His plays
are : Brand, a drama; (A Doll's House, a
satiric comedy ; (Peer Gynt,' a dramatic poem ;
(Emperor and Galilean,' a historic drama (in
two parts: i.
are : Brand, a drama; (A Doll's House, a
satiric comedy ; (Peer Gynt,' a dramatic poem ;
(Emperor and Galilean,' a historic drama (in
two parts: i.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
Since the
success of his first novel the author has devoted
himself to literature in London. His most pop-
ular publications are. (The Piccadilly Puzzle )
(1889); “Miss Mephistopheles) (1890); (A Creat-
ure of Night' (1891); (An Island of Fantasy)
(1894).
Humphry, George Murray, Sir.
An Eng-
lish surgeon and author; born at Sudbury,
Suffolk, July 1820; died in 1896. He became
professor of anatomy at Cambridge in 1866,
and since 1883 has held the professorship of
surgery in that institution. The honor of
knighthood was conferred upon him in 1891,
on account of his services to medical science.
Among his valuable publications may be men-
tioned: A Treatise on the Human Skeleton)
(1858); "On Myology) (1872); Vivisection :
What Good Has It Done ? ) (1882); (Guide to
Cambridge) (1883); (Old Age and Changes
Incidental to It) (1885), an oration.
Hungerford, Mrs. Margaret (Hamilton
Argles). [“ The Duchess. ] A popular Irish
novelist; born 18—, died at Bandon, Cork
County, Jan. 24, 1897. (Phyllis) (1877); Molly
Bawn) (1878); Airy Fairy Lillian) (1879);
(Beauty's Daughters) (1880); (Mrs. Geoffrey)
(1881); (Faith and Unfaith) (1881); (Portia)
(1882); Loys, Lord Beresford, and Other Tales)
(1883); Rosmoyne) (1883), Doris) (1884);
"O Tender Dolores) (1885); A Maiden All
Forlorn, and Other Stories) (1885); (In Durance
Vile) (1885); (Lady Branksmere) (1886); (A
Mental Struggle) (1886); Lady Valworth's
Diamonds) (1886); (Her Week's Amusement'
(1886); 'Green Pastures and Gray Grief) (1886);
(A Modern Circe) (1887); (The Duchess
(1887); Undercurrents ) (1888); Marvel
(1888); (Hon. Mrs. Vereker) (1888).
Hunnewell, James Frothingham. An Amer.
ican bibliographer, and writer of travels and his-
tory; born in Massachusetts, 1832. His home
is at Charlestown, Mass. He has written :
(Historical Monuments of France) (1884);
(England's Chronicle in Stone) (1886), being
a study of English cathedrals, castles, and
palaces; etc.
Hunt, Freeman. An American biographer
and sketch-writer ; born in Massachusetts, 1804;
died 1858. A publisher in New York, he was
the founder of Hunt's Merchants' Magazine.
He wrote: (Lives of American Merchants);
(Sketches of Female Character); etc.
Hunt, Leigh. An English poet, critic, essay-
ist, born in Southgate, Oct. 19, 1784; died at
Putney, Aug. 28, 1859. His collected poems,
called Juvenilia,' appeared when he was fifteen.
With his brother he founded the Examiner, a
strong political journal, a disrespectful article in
which on the Prince Regent gained him two
years' imprisonment. After his release he pro-
duced a rapid succession of essays, criticisms,
studies, and miscellany; among them (Sir
Ralph Esher,' a romance; (A Legend of Flor-
ence,' a drama; (The Story of Rimini, his
best work; and Recollections of Byron, his
most abused one. *
Hunter, William Wilson, Sir. An English
statistician and author; born July 15, 1840. He
was educated at the University of Glasgow and
foreign universities, and was appointed to the
Bengal Civil Service in 1862. As Director-
General of Statistics he made a statistical sur-
vey of India, the results of which are embodied
in the well-known Imperial Gazetteer of In-
dia' (1881; 1885-87). He is the author of
(Annals of Rural Bengal (1868; 5th ed. 1872),
continued in "Orissa' (2 vols. , 1872); «The Life
of the Marquess of Dalhousie); (A Dictionary
of the Non-Aryan Languages of India and
High Asia', (Brief History of the Indian Peo-
ples, which has been translated into five lan-
guages, and is the projector and editor of the
series of biographies known as “The Rulers of
India.
Hunter-Duvar, John. A Canadian poet;
born in England, 1830. He has published (An-
nals of the Court of Oberon (1895), besides
other volumes of poetry.
Huntington, Frederick Dan. An American
clergyman and religious writer; born at Had-
ley, Mass. , 1819. In early life as a Unitarian
minister he held a pastorate in Boston from
1842 to 1855, when he became Plummer pro-
fessor of Christian morals in Harvard Univer-
sity. In 1860 he withdrew from the Unitarian
## p. 280 (#296) ############################################
280
HUNTINGTON - HUXLEY
(
denomination, was ordained in the Protestant
Episcopal Church, and in 1869 was consecrated
bishop of Central New York. His writings
include: (Christian Believing and Living
(1860); "Lectures on Human Society) (1860);
(Steps to a Living Faith) (1873); (Personal
Christian Life in the Ministry) (1887); (Forty
Days with the Master) (1891).
Huntington, Jededlah Vincent. An Amer-
ican poet and novelist; born in New York, Jan-
uary 1815; died in France, 1862. Originally a
physician, then an Episcopal clergyman, he
became a Roman Catholic in 1849, and edited
Roman Catholic magazines. He wrote : (Po-
ems) (1843); the striking novels, Lady Alice,
or the New Una, (1849), (Alban, or the History
of a Young Puritan) (new ed. 1853, with its
sequel (The Forest, 1852), Blonde and Bru-
nette) (1859); etc.
Hurlburt, William Henry. An American
journalist; born at Charleston, S. C. , 1827; died
1895. After an extensive journalistic experience
in New York, he became editor-in-chief of the
New York World (1876-83). After 1883 he
resided in Europe. He wrote: (Gan-Eden!
(1854), travels in Cuba; (General McClellan
and the Conduct of the War) (1864); etc.
Hurst, John Fletcher. A prominent Amer-
ican Methodist divine and writer; born near
Salem, Md. , Aug. 17, 1834. He became bishop
in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1880,
and chancellor of the American University of
his denomination in 1891. He has written :
Literature of Theology); History of Ration-
alism); Martyrs to the Tract Cause); Life
and Literature in the Fatherland); Outline
of Church History); (Our Theological Cen.
tury); (Bibliotheca Theologica'; (Short His-
tories of the Church); (Short History of the
Christian Church); Indika, a large illustrated
work on India, and one of great importance ;
translations of theological works and histories;
etc.
Hurter, Friedrich Emanuel, von (hör'ter).
A Swiss theologian and historian; born at
Schaffhausen, March 19, 1787; died at Gratz,
Styria, Aug. 27, 1865. Appointed to a pastorate
in his native town, he resigned in 1841, and be-
came a convert to Catholicism. In 1846 he was
selected as historiographer to the Emperor of
Austria. Of his numerous works, relating chiefly
to mediæval and church history, may be men-
tioned: History of King Theodoric and his
Reign) (1807); Pope Innocent III. and his
Contemporaries) (1834-42); (Birth and New
Birth) (1845), in which he gives his reasons
for a change of religion ; 'Emperor Ferdinand
II. (10 vols. , 1850-62); Last Four Years of
the Life of Wallenstein (1862).
Hutcheson, Francis. A Scotch educator and
philosopher; born at Drumalig, Ulster, Ireland,
Aug. 8, 1694; died in Glasgow, about 1746.
For many years a public teacher in Glasgow,
he became in 1729 professor of moral philoso-
phy at the university in that city. He is re-
garded as one of the founders of modern phi-
losophy in Scotland. He was the author of:
(Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of
Beauty and Virtue) (1720); (Nature and Con-
duct of the Passions and Affections) (1728);
(System of Moral Philosophy) (1755).
Hutchinson, Ellen Mackay. [“Mrs. Royal
Cortissoz. ”] An American poet and journalist ;
born in western New York in 184. She was
long one of the editors of the New York Trib-
une, and was associated with E. C. Stedman
in the compilation of the Library of Ameri-
can Literature. Her numerous poems have
been collected under the title of (Songs and
Lyrics) (1881).
