and ca-
pable of doing their country great services lor many
years.
pable of doing their country great services lor many
years.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Bat.
, 1720, 3 vols.
4to; that of Oap-
peronier, Parts, 1725, fol. ; that of Gesner, Colling. ,
1766, 4to; and particularly that of Spalding, Lips. ,
1798-1834, 6 vols. 8vo, the fifth volume of which
contains supplementary annotations by Zumpt, and
the sixth a Lexicon and Indexes by Bonelli. The
edition of Quintilian forming part of Leinaire's collec-
tion is a reprint, for the irrost part, of Spalding's.
(Schbll, Hist. Lit. Rom. , vol. 2, p. 398, seqq. --Bahr,
Gesch. Rom. Lit, p. 401, seqq. -- Fultrmann, Rom.
Lit. , vol. 2, p. 168, seqq. )
Quintus Curtius Kurt's, a Latin historical writer,
with regard to whose era great uncertainty prevails.
No ancient writer makes mention of him; the first
who speak of him are John of Salisbury and Pierre
Je Blois, who lived in the 12th century. Curtius
himself furnishes no information respecting his own
condition and origin, if we except one passage in
which he speaks of an event which happened in his
times (10, 9). He mentions this event, however, in
such obscure terms, that the commentators are all at
varianco respecting the period when he flourished.
Some, as, for example, Pithou and Bongars, place him
in the Augustan age. Others, as Ausonius Popma
and Perizonius, under Tiberius. Others, as Justus
I. ipsius and Brisson, under Claudius. Others, as
Freinsheim, Rutgers, Vossius, and many other edi-
tors, under Vespasian. Some, following the example
of Pontanus, make him to have flourished under Tra-
jan. Count Bagnolo (Delia genie Curzia e dell' eta
di Q. Curzio. &. c, Bologna, 1741, 8vo), and one of
the latest editors of Curtius, Cunze, whose edition
appeared at Hclinstadt in 1795, 8vo, have adduced
<<ome specious arguments for fixing the period of this
writer under Constantine the Great. Finally, Bnrth
brings him down as low as the first Theodosius. --Tho
history of Quintus Curtius is entitled De rebus geslis'
Alexandri Magni (" Of the exploits of Alexander the
Great"). It was divided originally into ten books, but
the first two, the end of the fifth, and the beginning
of the sixth are lost. Freinsheim has written a sup-
plement to the work, so as to complete what is thus
defective, and has succeeded in bringing together a
learned collection of facts from the different historiana
who have made mention of the operations of Alexan-
? ? der. --The work of Quintus Curtius is rather to be
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? RAB
RAT
the king cf Bavaria at Munich It is on the twelve
labours of Hercules. --The best editions of Quintus
Calaber are, that of Rhodomanmis. Hanoi. , 1604, Svo;
that of De Pauw, Lugd. Bat. , 1784, 8vo; and that of
Tychsen, Argent. , 1807, 8vo. The last, however, has
never been completed. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol.
6. p 91, seqq. )
Quikinalis, a hil! at Rome, added to the city by
Servius Tulliu9. (Liv. , 1. 44. ) Numa, indeed, had
a house upon this mountain, but it was not considered
a part of the city until enclosed within the Tullian
wall. The temple of Romulus Quirinus, from which
it derived its name, was built by Numa, but afterward
reconstructed with greater magnificence by Papirius
Cursor, the dictator. (Lxv. , 10, 46. ) Some vestiges
of this edifice are said to exist in the gardens of the
Jesuits, close to the church of S. Andrea, a Monte
Catallo. The expression Monte Catallo is a corrup-
tion from Manx Cabalhit, a name applied to the Quiri-
nal at a later day from two marble horses placed there.
The Quirinal is the only one of the Seven Hills at the
present day that is populous. It is covered with noble
palaces, churches, streets, and fountains. (Rome in
the Nineteenth Century, vol. 1, p. 206, Am. ed. )
Quirinus, I. a surname of Mars among the Romans.
This name was also given to Romulus after his trans-
lation to the skies. (Ovid, Fast. , 2, 475. )--II. A sui
name of the god Janus. (Vid. remarks under the ar-
ticle Janus. )
Quirjtks, (Vid. remarks under the article Roma,
page 1172, col. 2 )
R.
Rabirius, I. C a Roman knight contemporary with
Julius Cesar. The latter had, on one or two occa-
sions, expressed with some ostentation his attachment
to the party of Marius, and he now attempted to vindi-
cate the memory of L. Saturninus, who, having been for
a long time the associate of Marius, was afterward op-
posed by him as the reluctant instrument of the senate,
and, having been taken by him in actual rebellion, had
been murdered by the armed citizens, who broke into
his place of confinement. Caesar, it is said (Sveton. ,
Vit. Jul. , 12), instigated Labienus, at this time one
of the tribunes, and afterward distinguished as one of
Caesar's lieutenants in Gaul, to accuse Rabirius, then
advanced in years, as the perpetrator of this murder.
