)
in shooting with the bow of Odysseus.
in shooting with the bow of Odysseus.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
ir.
thers, Odysseus and Dio-
ratagem. During the siege
ed himself as a valiant and
- iv. 494, 4. 677, vii 168
-2), but more particularly as
eloquent spy and negotiator,
e related in which he was of
the Greeks by these posters
Trojans fell by his band.
chilles he contended for his
mnonian Ajax, and gained the
Ov. Met, xiii. init. ). He is
devised the stratagem of the
str. Her. x. 12), and he was
at were concealed in its bells,
answering Helen, that they
red (Od. iv. 280, &c. viii, 494,
ne horse was opened he and
First that jumped out and has-
of Deiphobus, where he con-
struggle (Od. viii. 517). He
e taken part in carrying off the
Aen. ii. 164. )
is adventures is so celebrated in
wanderings after the destruction
ultimate return to Ithaca, which
I the Homeric poem called after
After the taking of Troy one
reeks sailed away, and another
remained behind on the Trojan
at first joined the former, but
d as far as Tenedos, he returned
Id. iii. 163). Afterwards, bow-
ed to sail home, but was thrown
the coast of Ismarus, a town of
Thrace, north of the island of
iere ravaged and plundered the
was not able to induce his men to
the Cicones hastened towards the
aterior, and slew 72 of bis com-
39, &c. ). From thence he was
h wind towards Maleia and to the
ne coast of Libya. Some of his
: so much delighted with the taste
at they wanted to remain in the
lysseus compelled them to embark
inued his voyage (Od. ix. 67, 84,
ne day he reached the goat-island,
of the country of the Lotopbagi
He there left behind eleven ships,
ne sailed to the neighbouring island
(the western coast of Sicily), where
bodies of the sheep which the Cyclops let out of pelled him to land. He made there swear not to
his cave; and Odysseus, with a part of the flock, touch any of the cattle ; but as they were detained
reached his ship. The Cyclops implored his father in the island by storms, and as they were hungry,
Poseidon to take vengeance upon Odysseus, and they killed the finest of the oxen while Odysseus
henceforth the god of the sea pursued the wan was asleep. After some days the storm abated,
dering king with implacable enmity (Od. i. 68, &c. and they sailed away, but soon another storm came
ix. 172--542). Others represent Poseidon as on, and their ship was destroyed by Zeus with a
angry with Odysseus on account of the death of flash of lightning. All were drowned with the ex-
Palamedes (Philostr. Her. ii. 20 ; comp. PALA- ception of Odysseus, who saved himself by means
MEDES). On his further voyage he arrived at the of the mast and planks, and was driven by the
island of Aeolus, probably in the south of Sicily, wind again towards Scylla and Charybdis. But
where he stayed one month, and is said to have he skilfully avoided the danger, ard after ten days
been in love with Polymela, the daughter of Aeolus he reached the woody island of Ogygia, inhabited
(Parthen. Erol. 2). On his departure Aeolus pro by the nymph Calypso (xii. 127, &c. 260, &c. ).
vided him with a bag of winds, which were to She received him with kindness, and desired him
carry him home, but his companions, without to marry her, promising immortality and eternal
Odysseus' knowing it, opened the bag, and the youth, if he would consent, and forget Ithaca. But
winds escaped, whereupon the ships were driven he could not overcome his longing after his own
back to the island of Aeolus, who was indignant home (i. 51, 58, iv. 82, &c. 555, &c. vii. 244, &c.
and refused all further assistance (Od. x. i. &c. ). ix. 28, 34). Athena, who had always been the
After a voyage of six days he arrived at Telepylos, protectress of Odysseus, induced Zeus to promise
the city of Lamus, in which Antiphates ruled over that Odysseus, notwithstanding the anger of Po-
the Laestrygones, a sort of cannibals. This place seidon, should one day return to his native island,
must probably be sought somewhere in the north of and take vengeance on the suitors of Penelope (i.
Sicily. Odysseus escaped from them with only one 48, &c. v. 23, xiii. 131, comp. xiii. 300, &c. ).
ship (x. 80, &c. ), and his fate now carried him to a Hermes carried to Calypso the command of Zeus
western island, Aeaea, inhabited by the sorceress to dismiss Odysseus. The nymph obeyed, and
Circe. A part of his people was sent to explore the taught him how to build a raft, on which, after a
island, but they were changed by Circe into swine. stay of eight years with her, he left the island (v.