Hutten, Ulrich von (höt'ten). A German
poet, theologian, and controversial satirist; born
in Steckelburg, near Fulda, 1488; died in the
island of Ufenau, Lake Zurich, 1523. Of a
noble family and destined for the church, he
preferred a life of roving adventure. After
many vicissitudes, including shipwreck, military
service, and absolute beggary, he rose to fame
by brilliant contributions to the current re-
ligious and political controversies. His works
include: (The Art of Prosody); Nemo,' a
satire upon the pedantic learning of his day;
(Dialogues); and various others, most of them
attacking abuses in the church. His most
noteworthy production, however (his in part
if not wholly), is the Letters of Obscure Men)
(that is, men who think and talk obscurely),
mercilessly ridiculing the ignorance of the
lower clergy. His position in literature is that
of a fearless genius and champion of truth;
he aimed to regenerate his country, but his
means were somewhat Utopian.
Hutton, Laurence. An American essayist
and literary critic; born in New York, Aug. 8,
1843. Devoting his earlier years to mercantile
pursuits, he at length became dramatic critic
of the New York Evening Mail. He has edited,
since 1886, Literary Notes in Harper's Maga-
zine. His publications are well known under
the titles (Plays and Players); “Edwin Booth';
Literary Landmarks); and essays on London,
Edinburgh, Jerusalem, Venice, Florence, and
Rome.
Hutton, Richard Holt. An English editor,
critic, and author; born 1826; died 1897. He was
editor of the London Spectator, a literary critic
of great repute, and the author of (Studies in
Parliament: a Series of Sketches of Leading
Politicians) (1866); (Essays, Theological and
Literary) (2 vols. , 1871); (Sir Walter Scott
(1878) in English Men of Letters) series;
(Essays on Some Modern Guides of English
Thought in Matters of Faith) (1887).
Huxley, Thomas Henry. An eminent Eng-
lish scientist; born in Ealing, May 4, 1825;
died June 29, 1895. His works include: (On
the Educational Value of the Natural-History
Sciences) (1854); (On Tape and Cystic Worms
(1857), translated from the German of C. T.
Von Siebold ; 'Evidence as to Man's Place in
(
## p. 281 (#297) ############################################
HUYGENS - HYNDMAN
281
.
:
Nature) (1863); "On Our Knowledge of the
Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature:
Being Six Lectures to Workingmen) (1863);
(Lectures on the Elements of Comparative
Anatomy) (1864); (An Elementary Atlas of
Comparative Osteology) (1864-66); Palæonto-
logia Indica: Vertebrate Fossils) (1866); (Les-
sons in Elementary Physiology) (1866); (An
Introduction to the Classification of Animals)
(1869); “Protoplasm : the Physical Basis of Life)
(1869), new edition entitled (On the Physical
Basis of Life) in Half Hours with Modern
Scientists); "Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Re-
views) (1870); (Essays : Selected from Lay Ser-
mons, etc. ) (1871); (A Manual of the Anatomy
of Vertebrated Animals) (1871); (Critiques
and Addresses) (1873); (American Addresses)
(1877); ( Physiography) (1877); Hume) (1879),
in English Men of Letters ); (Science Primers :
Introductory) (1880); (The Crayfish: an Intro-
duction to the Study of Zoology) (1880); (Sci-
ence and Culture, and Other Essays) (1881);
Inaugural Meeting of the Fishery Congress :
Address) (1883); with H. N. Martin, (A Course
of Practical Instruction in Elementary Biol-
ogy) (1888). *
Huygens, Constantyn (hi'genz). A Dutch
poet and prose-writer; born in The Hague, Sept.
4, 1596; died March 28, 1687. He was long
private secretary to the Prince of Orange. His
first volume of poems, "Otia) (Relaxations), is
in Italian, French, Latin, and Dutch. The last
two sections were subsequently enlarged and
each published separately: the first as Momenta
Desultoria); and the second, the widely read
(Corn Flowers,' which contained epigrams, trans-
lations, and one or two excellent comedies.
His most notable poems are Daghwerck, in
memory of his wife, and Batave Tempe,' a
series of native legends and scenes. His prose
comprises memoirs, essays on music, and State
papers. He is the most brilliant figure in Dutch
literary history.
Huysmans, Jorris Karl (ēs-mäns). A French
novelist; born in Paris, Feb. 5, 1848. He studied
law and entered the French civil service, but
abandoned it for literature. At first a pro-
nounced realist, he turned to idealism and even
mysticism. He first attracted notice by the
story (Pack on Back); then followed (Martha,
(The Vatard Sisters,''(The Ménage,' and others.
The latest expression of his theories is in
(Down There) (Là-bas). His style is dreamy
and intensely delicate, but obscure at times.
Hyacinthe, Père. See Loyson.
Hylton, John Dunbar. An American writer
of verse; born in the island of Jamaica, W. I. ,
1837. He is a physician at Palmyra, N. J. He
has written : (The Bride of Gettysburg) (1878);
(Above the Grave of John Odenswurge) (2d
ed. 1884); (Artaloise) (1887); etc.
Hymans, Louis (ē-mäns). A Belgian histo-
rian, journalist, novelist, and poet; born in
Rotterdam, 1829; died at Brussels, 1884. He re-
moved to Belgium in boyhood and rose rapidly
to distinction as a Liberal journalist. He edited
the Belgian Star and the Parliamentary Echo
for some years, and was elected to Parliament
in 1859. He wrote: (History of the Marquisate
of Anvers, (Popular History of Belgium,' and
(Political and Parliamentary History of Bel-
gium); two popular novels, André Bailly) and
(The Buvard Family'; and some pleasing poems.
Hyndman, Henry Mayers. An English jour-
nalist, socialistic leader, and author; born in
1842. He acted as special correspondent for
the Pall Mall Gazette during the war between
France and Italy in 1866, and was one of the
founders of the Social Democratic Federation
in 1881. Among his works, which deal chiefly
with socialism, may be mentioned : (The Indian
Famine and the Crisis in India' (1877); (Text-
Book of Democracy) (1881); (The Historical
Basis of Socialism in England) (1883); (Will
Socialism Benefit the English People ? ) (1884):
(The Commercial Crisis of the Nineteenth
Century) (1892). He was co-author with Will-
iam Morris of (A Summar" of the Principles
of Socialism) (1884).
## p. 282 (#298) ############################################
282
IAMBLICHUS - IDE
I
Iamblichus (jam’bli-kus). A Syrian philoso-
pher; born at Chalcis, Cæle-Syria ; died about
330 A. D. He was the author of numerous
philosophical works written from the Neo-
Platonic point of view, among them an (Ex-
hortation to Philosophy. He also wrote a
"Life of Pythagoras.
Ibn Batuta (ibn bä-tö'tä). An Arabic
writer of travel; born at Tangier, Morocco,
about 1304; died at Fez, about 1377. He made
many voyages and wrote his (Travels,' which
were translated into French and English. He
is sometimes termed Abu Abdallah Mohammed.
Ibn Doreid, Abubekr Mohammed (ibn do-
rid'). 'An Arabic poet and philologist; born
at Basra, 838; died in Bagdad, 933. He wrote,
among other things, a celebrated elegy on the
mutability of fortune, which has been translated
and commented upon.
Ibn Esra (ibn ez'rä). [Properly Abraham
ben Meir ibn Esra. ] A Jewish writer and
scholar; born at Toledo, about 1092; died
1167. He traveled extensively, studying poetry,
grammar, mathematics, astronomy, and philos-
ophy. He wrote a Hebrew grammar, was one
of the earliest critics and commentators on the
Bible, and composed hymns largely used in
the Jewish liturgy.
Ibn Khaldún, Abderrahman (ibn khäl-dön').
An Arabic historian, descended from a noble
family of Seville; born in Tunis, 1322; died at
Cairo, 1406. He occupied high official positions
at the courts of various Mahometan princes,
and is considered the greatest of Arabic his-
torians, his chief work being a history of the
Arabs and Berbers in several volumes, with a
philosophical introduction to the science of
history.
Ibn Khallikan (ibn kál’li-kän). An Arabic
scholar and writer; born at Arbc. a, 1211; died
at Damascus, 1281. He was renowned in his
own day for his numerous works in every de-
partment of literature. His best-known work
is the (Wafiat-ul-Aiyan, or Deaths of Emi-
nent Men.
