has been enlarged. The most important any more than Richard Lionheart and work is well known on the Continent, where
addition is the Washington Codex of Deu- we do not think that Mr. Merk can defend a Pacifism is progressing as rapidly as it is
teronomy and Joshua, published recently sentence in which he talks of a view from
here. He states the case with great lucidity
in facsimile by the University of Michigan, the lighthouse of Ailly. . . . to that of dw and force, and exposes the fallacies which
which contains almost the entire text of Touquet. ” Writing of the church at Eu, underlie the most plausible contentions of the
the two books. It is & MS. of the fifth
our author speaks of the ravages which supporters of war. His most effective point
century, and, apart from its own worth, time, more than the hand of man, has wrought is that differences between nations are never
supplies evidence of the early existence of in the noble structure. ” Others, with a more decided by recourse to arms and bloodshed.
a text closely akin to that represented by just appreciation of the work of Viollet-le- “ If," he asks,
two late though valuable cursive MSS. Duc, have told us that the church was
more than 8,000 wars have settled nothing,
The Prefatory Note, which supplies the injured by modern restoration.
what probability is there that the eight thousand
information regarding the Washington Codex, These trifles do not detract from the value and first, as it by magic, will suddenly decide
explains the symbols which appear for the of a useful volume, but the lack of a good all questions in dispute ? . . . ,. Each war merely
first time in this part of the work, and dis- map is a serious defect. The little sketch
sows the seeds for future war. "
tinguishes according to their sources the map on the inner cover does not name half He scoffs at the idea that wars perfect the
various fragments of the Palestinian Ara- the places we have searched for.
maic Version. Every page of the text, with
its voluminous notes, reveals exact scholar-
The House of Harper. By J. Henry certainly one of the handsomest people on earth.
The contrary is true. The English are most
ship. When finished, the work at which Harper. (Harpers. )-The well-known firm They are also the least warlike, since they alone
the editors have been labouring will be is a monument to the industry of three of all European nations have abolished com-
recognized as of standard value, and will be
a monument of English scholarship.
generations of Harpers. It has pub pulsory military service. "
lished part or the whole of the works of
perhaps the majority of the distinguished This is highly complimentary, but to
Concerning the Genesis of the Versions of writers of the United States, and it has intro-1 be fair it must be frankly acknowledged
the New Testament. By H. C. Hoskier. duced to the American public, to mention that the British shipbuilding programmes
of
2 vols. (Bernard Quaritch. )—The title-page a few names out of many, Thomas Hardy,
the last decade have contributed
indicates that this book is intended as a William Black, and Du Maurier. Readers notably to the competition in armaments
supplement to the library publication of may therefore expect from the author and to the ruinous war budgets of other
the Morgan MS. , and in the Preface it is whose connexion with the house is some
nations. The present maintenance of Euro.
stated that the author in 1890 wrote
forty years old, and who has produced a
pean armies costs 212,600,0001. a year,
we had laid no certain foundation on which volume of close upon 700 pages-some
The bill for the British Navy and Army is
to build up a scientific textual theory. ” insight into the literary world of the United
over 70,000,0001. If we are not warlike,
Mr. Hoskier is emphatic in his judgments. States, and some considerable knowledge
this is a very successful way of pretending
Hort was too sweeping,” he says, ' and of its component characters. Their hopes to the world that we are.
too much in a hurry to say the final word. will find but a partial satisfaction. Mr. We continue to wage wars, says Mr.
There was no need for the radical revision J. Henry Harper is not a raconteur ; he Novikow, from the force of tradition, “be-
of 1881. We were not ready for it. We are
cause in the same circumstances our ancestors
not ready now. ” Fortunately, Mr. Hoskier * Under this heading we include notices which are
declared war, and we have to do the same
is something more than a critic of other men's too lengthy to appear in our • List of New Books as they did' as a matter of routine. '
work, and his own labour is a part of that in its present form.
There is more in modern warfare than this.
>
race,
" that
## p. 336 (#258) ############################################
336
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4404, MARCH 23, 1912
>
men
The motive may not be the same as it was
young, and impose on them a predetermined
in past centuries, but there exists, neverthe-
NOTES FROM OXFORD.
discipline, on which they are given no chance
less, a very distinct motive. Again we
of reacting critically and intelligently, is,
are largely responsible, for it is we who
Who can tell whether the most significant from the standpoint of education and of
have set the fashion of empire-building and event of the term was not one that, on a
national welfare, a public danger. Let not
colonial expansion. To acquire territory narrow reckoning, might appear to be no Ruskin College, therefore, confuse its true
it is not always necessary to conquer native concern of the University at all? Ruskin policy by looking back over its shoulder
races, but the inevitable diplomatic bar. College, which before must perforce be
towards
any such outworn and sinister
gaining with powerful neighbours is a
content to picnic in a barn, has at length purpose.
fruitful source of the quarrels which lead to established the foundations of an ample Its true policy is indicated by the good
hostilities. This, many hope, will be cor. dwelling-place. Clearly it has come to result with which its students have com.
rected when democracies become
more stay. The question then arises, What is the peted in the open arena afforded by the
articulate in the realm of diplomacy. meaning of this sign that streaks the edge of examination for the University Diploma in
In setting out to prove that all wars of our firmament ? Does it portend the up- Political Economy. If they had
been
the past were needless, futile, and barren in rising of the dragon that is going to swallow educated as seminarists, they would assuredly
results, Mr. Novikow requires more space the sun ?
not have displayed such merit as they did
than he can devote to so large a theme in The feebler folk, undoubtedly, are alarmed. in the eyes of impartial judges. In one year,
such a small book. He appears in this They shake their heads and say that the of the successful candidates from Ruskin
connexion to be endeavouring to prove too days of sound learning, and the larger view College, eight obtained distinction, whilst
much, and the few pages he devotes to this of life, are numbered. ' Even some of the four others passed; whereas the average
part of the subject will hardly carry con-
relatively stalwart are heard to opine that prevailing amongst members of the Uni-
viction with students of military history, Cambridge, the acknowledged home of versity who succeed in this examination
In the light of modern knowledge and science and true progress, was the more is that about six obtain distinction for every
experience the conclusion he comes to may fitting field for this experiment in the training five who do not. This, then, is a fine record
be broadly correct. But there is justifi. of democrats. Yet it was for the nonce on the part of Ruskin College, which is
cation in any human endeavour, however comforting to listen to the speeches made hardly to be explained away, either by
misguided it may prove to be in the by the champions of Labour at the founda- alleging that its alumni start with an unfair
long run, provided it is undertaken at the
tion ceremony. Their intentions, at any advantage in their first-hand knowledge of
moment with a deep conviction of its certain rate, are of the best ; even if, according to labour conditions, or that the members of
efficacy: In this alone there is something the pessimist, calculated none the less to the University who take the diploma are not
ennobling. To-day, however, it seems to pave a way to our destruction. The orators representative of the more intelligent type
the present reviewer that a decreasing declared in so many words that“ the people
of students. All that is needed, then, is that
number of the population will be able to already has power, plenty of power ; what it light for the sake of light, and not merely
convince themselves of the efficacy of war. I still lacks is education enough to use that for the sake of tempting fruit, should
be
Its justification therefore will vanish.
power effectively.