Eurylochus alone escaped, and brought the sad 140, &c. 234, 263). In eighteen days he came in
news to Odysseus, who, when he was hastening to sight of Scheria, the island of the Phaeacians,
the assistance of his friends, was instructed by when Poseidon, who perceived him, sent a storm,
Hermes by wbat means he could resist the magic which cast him off the raft. On the advice of
powers of Circe. He succeeded in liberating his Leucothea, and with her and Athena's assistance,
companions, who were again changed into men, he reached Scheria by dint of swimming (v. 278,
and were most hospitably treated by the sorceress. &c. 445, vi. 170). The exhausted hero slept on
When at length Odysseus begged for leave to de- the shore, until he was awoke by the voices of
part, Circe desired him to descend into Hades and maidens. He found Nausicaa, the daughter of
to consult the seer Teiresias (x. 135, &c. ). He king Alcinous and Arete ; she gave him clothing
now sailed westward right across the river Oceanus, and allowed him to follow her to the town, where
and having landed on the other side in the country he was kindly received by her parents. He was
of the Cimmerians, where Helios does not shine, honoured with feasts and contests, and the minstrel
he entered Hades, and consulted Teiresias about Demodocus sang of the fall of Troy, which moved
the manner in which he might reach his native Odysseus to tears, and being questioned about the
island. Teiresias informed him of the danger and cause of his emotion, he related his whole history.
difficulties arising from the anger of Poseidon, but At length he was honoured with presents and sent
gave him hope that all would yet turn out well
, if home in a ship.
Odysseus and his companions would leave the herds One night as he had fallen asleep in his ship,
of Helios in Thrinacia uninjured (Od. xi. ). Odys- it reached the coast of Ithaca ; the Phaeacians who
seus now returned to Aeaea, where Circe again had accompanied him, carried him and his presents
treated the strangers kindly, told them of the on shore, and left him. He had now been away
dangers that yet awaited them, and of the means from Ithaca for twenty years, and when he awoke
of escaping (xii. 1, &c. ). The wind which she he did not recognise his native land, for Athena,
sent with them carried them to the island of the that he might not be recognised, had enveloped
Seirens, somewhere near the west coast of Italy. him in a cloud. As he was lamenting his fate the
The Seirens sat on the shore, and with their sweet goddess informed him where he was, concealed his
voices attracted all that passed by, and then de presents, and advised him how to take vengeance
stroyed them. Odysseus, in order to escape the upon the enemies of his house. During his absence
danger, filled the ears of his companions with wax, his father Laërtes, bowed down by grief and old
and fastened hiinself to the mast of his ship, until age, had withdrawn into the country, his mother
he was out of the reach of the Seirens' song (xii. Anticleia had died of sorrow, his son Telemachus
39, &c. 166, &c. ). Hereupon his ship came be had grown up to manhood, and his wife Penelope
tween Scylla and Charybdis, two rocks between had rejected all the offers that had been made to
Thrinacia and Italy. As the ship passed between her by the importunate suitors from the neigh-
them, Scylla, the monster inhabiting the rock of bouring islands (Od. xi. 180, &c. xiii. 336, &c.
the same name, carried off and devoured six of the xv. 355, &c. xvi. 108, &c. ). During the last
companions of Odysseus (xii. 73, &c. 235, &c. ). three years of Odyssens' absence more than a
From thence he came to Thrinacia, the island of hundred nobles of Ithaca, Same, Dulichium, and
Helios, who there kept his sacred herds of oxen. Zacynthus had been suing for the hand of Penelope,
Odysseus, mindful of the advice of Teiresias and and in their visits to her house had treated ali
Circe, wanted to pass by, but his companions com- that it contained as if it had been their own (i, 246,
mpanions he entered the care of the
iemus, a son of Poseidon and Thouse.
roured one after another six of the
Odysseus, and kept the unfortunate
the six others as prisoners in his
er to save himself Odysseus contrived
monster drunk with wine, and then
ng pole deprived him of his one eye.
eeded in making his escape with his
oncealing himself and them under the
## p. 14 (#30) ##############################################
14
OEAGRUS.
OEBOTAS. -
:
vants.
xiii. 377, xiv. 90, xvi. 247). That he might be OEAGRUS (Olaypos), a king of Thrace, and
able to take vengeance upon them, it was necessary father of Orpheus and Linus (A pollod. i. 3. $ 2;
that he should not be recognised, in order to avail Orph. Argon. 73 ; Ov. 16. 484). Hence the sisters
himself of any favourable moment that might pre- of Orpheus are called Oeagrides, in the sense of
bent itself. Athena accordingly metamorphosed the Muses. (Mosch. iii. 37. ) (L. S. )
Juim into an unsightly beggar, in which appearance OEAX (Oyak), a son of Nauplius and Clymene,
he was kindly treated by Eumaeus, the swineherd, and brother of Palamedes and Nausimedon ( A pollod.
a faithful servant of his house (xiii. 70, &c. xiv. ). ii. 1. in fin. iii. 2. § 2 ; Eurip. Orest. 432). (L. S. )
While he was staying with Eumaeus, his son OEBALUS (O16 anos). 1. A son of Cynortas,
Telemachus returned from Sparta and Pylos, and husband of Gorgophone, by whom he became
whither he had gone to obtain information con- the father of Tyndareos, Peirene, and Arene, was
cerning his father. Odysseus made himself known king of Sparta, where he was afterwards honoured
to him, and with him deliberated upon the plan of with an heroum (Paus. iii. 1. $ 3, 15. $ 7, ii. 2. §
revenge (xvi. 187, &c. 300). In the disguise of a 3, iv. 2. § 3). According to others he was a son
beggar he accompanied Telemachus and Eumneus of Perieres and a grandson of Cynortas, and was
to the town ; on his arrival he was abused and in married to the nymph Bateia, by whom he had
sulted by the goat-herd Melantheus and the suitors, several children (Apollod. ii. 10. § 4; Schol. ad
who even tried to kill Telemachus ; but his old Eurip. Orest. 447). The patronymic Oebalides
dog and his nurse Eurycleia recognised him, and is not only applied to his descendants, but to the
Penelope received him kindly.