Ibn Koteiba, Abdallah ibn Muslim. A noted
Arabic philologist and historian; born
at
Bagdad, 828 ; died there, 890. He composed,
among many other things, a (Handbook of
History, brought out in a German translation
in 1850; a work on "The Art of Poetry); and
"Contributions to the Knowledge of Poetry
among the Old Arabs.
Ibn Sina (ibn sen'ä). An Arabic philoso-
pher, known also as Avicenna; born in Af-
shena, Bokhara, 980; died at Hamaden, Persia,
1037. The titles of his works are so numerous
that the reader is referred to his biography in
the Library) for an authoritive enumeration of
them as well as for a history of his career. *
Ibn Tofail (ibn to-fil'). An Arabic philos-
opher and physician, who flourished towards
the close of the twelfth century in one of the
Spanish dominions of the Moors. His most
celebrated work is a philosophical romance
bearing the title “The Improvement of Hu-
man Reason Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn
Yokdhan, which has been translated into He-
brew, Latin, and English.
Ibrahim of Aleppo (ib-rä-hēm'). A famed
Ottoman writer on jurisprudence; born about
1490 (? ); died 1549. He compiled the great
code of laws known as "Muiteka-al-Abhar)
(Confluence of the Seas).
Ibsen, Henrik (ib'sen). A Norwegian dram-
atist; born in Skien, March 20, 1828.
His plays
are : Brand, a drama; (A Doll's House, a
satiric comedy ; (Peer Gynt,' a dramatic poem ;
(Emperor and Galilean,' a historic drama (in
two parts: i. , Julian's Apostasy); ii. , (Julian
the Emperor'); (The Pillars of Society, a
satiric comedy; (The Warriors at Helgeland,
a historical drama; 'Love's Comedy,' a satiri.
cal play; and the series comprising (Ghosts,
(An Enemy of the People, (The Wild Duck,'
(Rosmersholm,' (The Lady from the Sea,
(Hedda Gabler,) and (Architect Solness,' all
of which are alike in that they aim to dissect
the conventionalities of the social system under
which we live. *
Ibycus (ib i-kus). A Greek lyric poet; born
in Rhegium, about B. C. 560 (? ); died there (or
near Corinth ? ), B. C. 525 (? ). The fragments
of exquisite metre that have come down to us,
and the picturesque fate that befell him -
fate that suggested to Dante one of his in-
imitable images -- have won for him a distinct
The ancients esteemed him highly,
although Cicero complains of the impurity of
his Muse as a sign of the degeneracy of the
Romans who admired it. The story told of him
is that the poet went on a journey to Corinth
but was captured by bandits near that city,
and murdered after having been despoiled.
As he expired he called to a flock of passing
cranes to avenge him; and as the bandits sat
in the theatre not many days later, a flight of
the stately birds took place, whereupon the
leader of the guilty men called attention, iron-
ically, to the dead poet's « avengers. ” The
word attracted notice and led to discovery.
Ide, George Barton. An American writer
and clergyman; born in Vermont, 1804; died
in 1872. He has published (Green Hollow);
(Bible Echoes, or Lessons from the War);
renown.
## p. 283 (#299) ############################################
IDRISI - INGEMANN
283
(The Power of Kindness,' a juvenile tale ; and
(Bible Pictures.
Idrisi (id're-sē). An Arabian geographer,
who flourished between 1100 and 1200, and
wrote a (Book About the World) which is of
importance the annals of geographical
science.
Iffland, August Wilhelm (if'fänd). A Ger-
man dramatist and actor; born in Hanover,
April 19, 1759; died at Berlin, Sept. 22, 1814.
He Aed his home and theological studies when
a mere youth, in order to go on the stage, and
soon became a great actor. As a playwright
he captured the public with (The Hunters )
and (The Crime of Ambition. He united in
a rare degree a mastery of stage-craft with a
knowledge of dramatic construction.
Iglesias, José Maria (ē-glā'se-äs). A Mex-
ican historian and publicist; born in the City
of Mexico, Jan. 5, 1823. He has figured very
prominently in his country's politics. He has
written 'Contribution to a History of the War
between Mexico and the United States) (1852),
and a (Historical Review of the French Inter-
vention (1870).
Iglesias de la Casa, José (ē-glā'se-äs dā lä
kä’sä). A Spanish poet; born in Salamanca,
Oct. 31, 1743; died there, Aug. 26, 1791. He
was a priest in his native diocese, and in con-
junction with Melendez, organized a devoted
band of poetasters, the fame of which spread far
and wide, under the name of the School of Sala-
manca, exercising in time no ordinary authority
over Spanish poetry. His volume of Light
Verse has, under various titles, passed through
numerous editions in Spain, where he will prob-
ably always be a classic.
Ilsley, Charles Parker. An American au-
thor; born in Maine in 1807; died in 1887.
He was a resident of Portland, Me. , until
1866. Among his works are : (The Liberty
Pole, a Tale of Machias); (Forest and Shore,
later republished as "The Wrecker's Daughter. )
Imbert, Barthelémi (an-băr'). A French
poet; born at Nîmes, 1747; died near Paris (? ),
Aug. 23, 1790. He attained celebrity with “The
Judgment of Paris,' a specimen of delicately
wrought and musical versification. He also
wrote a Book of Fables. '
Imbert de Saint-Amand, Arthur (an-băr'
dė sant-a-man). A French biographer and his-
torian; born in Paris, Nov. 22, 1834. His career
was a diplomatic and official one until he be.
gan a study of the lives of the women of the old
French courts, of the First Empire, and of the
restoration. His (Women of Versailles) is a
graphic presentation of court manners and
morals under the last three of the Louises be-
fore the Revolution, while the "Women of the
Tuileries) is a bit of realism in biography that
brings the era vividly before the reader. His
studies of the Napoleonic royalties sustain the
reputation established by the earlier works.
Imbriani, Vittorio lēm-bré-an'ē). An Ital-
ian poet and historian of literature ; born in
Naples, Oct. 27, 1840; died there, Jan. I, 1886.
His life was involved in political turmoil, but
he made himself known as a graceful and ele-
gant poet with Popular Songs of the Southern
Provinces,' and as an ode-writer of strength
and dignity in an (Address to Italy's Queen. In
prose he ranks high, as (Purloined (or Usurped)
Reputations,' a book of literary essays, demon-
strates. His Philological Studies in Dante )
is a valuable contribution to our knowledge
of the great Florentine.
Imlah, John. A Scottish poet and song-
writer; born in Aberdeen, 1799 ; died at St.
James, Jamaica, 1846. His songs met the pop-
ular fancy, and are to be found in all Scotch
collections. He published May Flowers) in
1827, followed by (Poems and Songs, (1841).
Immermann, Karl Leberecht (im'mer-män).
A German poet, dramatist, and romancer; born
in Magdeburg, April 24, 1796; died at Düssel.
dorf, Aug. 25, 1840. A university course and
the campaign of Waterloo supplied his early
experiences. As the result of years of hard
labor he produced plays above mediocrity but
below greatness. (The Princes of Syracuse )
and (The Eye of Love) merit notice among
his comedies, while as a tragedy, his (Ghis-
monda) ranks high. He lives in the brilliant
and original Epigoni. Münchhausen, his
lightest fancy, is well known. It must not be
confused with Baron Münchhausen. *
Inchbaid, Elizabeth Simpson. An English
actress, dramatist, and novelist; born 1753; died
1821. A Simple Story,) Nature and Art, are
among her best tales. She also wrote: (Such
Things Are); (The Married Man); (The Wed-
ding Day); (The Midnight Hour); Every
One Has his Fault'; 'Lovers' Vows); etc.
Ingalls, Joshua King. An American finan-
cier and writer; born 18— He has published:
(Social Wealth'; (Economic Equities); and
(Reminiscences of an Octogenarian' (1897).
Ingelow, Jean. An English poet and novel-
ist; born in Boston, Lincolnshire, in 1830; died
in London, July 19, 1897. (A Rhyming Chron-
icle of Incidents and Feeling,' her maiden
volume, reveals her melancholy disposition.
The Round of Days) brought her fame, and
the circle of her admirers constantly widened
as (Home Thoughts and Home Scenes, (A
Story of Doom, and Other Poems, (Mopsa the
Fairy, and "Little Wonder Horn) made evi-
dent the full range of her power. Her novels,
Fated to be Free, (Sarah de Berenger,' (Don
John, and one or two more, did not attract
wide attention. *
Ingemann, Bernhard Severin (ing'e-män).
