_, and
especially
the Epigram on Mamurra, ix.
Satires
, Aug.
,
25; Ner. , 33.
[738] _Venientis. _ Supposed to be a representation of Mars hovering in
the air, and just about to alight by the sleeping Rhea Sylvia. The god
is _armed_, because the conventional manner of representing him was by
the distinction of his "framea" and "clypeus. " See Addison's note in
Gifford.
[739] _In armis. _
"Then all their wealth was on their armor spent,
And war engross'd the pride of ornament. " Hodgson.
[740] _Lividulus. _
"Yet justly worth your envy, were your breast
But with one spark of noble spleen possess'd. " Gifford.
[741] _Præsentior. _ Cf. iii. , 18, "Quanto _præsentius_ esset Numen
aquæ. " Virg. , Ec. , i. , 42, "Nec tam præsentes alibi cognoscere Divos. "
Georg. , i. , 10, "Præsentia Numina Fauni. " Hor. , iii. , Od. v. , 2,
"Præsens Divus habebitur Augustus. "
[742] _Vox. _ "M. Cædicius de plebe nunciavit tribunis, se in Novâ Viâ,
ubi nunc sacellum est, suprà sedem Vestæ vocem noctis silentio audîsse
clariorem humanâ quæ magistratibus dici juberet 'Gallos adventare. '"
"Invisitato atque inaudito hoste ab oceano terrarumque ultimis oris
bellum ciente. " Liv. , v. , 32, 3, 7, 50. Cic. , de Div. , ii. , "At
paullo post audita _vox est monentis_ ut providerent ne a Gallis Roma
caperetur: ex eo Aio loquenti aram in novâ viâ consecratam. " Cf. Plut.
in Vit. Camill.
[743] _Fictilis. _ Cf. Sen. , Ep. 31, "Cogita illos quum propitii essent
fictiles fuisse. "
[744] _Arbore. _ Cf. Mart. , xiv. , Ep. xc. , "Non sum crispa quidem nec
sylvæ filia Mauræ, sed nôrunt lautas et mea ligna dapes. " Cf. Sat.
i. , 75, 137; iv. , 132. The extravagance of the Romans on their tables
is almost incredible. Pliny says that Cicero himself, who accuses
Verres of stealing a Citrea mensa from Diodorus (in Verr. , iv. , 17),
gave a million of sesterces for one which was in existence in his
time. A "Senatoris Census" was a price given. These tables were not
provided with several feet, but rested on an ivory column (sometimes
carved into the figure of animals), hence called monopodia. They were
called "Orbes," not from being _round_, but because they were massive
plates of wood cut off the stem in its whole diameter. The wood of the
_citrus_ was most preferred. This is not the _citron_-tree, which never
attains to this bulk, but a tree found in Mauritania, called the thyæ
cypressides. Plin. , xiii. , 16. Those cut near the root were most valued
from the wood being variegated: hence "Tigrinæ, pantherinæ, pavonum
caudæ oculos imitantes. " The mensæ were formerly square, but were
afterward round to suit the new fashion of the Sigma couch. The Romans
also understood the art of veneering tables and other furniture with
the citrus wood and tortoise-shell.
[745] _Porta Syenes. _ Syene, now "Assouan," is situated near the
rapids, just on the confines of Ethiopia. It was a station for a Roman
garrison, and the place to which Juvenal is said to have been banished.
Some think the island Elephantine is here meant. Cf. ad x. , 150,
"aliosque Elephantos. "
[746] _Mauro. _ Ab ἀμαυρός, vel μαυρός, "obscurus. " Cf. Lucan. , iv. ,
678, "Concolor Indo Maurus. "
[747] _Nabathæo. _ The Nabathæi, in Arabia Petræa, took their name from
"Nebaioth, first-born of Ishmael," Gen. , xxv. , 13. Elephants are said
to shed their tusks every two years.
[748] _Orexis. _ VI. , 428. _Vires. _ Henninius' suggestion. Cf. ad l. 14.
[749] _Tessellæ. _ Holyday explains this by "chess-board," from the
resemblance of the squares to the tesselated pavements. But it is a
die, properly; of which shape the separate tesseræ were. Mart. , xiv. ,
17, "Hic mihi bis seno numeratur tessera puncto: Calculus hic gemino
discolor hoste perit. " Cf. Ep. 14. Cicero considers this game to be one
of the legitimate amusements of old age. "Nobis senibus, ex lusionibus
multis, talos relinquant et _tesseras_," de Sen. , xvi. "Old Mucius
Scævola, the lawyer, was a great proficient at it. It was called Ludus
duodecim scriptorum, from the lines dividing the alveolus. On these
the two armies, white and black, each consisting of fifteen men, or
calculi, were placed; and alternately moved, according to the chances
of the dice, _tesseræ_. " Vid. Gibbon, chap. xxxi.