Spartans generally, and hence it occurs as an
The plan of revenge was now carried into effect. epithet or surname of Hyacinthus, Castor, Pollux
Penelope, with great difficulty, was made to promise and Helena (Ov. Ib. 590, Fast. v. 705, Her. xvi.
her band to him who should conquer the others 126.
)
in shooting with the bow of Odysseus. As none 2. A son of Telon by a nymph of the stream
of the suitors was able to manage it, Odysseus Sebethus, near Naples. Telon, originally a king
himself took it up, and having ordered all the doors of the Teleboans, had come from the island of
to be shut, and all arms to be removed, he began Taphos to Capreae, in Italy ; and Oebalus settled
his contest with the suitors, in which he was sup in Campania. (Virg. Aen. vii. 734, with Serv.
ported by Athena, his son, and some faithful ser- note. )
(LS. )
All ſell by his hands, the faithless male O ÉBARES (Oilápns). 1. A Persian, an officer
and female servants as well as the suitors ; the of Cyrus. According to Ctesias (ap. Phot. Bibl.
minstrel and Medon, the herald, alone were saved 72), when Astyages was taken at Ecbatana, whither
(xxii. ). Odysseus now made himself known to he had fied from Cyrus, Oebares threw him into
Penelope, and went to see his aged father. In the chains, from which, however, Cyrus released him.
meantime the report of the death of the suitors Ctesias further tells us that, at the siege of Sardis,
was spread abroad, and their relatives now rose in Oebares advised Cyrus to terrify the citizens by
arms against Odysseus ; but Athena, who assumed images of Persians placed on high poles and made
the appearance of Mentor, brought about a recon- to look like gigantic soldiers, and that the fear thus
ciliation between the people and the king (xxi. caused mainly led to the capture of the town.
xxiv. ).
When Cyrus sent Petisaces to bring Astrages to
It has already been remarked that in the Homeric court from his satrapy (the country of the Bar-
poems, Odysseus is represented as a prudent, cun- canii), Oebares instigated the messenger to leave
ning, inventive and eloquent man, but at the same the old king to perish in a desert place, and, when
time as a brave, bold, and persevering warrior, the deed was discovered, starved himself to death
whose courage no misfortune or calamity could to avoid the vengeance of Amytis (Astyages's
subdue, but later poets describe him as a cowardly, daughter), in spite of all the assurances of protec-
deceitful, and intriguing personage (Virg. Aen. ii. tion which Cyrus gave him. .
164 ; 0v. Met. xiii. 6, &c. ; Philostr. Her. ii. 20). 2. A groom of Dareius Hystaspis. According
Respecting the last period of his life the Homeric to Herodotus, when the seven conspirators, after
poems give us no information, except the prophecy slaying Smerdis, had decided on the continuance of
of Teiresias, who promised him a painless death in monarchy, they agreed to ride forth together at
a happy old age (Od. xi. 119); but later writers sunrise, and to acknowledge as king any one of
give us different accounts. According to one, their number whose horse should be the first to
Telegonus, the son of Odysseus by Circe, was sent neigh. Oebares, by a stratagem, caused the horse
out by his mother to seek his father. A storm of Dareius to neigh before the rest, and thus
cast bim upon Ithaca, which he began to plunder secured the throne for his master. (Herod. iii.
in order to obtain provisions. Odysseus and Tele 84-87. )
machus attacked him, but he slew Odysseus, and 3. Son of Megabazus, was viceroy of Dascyleium,
his body was afterwards carried to Aeaea (Hygin. in Bithynia. He received the submission of the
Fab. 127 ; Dict. Cret. vi. 15; Horat. Carm. iii. Cyzicenes to Dareius Hystaspis, about B. C. 494.