The cause was first tried before L. Cesar and C. Cae-
sar (Dio Cass , 37, 42), who were appointed by lot to
act is special commissioners in this case, by virtue of
the yrotor's order; and the accused was arraigned
according to the old law of murder, by which, if he had
been found guilty, he would have been condemned to
be hanged. But this mode of proceeding was stopped
by Rabirius appealing to the people, or by the inter-
ference of Cicero as consul, as his speech seems to
imply (pro Rah. , c. 4, seq), and his procuring the re-
moval of the cause before another tribunal. The peo-
ple, however, it is said, were likely to condemn the
accused, when Q Metelellus Celer, one of the prae-
tors, obliged the meeting to break up, by tearing down
. the ensign which was always flying on the Janieulum
while the people were assembled, and without which,
according to ancient custom, they could not lawfully
continue their deliberations. In this manner Rabirius
? scaped; for Labienus or his instigators did not think
proper to bring forward the business again; whether
despairing of again finding the people equally disposed
? ? to condemn the accused, or whether the progress of the
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? RAVENNA.
REG
Minn mere to b i . 'rained and exercised. The vine
grew in the marshes with the greatest luxuriance, but
perished in the course of four or fiy. i years. (Strabo,
818. --Plin. , 14, 2. ) Water was scarce at thia place,
and hence Martial observes that he would rather have
a cistern of water at Ravenna than a vineyard, aince
be could sell the water for a much higher price than
to* wine. (Ep. , 3, 56. ) The same writer sportively
ai. ade* to his having been imposed upon by a tavern-
kjepei at Ravenna :ton hia calling for a glass of wa-
ter, he received one of wine! --We are not informed
it what period Ravenna receive I a Roman colony
(Strai. , 217); but it is not improbable, from a passage
in Cicero (Oral, pro Balb. , 22). that this event took
place under the consulship of Cn. I'ompeius Strabo.
Ravenna became the great naval station of the Ro-
mans on the Adriatic, in the latter times of the re-
public, a measure which seems to have originated
with Pompey the Great. It waa from Ravenna that
Cesar held a parley with the senate, when on the
point of invading Italy. (Bell. Civ. , 1, 6. ) It was
from this city, also, that ho set forward on that march
which brought him to the Rubicon, and involved his
country and the world in civil war. (Appian, Bell.
Civ. , 2, II. )--It is well observed by Gibbon (Mite.
Work; vol. 2, p. 179), that "Caesar had, for good
reasons, fixed his quarters at Ravenna. He wished
to obtain possession of Picenum, a rich and populous
country, and thus deprive Pompey of the resources he
might have found in a province extremely devoted to
his family, and from which that general might have
made legions spring up by merely striking the ground
with his foot. He wished to turn the capital with his
army. Had he attempted to march straight to Rome,
Pompey would have made himself master of the diffi-
cult passes, ar. d stopped his progress, and Italy would
have become the theatre of war. But, by marching
towards Ariminum, Ancona, and Corfinium, he made
it seem to be his design to cut off the retreat of hia
enemies, and his boldness threw them into such con-
sternation, that they hastened to embark at Brundi-
? ium. Lastly, he wished to make sure of Ariminum.
This important place was distant from the Rubicon
eighteen miles by the . ilunli. iu road, and only eleven
by that of Ravenna. Caesar could send forward bod-
ies of troops under twenty different pretences; but
the moment he passed it, his designs were unmasked.
Ariminum was therefore to be surprised by a forced
march. "--The old port of Ravenna was situated at
the mouth of the river Bedesis (il Ronco). But Au-
gustus caused a new one to be constructed at the en-
trance of the little river Candianus into the sea, and
about three miles from Ravenna. He established a
communication between this harbour and a branch of
the Po, by means of a canal which was called Fo3sa
Augusti; and he also made a causeway to connect
the port and city, which obtained the name of Via
Csesaris. As the new harbour, from thenceforth, be-
came the usual station for the fleet, it received tho dis-
tinguishing appellation of Portus Classis, a name which
still subsists in that of a well known monastery near
the modern town of Ravenna. Ravenna continued to
flourish as a naval station long after the reign of Au-
gustus. (Suet. , Aug. , 49--Tacit. , Ann. , 4, 5-- Id. ,
Hut. , 2, 100. --P/oi, p. 63--Zotim. , 5. 28. )--Hono-
rius made this city tho place of his residence both be-
fore and after Alaric had captured and burned Rome.
? ? When Odoacer made the conquest of Italy, he resided
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? REGUI. US.
REGULUS.
funic war. He leduced Brundisium, and, in his sec-
jnd consulship, took 64, and sunk 30, galleys of the
Carthaginian fleet off Ecnomus, on the coast of Sicily.
After this victory, Kegulus and his colleage Manlius
tailed to Africa, and seized on Clupea, a place situ-
ate to the east of Carthage, not far from the Heraican
promontory, which they made their place of arms.
Manlius was recalled, but Regulus was left to prose-
cute the war; and so rapid was his success, that he
made himself master of about 200 places on the coast,
in the number of which was Tunelum or Tunis. The
Carthaginians sued for peace, but Regulus would grant
them none, except on conditions that could not be en-
dured. His rapid success had rendered him haughty
and intractable, and now it made him rash and impru-
dent. A Lacedaemonian leader, named Xanthippus,
arrived at Carthage with a re-enforcement of Greek
troops, and soon changed the aspect of affairs. Ob-
serving to the Carthaginians that their overthrows
were entirely owing to their having fought on ground,
where their cavalry, in which alone they were superior
to the Romans, had not room to act, he promised to
repair this mistake, and accordingly posted his forces
in a plain, where the elephants and Carthaginian horse
might be of service. Regulus followed him, imagin-
ing himself invincible; but he was defeated and taken
prisoner, along with 500 of his countrymen. After
being kept some years in prison, he was sent to Rome
to propose an exchange of prisoners, having been first
compelled to bind himself by an oath that he would re-
turn in case be proved unsuccessful. When he came
to Rome, he strongly dissuaded his countrymen against
an exchange of prisoners, arguing that such an exam-
ple would be of fatal consequence to the republic: that
citizens who had so basely surrendered their arms to
the enemy were unworthy of the least compassion and
incapable of serving their country: that, with regard
to himself, he was so far advanced in years, that his
death ought to be considered as a matter of no impor-
tance; whereas they had in their hands several Car-
thaginian generals, in the flower of their age.