[750] _Pergula. _ Literally "the stall outside a shop where articles are
displayed for sale. " Here used for the teachers of the art of carving
who exhibited at these stalls. Suet. , Aug. , 94, speaks of a "pergula
Mathematici. " Pergula, "à perga, quia extrà parietem pergit. " Facc.
[751] _Sumine. _ Cf. Mart. , Ep. xiii. , 44, "vivo lacte papilla tumet. "
[752] _Pygargus. _ "Capræ sylvestris genus, ab albis clunium pilis. "
Facc. Cf. Plin. , viii. , 53, 79, "Damæ et pygargi et Strepsicerotes. "
The "spring-bok" of the Cape.
[753] _Scythicæ. _ The pheasant (ὄρνις φασιανὸς or φασιανικός, Arist. ,
Av. , 68) takes its name from the Phasis, a river in Colchis, on the
confines of Scythia, at the mouth of which these birds congregate in
large flocks. Vid. Athen. , ix. , 37, _seq. _
[754] _Phœnicopterus. _ Arist. , Av. , 273. Cf. Mart. , xiii. , 71, "Dat
mihi penna rubens nomen. " Cf. iii. , Ep. lviii. , 14. Suetonius mentions
"linguas phœnicopterûm" among the delicacies of the "Cœna adventicia"
given by his brother to Vitellius, in Vit. , c. 13.
[755] _Capreæ. _ Cf. Mart. , Ep. xiii. , 99.
[756] _Afra avis. _ Hor. , Epod. , ii. , 53, "Non Afra avis descendat in
ventrem meum non attagen Ionicus. " The μελεαγρίς of the Greeks. Varro,
R. R. , III. , ix. , 18.
[757] _Offelæ_, the diminutive of Offa. "A cutlet or chop," generally
applied to the coarser kind of meat. Cf. Mart. , xii. , 48, "Me meus
ad subitas invitet amicus ofellas: Hæc mihi quam possum reddere cœna
placet. " Some read _furtis_ for _frustis_: which imputation against the
character of the little slave Gifford indignantly rejects.
[758] _Plebeios calices_, cf. ad vi. , 155; v. , 46, made of glass,
which was now very common at Rome. Vid. Mart. , Ep. xii. , 74; xiv. , 94,
_seq.
_, and especially the Epigram on Mamurra, ix. , 60. Strabo speaks
of them as sold commonly in Rome in his own time for a χαλκοῦς each
(not quite a farthing), lib. xvi. , p. 368, T. Cf. Bekker's Gallus, p.
303.
[759] _Mango_, cf. Pers. , vi. , 76, _seq. _, from _manu ago_, because
they made up their goods for sale, or from μάγγανον, "a trick. " Cf.
Aristoph. , Plut. , 310. Bekker's Gallus, the Excursus on "the Slaves. "
[760] _Casulam. _ Cf. ix. , 59, "Rusticus infans, cum matre et casulis et
conlusore catello. "
"Sighs for his little cottage, and would fain
Meet his old playfellows the goats again. " Gifford.
[761] _Vina. _ Cf. vii. , 96, "Vinum Tiberi devectum. " Mart. , x. , 48, 19,
"De Nomentana vinum sine fæce lagenâ. "
[762] _Iliados. _
"The tale of Ilium, or that rival lay
Which holds in deep suspense the dubious bay. " Bad.
[763] _Legantur. _ Cf. Corn. Nep. , vit. Attici, "Nemo in convivio ejus
aliud acroama audivit quam Anagnosten: quod nos quidem jucundissimum
arbitramur. Neque unquam sine aliquâ lectione apud eum cœnatum est, ut
non minus animo quam ventre convivæ delectarentur," c. xvi. Cf. Mart. ,
iii. , Ep. 50, who complains of Ligurinus inviting him to have his own
productions read to him.
[764] _Bilem. _
"Let no dire images to-day be brought
To wake the hell of matrimonial thought. " Hodgson.
[765] _Perit. _ Cf. Hor. , ii. , Ep. i. , 121, "Detrimenta, fugas servorum,
incendia ridet. "
[766] _Mappæ. _ Holyday gives the following account of the origin of
this custom. "Nero on a time, sitting alone at dinner, when the shows
were eagerly expected, caused his towel with which he had wiped his
hands to be presently cast out at the window, for a sign of his speedy
coming. Whereupon it was in after times the usual sign at the beginning
of these shows. " For the mappa see Bekker's Gallus, p. 476. --_Præda_,
because "ruined by the expense;" or _Prædo_, from his "unjust
decisions;" or _Perda_, from the "number of horses damaged. "
[767] _Totam Romam. _ See Gibbon, chap. xxxi. , for the eagerness with
which all ranks flocked to these games.
[768] _Viridis panni. _ Cf. ad vi. , 590. Plin. , Ep. ix. , 6, "Si aut
velocitate equorum, aut hominum arte traherentur, esset ratio nonnulla.