A Danish poet and novelist; born 1789; died
1862. His Procne, Youthful Poems, and
(The Renegade) display genius. Blanca,
(The Voice in the Desert,) and (The Battle
for the Possession of Walhalla) are wonder-
ful plays, alive with inspiration. Waldemar
the Great and his Companions,' a historic
poem, is his masterpiece, while as a novelist
## p. 284 (#300) ############################################
284
INGERSOLL-IRVING
he stands among the chosen few with (Con-
queror Waldemar, one of the triumphs of the
Danish language. *
Ingersoll, Charles Jared. An American
poet and miscellaneous writer; born in Phila-
delphia, 1782; died there, 1862. He was the
author of Chiomara) (1800), a poem; (Edwy
and Elgira! (1801 ), a tragedy; (Inchiquin
the Jesuit's Letters on American Literature
and Politics) (1810); (Julian) (1831), a poem;
and a "Historical Sketch of the Second War
between the United States and Great Britain)
(4 vols. , 1845-52).
Ingersoll, Ernest. An American naturalist
and prose-writer; born in Michigan, 1852. The
summer of 1873 he spent with Louis Agassiz
in his seaside school on Penikese. After Agassiz
died he was naturalist and collector with the
Hayden survey in the West. He contributed
scientific articles to various newspapers. His
writings include: (Birds’-Nesting? (1881); His-
tory and Present Condition of the Oyster In-
dustries of the United States) (1881); “Knocking
Round the Rockies) (1882); (Country Cousins
(1884); (The Strange Ventures of a Stowaway)
(1886); and (Down-East Latch-Strings) (1887).
Ingersoll, Luther Dunham. An American
writer; born 18. He is librarian of the War
Department at Washington, and has published
(Iowa and the Rebellion); a (Life of Horace
Greeley); and a “History of the War Depart-
ment.
Ingersoll, Robert Green. A distinguished
American orator, lecturer, and lawyer; born in
Dresden, N. Y. , Aug. 11, 1833. He is well known
as a free-thinker. He went west when twelve
years old, becoming in time a school-teacher.
He began to practice law in 1854. He was
colonel of Illinois cavalry during the War. In
1866 he was made attorney-general for Illinois.
He now has his law office in New York. He
has published: (The Gods); (Ghosts); (Some
Mistakes of Moses); 'Lectures Complete);
(Prose Poems and Selections); and many other
pamphlets and miscellaneous articles.
Ingleby, Clement Mansfield. An English
Shakespearean critic and miscellaneous writer;
born at Edgbaston, near Birmingham, Oct. 29,
1823; died at Ilford, Essex, 1886. He was edu-
cated at Cambridge for the law, which he
abandoned for a literary career, and became
famous as a Shakespearean scholar and critic,
aiding in the Stanton edition. He wrote : (The
Principles of Acoustics and the Theory of
Sound); 'The Stereoscope); (The Ideality of
the Rainbow); (The Mutual Relation of The-
ory and Practice); (Law and Religion); (A
Voice for the Mute Creation); Miracles Versus
Nature. )
Inglis, Henry David (ing'lz). An English
descriptive prose-writer; born in Edinburgh,
1795; died in London, March 20, 1835. From
mercantile life he drifted into literature ; travel-
ing widely, and under the pseudonym of «Der-
went Conway," writing : ( Tales of the Ardennes)
(1825), a very popular book, duly followed by
(Solitary Walks through Many Lands) (1828),
(Rambles in the Footsteps of Don Quixote)
(1837), and various similar studies.
Ingraham, Joseph Holt. An American
writer and clergyman; born in Maine, 1809;
died 1866. He lived for a time in Holly Springs,
Miss. , and early in life wrote some very sensa-
tional romances, among them: Lafitte; the
Pirate of the Gulf); (Captain Kyd); and (The
Dancing Feather. After entering the minis-
try he wrote three religious romances: The
Prince of the House of David); (The Pillar
of Fire); and (The Throne of David.
Innsley, Owen. See Jennison, Lucy White.
Intra, Giambattista (ēn'trä). An Italian
novelist and essayist; born in Calvenzano, near
Bergamo, in 1832. He has contributed ably to
periodical literature and produced original and
interesting fiction, notably Agnese Gonzaga,
and (The Last of the Bonaccolsi.
Ion of Chios (i'on (or ē'on) ki'os). A Greek
poet and prose-writer; born in Chios about 484
B. C. ; died at Athens about 422. Few losses to
literature are so serious as the destruction of
his works, fragments only of which have de-
scended to us. Richly endowed, intellectually
and physically, and accomplished even for the
age of Pericles, he established himself in the
intimacy of Æschylus, Sophocles, and the other
men who ornament that unexampled era. He
distinguished himself by his versatility: trage-
dies, hymns, elegies, epigrams, and essays issued
in a splendid if not very deep stream from the
perennial springs of his fancy. Brilliant pass-
ages in his memoirs, saved to us by a happy
accident, tell of the banquet he gave to Sopho-
cles and the things said and done on that typ-
ically Hellenic occasion.
Iron, Ralph. See Schreiner, olive.
Irving, John Treat, Jr. An American writer;
born 1812; a nephew of Washington Irving, and
a lawyer of New York city. He has written:
(Indian Sketches); 'Hawk Chief); 'The Attor-
ney); Henry Harson); and (The Van Gelder
Papers.
Irving, Pierre Munroe. An American writer,
nephew of Washington Irving; born 1803; died
in 1876. He was the author of a "Life of
Washington Irving. He also edited various
compilations and acted as his uncle's literary
assistant.
Irving, Washington. An American histo-
rian, biographer, and man of letters; born in
New York, April 3, 1783 ; died at “Sunnyside,
near Tarrytown, N. Y. , Nov. 28, 1859. His works
include: A Voyage to the Eastern Part of
Terra Firma) (1806), a translation; Saima-
gundi (1807-8), with J. K. Paulding and Will.
iam Irving ; (History of New York by Diedrich
Knickerbocker) (1809); (The Sketch Book)
(1819-20); (Bracebridge Hall (1822); "Let-
ters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent. (1824); "Life
and Times of Christopher Columbus) (1828);
:
:
## p. 285 (#301) ############################################
IRVING - JACOBI
285
"Conquest of Granada) (1829); (Companions of
Columbus (1831); (The Alhambra) (1832);
(Crayon Miscellany) (1835); Astoria) (1836);
« The Rocky Mountains : Journal of Captain
B. L. E. Bonneville) (1837); Life of Oliver
Goldsmith) (1840); (Mahomet and his Suc-
cessors) (1849-50); (Wolfert's Roost! (1855);
"Life of Washington (1855-59). Among his
literary labors he made an edition of The
Poetical Works of Thomas Campbell (1810),
and Miscellaneous Works of Oliver Gold-
smith. *
Irving, William. An American prose-writer,
and brother of Washington Irving ; born in
New York city, 1766; died there, 1821. He con-
tributed largely in the production of Salma-
gundi; the political pieces were mostly his,
as also were the letters of Mustapha in Nos. 5
want. He is without a rival among his coun-
trymen, Cervantes always excepted, as a wit
and satirist; the prodigious popularity of his
(Life and Adventures of Friar Gerundio de
Campazas, upon its first appearance in 1758
(under the pseudonym of «F. Lobon de Sala-
zar)), being but a well-won tribute to its unhack-
neyed drolleries and epigrammatic style. As a
portrait of Spanish life in the eighteenth cen-
tury it must ever remain a standard work. He
made an infelicitous translation of (Gil Blas)
from the French that led to a still more in-
felicitous controversy over the authorship of
that lengthy masterpiece. His other works are
without importance.
Isocrates (i-sok'ra-tēs). A Greek orator and
rhetorician; born in Athens in 436 B. C. ; died
at Athens (? ) 338 B. C. He was apparently
carefully educated, Socrates having been of
the number of his preceptors; and at an early
age he was celebrated for the facility with
which he used his native tongue, although the
weakness of his voice precluded any hope he
may once have entertained of distinction in
public life. He therefore opened a school of
oratory, the fame of which soon filled all Greece,
in consequence of the exceptional attainments of
its graduates. The ages have spared to us
twenty-one of his compositions, rhetorical and
epistolary. He is best represented by the dis-
courses known as the (Areopagiticus) and the
(Panegyricus.
and 14.
ous verse.