and ca-
pable of doing their country great services lor many
years. It was with difficulty the senate complied with
so generous and unexampled a counsel. The illus-
trious exile therefore left Rome, Jn order to return to
Carthage, unmoved by the sorrow of his friends, or the
tears of his wife and children; and was treated on his
return, according to the ordinary account, with the ut-
most degree of cruelty, the Carthaginians having heard
that their offer had been rejected entirely through the
opposition of Regulus. They imprisoned him for a
long while in a gloomy dungeon, whence, after cutting
off his eyelids, they brought him suddenly into the sun,
when its beams darted their strongest heat. They
next put him into a kind of chest full of nails, the
points of which did not allow him a moment's ease
day or night. Lastly, after having been long torment-
ed by being kept continually awake in this dreadful
torture, his merciless enemies nailed him to a cross,
their usual punishment, and left him to die on it. la)
retaliation for this cruelty, the senate at Rome are said
to have delivered two captives into the hands of th<
. widow of Regulus, to do with them what she pleased,
but that her cruelty towards them was so great, that
the senate themselves were compelled at length to in-
terfere. --Such is a general outline of the story of
Regulus. The question respecting its truth or false-
? ? hood haj given rise to considerable discussion. Pal-
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? RH A
RHE
people have acted thus, hai) the story of Regulut and
his cruel sufferings been true? If any> notwithstand-
ing what has been here adduced,-are inclined to favour
the other side of the question, they will find some plau-
sible arguments in its support in Ruperti's edition of
Slims Italicus (Ad Arg. , lib. 6).
Remi, a people of Gallia Belgica, southwest of the
Treveri, and southeast of the Veromandui. Their
< spiral was Durocortorum, now Rhetms. (Cat, B. G. ,
<<, 3, 5. --roc, Hist. , 4, 67. --Ptm. , 4, 17. )
Rkmus, the brother of Romulus, exposed togeth-
ei with him by the cruelty of his grandfather. (Vtd.
Romulus. )
Resaexa, a city on the river Chaboras, in northern
Mesopotamia. (Steph. Byz. , s. v. 'P(oiva) Its site
was afterward occupied by Theodosiopolis (Chron. ,
Edessen. , p. 3:19), which must not be confounded
with another city of the same name in northern Arme-
nia. The modern name of Restena is Ras-el-atm.
{Niebukr, vol. 2, p. 394. )
Rha ('Pa), a large river, now the Wolga. No wri-
ter, prior to Ptolemy, mentions either its name or
vourse. The appellation occurs, it is true, in our edi-
tions of Mela (3, 5), but it is a mere interpolation.
? he true reading in Mela is, "E Cerauniis monhbus
mo alveo deseendit, duobus exit in Caspium [Rha]
Araxes Tauri latere demissus. " The word Rha,
wiich we have enclosed in brackets, does not belong
to the text. --Ptolemy's acquaintance with this river
wks so accurate, that he knew not only its mouth, but
its western bending towards the Tanais, its double
sources (the Wolga and the Kama), the point of their
union, and the course of* some streams flowing from
the mountains on the east into the Wolga. All this
knowledge of the Rha was obtained from the caravan
traders, except, perhaps, a small portion made known
to the vspdd by the Roman conquests in this quarter.
Subsequent writers never lost sight of this river.
Agathemerus (2, 30) reckons it among the larger sized
rivers, snd calls it, probably by a corrupt name, Rhos
('Puc). Ammianus Marcellinus (22, 8) speaks of a
plant growing on its banks of great use in medicine.
Every one will see that he alludes to the rhubarb (Rha
barbarum) of pharmacy. The plant, it is true, did not,
in fact, grow here, but was brought to this quarter by
the caravan trade. As the Romans, however, re-
ceived their supplies of it from this part of the world,
they associated with it the name of the river, and thus
the appellation arose. The name Rha appears to
be an appellative term, having affinity with Rhea or
Relta, which, in the Sarmatian or Sclavonian lan-
guage, signifies a river; and from the Russian denom-
ination of Velika Relta, or Great River, appears to
be formed the name of Wolga. In the Byzantine and
other writers of the middle ages, this stream is called
Atel or Etel, a term, in many northern languages, sig-
nifying great or illustrious. (Compare the German
titl. ) The approximation of the Tanais to this river,
before it changes its course to the Palua Mseotis, is
the occasion of the erroneous opinion of some authors,
that it is only an emanation of the Rha taking a differ-
ent route. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 4, p 34! . )
Riiacotis, the name of a maritime place in Egypt,
on the site of which Alexandres was aubsequcntly erect-
ed. (Strabo, 792. -- Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 10, pt. 1,
p. 819)
Riiadamanthds, a son of Jupiter aud Europa, and
? ? brother to Minos and Sirpedon. These three brethren
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? RHE
RH E
ind Sr'aturn devoured a stone which his wife had given
him as her own child. The fears of Saturn were
soon proved to be well founded. A year after, the
child, whose name was Jupiter, became so strong and
powerful, that he diove his father from his throne.