Nunc favent _panno_: _pannum_ amant," _et seq. _ Mart. , x. , Ep. xlviii. ,
23, "De Prasino conviva meus, venetoque loquatur. " XIV. , 131, "Si
veneto Prasinove faves quid coccina sumis? "
[769] _Pulvere_ is not without its force. Hannibal is said to have
plowed up the land near Cannæ, that the wind which daily rose and blew
in that direction might carry the dust into the eyes of the Romans.
"Ventus (_Vulturnum_ incolæ regionis vocant) adversus Romanis coortus,
_multo pulvere_ in ipsa ora volvendo, prospectum ademit. " Liv. , xxii. ,
46 and 43. Cf. Sat, ii. , 155; x. , 165.
[770] _Cuticula. _ Pers. , iv. , 18, "Assiduo curata cuticula sole. " 33,
"Et figas in cute solem. " V. , 179, "Aprici meminisse senes. " Mart. ,
x. , Ep. xii. , 7, "Totos avidâ cute combibe soles. " I. , Ep. 78, "Sole
utitur Charinus. " Plin. , Ep. iii. , 1, "Ubi hora balinei nuntiata est
(cf. ad Sat. x. , 216), est autem hieme nona, æstate octava, in sole, si
caret vento, ambulat nudus. " Cicero mentions "apricatio" as one of the
solaces of old age. De Sen. , c. xvi.
"While we, my friend, whose skin grows old and dry,
Court the warm sunbeam of an April sky. " Badham.
[771] _Rarior usus. _
"Our very sports by repetition tire,
But rare delight breeds ever new desire. " Hodgson.
SATIRE XII.
This day, Corvinus, is a more joyful one to me than even my own
birthday;[772] in which the festal altar of turf[773] awaits the
animals promised to the gods.
To the queen of the gods we sacrifice a snow-white[774] lamb: a
similar fleece shall be given to her that combated the Mauritanian
Gorgon. [775] But the victim reserved for Tarpeian Jupiter, shakes,
in his wantonness, his long-stretched[776] rope, and brandishes his
forehead. Since he is a sturdy calf; ripe for the temple and the altar,
and ready to be sprinkled with wine; ashamed any longer to drain his
mother's[777] teats, and butts the oaks with his sprouting horn. [778]
Had I an ample fortune, and equal to my wishes, a bull fatter than
Hispulla,[779] and slow-paced from his very bulk, should be led to
sacrifice, and one not fed in a neighboring pasture; but his blood
should flow, giving evidence of the rich pastures of Clitumnus,[780]
and with a neck that must be struck by a ministering priest of
great strength, to do honor to the return of my friend who is still
trembling, and has recently endured great horrors, and wonders to find
himself safe.
For besides the dangers of the sea, and the stroke of the lightning
which he escaped, thick darkness obscured the sky in one huge cloud,
and a sudden thunder-bolt struck the yard-arms, while every one fancied
he was struck by it, and at once, amazed, thought that no shipwreck
could be compared in horror with a ship on fire. [781] For all things
happen so, and with such horrors accompanying, when a storm arises in
poetry. [782]
Now here follows another sort of danger. Hear, and pity him a second
time; although the rest is all of the same description. Yet it is
a very dreadful part, and one well known to many, as full many a
temple testifies with its votive picture. (Who does not know that
painters[783] are maintained by Isis? ) A similar fortune befell our
friend Catullus also: when the hold was half full of water, and when
the waves heaved up each side alternately of the laboring ship, and
the skill of the hoary pilot could render no service, he began to
compound with the winds by throwing overboard, imitating the beaver
who makes a eunuch[784] of himself, hoping to get off by the sacrifice
of his testicles; so well does he know their medicinal properties.
"Throw overboard all that belongs to me, the whole of it! " cried
Catullus, eager to throw over even his most beautiful things--a robe
of purple fit even for luxurious Mæcenases, and others whose very
fleece the quality of the generous pasture has tinged, moreover the
exquisite water with its hidden properties, and the atmosphere of
Bætica[785] contributes to enhance its beauty. He did not hesitate to
cast overboard even his plate, salvers the workmanship of Parthenius,
a bowl[786] that would hold three gallons, and worthy of Pholus when
thirsty, or even the wife of Fuscus. [787] Add to these bascaudæ,[788]
and a thousand chargers, a quantity of embletic work, out of which the
cunning purchaser of Olynthus[789] had drunk. But what other man in
these days, or in what quarter of the globe, has the courage to prefer
his life to his money, and his safety to his property? Some men do not
make fortunes for the sake of living, but, blinded by avarice, live
for the sake of money-getting. The greatest part even of necessaries
is thrown overboard: but not even do these sacrifices relieve the
ship--then, in the urgency of the peril, it came to such a pitch that
he yielded his mast to the hatchet, and rights himself at last, though
in a crippled state. Since this is the last resource in danger we
apply, to make the ship lighter.
