) Unto Chiron was
intrusted
the rearing
and educating of Jason and his son Medeus, Hercu-
les, -Esculapius, and Achilles.
and educating of Jason and his son Medeus, Hercu-
les, -Esculapius, and Achilles.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
The Egyptians had
the following legend respecting the island: they
stated that Latona, one of the eight primary deities,
residing in Butus, received Apollo from the hands of
Isis, and preserved his life by concealing him in this
island, when Typhon, arriving in these parts, used all
possible diligence to find out the son of Osiris. --It is
thought that the Greeks invented from this story their
fable respecting Dclos. (Compare Larchcr, ad Herod. ,
I. e. ) As regards the name Chemmis, consult the re-
marks of Champollion, Systeme Hieroglyph. , p. 112.
Mannert makes the Egyptian legend arise from the
wish, on the part of the Egyptian priests, to explain
the Grecian mythology by a reference to their own as
its parent source. (Compare the remarkB at the close
of the article Charon. --Mannert, Gcogr. , vol. 10, pt.
1, p. 559. )
Cheops, a king of Egypt, the successor, according
to Herodotus (2, 124), of Rhampsinitus. According
to Larcher (Chronol. d'Herod. , vol. 7, p. 90), Cheops
began to reign 1178 B. C. Herodotus makes him to
have ruled over Egypt for the space of fifty years,
and to have been a most oppressive monarch. He
shut up all the temples, forbade public sacrifices, and
compelled the people to undergo the severest labour.
Ten years were occupied in constructing a causeway,
along which to draw the stones intended for a large
pyramid, and twenty years were then spent in erect-
ing the pyramid itself. On this structure was an in-
scription, in Egyptian characters, stating how much
had been expended in radishes, onions, and garlic for
tht workmen. The interpreter informed Herodotus
that this sum amounted to no less than 1600 talents
of silver. Taking the Attic talent at a valuation of
91055,60, the sum expended will be nearly $1,700,000
of our currency. The mode to which Cheops had re-
course in order to replenish his exhausted treasury,
although gravely related by Herodotus (2, 126), is ut-
? ? terly incredible, and must have been a falsehood of
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? CHI ?
Chersoxesus Cimbrjca, a peninsula in the northern
part of Germany, answering to the modern Jutland,
Schlessicig, and Hoist,-in. (Ptol. , 2, 11 )--III. Cher-
sonesus Taukica, a peninsula between the Pontus
Euxinus and Palus Mssotis, answering to the modem
Crimea. The name was derived from the Tauri, a
barbarous race who inhabited it. It was sometimes
culled Chersonesus Scythica and Chersonesus Magna
{Oxnd, Tnst, 4, 4, 63. ' -- Id. , Pont. , 3, 2, 5. ) -- IV.
Chersoxesus Thracica, often called simply the Cher-
sonesus, and the most important of all. It was a
peninsula of Thrace, between the Sinus Melas and
the Hellespont. The fertility of its soil, and its prox-
imity to the coast of Asia Minor, early attracted an
mflux of Grecian settlers, and its shores soon became
crowded with flourishing and populous cities. From
this quarter the Athenians drew their chief supply of
grain. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 322, seqq. )
Chbrcscj, a people of Germany, between the We-
scr and the Elbe, southeast of the Chauci. Under
the conduct of Arminius, they defeated and slew three
Roman legions commanded by Varus, A. D. 10, in the
Saltus Teutobergiensis, or Bishopric of Padcrborn.
They were afterward defeated by Germanicus, and
never recovered their former eminence. (Tac. , Ann. ,
I, 56 and 59. -- Id. ibid. , 2, 17, 26, 41, 45, and 64. --
U. , Germ. , 36. --Cats. , B. G. , 6, 10. --Veil. Patcrc. , 2,
105)
Chilo, a Spartan, ranked, on account of his wis-
dom and experience, among the seven sages of
Greece. He directed his attention to public affairs,
and became one of the ephori, B. C. 556. (Diog. La-
in. , 1, 68. -- Me-nag. , ad loc. ) Many of his maxims
are quoted by the ancient writers, which justify the
high reputation connected with his name. He died
of joy at an advanced age, while embracing one of
hU sons who had gained a prize at the Olympic games.
The story told by Herodotus (1, 59) respecting Chilo
and the father of Pisistratus cannot be true, since
Pisistratus usurped the government of Athens B. C.
561, only five years after Chilo became ephorus, and
there could not have been any very great difference
between their respective ages. Chilo appears to have
travelled much abroad, and it is probable that he vis-
ited Sardis, the capital of Croesus, a monarch who had
sought an alliance with Sparta. (Herod. , 1, 69. ) It
was at the court of the Lydian monarch, in all proba-
bility, that he saw -<? sop, since Diogenes Laertius
speaks of a question put by the philosopher to the
fabulist. (Diog. Laert. , 1, 68, seqq. )
Chim. f. ra, a fabulous monster, the offspring of Ty-
phon and Echidna (Hcstod, Theog. , 319), which rav-
aged the country of Lycia until slain by Bellerophon.