(Vid. Saturnus. )--II or Rhea Silvia, the mother of
Romulus and Remus. (Vid. Ilia. )
Rhegium, one of the most celebrated and flourish-
ing cities of Magna Gra-cia, at the extremity of Italy,
in the territory of the Bruttii, and in a southeastern di-
rection from Messana on the opposite coast of Sicily.
This city is known to have been founded nearly 700
years B. C. , by a party of Zanclaeans from Sicily, to-
gether with <omc Chalcidians from Eubcea, and Mes-
scnians from the Peloponnesus. (Antioch. Syrae. ,
Strab. , 257. --Herat. , Pont, fragm. , 25. --Pausan. , 4,
S3. ) It may, however, lay claim to a still more re-
mote origin, if it be true, as Cato affirmed, that it was
once in the possession of the Aurunci. (Ap. Vol.
Prob. eel. el. Fragm. Hist. ) According to vEschylus,
as quoted by Strabo, the name of Rhegium was sup-
posed to refer to the great catastrophe which had once
separated Italy from Sicily (utf oi it/ 'Vriyiov kika^o-
nerat. -- Compare Virg. , JEn. , 3, 414). That geog-
rapher suggests as his own opinion, lhat this term
was derived from the Latin word Regium; and thus
considers it as only expressive of the importance and
dignity of the town to which it was attached. (Strab. ,
257. ) It appears, however, from the more ancient
coins of Rhegium, that the original name of the place
was RECION. In these the epigraph is REC. RECI.
RECINOS, in characters partaking more of the Os-
can than of the Greek form. Those of a more recent
date are decidedly Greek, PRT. PHriNQN, being in-
scribed on them. (Sestini, Man. Vet. , p. 18. )--We
may collect from different passages, that the constitu-
tion of Rhegium was at first an oligarchy under the
superior direction of a chief, who was always chosen
from a Messenian family. (Heyne, Opusc. Acad. , vol.
S. p. 270. --Saintc-Croix, tur la Legist de la Grande
Grece, Mem. des Acad, des Inscr. , vol. 42, p. 312. )
Charondas, the celebrated lawgiver of Catana in Sici-
ly, is said also to have given laws to the Rhegians.
(Herod. F>>nl. , I. c. --Mlian, V. H. , 3, 17. --Artstot. ,
Polit. , 2, 10. ) This form of government lasted near-
ly 200 years, until Anaxilaus, the second of that name,
usurped the sole authority, and became tyrant of Rhe-
gium about 496 B. C. (Strabo, I. c. --Aristot. , Polit. , 5,
12. ) Under this prince, who, though aspiring and
ambitious, appears to have been possessed of consid-
erable talents and many good qualities (Justin, 4, 2),
the prosperity of Rhegium, far from declining, reiched
its highest elevation. Anaxilaus having succeeded in
making himself master of Messana, in conjunction with
a party of Samians, who had quitted their country,
which was then threatened with the Persian yoke (He-
rod. , 6, 23. --Thucyd. , 6, 5), confided the sovereignty
of that important town to his son Cleophron. (Schol.
ad Find. , Pyth. , 2, 34. ) His views were next direct-
ed against the Locrians; and it is probable that here
also he would have been successful, having already ob-
tained a decided advantage over them in the field, and
having proceeded, farther, to lay siege to their town
(Justin, 21, 3), when he was compelled to withdraw
his forces by the influence of Hicro, king of Syracuse,
whose enmity he was unwilling to incur. (Schol.
ad Pind. , I. e. ) Anaxilaus reigned eighteen years,
? ? and, on his death, intrusted the sovereignty to Mici-
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? RH 1
RHO
Rhenus, I. a ;elebrated river or Europe, rising in
lie Lepontine Alps, a little to the east of Mount St.
Gothard, in the country of the Grisons. It passes
mrough Lacus Brigantinus, or the Lake of Constance,
and afterward through Lacua Acronius, or the Lake
of Zell, and continues to run nearly west until it
reaches Basilia or Bask. Here it takes a northern
direction, and becomes the boundary between Gallia
and Gcrmania, and afterward between the latter and
Belgium. At Schenek, or Schenken Schans, the
Rhcrms sends off its left-hand branch, the Vahalis or
Waul, which flows west, and joins the Mosa or
Meuxe. After parting with the Vahalis, the Hhenus
flows on a few miles farther to the north, and then
divides into two streams, ofk which the one to the
right hand had the name of Flevo, or Flevus, or Fle-
vum, now the Yssal, and the other that of Helium,
now the Leek. The latter joins the Mcuse above Rot-
terdam. The Yssal was originally unconnected with
the Rhine, but was joined to it by the canal of Dru-
aus. Before it reached the sea, it traversed a small
-ake called Flevo, which, by the increase of waters it
received through the Yssal from the Rhine, became
in time expanded, and forms now the Zuyder Zee.