Go now, and commit your life to the mercy of the winds; trusting to a
hewn plank, with but four digits[790] between you and death, or seven
at most, if the deal is of the thickest. And then together with your
provision-baskets and bread and wide-bellied flagon,[791] look well
that you lay in hatchets,[792] to be brought into use in storms.
But when the sea subsided into calm, and the state of affairs was more
propitious to the mariner, and his destiny prevailed over Eurus and the
sea, when now the cheerful Parcæ draw kindlier tasks with benign hand,
and spin white wool,[793] and what wind there is, is not much stronger
than a moderate breeze, the wretched bark, with a poor make-shift, ran
before it, with the sailors' clothes spread out, and with its only sail
that remained: when now the south wind subsided, together with the
sun hope of life returned. Then the tall peak beloved by Iulus, and
preferred as a home by him to Lavinium,[794] his stepmother's seat,
comes in sight; to which the white sow[795] gave its name--(an udder
that excited the astonishment of the gladdened Phrygians)--illustrious
from what had never been seen before, thirty paps. At length he enters
the moles,[796] built through the waters inclosed within them, and
the Pharos of Tuscany, and the arms extending back, which jut out
into the middle of the sea, and leave Italy far behind. You would not
bestow such admiration on the harbor which nature formed: but with
damaged bark, the master steers for the inner smooth waters of the safe
haven, which even a pinnace of Baiæ could cross; and there with shaven
crowns[797] the sailors, now relieved from anxiety, delight to recount
their perils that form the subject of their prating.
Go then, boys, favoring with tongues and minds,[798] and place garlands
in the temples, and meal on the sacrificial knives, and decorate the
soft hearths and green turf-altar. I will follow shortly, and the
sacrifice which is most important[799] having been duly performed, I
will then return home, where my little images, shining in frail wax,
shall receive their slender chaplets. Here I will propitiate[800] my
own Jove, and offer incense to my hereditary Lares,[801] and will
display all colors of the violet. All things are gay; my gateway has
set up long branches,[802] and celebrates the festivities[803] with
lamps lighted in the morning.
Nor let these things be suspected by you, Corvinus. Catullus, for
whose safe return I erect so many altars, has three little heirs. You
may wait long enough for a man that would expend even a sick hen at
the point of death for so unprofitable a friend. But even this is too
great an outlay. Not even a quail will ever be sacrificed in behalf
of one who is a father. If rich Gallita[804] and Paccius, who have no
children, begin to feel the approach of fever, every temple-porch is
covered with votive tablets,[805] affixed according to due custom.
There are some who would even promise a hecatomb[806] of oxen. Since
elephants are not to be bought here or in Latium, nor is there any
where in our climate such a large beast generated; but, fetched from
the dusky nation, they are fed in the Rutulian forests, and the
field of Turnus, as the herd of Cæsar, prepared to serve no private
individual, since their ancestors used to obey Tyrian Hannibal, and our
own generals,[807] and the Molossian king, and to bear on their backs
cohorts--no mean portion of the war--and a tower that went into battle.
It is no fault, consequently, of Novius, or of Ister Pacuvius,[808]
that that ivory is not led to the altars, and falls a sacred victim
before the Lares of Gallita, worthy of such great gods, and those that
court their favor! One of these two fellows, if you would give him
license to perform the sacrifice, would vow the tallest or all the
most beautiful persons among his flock of slaves, or place sacrificial
fillets on his boys and the brows of his female slaves. And if he has
any Iphigenia[809] at home of marriageable age, he will offer her at
the altars, though he can not hope for the furtive substitution of
the hind of the tragic poets. I commend my fellow-citizen, and do not
compare a thousand[810] ships to a will; for if the sick man shall
escape Libitina,[811] he will cancel his former will, entangled in the
meshes of the act,[812] after a service so truly wonderful: and perhaps
in one short line will give his all to Pacuvius as sole[813] heir.
Proudly will he strut over his defeated rivals. You see, therefore,
what a great recompense the slaughtered Mycenian maid earns.
Long live Pacuvius, I pray, even to the full age of Nestor. [814] Let
him own as much as ever Nero plundered,[815] let him pile his gold
mountains high, and let him love no one,[816] and be loved by none.
FOOTNOTES:
[772] _Natali. _ The birthday was sacred to the "Genius" to whom
they offered wine, incense, and flowers: abstaining from "bloody"
sacrifices, "ne die quâ ipsi lucem accepissent aliis demerent," Hor. ,
ii. , Ep. 144. "Floribus et vino Genium memorem brevis avi," Pers. ,
ii. , 3. "Funde merum Genio," Censorin. , de D. N. , 3. Virg. , Ecl. iii. ,
76. Compare Hor. , Od. , IV. , xi. , where he celebrates the birthday of
Mæcenas as "sanctior pœne _natali proprio_. " Cf. Dennis's Etruria, vol.
ii. , p. 65.