29. 8). According to some Circe called Odysseus (Herod. vi. 33 ; comp. Aesch. Pers. 980, ed.
to life again, or on his arrival in Tyrrhenia, he was Schütz. )
[E. E. )
burnt on Mount Perge (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 795, &c. ). OEBOʻTAS (Oibutas), the son of Denias, of
In works of art Odysseus was commonly repre Dyme in Achaea, was victorious in the foot-race at
sented as a sailor, wearing the semi-oval cap of a Olympia, in the sixth Olympiad, B. c. 756. His
sailor. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 36 ; Paus. x. 26. § 1, countrymen, however, having conferred upon him
29. § 2 ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 804. ) (L. S. ] no distinguished mark of honour, although he was
OEAGRUS (Olaypos) a tragic actor at Athens, the first Achaean who had gained an Olympic vic
who appears to have been particularly successful in tory, he imprecated upon them the curse that no
the character of Niobe. (Arist. Vesp. 579 ; Schol. Achaean should ever again conquer in the games ;
au loc. )
(E. E. ] and, in fact, for three hundred years, not a single
## p. 15 (#31) ##############################################
-S.
a king of Thrace, and
18 (Apollod. i. 3. & 2;
84). Hence the sisters
grides, in the sense of
2. )
(L. S. )
Nauplius and Clymene,
d Nausimedon (Apolled.
rip. Orest. 432). (LS. )
1. A son of Cynortas,
ne, by whom he became
Peirene, and Arene, was
vas afterwards honoured
. . 1. & 3, 15. & 7, ü. 2. &
to others he was a son
on of Cynortas, and sas
Bateia, by whom he had
- iii. 10. § 4 ; Schol. ad
ne patronymic Oebalides
descendants, but to the
hence it occurs as an
acinthus, Castor, Pollux
, Fast. v. 705, Her, ar
-
a nymph of the stream
Telon, originally a king
come from the island of
aly ; and Oebalus settie
len. vii. 734, with Serv.
(L. S. )
1. A Persian, an ofäcer
- Ctesias (ap. Photo Bible
aken at Ecbatana, whither
Oebares threw him into
ever, Cyrus released him.
nat, at the siege of Sardis,
to terrify the citizens by
d on high poles and made
iers, and that the fear thus
he capture of the town.
aces to bring Astrages to
(the country of the Bar-
d the messenger to leave
a desert place, and, when
, starred himself to death
e of Amytis (Astyages's
I the assurances of prolec-
him. '
ius Hystaspis. According
e seren conspirators, after
cided on the continuance of
to ride forth together at
vledge as king any one of
OECUMENIUS.
OECUMENIUS.
15
Achaean was among the victors. At length the internal evidence. In one MS. it bears the name
Achaeans consulted the Delphic oracle, and, in of Nicetas of Serme, or, as he is usually termed,
obedience to its response, they erected a statue of Nicetas of Heracleia ; in another of Theophy.
Oebotas in the Altis at Olympia, Ol. 80. B. C. 460; lact
. The authorship of Euthymius is inferred
soon after which a victory was gained in the boys' from the resemblance of the work to bis Com-
foot-race, by Sostratus of Pellene. Hence the mentary on the Psalms. The editor of Cave
custom was established for the Achaean athletes to states that Oecumenius himself refers in a pas-
sacrifice to Oebotas before engaging in an Olympic sage in his commentary on St. Paul's Epistles,
contest, and, when victorious, to crown his statue. Ad Hebraeos, c. 6, to a commentary which he had
(Paus. vii. 17. &S 6, 7, 13, 14, Bekker ; comp. vi. written on the Gospels, but we have not been able
3. & 8).
(P. S. ] to find the place. 2. Εξηγήσεις εις τας πράξεις
OECUMENIUS (Oikovuévios), a Greek com- TW 'ATOOTÓWY, Enarrationes (s. Commentarii) in
mentator on various parts of the New Testament. Acta Apostolorum, compiled from the earlier Greek
of this writer scarcely any thing is known : even fathers, especially Chrysostom, with many addi-
the time in waich he lived is not ascertained. He tions by the compiler. 3. 'Erroers eis nas
is cited very often in a MS. Catena in Epistolas naúdov émiotolds hégas, Commentarii in Epistolus
Pauli, formerly in the Coislinian library at Paris, Pauli omnes, of similar character to the Commen-
which Montfaucon (Biblioth. Coislin. cod. xxvii. tary on the Acts of the Apostles. 4. 'E&tyises eis
p. 82) ascribes to the tenth century; and, as ás éatd kadoords deyouevas étiotolás, Commen-
in his own Commentaries Oecumenius has cited tarii in septem Epistolas quae Catholicae dicuntur.
Photius, who belongs to the latter half of the ninth 5. Els triv 'Iwávvov drokádobiv, In Joannis Apo-
century, Lardner is perhaps correct (Credit. bk. i. lysim. These various commentaries have been
c. clxii. ) in assigning him to the year 950. Cave's published. Those on the Acts and the Epistles,
date (A. D. 990) is somewhat too late, if we can both the Pauline and the Catholic, were published
rely on Montfaucon's judgment of the age of the by Donatus, together with the Commentary of
Coislinian MS. Dupin places him in the eleventh Arethas of Caesareia on the Apocalypse, fol. Ve-
century, later than Theophylact, which appears to
rona, 1532.