Isaaks, Jorge (ē'säks or i'zaks). A South
American novelist and poet; born in Cali,
Colombia. His extraction is partly English-
Jewish and partly Spanish. María,' a novel,
is his masterpiece, but he has written meritori-
*
Isla, José Francisco de (ēs'lä).
success of his first novel the author has devoted
himself to literature in London. His most pop-
ular publications are. (The Piccadilly Puzzle )
(1889); “Miss Mephistopheles) (1890); (A Creat-
ure of Night' (1891); (An Island of Fantasy)
(1894).
Humphry, George Murray, Sir.
An Eng-
lish surgeon and author; born at Sudbury,
Suffolk, July 1820; died in 1896. He became
professor of anatomy at Cambridge in 1866,
and since 1883 has held the professorship of
surgery in that institution. The honor of
knighthood was conferred upon him in 1891,
on account of his services to medical science.
Among his valuable publications may be men-
tioned: A Treatise on the Human Skeleton)
(1858); "On Myology) (1872); Vivisection :
What Good Has It Done ? ) (1882); (Guide to
Cambridge) (1883); (Old Age and Changes
Incidental to It) (1885), an oration.
Hungerford, Mrs. Margaret (Hamilton
Argles). [“ The Duchess. ] A popular Irish
novelist; born 18—, died at Bandon, Cork
County, Jan. 24, 1897. (Phyllis) (1877); Molly
Bawn) (1878); Airy Fairy Lillian) (1879);
(Beauty's Daughters) (1880); (Mrs. Geoffrey)
(1881); (Faith and Unfaith) (1881); (Portia)
(1882); Loys, Lord Beresford, and Other Tales)
(1883); Rosmoyne) (1883), Doris) (1884);
"O Tender Dolores) (1885); A Maiden All
Forlorn, and Other Stories) (1885); (In Durance
Vile) (1885); (Lady Branksmere) (1886); (A
Mental Struggle) (1886); Lady Valworth's
Diamonds) (1886); (Her Week's Amusement'
(1886); 'Green Pastures and Gray Grief) (1886);
(A Modern Circe) (1887); (The Duchess
(1887); Undercurrents ) (1888); Marvel
(1888); (Hon. Mrs. Vereker) (1888).
Hunnewell, James Frothingham. An Amer.
ican bibliographer, and writer of travels and his-
tory; born in Massachusetts, 1832. His home
is at Charlestown, Mass. He has written :
(Historical Monuments of France) (1884);
(England's Chronicle in Stone) (1886), being
a study of English cathedrals, castles, and
palaces; etc.
Hunt, Freeman. An American biographer
and sketch-writer ; born in Massachusetts, 1804;
died 1858. A publisher in New York, he was
the founder of Hunt's Merchants' Magazine.
He wrote: (Lives of American Merchants);
(Sketches of Female Character); etc.
Hunt, Leigh. An English poet, critic, essay-
ist, born in Southgate, Oct. 19, 1784; died at
Putney, Aug. 28, 1859. His collected poems,
called Juvenilia,' appeared when he was fifteen.
With his brother he founded the Examiner, a
strong political journal, a disrespectful article in
which on the Prince Regent gained him two
years' imprisonment. After his release he pro-
duced a rapid succession of essays, criticisms,
studies, and miscellany; among them (Sir
Ralph Esher,' a romance; (A Legend of Flor-
ence,' a drama; (The Story of Rimini, his
best work; and Recollections of Byron, his
most abused one. *
Hunter, William Wilson, Sir. An English
statistician and author; born July 15, 1840. He
was educated at the University of Glasgow and
foreign universities, and was appointed to the
Bengal Civil Service in 1862. As Director-
General of Statistics he made a statistical sur-
vey of India, the results of which are embodied
in the well-known Imperial Gazetteer of In-
dia' (1881; 1885-87). He is the author of
(Annals of Rural Bengal (1868; 5th ed. 1872),
continued in "Orissa' (2 vols. , 1872); «The Life
of the Marquess of Dalhousie); (A Dictionary
of the Non-Aryan Languages of India and
High Asia', (Brief History of the Indian Peo-
ples, which has been translated into five lan-
guages, and is the projector and editor of the
series of biographies known as “The Rulers of
India.
Hunter-Duvar, John. A Canadian poet;
born in England, 1830. He has published (An-
nals of the Court of Oberon (1895), besides
other volumes of poetry.
Huntington, Frederick Dan. An American
clergyman and religious writer; born at Had-
ley, Mass. , 1819. In early life as a Unitarian
minister he held a pastorate in Boston from
1842 to 1855, when he became Plummer pro-
fessor of Christian morals in Harvard Univer-
sity. In 1860 he withdrew from the Unitarian
## p. 280 (#296) ############################################
280
HUNTINGTON - HUXLEY
(
denomination, was ordained in the Protestant
Episcopal Church, and in 1869 was consecrated
bishop of Central New York. His writings
include: (Christian Believing and Living
(1860); "Lectures on Human Society) (1860);
(Steps to a Living Faith) (1873); (Personal
Christian Life in the Ministry) (1887); (Forty
Days with the Master) (1891).
Huntington, Jededlah Vincent. An Amer-
ican poet and novelist; born in New York, Jan-
uary 1815; died in France, 1862. Originally a
physician, then an Episcopal clergyman, he
became a Roman Catholic in 1849, and edited
Roman Catholic magazines. He wrote : (Po-
ems) (1843); the striking novels, Lady Alice,
or the New Una, (1849), (Alban, or the History
of a Young Puritan) (new ed. 1853, with its
sequel (The Forest, 1852), Blonde and Bru-
nette) (1859); etc.
Hurlburt, William Henry. An American
journalist; born at Charleston, S. C. , 1827; died
1895. After an extensive journalistic experience
in New York, he became editor-in-chief of the
New York World (1876-83). After 1883 he
resided in Europe. He wrote: (Gan-Eden!
(1854), travels in Cuba; (General McClellan
and the Conduct of the War) (1864); etc.
Hurst, John Fletcher. A prominent Amer-
ican Methodist divine and writer; born near
Salem, Md. , Aug. 17, 1834. He became bishop
in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1880,
and chancellor of the American University of
his denomination in 1891. He has written :
Literature of Theology); History of Ration-
alism); Martyrs to the Tract Cause); Life
and Literature in the Fatherland); Outline
of Church History); (Our Theological Cen.
tury); (Bibliotheca Theologica'; (Short His-
tories of the Church); (Short History of the
Christian Church); Indika, a large illustrated
work on India, and one of great importance ;
translations of theological works and histories;
etc.
Hurter, Friedrich Emanuel, von (hör'ter).
A Swiss theologian and historian; born at
Schaffhausen, March 19, 1787; died at Gratz,
Styria, Aug. 27, 1865. Appointed to a pastorate
in his native town, he resigned in 1841, and be-
came a convert to Catholicism. In 1846 he was
selected as historiographer to the Emperor of
Austria. Of his numerous works, relating chiefly
to mediæval and church history, may be men-
tioned: History of King Theodoric and his
Reign) (1807); Pope Innocent III. and his
Contemporaries) (1834-42); (Birth and New
Birth) (1845), in which he gives his reasons
for a change of religion ; 'Emperor Ferdinand
II. (10 vols. , 1850-62); Last Four Years of
the Life of Wallenstein (1862).
Hutcheson, Francis. A Scotch educator and
philosopher; born at Drumalig, Ulster, Ireland,
Aug. 8, 1694; died in Glasgow, about 1746.
For many years a public teacher in Glasgow,
he became in 1729 professor of moral philoso-
phy at the university in that city. He is re-
garded as one of the founders of modern phi-
losophy in Scotland. He was the author of:
(Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of
Beauty and Virtue) (1720); (Nature and Con-
duct of the Passions and Affections) (1728);
(System of Moral Philosophy) (1755).
Hutchinson, Ellen Mackay. [“Mrs. Royal
Cortissoz. ”] An American poet and journalist ;
born in western New York in 184. She was
long one of the editors of the New York Trib-
une, and was associated with E. C. Stedman
in the compilation of the Library of Ameri-
can Literature. Her numerous poems have
been collected under the title of (Songs and
Lyrics) (1881).