It had the head and neck of a lion, the body of a goat
(jrc/iaipa), and the tail of a serpent, and vomited forth
fire. (Horn. , II. , 6, 181. ) Hesiod's account is some-
what different from that of Homer, since he gives
the Chimera three heads, one that of a lion, another
a goat's, and a third a serpent's. (Theog. , 321. )
There is strong reason to believe, however, that this
passage in Hesiod is an interpolation. (Heyne, in
Comment. Soc. Golt. , vol. 2, p. 144. ) The Latin
poets, in their description of this monster, have imita-
ted, as usual, their Grecian masters. (Consult Lu-
eret. , 5, 903. -- Ovid, Met. , 9, 646. -- Virgil, Mn. , 6,
288. ) The various explanations given to this fabu-
lous legend by the Greeks may be seen in Eustathius
(ad II. , 5, 181, p. 634, 40). Servius, the great com-
? ? mentator on Virgil, gives a curious one: "This, in
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? CHI
CHCE
The best edition of these letters is that of Hoffmann,
which is joined to the edition of the fragments of
Memnon, by Orelli, Lips. , 1816. --Consult, in relation
to Chion, and the authenticity of these letters, the
prolegomena of Hoffmann, p. 131, scqq. (Schbll, Hist
Lit. Gr. , vol. 2, p. 281. )
Crionides, said to have been the earliest writer of
the old Athenian comedy. (Compare Arislot. , Poet. ,
3, 5. --Simla. *, s. v. Xtuv. ) His representations date
from Olymp. 73, 2, or 487 B. C. The names of three
of his comedies are recorded, 'Hpuec, Ilepoai <</ 'Ao-
avpioi, and Ylruxoi. To judge from these titles, we
should conclude that his comedies had a political ref-
erence, and were lull of personal satire; and from an
allusion in Vitruvius (Praf. in lib. , 6) we may infer,
that they were gnomic, like those of Epicharmus.
{Theatre of the Greeks, p. 99,4th ed )
Chios, now Scio, an island in the /Egean Sea, be-
tween Lesbos and Samos, on the coast oi Asia Minor.
It is about 900 stadia in circuit, and was probably
once connected with the main land, from which it is
separated only by a strait three leagues wide. (Slra-
bo, 645. ) It was known by the names of -Ethalia,
Macris, and Pityusa, bat its most prevalent name was
Chios, derived, according to some, from x'""? snow,
because its mountains were often covered with it.
Isidorus, however, deduces the name from a Syriac
term signifying mastich, with which the island abounds.
(Compare Dioscoridcs, 1, 90. --Plin. , 12,16. ) It was
well inhabited, and could once equip a hundred ships;
and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful har-
bour which could contain eighty ships. (Hcrodot. , 6,
8, and 31. --Thucyd. , 8, 15. ) The wine of this isl-
and, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in
esteem. The Chians are said to have first known the
art of cultivating the vine, taught them by CEnopion,
the son of Bacchus, and by them communicated to the
Test of mankind. The first red wine was made here.
The marble of Chios was also in repute. It was one
of the places which contended for the honour of having
given birth to Homer, and his school was shown in
the island. Modem Scio, until the dreadful ravages
of the Turks, contained 115,000 inhabitants, nearly all
Greeks, and was the best cultivated and most flour-
ishing island in the Archipelago. (Compare Malic-
Brun, Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 86, Am. ed. )
ChTkon, the most celebrated of the Centaurs (rid.
Centauri), and son of Saturn and the nymph Philyra.
Dreading the jealousy of his wife Rhea, the god is said
to have transformed Philyra into a mare, and himself
into a steed : the offspring of this union was Chiron,
half man and half horse. This legend first appeared
in the poem of the Gigantomachia. (Schol. ad Apoll.
Rh. ,3, 554. ) It is also noticed by Pindar. (Pyth. ,
3, 1, scqq. ) Probably the praise of Chiron, by Homer
(//. , 11, 832), for his love of justice, led to the making
him the offspring of the god who ruled over the gold-
en race of men; and if, as it would appear, he was
skilled in music, a more suitable mother could not have
becnassigned him than the nymph" Lyre-loving. " (<t>i-
Mpa, quasi QMXvpa. -- Welcker, Nachlrag zur Tril. ,
p. 53, not.
) Unto Chiron was intrusted the rearing
and educating of Jason and his son Medeus, Hercu-
les, -Esculapius, and Achilles. Besides his knowl-
edge of the musical art, which he imparted to his he-
roic pupils, he was also skilled in surgery, which he
taught to the two last of the number. In the contest
? ? between Hercules and the Centaurs, Chiron was acci-
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? CHCERILUS.
CHO
in what this same lexicographer adds, that Chasrilus
was a young man when Xerxes invaded Greece, there
is a contradiction to the previous assertion, since He-
rodotus was at this time but just bom. Plutarch
states, that Lysander of Sparta was very fond of the
poet's society: this would fix the period when he
nourished between the peace of Cimon and the com-
mencement of the Peloponnesian war, or between 460
and 431 B. C. (Choerilus, ed. Nake. , p. 21, seqq. ) In
his old age Choerilus was invited to the court of Ma-
cedonia by King Archelaus, who allowed him, it is said,
three mins daily. At the court of this prince he died.