[773] _Cæspes. _ Hor.
25; Ner. , 33.
[738] _Venientis. _ Supposed to be a representation of Mars hovering in
the air, and just about to alight by the sleeping Rhea Sylvia. The god
is _armed_, because the conventional manner of representing him was by
the distinction of his "framea" and "clypeus. " See Addison's note in
Gifford.
[739] _In armis. _
"Then all their wealth was on their armor spent,
And war engross'd the pride of ornament. " Hodgson.
[740] _Lividulus. _
"Yet justly worth your envy, were your breast
But with one spark of noble spleen possess'd. " Gifford.
[741] _Præsentior. _ Cf. iii. , 18, "Quanto _præsentius_ esset Numen
aquæ. " Virg. , Ec. , i. , 42, "Nec tam præsentes alibi cognoscere Divos. "
Georg. , i. , 10, "Præsentia Numina Fauni. " Hor. , iii. , Od. v. , 2,
"Præsens Divus habebitur Augustus. "
[742] _Vox. _ "M. Cædicius de plebe nunciavit tribunis, se in Novâ Viâ,
ubi nunc sacellum est, suprà sedem Vestæ vocem noctis silentio audîsse
clariorem humanâ quæ magistratibus dici juberet 'Gallos adventare. '"
"Invisitato atque inaudito hoste ab oceano terrarumque ultimis oris
bellum ciente. " Liv. , v. , 32, 3, 7, 50. Cic. , de Div. , ii. , "At
paullo post audita _vox est monentis_ ut providerent ne a Gallis Roma
caperetur: ex eo Aio loquenti aram in novâ viâ consecratam. " Cf. Plut.
in Vit. Camill.
[743] _Fictilis. _ Cf. Sen. , Ep. 31, "Cogita illos quum propitii essent
fictiles fuisse. "
[744] _Arbore. _ Cf. Mart. , xiv. , Ep. xc. , "Non sum crispa quidem nec
sylvæ filia Mauræ, sed nôrunt lautas et mea ligna dapes. " Cf. Sat.
i. , 75, 137; iv. , 132. The extravagance of the Romans on their tables
is almost incredible. Pliny says that Cicero himself, who accuses
Verres of stealing a Citrea mensa from Diodorus (in Verr. , iv. , 17),
gave a million of sesterces for one which was in existence in his
time. A "Senatoris Census" was a price given. These tables were not
provided with several feet, but rested on an ivory column (sometimes
carved into the figure of animals), hence called monopodia. They were
called "Orbes," not from being _round_, but because they were massive
plates of wood cut off the stem in its whole diameter. The wood of the
_citrus_ was most preferred. This is not the _citron_-tree, which never
attains to this bulk, but a tree found in Mauritania, called the thyæ
cypressides. Plin. , xiii. , 16. Those cut near the root were most valued
from the wood being variegated: hence "Tigrinæ, pantherinæ, pavonum
caudæ oculos imitantes. " The mensæ were formerly square, but were
afterward round to suit the new fashion of the Sigma couch. The Romans
also understood the art of veneering tables and other furniture with
the citrus wood and tortoise-shell.
[745] _Porta Syenes. _ Syene, now "Assouan," is situated near the
rapids, just on the confines of Ethiopia. It was a station for a Roman
garrison, and the place to which Juvenal is said to have been banished.
Some think the island Elephantine is here meant. Cf. ad x. , 150,
"aliosque Elephantos. "
[746] _Mauro. _ Ab ἀμαυρός, vel μαυρός, "obscurus. " Cf. Lucan. , iv. ,
678, "Concolor Indo Maurus. "
[747] _Nabathæo. _ The Nabathæi, in Arabia Petræa, took their name from
"Nebaioth, first-born of Ishmael," Gen. , xxv. , 13. Elephants are said
to shed their tusks every two years.
[748] _Orexis. _ VI. , 428. _Vires. _ Henninius' suggestion. Cf. ad l. 14.
[749] _Tessellæ. _ Holyday explains this by "chess-board," from the
resemblance of the squares to the tesselated pavements. But it is a
die, properly; of which shape the separate tesseræ were. Mart. , xiv. ,
17, "Hic mihi bis seno numeratur tessera puncto: Calculus hic gemino
discolor hoste perit. " Cf. Ep. 14. Cicero considers this game to be one
of the legitimate amusements of old age. "Nobis senibus, ex lusionibus
multis, talos relinquant et _tesseras_," de Sen. , xvi. "Old Mucius
Scævola, the lawyer, was a great proficient at it. It was called Ludus
duodecim scriptorum, from the lines dividing the alveolus. On these
the two armies, white and black, each consisting of fifteen men, or
calculi, were placed; and alternately moved, according to the chances
of the dice, _tesseræ_. " Vid. Gibbon, chap. xxxi.