Hutten, Ulrich von (höt'ten). A German
poet, theologian, and controversial satirist; born
in Steckelburg, near Fulda, 1488; died in the
island of Ufenau, Lake Zurich, 1523. Of a
noble family and destined for the church, he
preferred a life of roving adventure. After
many vicissitudes, including shipwreck, military
service, and absolute beggary, he rose to fame
by brilliant contributions to the current re-
ligious and political controversies. His works
include: (The Art of Prosody); Nemo,' a
satire upon the pedantic learning of his day;
(Dialogues); and various others, most of them
attacking abuses in the church. His most
noteworthy production, however (his in part
if not wholly), is the Letters of Obscure Men)
(that is, men who think and talk obscurely),
mercilessly ridiculing the ignorance of the
lower clergy. His position in literature is that
of a fearless genius and champion of truth;
he aimed to regenerate his country, but his
means were somewhat Utopian.
Hutton, Laurence. An American essayist
and literary critic; born in New York, Aug. 8,
1843. Devoting his earlier years to mercantile
pursuits, he at length became dramatic critic
of the New York Evening Mail. He has edited,
since 1886, Literary Notes in Harper's Maga-
zine. His publications are well known under
the titles (Plays and Players); “Edwin Booth';
Literary Landmarks); and essays on London,
Edinburgh, Jerusalem, Venice, Florence, and
Rome.
Hutton, Richard Holt. An English editor,
critic, and author; born 1826; died 1897. He was
editor of the London Spectator, a literary critic
of great repute, and the author of (Studies in
Parliament: a Series of Sketches of Leading
Politicians) (1866); (Essays, Theological and
Literary) (2 vols. , 1871); (Sir Walter Scott
(1878) in English Men of Letters) series;
(Essays on Some Modern Guides of English
Thought in Matters of Faith) (1887).
Huxley, Thomas Henry. An eminent Eng-
lish scientist; born in Ealing, May 4, 1825;
died June 29, 1895. His works include: (On
the Educational Value of the Natural-History
Sciences) (1854); (On Tape and Cystic Worms
(1857), translated from the German of C. T.
Von Siebold ; 'Evidence as to Man's Place in
(
## p. 281 (#297) ############################################
HUYGENS - HYNDMAN
281
.
:
Nature) (1863); "On Our Knowledge of the
Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature:
Being Six Lectures to Workingmen) (1863);
(Lectures on the Elements of Comparative
Anatomy) (1864); (An Elementary Atlas of
Comparative Osteology) (1864-66); Palæonto-
logia Indica: Vertebrate Fossils) (1866); (Les-
sons in Elementary Physiology) (1866); (An
Introduction to the Classification of Animals)
(1869); “Protoplasm : the Physical Basis of Life)
(1869), new edition entitled (On the Physical
Basis of Life) in Half Hours with Modern
Scientists); "Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Re-
views) (1870); (Essays : Selected from Lay Ser-
mons, etc. ) (1871); (A Manual of the Anatomy
of Vertebrated Animals) (1871); (Critiques
and Addresses) (1873); (American Addresses)
(1877); ( Physiography) (1877); Hume) (1879),
in English Men of Letters ); (Science Primers :
Introductory) (1880); (The Crayfish: an Intro-
duction to the Study of Zoology) (1880); (Sci-
ence and Culture, and Other Essays) (1881);
Inaugural Meeting of the Fishery Congress :
Address) (1883); with H. N. Martin, (A Course
of Practical Instruction in Elementary Biol-
ogy) (1888). *
Huygens, Constantyn (hi'genz). A Dutch
poet and prose-writer; born in The Hague, Sept.
4, 1596; died March 28, 1687. He was long
private secretary to the Prince of Orange. His
first volume of poems, "Otia) (Relaxations), is
in Italian, French, Latin, and Dutch. The last
two sections were subsequently enlarged and
each published separately: the first as Momenta
Desultoria); and the second, the widely read
(Corn Flowers,' which contained epigrams, trans-
lations, and one or two excellent comedies.
His most notable poems are Daghwerck, in
memory of his wife, and Batave Tempe,' a
series of native legends and scenes. His prose
comprises memoirs, essays on music, and State
papers. He is the most brilliant figure in Dutch
literary history.
Huysmans, Jorris Karl (ēs-mäns). A French
novelist; born in Paris, Feb. 5, 1848. He studied
law and entered the French civil service, but
abandoned it for literature. At first a pro-
nounced realist, he turned to idealism and even
mysticism. He first attracted notice by the
story (Pack on Back); then followed (Martha,
(The Vatard Sisters,''(The Ménage,' and others.
The latest expression of his theories is in
(Down There) (Là-bas). His style is dreamy
and intensely delicate, but obscure at times.
Hyacinthe, Père. See Loyson.
Hylton, John Dunbar. An American writer
of verse; born in the island of Jamaica, W. I. ,
1837. He is a physician at Palmyra, N. J. He
has written : (The Bride of Gettysburg) (1878);
(Above the Grave of John Odenswurge) (2d
ed. 1884); (Artaloise) (1887); etc.
Hymans, Louis (ē-mäns). A Belgian histo-
rian, journalist, novelist, and poet; born in
Rotterdam, 1829; died at Brussels, 1884. He re-
moved to Belgium in boyhood and rose rapidly
to distinction as a Liberal journalist. He edited
the Belgian Star and the Parliamentary Echo
for some years, and was elected to Parliament
in 1859. He wrote: (History of the Marquisate
of Anvers, (Popular History of Belgium,' and
(Political and Parliamentary History of Bel-
gium); two popular novels, André Bailly) and
(The Buvard Family'; and some pleasing poems.
Hyndman, Henry Mayers. An English jour-
nalist, socialistic leader, and author; born in
1842. He acted as special correspondent for
the Pall Mall Gazette during the war between
France and Italy in 1866, and was one of the
founders of the Social Democratic Federation
in 1881. Among his works, which deal chiefly
with socialism, may be mentioned : (The Indian
Famine and the Crisis in India' (1877); (Text-
Book of Democracy) (1881); (The Historical
Basis of Socialism in England) (1883); (Will
Socialism Benefit the English People ? ) (1884):
(The Commercial Crisis of the Nineteenth
Century) (1892). He was co-author with Will-
iam Morris of (A Summar" of the Principles
of Socialism) (1884).
## p. 282 (#298) ############################################
282
IAMBLICHUS - IDE
I
Iamblichus (jam’bli-kus). A Syrian philoso-
pher; born at Chalcis, Cæle-Syria ; died about
330 A. D. He was the author of numerous
philosophical works written from the Neo-
Platonic point of view, among them an (Ex-
hortation to Philosophy. He also wrote a
"Life of Pythagoras.
Ibn Batuta (ibn bä-tö'tä). An Arabic
writer of travel; born at Tangier, Morocco,
about 1304; died at Fez, about 1377. He made
many voyages and wrote his (Travels,' which
were translated into French and English. He
is sometimes termed Abu Abdallah Mohammed.
Ibn Doreid, Abubekr Mohammed (ibn do-
rid'). 'An Arabic poet and philologist; born
at Basra, 838; died in Bagdad, 933. He wrote,
among other things, a celebrated elegy on the
mutability of fortune, which has been translated
and commented upon.
Ibn Esra (ibn ez'rä). [Properly Abraham
ben Meir ibn Esra. ] A Jewish writer and
scholar; born at Toledo, about 1092; died
1167. He traveled extensively, studying poetry,
grammar, mathematics, astronomy, and philos-
ophy. He wrote a Hebrew grammar, was one
of the earliest critics and commentators on the
Bible, and composed hymns largely used in
the Jewish liturgy.
Ibn Khaldún, Abderrahman (ibn khäl-dön').
An Arabic historian, descended from a noble
family of Seville; born in Tunis, 1322; died at
Cairo, 1406. He occupied high official positions
at the courts of various Mahometan princes,
and is considered the greatest of Arabic his-
torians, his chief work being a history of the
Arabs and Berbers in several volumes, with a
philosophical introduction to the science of
history.
Ibn Khallikan (ibn kál’li-kän). An Arabic
scholar and writer; born at Arbc. a, 1211; died
at Damascus, 1281. He was renowned in his
own day for his numerous works in every de-
partment of literature. His best-known work
is the (Wafiat-ul-Aiyan, or Deaths of Emi-
nent Men.
Ibn Koteiba, Abdallah ibn Muslim. A noted
Arabic philologist and historian; born
at
Bagdad, 828 ; died there, 890. He composed,
among many other things, a (Handbook of
History, brought out in a German translation
in 1850; a work on "The Art of Poetry); and
"Contributions to the Knowledge of Poetry
among the Old Arabs.