They were again published at Paris,
be altogether too late. In a MS. cited by Mont- 2 vols. fol. 1631. A Latin version of these Com-
faucon (ib. cod.
thers, Odysseus and Dio-
ratagem. During the siege
ed himself as a valiant and
- iv. 494, 4. 677, vii 168
-2), but more particularly as
eloquent spy and negotiator,
e related in which he was of
the Greeks by these posters
Trojans fell by his band.
chilles he contended for his
mnonian Ajax, and gained the
Ov. Met, xiii. init. ). He is
devised the stratagem of the
str. Her. x. 12), and he was
at were concealed in its bells,
answering Helen, that they
red (Od. iv. 280, &c. viii, 494,
ne horse was opened he and
First that jumped out and has-
of Deiphobus, where he con-
struggle (Od. viii. 517). He
e taken part in carrying off the
Aen. ii. 164. )
is adventures is so celebrated in
wanderings after the destruction
ultimate return to Ithaca, which
I the Homeric poem called after
After the taking of Troy one
reeks sailed away, and another
remained behind on the Trojan
at first joined the former, but
d as far as Tenedos, he returned
Id. iii. 163). Afterwards, bow-
ed to sail home, but was thrown
the coast of Ismarus, a town of
Thrace, north of the island of
iere ravaged and plundered the
was not able to induce his men to
the Cicones hastened towards the
aterior, and slew 72 of bis com-
39, &c. ). From thence he was
h wind towards Maleia and to the
ne coast of Libya. Some of his
: so much delighted with the taste
at they wanted to remain in the
lysseus compelled them to embark
inued his voyage (Od. ix. 67, 84,
ne day he reached the goat-island,
of the country of the Lotopbagi
He there left behind eleven ships,
ne sailed to the neighbouring island
(the western coast of Sicily), where
bodies of the sheep which the Cyclops let out of pelled him to land. He made there swear not to
his cave; and Odysseus, with a part of the flock, touch any of the cattle ; but as they were detained
reached his ship. The Cyclops implored his father in the island by storms, and as they were hungry,
Poseidon to take vengeance upon Odysseus, and they killed the finest of the oxen while Odysseus
henceforth the god of the sea pursued the wan was asleep. After some days the storm abated,
dering king with implacable enmity (Od. i. 68, &c. and they sailed away, but soon another storm came
ix. 172--542). Others represent Poseidon as on, and their ship was destroyed by Zeus with a
angry with Odysseus on account of the death of flash of lightning. All were drowned with the ex-
Palamedes (Philostr. Her. ii. 20 ; comp. PALA- ception of Odysseus, who saved himself by means
MEDES). On his further voyage he arrived at the of the mast and planks, and was driven by the
island of Aeolus, probably in the south of Sicily, wind again towards Scylla and Charybdis. But
where he stayed one month, and is said to have he skilfully avoided the danger, ard after ten days
been in love with Polymela, the daughter of Aeolus he reached the woody island of Ogygia, inhabited
(Parthen. Erol. 2). On his departure Aeolus pro by the nymph Calypso (xii. 127, &c. 260, &c. ).
vided him with a bag of winds, which were to She received him with kindness, and desired him
carry him home, but his companions, without to marry her, promising immortality and eternal
Odysseus' knowing it, opened the bag, and the youth, if he would consent, and forget Ithaca. But
winds escaped, whereupon the ships were driven he could not overcome his longing after his own
back to the island of Aeolus, who was indignant home (i. 51, 58, iv. 82, &c. 555, &c. vii. 244, &c.
and refused all further assistance (Od. x. i. &c. ). ix. 28, 34). Athena, who had always been the
After a voyage of six days he arrived at Telepylos, protectress of Odysseus, induced Zeus to promise
the city of Lamus, in which Antiphates ruled over that Odysseus, notwithstanding the anger of Po-
the Laestrygones, a sort of cannibals. This place seidon, should one day return to his native island,
must probably be sought somewhere in the north of and take vengeance on the suitors of Penelope (i.
Sicily. Odysseus escaped from them with only one 48, &c. v. 23, xiii. 131, comp. xiii. 300, &c. ).
ship (x. 80, &c. ), and his fate now carried him to a Hermes carried to Calypso the command of Zeus
western island, Aeaea, inhabited by the sorceress to dismiss Odysseus. The nymph obeyed, and
Circe. A part of his people was sent to explore the taught him how to build a raft, on which, after a
island, but they were changed by Circe into swine. stay of eight years with her, he left the island (v.