[750] _Pergula. _ Literally "the stall outside a shop where articles are
displayed for sale. " Here used for the teachers of the art of carving
who exhibited at these stalls. Suet. , Aug. , 94, speaks of a "pergula
Mathematici. " Pergula, "à perga, quia extrà parietem pergit. " Facc.
[751] _Sumine. _ Cf. Mart. , Ep. xiii. , 44, "vivo lacte papilla tumet. "
[752] _Pygargus. _ "Capræ sylvestris genus, ab albis clunium pilis. "
Facc. Cf. Plin. , viii. , 53, 79, "Damæ et pygargi et Strepsicerotes. "
The "spring-bok" of the Cape.
[753] _Scythicæ. _ The pheasant (ὄρνις φασιανὸς or φασιανικός, Arist. ,
Av. , 68) takes its name from the Phasis, a river in Colchis, on the
confines of Scythia, at the mouth of which these birds congregate in
large flocks. Vid. Athen. , ix. , 37, _seq. _
[754] _Phœnicopterus. _ Arist. , Av. , 273. Cf. Mart. , xiii. , 71, "Dat
mihi penna rubens nomen. " Cf. iii. , Ep. lviii. , 14. Suetonius mentions
"linguas phœnicopterûm" among the delicacies of the "Cœna adventicia"
given by his brother to Vitellius, in Vit. , c. 13.
[755] _Capreæ. _ Cf. Mart. , Ep. xiii. , 99.
[756] _Afra avis. _ Hor. , Epod. , ii. , 53, "Non Afra avis descendat in
ventrem meum non attagen Ionicus. " The μελεαγρίς of the Greeks. Varro,
R. R. , III. , ix. , 18.
[757] _Offelæ_, the diminutive of Offa. "A cutlet or chop," generally
applied to the coarser kind of meat. Cf. Mart. , xii. , 48, "Me meus
ad subitas invitet amicus ofellas: Hæc mihi quam possum reddere cœna
placet. " Some read _furtis_ for _frustis_: which imputation against the
character of the little slave Gifford indignantly rejects.
[758] _Plebeios calices_, cf. ad vi. , 155; v. , 46, made of glass,
which was now very common at Rome. Vid. Mart. , Ep. xii. , 74; xiv. , 94,
_seq.
_, and especially the Epigram on Mamurra, ix. , 60. Strabo speaks
of them as sold commonly in Rome in his own time for a χαλκοῦς each
(not quite a farthing), lib. xvi. , p. 368, T. Cf. Bekker's Gallus, p.
303.
[759] _Mango_, cf. Pers. , vi. , 76, _seq. _, from _manu ago_, because
they made up their goods for sale, or from μάγγανον, "a trick. " Cf.
Aristoph. , Plut. , 310. Bekker's Gallus, the Excursus on "the Slaves. "
[760] _Casulam. _ Cf. ix. , 59, "Rusticus infans, cum matre et casulis et
conlusore catello. "
"Sighs for his little cottage, and would fain
Meet his old playfellows the goats again. " Gifford.
[761] _Vina. _ Cf. vii. , 96, "Vinum Tiberi devectum. " Mart. , x. , 48, 19,
"De Nomentana vinum sine fæce lagenâ. "
[762] _Iliados. _
"The tale of Ilium, or that rival lay
Which holds in deep suspense the dubious bay. " Bad.
[763] _Legantur. _ Cf. Corn. Nep. , vit. Attici, "Nemo in convivio ejus
aliud acroama audivit quam Anagnosten: quod nos quidem jucundissimum
arbitramur. Neque unquam sine aliquâ lectione apud eum cœnatum est, ut
non minus animo quam ventre convivæ delectarentur," c. xvi. Cf. Mart. ,
iii. , Ep. 50, who complains of Ligurinus inviting him to have his own
productions read to him.
[764] _Bilem. _
"Let no dire images to-day be brought
To wake the hell of matrimonial thought. " Hodgson.
[765] _Perit. _ Cf. Hor. , ii. , Ep. i. , 121, "Detrimenta, fugas servorum,
incendia ridet. "
[766] _Mappæ. _ Holyday gives the following account of the origin of
this custom. "Nero on a time, sitting alone at dinner, when the shows
were eagerly expected, caused his towel with which he had wiped his
hands to be presently cast out at the window, for a sign of his speedy
coming. Whereupon it was in after times the usual sign at the beginning
of these shows. " For the mappa see Bekker's Gallus, p. 476. --_Præda_,
because "ruined by the expense;" or _Prædo_, from his "unjust
decisions;" or _Perda_, from the "number of horses damaged. "
[767] _Totam Romam. _ See Gibbon, chap. xxxi. , for the eagerness with
which all ranks flocked to these games.
[768] _Viridis panni. _ Cf. ad vi. , 590. Plin. , Ep. ix. , 6, "Si aut
velocitate equorum, aut hominum arte traherentur, esset ratio nonnulla.