Ibn Sina (ibn sen'ä). An Arabic philoso-
pher, known also as Avicenna; born in Af-
shena, Bokhara, 980; died at Hamaden, Persia,
1037. The titles of his works are so numerous
that the reader is referred to his biography in
the Library) for an authoritive enumeration of
them as well as for a history of his career. *
Ibn Tofail (ibn to-fil'). An Arabic philos-
opher and physician, who flourished towards
the close of the twelfth century in one of the
Spanish dominions of the Moors. His most
celebrated work is a philosophical romance
bearing the title “The Improvement of Hu-
man Reason Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn
Yokdhan, which has been translated into He-
brew, Latin, and English.
Ibrahim of Aleppo (ib-rä-hēm'). A famed
Ottoman writer on jurisprudence; born about
1490 (? ); died 1549. He compiled the great
code of laws known as "Muiteka-al-Abhar)
(Confluence of the Seas).
Ibsen, Henrik (ib'sen). A Norwegian dram-
atist; born in Skien, March 20, 1828.
His plays
are : Brand, a drama; (A Doll's House, a
satiric comedy ; (Peer Gynt,' a dramatic poem ;
(Emperor and Galilean,' a historic drama (in
two parts: i. , Julian's Apostasy); ii. , (Julian
the Emperor'); (The Pillars of Society, a
satiric comedy; (The Warriors at Helgeland,
a historical drama; 'Love's Comedy,' a satiri.
cal play; and the series comprising (Ghosts,
(An Enemy of the People, (The Wild Duck,'
(Rosmersholm,' (The Lady from the Sea,
(Hedda Gabler,) and (Architect Solness,' all
of which are alike in that they aim to dissect
the conventionalities of the social system under
which we live. *
Ibycus (ib i-kus). A Greek lyric poet; born
in Rhegium, about B. C. 560 (? ); died there (or
near Corinth ? ), B. C. 525 (? ). The fragments
of exquisite metre that have come down to us,
and the picturesque fate that befell him -
fate that suggested to Dante one of his in-
imitable images -- have won for him a distinct
The ancients esteemed him highly,
although Cicero complains of the impurity of
his Muse as a sign of the degeneracy of the
Romans who admired it. The story told of him
is that the poet went on a journey to Corinth
but was captured by bandits near that city,
and murdered after having been despoiled.
As he expired he called to a flock of passing
cranes to avenge him; and as the bandits sat
in the theatre not many days later, a flight of
the stately birds took place, whereupon the
leader of the guilty men called attention, iron-
ically, to the dead poet's « avengers. ” The
word attracted notice and led to discovery.
Ide, George Barton. An American writer
and clergyman; born in Vermont, 1804; died
in 1872. He has published (Green Hollow);
(Bible Echoes, or Lessons from the War);
renown.
## p. 283 (#299) ############################################
IDRISI - INGEMANN
283
(The Power of Kindness,' a juvenile tale ; and
(Bible Pictures.
Idrisi (id're-sē). An Arabian geographer,
who flourished between 1100 and 1200, and
wrote a (Book About the World) which is of
importance the annals of geographical
science.
Iffland, August Wilhelm (if'fänd). A Ger-
man dramatist and actor; born in Hanover,
April 19, 1759; died at Berlin, Sept. 22, 1814.
He Aed his home and theological studies when
a mere youth, in order to go on the stage, and
soon became a great actor. As a playwright
he captured the public with (The Hunters )
and (The Crime of Ambition. He united in
a rare degree a mastery of stage-craft with a
knowledge of dramatic construction.
Iglesias, José Maria (ē-glā'se-äs). A Mex-
ican historian and publicist; born in the City
of Mexico, Jan. 5, 1823. He has figured very
prominently in his country's politics. He has
written 'Contribution to a History of the War
between Mexico and the United States) (1852),
and a (Historical Review of the French Inter-
vention (1870).
Iglesias de la Casa, José (ē-glā'se-äs dā lä
kä’sä). A Spanish poet; born in Salamanca,
Oct. 31, 1743; died there, Aug. 26, 1791. He
was a priest in his native diocese, and in con-
junction with Melendez, organized a devoted
band of poetasters, the fame of which spread far
and wide, under the name of the School of Sala-
manca, exercising in time no ordinary authority
over Spanish poetry. His volume of Light
Verse has, under various titles, passed through
numerous editions in Spain, where he will prob-
ably always be a classic.
Ilsley, Charles Parker. An American au-
thor; born in Maine in 1807; died in 1887.
He was a resident of Portland, Me. , until
1866. Among his works are : (The Liberty
Pole, a Tale of Machias); (Forest and Shore,
later republished as "The Wrecker's Daughter. )
Imbert, Barthelémi (an-băr'). A French
poet; born at Nîmes, 1747; died near Paris (? ),
Aug. 23, 1790. He attained celebrity with “The
Judgment of Paris,' a specimen of delicately
wrought and musical versification. He also
wrote a Book of Fables. '
Imbert de Saint-Amand, Arthur (an-băr'
dė sant-a-man). A French biographer and his-
torian; born in Paris, Nov. 22, 1834. His career
was a diplomatic and official one until he be.
gan a study of the lives of the women of the old
French courts, of the First Empire, and of the
restoration. His (Women of Versailles) is a
graphic presentation of court manners and
morals under the last three of the Louises be-
fore the Revolution, while the "Women of the
Tuileries) is a bit of realism in biography that
brings the era vividly before the reader. His
studies of the Napoleonic royalties sustain the
reputation established by the earlier works.
Imbriani, Vittorio lēm-bré-an'ē). An Ital-
ian poet and historian of literature ; born in
Naples, Oct. 27, 1840; died there, Jan. I, 1886.
His life was involved in political turmoil, but
he made himself known as a graceful and ele-
gant poet with Popular Songs of the Southern
Provinces,' and as an ode-writer of strength
and dignity in an (Address to Italy's Queen. In
prose he ranks high, as (Purloined (or Usurped)
Reputations,' a book of literary essays, demon-
strates. His Philological Studies in Dante )
is a valuable contribution to our knowledge
of the great Florentine.
Imlah, John. A Scottish poet and song-
writer; born in Aberdeen, 1799 ; died at St.
James, Jamaica, 1846. His songs met the pop-
ular fancy, and are to be found in all Scotch
collections. He published May Flowers) in
1827, followed by (Poems and Songs, (1841).
Immermann, Karl Leberecht (im'mer-män).
A German poet, dramatist, and romancer; born
in Magdeburg, April 24, 1796; died at Düssel.
dorf, Aug. 25, 1840. A university course and
the campaign of Waterloo supplied his early
experiences. As the result of years of hard
labor he produced plays above mediocrity but
below greatness. (The Princes of Syracuse )
and (The Eye of Love) merit notice among
his comedies, while as a tragedy, his (Ghis-
monda) ranks high. He lives in the brilliant
and original Epigoni. Münchhausen, his
lightest fancy, is well known. It must not be
confused with Baron Münchhausen. *
Inchbaid, Elizabeth Simpson. An English
actress, dramatist, and novelist; born 1753; died
1821. A Simple Story,) Nature and Art, are
among her best tales. She also wrote: (Such
Things Are); (The Married Man); (The Wed-
ding Day); (The Midnight Hour); Every
One Has his Fault'; 'Lovers' Vows); etc.
Ingalls, Joshua King. An American finan-
cier and writer; born 18— He has published:
(Social Wealth'; (Economic Equities); and
(Reminiscences of an Octogenarian' (1897).
Ingelow, Jean. An English poet and novel-
ist; born in Boston, Lincolnshire, in 1830; died
in London, July 19, 1897. (A Rhyming Chron-
icle of Incidents and Feeling,' her maiden
volume, reveals her melancholy disposition.
The Round of Days) brought her fame, and
the circle of her admirers constantly widened
as (Home Thoughts and Home Scenes, (A
Story of Doom, and Other Poems, (Mopsa the
Fairy, and "Little Wonder Horn) made evi-
dent the full range of her power. Her novels,
Fated to be Free, (Sarah de Berenger,' (Don
John, and one or two more, did not attract
wide attention. *
Ingemann, Bernhard Severin (ing'e-män).