Eurylochus alone escaped, and brought the sad 140, &c. 234, 263). In eighteen days he came in
news to Odysseus, who, when he was hastening to sight of Scheria, the island of the Phaeacians,
the assistance of his friends, was instructed by when Poseidon, who perceived him, sent a storm,
Hermes by wbat means he could resist the magic which cast him off the raft. On the advice of
powers of Circe. He succeeded in liberating his Leucothea, and with her and Athena's assistance,
companions, who were again changed into men, he reached Scheria by dint of swimming (v. 278,
and were most hospitably treated by the sorceress. &c. 445, vi. 170). The exhausted hero slept on
When at length Odysseus begged for leave to de- the shore, until he was awoke by the voices of
part, Circe desired him to descend into Hades and maidens. He found Nausicaa, the daughter of
to consult the seer Teiresias (x. 135, &c. ). He king Alcinous and Arete ; she gave him clothing
now sailed westward right across the river Oceanus, and allowed him to follow her to the town, where
and having landed on the other side in the country he was kindly received by her parents. He was
of the Cimmerians, where Helios does not shine, honoured with feasts and contests, and the minstrel
he entered Hades, and consulted Teiresias about Demodocus sang of the fall of Troy, which moved
the manner in which he might reach his native Odysseus to tears, and being questioned about the
island. Teiresias informed him of the danger and cause of his emotion, he related his whole history.
difficulties arising from the anger of Poseidon, but At length he was honoured with presents and sent
gave him hope that all would yet turn out well
, if home in a ship.
Odysseus and his companions would leave the herds One night as he had fallen asleep in his ship,
of Helios in Thrinacia uninjured (Od. xi. ). Odys- it reached the coast of Ithaca ; the Phaeacians who
seus now returned to Aeaea, where Circe again had accompanied him, carried him and his presents
treated the strangers kindly, told them of the on shore, and left him. He had now been away
dangers that yet awaited them, and of the means from Ithaca for twenty years, and when he awoke
of escaping (xii. 1, &c. ). The wind which she he did not recognise his native land, for Athena,
sent with them carried them to the island of the that he might not be recognised, had enveloped
Seirens, somewhere near the west coast of Italy. him in a cloud. As he was lamenting his fate the
The Seirens sat on the shore, and with their sweet goddess informed him where he was, concealed his
voices attracted all that passed by, and then de presents, and advised him how to take vengeance
stroyed them. Odysseus, in order to escape the upon the enemies of his house. During his absence
danger, filled the ears of his companions with wax, his father Laërtes, bowed down by grief and old
and fastened hiinself to the mast of his ship, until age, had withdrawn into the country, his mother
he was out of the reach of the Seirens' song (xii. Anticleia had died of sorrow, his son Telemachus
39, &c. 166, &c. ). Hereupon his ship came be had grown up to manhood, and his wife Penelope
tween Scylla and Charybdis, two rocks between had rejected all the offers that had been made to
Thrinacia and Italy. As the ship passed between her by the importunate suitors from the neigh-
them, Scylla, the monster inhabiting the rock of bouring islands (Od. xi. 180, &c. xiii. 336, &c.
the same name, carried off and devoured six of the xv. 355, &c. xvi. 108, &c. ). During the last
companions of Odysseus (xii. 73, &c. 235, &c. ). three years of Odyssens' absence more than a
From thence he came to Thrinacia, the island of hundred nobles of Ithaca, Same, Dulichium, and
Helios, who there kept his sacred herds of oxen. Zacynthus had been suing for the hand of Penelope,
Odysseus, mindful of the advice of Teiresias and and in their visits to her house had treated ali
Circe, wanted to pass by, but his companions com- that it contained as if it had been their own (i, 246,
mpanions he entered the care of the
iemus, a son of Poseidon and Thouse.
roured one after another six of the
Odysseus, and kept the unfortunate
the six others as prisoners in his
er to save himself Odysseus contrived
monster drunk with wine, and then
ng pole deprived him of his one eye.
eeded in making his escape with his
oncealing himself and them under the
## p. 14 (#30) ##############################################
14
OEAGRUS.
OEBOTAS. -
:
vants.
xiii. 377, xiv. 90, xvi. 247). That he might be OEAGRUS (Olaypos), a king of Thrace, and
able to take vengeance upon them, it was necessary father of Orpheus and Linus (A pollod. i. 3. $ 2;
that he should not be recognised, in order to avail Orph. Argon. 73 ; Ov. 16. 484). Hence the sisters
himself of any favourable moment that might pre- of Orpheus are called Oeagrides, in the sense of
bent itself. Athena accordingly metamorphosed the Muses. (Mosch. iii. 37. ) (L. S. )
Juim into an unsightly beggar, in which appearance OEAX (Oyak), a son of Nauplius and Clymene,
he was kindly treated by Eumaeus, the swineherd, and brother of Palamedes and Nausimedon ( A pollod.
a faithful servant of his house (xiii. 70, &c. xiv. ). ii. 1. in fin. iii. 2. § 2 ; Eurip. Orest. 432). (L. S. )
While he was staying with Eumaeus, his son OEBALUS (O16 anos). 1. A son of Cynortas,
Telemachus returned from Sparta and Pylos, and husband of Gorgophone, by whom he became
whither he had gone to obtain information con- the father of Tyndareos, Peirene, and Arene, was
cerning his father. Odysseus made himself known king of Sparta, where he was afterwards honoured
to him, and with him deliberated upon the plan of with an heroum (Paus. iii. 1. $ 3, 15. $ 7, ii. 2. §
revenge (xvi. 187, &c. 300). In the disguise of a 3, iv. 2. § 3). According to others he was a son
beggar he accompanied Telemachus and Eumneus of Perieres and a grandson of Cynortas, and was
to the town ; on his arrival he was abused and in married to the nymph Bateia, by whom he had
sulted by the goat-herd Melantheus and the suitors, several children (Apollod. ii. 10. § 4; Schol. ad
who even tried to kill Telemachus ; but his old Eurip. Orest. 447). The patronymic Oebalides
dog and his nurse Eurycleia recognised him, and is not only applied to his descendants, but to the
Penelope received him kindly.