(Vid. Flevo. ) The whole course of the Rhine is 900
miles, of which 630 are navigable from Basle to the
aea. The Rhine was long a barrier between the Ro-
mans and Germans; it was first crossed by Julius
Caesar. --The word Rhein, which signifies a "current"
or " stream," appears to be of Celtic or ancient Ger-
manic origin. (Cats. , B. G. , 4, 20.
peronier, Parts, 1725, fol. ; that of Gesner, Colling. ,
1766, 4to; and particularly that of Spalding, Lips. ,
1798-1834, 6 vols. 8vo, the fifth volume of which
contains supplementary annotations by Zumpt, and
the sixth a Lexicon and Indexes by Bonelli. The
edition of Quintilian forming part of Leinaire's collec-
tion is a reprint, for the irrost part, of Spalding's.
(Schbll, Hist. Lit. Rom. , vol. 2, p. 398, seqq. --Bahr,
Gesch. Rom. Lit, p. 401, seqq. -- Fultrmann, Rom.
Lit. , vol. 2, p. 168, seqq. )
Quintus Curtius Kurt's, a Latin historical writer,
with regard to whose era great uncertainty prevails.
No ancient writer makes mention of him; the first
who speak of him are John of Salisbury and Pierre
Je Blois, who lived in the 12th century. Curtius
himself furnishes no information respecting his own
condition and origin, if we except one passage in
which he speaks of an event which happened in his
times (10, 9). He mentions this event, however, in
such obscure terms, that the commentators are all at
varianco respecting the period when he flourished.
Some, as, for example, Pithou and Bongars, place him
in the Augustan age. Others, as Ausonius Popma
and Perizonius, under Tiberius. Others, as Justus
I. ipsius and Brisson, under Claudius. Others, as
Freinsheim, Rutgers, Vossius, and many other edi-
tors, under Vespasian. Some, following the example
of Pontanus, make him to have flourished under Tra-
jan. Count Bagnolo (Delia genie Curzia e dell' eta
di Q. Curzio. &. c, Bologna, 1741, 8vo), and one of
the latest editors of Curtius, Cunze, whose edition
appeared at Hclinstadt in 1795, 8vo, have adduced
<<ome specious arguments for fixing the period of this
writer under Constantine the Great. Finally, Bnrth
brings him down as low as the first Theodosius. --Tho
history of Quintus Curtius is entitled De rebus geslis'
Alexandri Magni (" Of the exploits of Alexander the
Great"). It was divided originally into ten books, but
the first two, the end of the fifth, and the beginning
of the sixth are lost. Freinsheim has written a sup-
plement to the work, so as to complete what is thus
defective, and has succeeded in bringing together a
learned collection of facts from the different historiana
who have made mention of the operations of Alexan-
? ? der. --The work of Quintus Curtius is rather to be
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? RAB
RAT
the king cf Bavaria at Munich It is on the twelve
labours of Hercules. --The best editions of Quintus
Calaber are, that of Rhodomanmis. Hanoi. , 1604, Svo;
that of De Pauw, Lugd. Bat. , 1784, 8vo; and that of
Tychsen, Argent. , 1807, 8vo. The last, however, has
never been completed. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol.
6. p 91, seqq. )
Quikinalis, a hil! at Rome, added to the city by
Servius Tulliu9. (Liv. , 1. 44. ) Numa, indeed, had
a house upon this mountain, but it was not considered
a part of the city until enclosed within the Tullian
wall. The temple of Romulus Quirinus, from which
it derived its name, was built by Numa, but afterward
reconstructed with greater magnificence by Papirius
Cursor, the dictator. (Lxv. , 10, 46. ) Some vestiges
of this edifice are said to exist in the gardens of the
Jesuits, close to the church of S. Andrea, a Monte
Catallo. The expression Monte Catallo is a corrup-
tion from Manx Cabalhit, a name applied to the Quiri-
nal at a later day from two marble horses placed there.
The Quirinal is the only one of the Seven Hills at the
present day that is populous. It is covered with noble
palaces, churches, streets, and fountains. (Rome in
the Nineteenth Century, vol. 1, p. 206, Am. ed. )
Quirinus, I. a surname of Mars among the Romans.
This name was also given to Romulus after his trans-
lation to the skies. (Ovid, Fast. , 2, 475. )--II. A sui
name of the god Janus. (Vid. remarks under the ar-
ticle Janus. )
Quirjtks, (Vid. remarks under the article Roma,
page 1172, col. 2 )
R.
Rabirius, I. C a Roman knight contemporary with
Julius Cesar. The latter had, on one or two occa-
sions, expressed with some ostentation his attachment
to the party of Marius, and he now attempted to vindi-
cate the memory of L. Saturninus, who, having been for
a long time the associate of Marius, was afterward op-
posed by him as the reluctant instrument of the senate,
and, having been taken by him in actual rebellion, had
been murdered by the armed citizens, who broke into
his place of confinement. Caesar, it is said (Sveton. ,
Vit. Jul. , 12), instigated Labienus, at this time one
of the tribunes, and afterward distinguished as one of
Caesar's lieutenants in Gaul, to accuse Rabirius, then
advanced in years, as the perpetrator of this murder.