Nunc favent _panno_: _pannum_ amant," _et seq. _ Mart. , x. , Ep. xlviii. ,
23, "De Prasino conviva meus, venetoque loquatur. " XIV. , 131, "Si
veneto Prasinove faves quid coccina sumis? "
[769] _Pulvere_ is not without its force. Hannibal is said to have
plowed up the land near Cannæ, that the wind which daily rose and blew
in that direction might carry the dust into the eyes of the Romans.
"Ventus (_Vulturnum_ incolæ regionis vocant) adversus Romanis coortus,
_multo pulvere_ in ipsa ora volvendo, prospectum ademit. " Liv. , xxii. ,
46 and 43. Cf. Sat, ii. , 155; x. , 165.
[770] _Cuticula. _ Pers. , iv. , 18, "Assiduo curata cuticula sole. " 33,
"Et figas in cute solem. " V. , 179, "Aprici meminisse senes. " Mart. ,
x. , Ep. xii. , 7, "Totos avidâ cute combibe soles. " I. , Ep. 78, "Sole
utitur Charinus. " Plin. , Ep. iii. , 1, "Ubi hora balinei nuntiata est
(cf. ad Sat. x. , 216), est autem hieme nona, æstate octava, in sole, si
caret vento, ambulat nudus. " Cicero mentions "apricatio" as one of the
solaces of old age. De Sen. , c. xvi.
"While we, my friend, whose skin grows old and dry,
Court the warm sunbeam of an April sky. " Badham.
[771] _Rarior usus. _
"Our very sports by repetition tire,
But rare delight breeds ever new desire. " Hodgson.
SATIRE XII.
This day, Corvinus, is a more joyful one to me than even my own
birthday;[772] in which the festal altar of turf[773] awaits the
animals promised to the gods.
To the queen of the gods we sacrifice a snow-white[774] lamb: a
similar fleece shall be given to her that combated the Mauritanian
Gorgon. [775] But the victim reserved for Tarpeian Jupiter, shakes,
in his wantonness, his long-stretched[776] rope, and brandishes his
forehead. Since he is a sturdy calf; ripe for the temple and the altar,
and ready to be sprinkled with wine; ashamed any longer to drain his
mother's[777] teats, and butts the oaks with his sprouting horn. [778]
Had I an ample fortune, and equal to my wishes, a bull fatter than
Hispulla,[779] and slow-paced from his very bulk, should be led to
sacrifice, and one not fed in a neighboring pasture; but his blood
should flow, giving evidence of the rich pastures of Clitumnus,[780]
and with a neck that must be struck by a ministering priest of
great strength, to do honor to the return of my friend who is still
trembling, and has recently endured great horrors, and wonders to find
himself safe.
For besides the dangers of the sea, and the stroke of the lightning
which he escaped, thick darkness obscured the sky in one huge cloud,
and a sudden thunder-bolt struck the yard-arms, while every one fancied
he was struck by it, and at once, amazed, thought that no shipwreck
could be compared in horror with a ship on fire. [781] For all things
happen so, and with such horrors accompanying, when a storm arises in
poetry. [782]
Now here follows another sort of danger. Hear, and pity him a second
time; although the rest is all of the same description. Yet it is
a very dreadful part, and one well known to many, as full many a
temple testifies with its votive picture. (Who does not know that
painters[783] are maintained by Isis? ) A similar fortune befell our
friend Catullus also: when the hold was half full of water, and when
the waves heaved up each side alternately of the laboring ship, and
the skill of the hoary pilot could render no service, he began to
compound with the winds by throwing overboard, imitating the beaver
who makes a eunuch[784] of himself, hoping to get off by the sacrifice
of his testicles; so well does he know their medicinal properties.
"Throw overboard all that belongs to me, the whole of it! " cried
Catullus, eager to throw over even his most beautiful things--a robe
of purple fit even for luxurious Mæcenases, and others whose very
fleece the quality of the generous pasture has tinged, moreover the
exquisite water with its hidden properties, and the atmosphere of
Bætica[785] contributes to enhance its beauty. He did not hesitate to
cast overboard even his plate, salvers the workmanship of Parthenius,
a bowl[786] that would hold three gallons, and worthy of Pholus when
thirsty, or even the wife of Fuscus. [787] Add to these bascaudæ,[788]
and a thousand chargers, a quantity of embletic work, out of which the
cunning purchaser of Olynthus[789] had drunk. But what other man in
these days, or in what quarter of the globe, has the courage to prefer
his life to his money, and his safety to his property? Some men do not
make fortunes for the sake of living, but, blinded by avarice, live
for the sake of money-getting. The greatest part even of necessaries
is thrown overboard: but not even do these sacrifices relieve the
ship--then, in the urgency of the peril, it came to such a pitch that
he yielded his mast to the hatchet, and rights himself at last, though
in a crippled state. Since this is the last resource in danger we
apply, to make the ship lighter.