Spartans generally, and hence it occurs as an
The plan of revenge was now carried into effect. epithet or surname of Hyacinthus, Castor, Pollux
Penelope, with great difficulty, was made to promise and Helena (Ov. Ib. 590, Fast. v. 705, Her. xvi.
her band to him who should conquer the others 126.
)
in shooting with the bow of Odysseus. As none 2. A son of Telon by a nymph of the stream
of the suitors was able to manage it, Odysseus Sebethus, near Naples. Telon, originally a king
himself took it up, and having ordered all the doors of the Teleboans, had come from the island of
to be shut, and all arms to be removed, he began Taphos to Capreae, in Italy ; and Oebalus settled
his contest with the suitors, in which he was sup in Campania. (Virg. Aen. vii. 734, with Serv.
ported by Athena, his son, and some faithful ser- note. )
(LS. )
All ſell by his hands, the faithless male O ÉBARES (Oilápns). 1. A Persian, an officer
and female servants as well as the suitors ; the of Cyrus. According to Ctesias (ap. Phot. Bibl.
minstrel and Medon, the herald, alone were saved 72), when Astyages was taken at Ecbatana, whither
(xxii. ). Odysseus now made himself known to he had fied from Cyrus, Oebares threw him into
Penelope, and went to see his aged father. In the chains, from which, however, Cyrus released him.
meantime the report of the death of the suitors Ctesias further tells us that, at the siege of Sardis,
was spread abroad, and their relatives now rose in Oebares advised Cyrus to terrify the citizens by
arms against Odysseus ; but Athena, who assumed images of Persians placed on high poles and made
the appearance of Mentor, brought about a recon- to look like gigantic soldiers, and that the fear thus
ciliation between the people and the king (xxi. caused mainly led to the capture of the town.
xxiv. ).
When Cyrus sent Petisaces to bring Astrages to
It has already been remarked that in the Homeric court from his satrapy (the country of the Bar-
poems, Odysseus is represented as a prudent, cun- canii), Oebares instigated the messenger to leave
ning, inventive and eloquent man, but at the same the old king to perish in a desert place, and, when
time as a brave, bold, and persevering warrior, the deed was discovered, starved himself to death
whose courage no misfortune or calamity could to avoid the vengeance of Amytis (Astyages's
subdue, but later poets describe him as a cowardly, daughter), in spite of all the assurances of protec-
deceitful, and intriguing personage (Virg. Aen. ii. tion which Cyrus gave him. .
164 ; 0v. Met. xiii. 6, &c. ; Philostr. Her. ii. 20). 2. A groom of Dareius Hystaspis. According
Respecting the last period of his life the Homeric to Herodotus, when the seven conspirators, after
poems give us no information, except the prophecy slaying Smerdis, had decided on the continuance of
of Teiresias, who promised him a painless death in monarchy, they agreed to ride forth together at
a happy old age (Od. xi. 119); but later writers sunrise, and to acknowledge as king any one of
give us different accounts. According to one, their number whose horse should be the first to
Telegonus, the son of Odysseus by Circe, was sent neigh. Oebares, by a stratagem, caused the horse
out by his mother to seek his father. A storm of Dareius to neigh before the rest, and thus
cast bim upon Ithaca, which he began to plunder secured the throne for his master. (Herod. iii.
in order to obtain provisions. Odysseus and Tele 84-87. )
machus attacked him, but he slew Odysseus, and 3. Son of Megabazus, was viceroy of Dascyleium,
his body was afterwards carried to Aeaea (Hygin. in Bithynia. He received the submission of the
Fab. 127 ; Dict. Cret. vi. 15; Horat. Carm. iii. Cyzicenes to Dareius Hystaspis, about B. C. 494.