A Danish poet and novelist; born 1789; died
1862. His Procne, Youthful Poems, and
(The Renegade) display genius. Blanca,
(The Voice in the Desert,) and (The Battle
for the Possession of Walhalla) are wonder-
ful plays, alive with inspiration. Waldemar
the Great and his Companions,' a historic
poem, is his masterpiece, while as a novelist
## p. 284 (#300) ############################################
284
INGERSOLL-IRVING
he stands among the chosen few with (Con-
queror Waldemar, one of the triumphs of the
Danish language. *
Ingersoll, Charles Jared. An American
poet and miscellaneous writer; born in Phila-
delphia, 1782; died there, 1862. He was the
author of Chiomara) (1800), a poem; (Edwy
and Elgira! (1801 ), a tragedy; (Inchiquin
the Jesuit's Letters on American Literature
and Politics) (1810); (Julian) (1831), a poem;
and a "Historical Sketch of the Second War
between the United States and Great Britain)
(4 vols. , 1845-52).
Ingersoll, Ernest. An American naturalist
and prose-writer; born in Michigan, 1852. The
summer of 1873 he spent with Louis Agassiz
in his seaside school on Penikese. After Agassiz
died he was naturalist and collector with the
Hayden survey in the West. He contributed
scientific articles to various newspapers. His
writings include: (Birds’-Nesting? (1881); His-
tory and Present Condition of the Oyster In-
dustries of the United States) (1881); “Knocking
Round the Rockies) (1882); (Country Cousins
(1884); (The Strange Ventures of a Stowaway)
(1886); and (Down-East Latch-Strings) (1887).
Ingersoll, Luther Dunham. An American
writer; born 18. He is librarian of the War
Department at Washington, and has published
(Iowa and the Rebellion); a (Life of Horace
Greeley); and a “History of the War Depart-
ment.
Ingersoll, Robert Green. A distinguished
American orator, lecturer, and lawyer; born in
Dresden, N. Y. , Aug. 11, 1833. He is well known
as a free-thinker. He went west when twelve
years old, becoming in time a school-teacher.
He began to practice law in 1854. He was
colonel of Illinois cavalry during the War. In
1866 he was made attorney-general for Illinois.
He now has his law office in New York. He
has published: (The Gods); (Ghosts); (Some
Mistakes of Moses); 'Lectures Complete);
(Prose Poems and Selections); and many other
pamphlets and miscellaneous articles.
Ingleby, Clement Mansfield. An English
Shakespearean critic and miscellaneous writer;
born at Edgbaston, near Birmingham, Oct. 29,
1823; died at Ilford, Essex, 1886. He was edu-
cated at Cambridge for the law, which he
abandoned for a literary career, and became
famous as a Shakespearean scholar and critic,
aiding in the Stanton edition. He wrote : (The
Principles of Acoustics and the Theory of
Sound); 'The Stereoscope); (The Ideality of
the Rainbow); (The Mutual Relation of The-
ory and Practice); (Law and Religion); (A
Voice for the Mute Creation); Miracles Versus
Nature. )
Inglis, Henry David (ing'lz). An English
descriptive prose-writer; born in Edinburgh,
1795; died in London, March 20, 1835. From
mercantile life he drifted into literature ; travel-
ing widely, and under the pseudonym of «Der-
went Conway," writing : ( Tales of the Ardennes)
(1825), a very popular book, duly followed by
(Solitary Walks through Many Lands) (1828),
(Rambles in the Footsteps of Don Quixote)
(1837), and various similar studies.
Ingraham, Joseph Holt. An American
writer and clergyman; born in Maine, 1809;
died 1866. He lived for a time in Holly Springs,
Miss. , and early in life wrote some very sensa-
tional romances, among them: Lafitte; the
Pirate of the Gulf); (Captain Kyd); and (The
Dancing Feather. After entering the minis-
try he wrote three religious romances: The
Prince of the House of David); (The Pillar
of Fire); and (The Throne of David.
Innsley, Owen. See Jennison, Lucy White.
Intra, Giambattista (ēn'trä). An Italian
novelist and essayist; born in Calvenzano, near
Bergamo, in 1832. He has contributed ably to
periodical literature and produced original and
interesting fiction, notably Agnese Gonzaga,
and (The Last of the Bonaccolsi.
Ion of Chios (i'on (or ē'on) ki'os). A Greek
poet and prose-writer; born in Chios about 484
B. C. ; died at Athens about 422. Few losses to
literature are so serious as the destruction of
his works, fragments only of which have de-
scended to us. Richly endowed, intellectually
and physically, and accomplished even for the
age of Pericles, he established himself in the
intimacy of Æschylus, Sophocles, and the other
men who ornament that unexampled era. He
distinguished himself by his versatility: trage-
dies, hymns, elegies, epigrams, and essays issued
in a splendid if not very deep stream from the
perennial springs of his fancy. Brilliant pass-
ages in his memoirs, saved to us by a happy
accident, tell of the banquet he gave to Sopho-
cles and the things said and done on that typ-
ically Hellenic occasion.
Iron, Ralph. See Schreiner, olive.
Irving, John Treat, Jr. An American writer;
born 1812; a nephew of Washington Irving, and
a lawyer of New York city. He has written:
(Indian Sketches); 'Hawk Chief); 'The Attor-
ney); Henry Harson); and (The Van Gelder
Papers.
Irving, Pierre Munroe. An American writer,
nephew of Washington Irving; born 1803; died
in 1876. He was the author of a "Life of
Washington Irving. He also edited various
compilations and acted as his uncle's literary
assistant.
Irving, Washington. An American histo-
rian, biographer, and man of letters; born in
New York, April 3, 1783 ; died at “Sunnyside,
near Tarrytown, N. Y. , Nov. 28, 1859. His works
include: A Voyage to the Eastern Part of
Terra Firma) (1806), a translation; Saima-
gundi (1807-8), with J. K. Paulding and Will.
iam Irving ; (History of New York by Diedrich
Knickerbocker) (1809); (The Sketch Book)
(1819-20); (Bracebridge Hall (1822); "Let-
ters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent. (1824); "Life
and Times of Christopher Columbus) (1828);
:
:
## p. 285 (#301) ############################################
IRVING - JACOBI
285
"Conquest of Granada) (1829); (Companions of
Columbus (1831); (The Alhambra) (1832);
(Crayon Miscellany) (1835); Astoria) (1836);
« The Rocky Mountains : Journal of Captain
B. L. E. Bonneville) (1837); Life of Oliver
Goldsmith) (1840); (Mahomet and his Suc-
cessors) (1849-50); (Wolfert's Roost! (1855);
"Life of Washington (1855-59). Among his
literary labors he made an edition of The
Poetical Works of Thomas Campbell (1810),
and Miscellaneous Works of Oliver Gold-
smith. *
Irving, William. An American prose-writer,
and brother of Washington Irving ; born in
New York city, 1766; died there, 1821. He con-
tributed largely in the production of Salma-
gundi; the political pieces were mostly his,
as also were the letters of Mustapha in Nos. 5
want. He is without a rival among his coun-
trymen, Cervantes always excepted, as a wit
and satirist; the prodigious popularity of his
(Life and Adventures of Friar Gerundio de
Campazas, upon its first appearance in 1758
(under the pseudonym of «F. Lobon de Sala-
zar)), being but a well-won tribute to its unhack-
neyed drolleries and epigrammatic style. As a
portrait of Spanish life in the eighteenth cen-
tury it must ever remain a standard work. He
made an infelicitous translation of (Gil Blas)
from the French that led to a still more in-
felicitous controversy over the authorship of
that lengthy masterpiece. His other works are
without importance.
Isocrates (i-sok'ra-tēs). A Greek orator and
rhetorician; born in Athens in 436 B. C. ; died
at Athens (? ) 338 B. C. He was apparently
carefully educated, Socrates having been of
the number of his preceptors; and at an early
age he was celebrated for the facility with
which he used his native tongue, although the
weakness of his voice precluded any hope he
may once have entertained of distinction in
public life. He therefore opened a school of
oratory, the fame of which soon filled all Greece,
in consequence of the exceptional attainments of
its graduates. The ages have spared to us
twenty-one of his compositions, rhetorical and
epistolary. He is best represented by the dis-
courses known as the (Areopagiticus) and the
(Panegyricus.
and 14.
ous verse.
Isaaks, Jorge (ē'säks or i'zaks). A South
American novelist and poet; born in Cali,
Colombia. His extraction is partly English-
Jewish and partly Spanish. María,' a novel,
is his masterpiece, but he has written meritori-
*
Isla, José Francisco de (ēs'lä).