The cause was first tried before L. Cesar and C. Cae-
sar (Dio Cass , 37, 42), who were appointed by lot to
act is special commissioners in this case, by virtue of
the yrotor's order; and the accused was arraigned
according to the old law of murder, by which, if he had
been found guilty, he would have been condemned to
be hanged. But this mode of proceeding was stopped
by Rabirius appealing to the people, or by the inter-
ference of Cicero as consul, as his speech seems to
imply (pro Rah. , c. 4, seq), and his procuring the re-
moval of the cause before another tribunal. The peo-
ple, however, it is said, were likely to condemn the
accused, when Q Metelellus Celer, one of the prae-
tors, obliged the meeting to break up, by tearing down
. the ensign which was always flying on the Janieulum
while the people were assembled, and without which,
according to ancient custom, they could not lawfully
continue their deliberations. In this manner Rabirius
? scaped; for Labienus or his instigators did not think
proper to bring forward the business again; whether
despairing of again finding the people equally disposed
? ? to condemn the accused, or whether the progress of the
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? RAVENNA.
REG
Minn mere to b i . 'rained and exercised. The vine
grew in the marshes with the greatest luxuriance, but
perished in the course of four or fiy. i years. (Strabo,
818. --Plin. , 14, 2. ) Water was scarce at thia place,
and hence Martial observes that he would rather have
a cistern of water at Ravenna than a vineyard, aince
be could sell the water for a much higher price than
to* wine. (Ep. , 3, 56. ) The same writer sportively
ai. ade* to his having been imposed upon by a tavern-
kjepei at Ravenna :ton hia calling for a glass of wa-
ter, he received one of wine! --We are not informed
it what period Ravenna receive I a Roman colony
(Strai. , 217); but it is not improbable, from a passage
in Cicero (Oral, pro Balb. , 22). that this event took
place under the consulship of Cn. I'ompeius Strabo.
Ravenna became the great naval station of the Ro-
mans on the Adriatic, in the latter times of the re-
public, a measure which seems to have originated
with Pompey the Great. It waa from Ravenna that
Cesar held a parley with the senate, when on the
point of invading Italy. (Bell. Civ. , 1, 6. ) It was
from this city, also, that ho set forward on that march
which brought him to the Rubicon, and involved his
country and the world in civil war. (Appian, Bell.
Civ. , 2, II. )--It is well observed by Gibbon (Mite.
Work; vol. 2, p. 179), that "Caesar had, for good
reasons, fixed his quarters at Ravenna. He wished
to obtain possession of Picenum, a rich and populous
country, and thus deprive Pompey of the resources he
might have found in a province extremely devoted to
his family, and from which that general might have
made legions spring up by merely striking the ground
with his foot. He wished to turn the capital with his
army. Had he attempted to march straight to Rome,
Pompey would have made himself master of the diffi-
cult passes, ar. d stopped his progress, and Italy would
have become the theatre of war. But, by marching
towards Ariminum, Ancona, and Corfinium, he made
it seem to be his design to cut off the retreat of hia
enemies, and his boldness threw them into such con-
sternation, that they hastened to embark at Brundi-
? ium. Lastly, he wished to make sure of Ariminum.
This important place was distant from the Rubicon
eighteen miles by the . ilunli. iu road, and only eleven
by that of Ravenna. Caesar could send forward bod-
ies of troops under twenty different pretences; but
the moment he passed it, his designs were unmasked.
Ariminum was therefore to be surprised by a forced
march. "--The old port of Ravenna was situated at
the mouth of the river Bedesis (il Ronco). But Au-
gustus caused a new one to be constructed at the en-
trance of the little river Candianus into the sea, and
about three miles from Ravenna. He established a
communication between this harbour and a branch of
the Po, by means of a canal which was called Fo3sa
Augusti; and he also made a causeway to connect
the port and city, which obtained the name of Via
Csesaris. As the new harbour, from thenceforth, be-
came the usual station for the fleet, it received tho dis-
tinguishing appellation of Portus Classis, a name which
still subsists in that of a well known monastery near
the modern town of Ravenna. Ravenna continued to
flourish as a naval station long after the reign of Au-
gustus. (Suet. , Aug. , 49--Tacit. , Ann. , 4, 5-- Id. ,
Hut. , 2, 100. --P/oi, p. 63--Zotim. , 5. 28. )--Hono-
rius made this city tho place of his residence both be-
fore and after Alaric had captured and burned Rome.
? ? When Odoacer made the conquest of Italy, he resided
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? REGUI. US.
REGULUS.
funic war. He leduced Brundisium, and, in his sec-
jnd consulship, took 64, and sunk 30, galleys of the
Carthaginian fleet off Ecnomus, on the coast of Sicily.
After this victory, Kegulus and his colleage Manlius
tailed to Africa, and seized on Clupea, a place situ-
ate to the east of Carthage, not far from the Heraican
promontory, which they made their place of arms.
Manlius was recalled, but Regulus was left to prose-
cute the war; and so rapid was his success, that he
made himself master of about 200 places on the coast,
in the number of which was Tunelum or Tunis. The
Carthaginians sued for peace, but Regulus would grant
them none, except on conditions that could not be en-
dured. His rapid success had rendered him haughty
and intractable, and now it made him rash and impru-
dent. A Lacedaemonian leader, named Xanthippus,
arrived at Carthage with a re-enforcement of Greek
troops, and soon changed the aspect of affairs. Ob-
serving to the Carthaginians that their overthrows
were entirely owing to their having fought on ground,
where their cavalry, in which alone they were superior
to the Romans, had not room to act, he promised to
repair this mistake, and accordingly posted his forces
in a plain, where the elephants and Carthaginian horse
might be of service. Regulus followed him, imagin-
ing himself invincible; but he was defeated and taken
prisoner, along with 500 of his countrymen. After
being kept some years in prison, he was sent to Rome
to propose an exchange of prisoners, having been first
compelled to bind himself by an oath that he would re-
turn in case be proved unsuccessful. When he came
to Rome, he strongly dissuaded his countrymen against
an exchange of prisoners, arguing that such an exam-
ple would be of fatal consequence to the republic: that
citizens who had so basely surrendered their arms to
the enemy were unworthy of the least compassion and
incapable of serving their country: that, with regard
to himself, he was so far advanced in years, that his
death ought to be considered as a matter of no impor-
tance; whereas they had in their hands several Car-
thaginian generals, in the flower of their age.