29. 8). According to some Circe called Odysseus (Herod. vi. 33 ; comp. Aesch. Pers. 980, ed.
to life again, or on his arrival in Tyrrhenia, he was Schütz. )
[E. E. )
burnt on Mount Perge (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 795, &c. ). OEBOʻTAS (Oibutas), the son of Denias, of
In works of art Odysseus was commonly repre Dyme in Achaea, was victorious in the foot-race at
sented as a sailor, wearing the semi-oval cap of a Olympia, in the sixth Olympiad, B. c. 756. His
sailor. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 36 ; Paus. x. 26. § 1, countrymen, however, having conferred upon him
29. § 2 ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 804. ) (L. S. ] no distinguished mark of honour, although he was
OEAGRUS (Olaypos) a tragic actor at Athens, the first Achaean who had gained an Olympic vic
who appears to have been particularly successful in tory, he imprecated upon them the curse that no
the character of Niobe. (Arist. Vesp. 579 ; Schol. Achaean should ever again conquer in the games ;
au loc. )
(E. E. ] and, in fact, for three hundred years, not a single
## p. 15 (#31) ##############################################
-S.
a king of Thrace, and
18 (Apollod. i. 3. & 2;
84). Hence the sisters
grides, in the sense of
2. )
(L. S. )
Nauplius and Clymene,
d Nausimedon (Apolled.
rip. Orest. 432). (LS. )
1. A son of Cynortas,
ne, by whom he became
Peirene, and Arene, was
vas afterwards honoured
. . 1. & 3, 15. & 7, ü. 2. &
to others he was a son
on of Cynortas, and sas
Bateia, by whom he had
- iii. 10. § 4 ; Schol. ad
ne patronymic Oebalides
descendants, but to the
hence it occurs as an
acinthus, Castor, Pollux
, Fast. v. 705, Her, ar
-
a nymph of the stream
Telon, originally a king
come from the island of
aly ; and Oebalus settie
len. vii. 734, with Serv.
(L. S. )
1. A Persian, an ofäcer
- Ctesias (ap. Photo Bible
aken at Ecbatana, whither
Oebares threw him into
ever, Cyrus released him.
nat, at the siege of Sardis,
to terrify the citizens by
d on high poles and made
iers, and that the fear thus
he capture of the town.
aces to bring Astrages to
(the country of the Bar-
d the messenger to leave
a desert place, and, when
, starred himself to death
e of Amytis (Astyages's
I the assurances of prolec-
him. '
ius Hystaspis. According
e seren conspirators, after
cided on the continuance of
to ride forth together at
vledge as king any one of
OECUMENIUS.
OECUMENIUS.
15
Achaean was among the victors. At length the internal evidence. In one MS. it bears the name
Achaeans consulted the Delphic oracle, and, in of Nicetas of Serme, or, as he is usually termed,
obedience to its response, they erected a statue of Nicetas of Heracleia ; in another of Theophy.
Oebotas in the Altis at Olympia, Ol. 80. B. C. 460; lact
. The authorship of Euthymius is inferred
soon after which a victory was gained in the boys' from the resemblance of the work to bis Com-
foot-race, by Sostratus of Pellene. Hence the mentary on the Psalms. The editor of Cave
custom was established for the Achaean athletes to states that Oecumenius himself refers in a pas-
sacrifice to Oebotas before engaging in an Olympic sage in his commentary on St. Paul's Epistles,
contest, and, when victorious, to crown his statue. Ad Hebraeos, c. 6, to a commentary which he had
(Paus. vii. 17. &S 6, 7, 13, 14, Bekker ; comp. vi. written on the Gospels, but we have not been able
3. & 8).
(P. S. ] to find the place. 2. Εξηγήσεις εις τας πράξεις
OECUMENIUS (Oikovuévios), a Greek com- TW 'ATOOTÓWY, Enarrationes (s. Commentarii) in
mentator on various parts of the New Testament. Acta Apostolorum, compiled from the earlier Greek
of this writer scarcely any thing is known : even fathers, especially Chrysostom, with many addi-
the time in waich he lived is not ascertained. He tions by the compiler. 3. 'Erroers eis nas
is cited very often in a MS. Catena in Epistolas naúdov émiotolds hégas, Commentarii in Epistolus
Pauli, formerly in the Coislinian library at Paris, Pauli omnes, of similar character to the Commen-
which Montfaucon (Biblioth. Coislin. cod. xxvii. tary on the Acts of the Apostles. 4. 'E&tyises eis
p. 82) ascribes to the tenth century; and, as ás éatd kadoords deyouevas étiotolás, Commen-
in his own Commentaries Oecumenius has cited tarii in septem Epistolas quae Catholicae dicuntur.
Photius, who belongs to the latter half of the ninth 5. Els triv 'Iwávvov drokádobiv, In Joannis Apo-
century, Lardner is perhaps correct (Credit. bk. i. lysim. These various commentaries have been
c. clxii. ) in assigning him to the year 950. Cave's published. Those on the Acts and the Epistles,
date (A. D. 990) is somewhat too late, if we can both the Pauline and the Catholic, were published
rely on Montfaucon's judgment of the age of the by Donatus, together with the Commentary of
Coislinian MS. Dupin places him in the eleventh Arethas of Caesareia on the Apocalypse, fol. Ve-
century, later than Theophylact, which appears to
rona, 1532.
They were again published at Paris,
be altogether too late. In a MS. cited by Mont- 2 vols. fol. 1631. A Latin version of these Com-
faucon (ib. cod.