Go now, and commit your life to the mercy of the winds; trusting to a
hewn plank, with but four digits[790] between you and death, or seven
at most, if the deal is of the thickest. And then together with your
provision-baskets and bread and wide-bellied flagon,[791] look well
that you lay in hatchets,[792] to be brought into use in storms.
But when the sea subsided into calm, and the state of affairs was more
propitious to the mariner, and his destiny prevailed over Eurus and the
sea, when now the cheerful Parcæ draw kindlier tasks with benign hand,
and spin white wool,[793] and what wind there is, is not much stronger
than a moderate breeze, the wretched bark, with a poor make-shift, ran
before it, with the sailors' clothes spread out, and with its only sail
that remained: when now the south wind subsided, together with the
sun hope of life returned. Then the tall peak beloved by Iulus, and
preferred as a home by him to Lavinium,[794] his stepmother's seat,
comes in sight; to which the white sow[795] gave its name--(an udder
that excited the astonishment of the gladdened Phrygians)--illustrious
from what had never been seen before, thirty paps. At length he enters
the moles,[796] built through the waters inclosed within them, and
the Pharos of Tuscany, and the arms extending back, which jut out
into the middle of the sea, and leave Italy far behind. You would not
bestow such admiration on the harbor which nature formed: but with
damaged bark, the master steers for the inner smooth waters of the safe
haven, which even a pinnace of Baiæ could cross; and there with shaven
crowns[797] the sailors, now relieved from anxiety, delight to recount
their perils that form the subject of their prating.
Go then, boys, favoring with tongues and minds,[798] and place garlands
in the temples, and meal on the sacrificial knives, and decorate the
soft hearths and green turf-altar. I will follow shortly, and the
sacrifice which is most important[799] having been duly performed, I
will then return home, where my little images, shining in frail wax,
shall receive their slender chaplets. Here I will propitiate[800] my
own Jove, and offer incense to my hereditary Lares,[801] and will
display all colors of the violet. All things are gay; my gateway has
set up long branches,[802] and celebrates the festivities[803] with
lamps lighted in the morning.
Nor let these things be suspected by you, Corvinus. Catullus, for
whose safe return I erect so many altars, has three little heirs. You
may wait long enough for a man that would expend even a sick hen at
the point of death for so unprofitable a friend. But even this is too
great an outlay. Not even a quail will ever be sacrificed in behalf
of one who is a father. If rich Gallita[804] and Paccius, who have no
children, begin to feel the approach of fever, every temple-porch is
covered with votive tablets,[805] affixed according to due custom.
There are some who would even promise a hecatomb[806] of oxen. Since
elephants are not to be bought here or in Latium, nor is there any
where in our climate such a large beast generated; but, fetched from
the dusky nation, they are fed in the Rutulian forests, and the
field of Turnus, as the herd of Cæsar, prepared to serve no private
individual, since their ancestors used to obey Tyrian Hannibal, and our
own generals,[807] and the Molossian king, and to bear on their backs
cohorts--no mean portion of the war--and a tower that went into battle.
It is no fault, consequently, of Novius, or of Ister Pacuvius,[808]
that that ivory is not led to the altars, and falls a sacred victim
before the Lares of Gallita, worthy of such great gods, and those that
court their favor! One of these two fellows, if you would give him
license to perform the sacrifice, would vow the tallest or all the
most beautiful persons among his flock of slaves, or place sacrificial
fillets on his boys and the brows of his female slaves. And if he has
any Iphigenia[809] at home of marriageable age, he will offer her at
the altars, though he can not hope for the furtive substitution of
the hind of the tragic poets. I commend my fellow-citizen, and do not
compare a thousand[810] ships to a will; for if the sick man shall
escape Libitina,[811] he will cancel his former will, entangled in the
meshes of the act,[812] after a service so truly wonderful: and perhaps
in one short line will give his all to Pacuvius as sole[813] heir.
Proudly will he strut over his defeated rivals. You see, therefore,
what a great recompense the slaughtered Mycenian maid earns.
Long live Pacuvius, I pray, even to the full age of Nestor. [814] Let
him own as much as ever Nero plundered,[815] let him pile his gold
mountains high, and let him love no one,[816] and be loved by none.
FOOTNOTES:
[772] _Natali. _ The birthday was sacred to the "Genius" to whom
they offered wine, incense, and flowers: abstaining from "bloody"
sacrifices, "ne die quâ ipsi lucem accepissent aliis demerent," Hor. ,
ii. , Ep. 144. "Floribus et vino Genium memorem brevis avi," Pers. ,
ii. , 3. "Funde merum Genio," Censorin. , de D. N. , 3. Virg. , Ecl. iii. ,
76. Compare Hor. , Od. , IV. , xi. , where he celebrates the birthday of
Mæcenas as "sanctior pœne _natali proprio_. " Cf. Dennis's Etruria, vol.
ii. , p. 65.
[773] _Cæspes. _ Hor.