and ca-
pable of doing their country great services lor many
years. It was with difficulty the senate complied with
so generous and unexampled a counsel. The illus-
trious exile therefore left Rome, Jn order to return to
Carthage, unmoved by the sorrow of his friends, or the
tears of his wife and children; and was treated on his
return, according to the ordinary account, with the ut-
most degree of cruelty, the Carthaginians having heard
that their offer had been rejected entirely through the
opposition of Regulus. They imprisoned him for a
long while in a gloomy dungeon, whence, after cutting
off his eyelids, they brought him suddenly into the sun,
when its beams darted their strongest heat. They
next put him into a kind of chest full of nails, the
points of which did not allow him a moment's ease
day or night. Lastly, after having been long torment-
ed by being kept continually awake in this dreadful
torture, his merciless enemies nailed him to a cross,
their usual punishment, and left him to die on it. la)
retaliation for this cruelty, the senate at Rome are said
to have delivered two captives into the hands of th<
. widow of Regulus, to do with them what she pleased,
but that her cruelty towards them was so great, that
the senate themselves were compelled at length to in-
terfere. --Such is a general outline of the story of
Regulus. The question respecting its truth or false-
? ? hood haj given rise to considerable discussion. Pal-
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? RH A
RHE
people have acted thus, hai) the story of Regulut and
his cruel sufferings been true? If any> notwithstand-
ing what has been here adduced,-are inclined to favour
the other side of the question, they will find some plau-
sible arguments in its support in Ruperti's edition of
Slims Italicus (Ad Arg. , lib. 6).
Remi, a people of Gallia Belgica, southwest of the
Treveri, and southeast of the Veromandui. Their
< spiral was Durocortorum, now Rhetms. (Cat, B. G. ,
<<, 3, 5. --roc, Hist. , 4, 67. --Ptm. , 4, 17. )
Rkmus, the brother of Romulus, exposed togeth-
ei with him by the cruelty of his grandfather. (Vtd.
Romulus. )
Resaexa, a city on the river Chaboras, in northern
Mesopotamia. (Steph. Byz. , s. v. 'P(oiva) Its site
was afterward occupied by Theodosiopolis (Chron. ,
Edessen. , p. 3:19), which must not be confounded
with another city of the same name in northern Arme-
nia. The modern name of Restena is Ras-el-atm.
{Niebukr, vol. 2, p. 394. )
Rha ('Pa), a large river, now the Wolga. No wri-
ter, prior to Ptolemy, mentions either its name or
vourse. The appellation occurs, it is true, in our edi-
tions of Mela (3, 5), but it is a mere interpolation.
? he true reading in Mela is, "E Cerauniis monhbus
mo alveo deseendit, duobus exit in Caspium [Rha]
Araxes Tauri latere demissus. " The word Rha,
wiich we have enclosed in brackets, does not belong
to the text. --Ptolemy's acquaintance with this river
wks so accurate, that he knew not only its mouth, but
its western bending towards the Tanais, its double
sources (the Wolga and the Kama), the point of their
union, and the course of* some streams flowing from
the mountains on the east into the Wolga. All this
knowledge of the Rha was obtained from the caravan
traders, except, perhaps, a small portion made known
to the vspdd by the Roman conquests in this quarter.
Subsequent writers never lost sight of this river.
Agathemerus (2, 30) reckons it among the larger sized
rivers, snd calls it, probably by a corrupt name, Rhos
('Puc). Ammianus Marcellinus (22, 8) speaks of a
plant growing on its banks of great use in medicine.
Every one will see that he alludes to the rhubarb (Rha
barbarum) of pharmacy. The plant, it is true, did not,
in fact, grow here, but was brought to this quarter by
the caravan trade. As the Romans, however, re-
ceived their supplies of it from this part of the world,
they associated with it the name of the river, and thus
the appellation arose. The name Rha appears to
be an appellative term, having affinity with Rhea or
Relta, which, in the Sarmatian or Sclavonian lan-
guage, signifies a river; and from the Russian denom-
ination of Velika Relta, or Great River, appears to
be formed the name of Wolga. In the Byzantine and
other writers of the middle ages, this stream is called
Atel or Etel, a term, in many northern languages, sig-
nifying great or illustrious. (Compare the German
titl. ) The approximation of the Tanais to this river,
before it changes its course to the Palua Mseotis, is
the occasion of the erroneous opinion of some authors,
that it is only an emanation of the Rha taking a differ-
ent route. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 4, p 34! . )
Riiacotis, the name of a maritime place in Egypt,
on the site of which Alexandres was aubsequcntly erect-
ed. (Strabo, 792. -- Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 10, pt. 1,
p. 819)
Riiadamanthds, a son of Jupiter aud Europa, and
? ? brother to Minos and Sirpedon. These three brethren
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? RHE
RH E
ind Sr'aturn devoured a stone which his wife had given
him as her own child. The fears of Saturn were
soon proved to be well founded. A year after, the
child, whose name was Jupiter, became so strong and
powerful, that he diove his father from his throne.
(Vid. Saturnus. )--II or Rhea Silvia, the mother of
Romulus and Remus. (Vid. Ilia. )
Rhegium, one of the most celebrated and flourish-
ing cities of Magna Gra-cia, at the extremity of Italy,
in the territory of the Bruttii, and in a southeastern di-
rection from Messana on the opposite coast of Sicily.
This city is known to have been founded nearly 700
years B. C. , by a party of Zanclaeans from Sicily, to-
gether with <omc Chalcidians from Eubcea, and Mes-
scnians from the Peloponnesus. (Antioch. Syrae. ,
Strab. , 257. --Herat. , Pont, fragm. , 25. --Pausan. , 4,
S3. ) It may, however, lay claim to a still more re-
mote origin, if it be true, as Cato affirmed, that it was
once in the possession of the Aurunci. (Ap. Vol.
Prob. eel. el. Fragm. Hist. ) According to vEschylus,
as quoted by Strabo, the name of Rhegium was sup-
posed to refer to the great catastrophe which had once
separated Italy from Sicily (utf oi it/ 'Vriyiov kika^o-
nerat. -- Compare Virg. , JEn. , 3, 414). That geog-
rapher suggests as his own opinion, lhat this term
was derived from the Latin word Regium; and thus
considers it as only expressive of the importance and
dignity of the town to which it was attached. (Strab. ,
257. ) It appears, however, from the more ancient
coins of Rhegium, that the original name of the place
was RECION. In these the epigraph is REC. RECI.
RECINOS, in characters partaking more of the Os-
can than of the Greek form. Those of a more recent
date are decidedly Greek, PRT. PHriNQN, being in-
scribed on them. (Sestini, Man. Vet. , p. 18. )--We
may collect from different passages, that the constitu-
tion of Rhegium was at first an oligarchy under the
superior direction of a chief, who was always chosen
from a Messenian family. (Heyne, Opusc. Acad. , vol.
S. p. 270. --Saintc-Croix, tur la Legist de la Grande
Grece, Mem. des Acad, des Inscr. , vol. 42, p. 312. )
Charondas, the celebrated lawgiver of Catana in Sici-
ly, is said also to have given laws to the Rhegians.
(Herod. F>>nl. , I. c. --Mlian, V. H. , 3, 17. --Artstot. ,
Polit. , 2, 10. ) This form of government lasted near-
ly 200 years, until Anaxilaus, the second of that name,
usurped the sole authority, and became tyrant of Rhe-
gium about 496 B. C. (Strabo, I. c. --Aristot. , Polit. , 5,
12. ) Under this prince, who, though aspiring and
ambitious, appears to have been possessed of consid-
erable talents and many good qualities (Justin, 4, 2),
the prosperity of Rhegium, far from declining, reiched
its highest elevation. Anaxilaus having succeeded in
making himself master of Messana, in conjunction with
a party of Samians, who had quitted their country,
which was then threatened with the Persian yoke (He-
rod. , 6, 23. --Thucyd. , 6, 5), confided the sovereignty
of that important town to his son Cleophron. (Schol.
ad Find. , Pyth. , 2, 34. ) His views were next direct-
ed against the Locrians; and it is probable that here
also he would have been successful, having already ob-
tained a decided advantage over them in the field, and
having proceeded, farther, to lay siege to their town
(Justin, 21, 3), when he was compelled to withdraw
his forces by the influence of Hicro, king of Syracuse,
whose enmity he was unwilling to incur. (Schol.
ad Pind. , I. e. ) Anaxilaus reigned eighteen years,
? ? and, on his death, intrusted the sovereignty to Mici-
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? RH 1
RHO
Rhenus, I. a ;elebrated river or Europe, rising in
lie Lepontine Alps, a little to the east of Mount St.
Gothard, in the country of the Grisons. It passes
mrough Lacus Brigantinus, or the Lake of Constance,
and afterward through Lacua Acronius, or the Lake
of Zell, and continues to run nearly west until it
reaches Basilia or Bask. Here it takes a northern
direction, and becomes the boundary between Gallia
and Gcrmania, and afterward between the latter and
Belgium. At Schenek, or Schenken Schans, the
Rhcrms sends off its left-hand branch, the Vahalis or
Waul, which flows west, and joins the Mosa or
Meuxe. After parting with the Vahalis, the Hhenus
flows on a few miles farther to the north, and then
divides into two streams, ofk which the one to the
right hand had the name of Flevo, or Flevus, or Fle-
vum, now the Yssal, and the other that of Helium,
now the Leek. The latter joins the Mcuse above Rot-
terdam. The Yssal was originally unconnected with
the Rhine, but was joined to it by the canal of Dru-
aus. Before it reached the sea, it traversed a small
-ake called Flevo, which, by the increase of waters it
received through the Yssal from the Rhine, became
in time expanded, and forms now the Zuyder Zee.
(Vid. Flevo. ) The whole course of the Rhine is 900
miles, of which 630 are navigable from Basle to the
aea. The Rhine was long a barrier between the Ro-
mans and Germans; it was first crossed by Julius
Caesar. --The word Rhein, which signifies a "current"
or " stream," appears to be of Celtic or ancient Ger-
manic origin. (Cats. , B. G. , 4, 20.