Choerilus perceived that a poet could no longer please
by following the footsteps of Homer, since a people
arrived at the degree of civilization in which the
Greeks then were, seemed no longer capable of rel-
ishing, in a modern work, the simplicity which pos-
sesses so many charms in the earlier national poetry.
Choerilus selected, in consequence, an historical sub-
ject, the victory of his countrymen over the arms of
Xerxes. In this, however, he was unfortunate, since
so recent an event was incompatible with the employ-
ment of fiction, and fiction is an important part of the
machinery of every epic poem. According to, Sto-
b>>us, he entitled his poem llepantf, "the Perseid. "
We have so few fragments remaining of this poem
of his, that we are unable to ascertain whether he
ended it with the battle of Salamis, or carried it on to
the close of the war with Xerxes. This poem was a
monument raised to the glory of the Athenians. An
ancient law of Solon's relative to Homer, was revived
in honour of Choerilus, and the people decreet! that
the poem should be publicly read, every year, at
the festival of the Panathensa. Suidas, it is true,
merely states, that "it was decreed that this poem
should be read with those of Homer. " But such a
resolve could only preceed from the Athenians, and
could only have reference to the great celebration
just mentioned, which periodically reunited the tribes
of Attica. Suidas adds, that the author received a
piece of gold for every verse; a recompense but little
in unison with the spirit of a . republic, and still less
probable in the case of a long epic poem. It would
seem, in fact, that Suidas is here mistaken, and re-
lates of the Samian Choerilus what happened to an-
other poet of the same name, who composed an effu-
sion in honour of Alexander the Great. (Choerilus,
ed. N'ikc, p. 78, seqq. ) Whatever the reputation of
Chcerilus may have been, one thing at least is certain,
that the Alexandrean critics excluded him from their
canon, in which they assigned the fifth and last place
to his rival Antimachus. A certain want of elegance
with which the style of Choerilus was reproached, as
well as the predilection of Plato for Antimachus, may
have been the primary causes of this disgraceful ex-
clusion of the Athenian poet. --Among the fragments
of the Perseid which have come down to us, there are
some verses that have given rise to a curious discus-
sion. The lines in question are preserved for us
by Josephus (contra Apion, 1, p. 454. -- vol. 2, ed.
Haeercamp), as the most ancient profane document
in which mention is made of the Jews. In the enu-
meration of the forces composing the army of Xerxes,
Choerilus speaks of the inhabitants of the mountains
of Solynu, in the vicinity of a large lake. ('Qikcov o"
iv ioli/ioic opcaiv, ? nfjarii) iirl juftvy. ) Josephus is
convinced that the poet means Jerusalem, but some
? ? critics of modern days insist that the Solymi in Lycia
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? CHR
CHR
tune, he having been dethroned and driven from his
kingdom by a formidable rival, and compelled to take
refuge with the Emperor Maurice. He owed his res-
toration to the generous aid of the same potentate.
Not long after, upon the death of Maurice, he carried
his victorious arms against his former allies, to the
very walls of Constantinople and Alexandrea; and
subsequently he beheld the very Romans, whom he
had so often defeated, penetrating, under Hcraclius,
into the heart of the Persian empire, and pillaging and
burning his palace itself. He was at last dethroned
by his own son and cast into prison, where he died
A. D. 628. (Sainl-Martm, in Hiogr. Univ. , vol. 22, p.
391. )
Chronium Mare, a name applied by the ancients
to the Frozen Ocean. The Cimbri, according to
Pliny (4, 13), called it Morimarusa, i. e. , "the dead
sea. " In the Welsh tongue, mor is the "sea," and
marv "dead;" in the Irish, muir-croinn denotes a
thick, coagulated, frozen Bea. (Compare Classical
Journal, vol. 6, p. 297. )
Chry8. v, I. a town of Troas, on the coast, near
the city of Hamaxitus, where lived Chryses, the fa-
ther of the beautiful Chryseis. (Homer, Iliad, 1, 37.
--Id. ibid. , 430, etc. ) Strabo (604), however, places
it in the innermost part of the Adramyttian Gulf,
and hence some are in favour of making two places
of this name, an old and a new Chrysa. (Compare
Heyne's note to the German trans), of Le Chevalier,
p. 7, seqq. ) This place was famous for a temple of
Apollo Smintheus (rid. Smintheus), whence it was
also called Sminthium. (Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 6, pt.
3, p. 463. )--II. A small island in the immediate vi-
cinity of Lemnos, in which Philoetetes took up his
abode when suffering from the wound inflicted by one
of the arrows of Hercules. (Fausan. , 8, 33. ) It
was afterward submerged by the sea, in accordance
with an ancient prediction. (Herodot. , 7, 6. ) Choi-
seul-Gouffier (Voyage pitloresque dc la Greece, vol. 2,
p. 129) thinks he saw traces of it still remaining.
That the change here referred to has been occasioned
by volcanic action, no one can doubt. (Vid. Mosych-
lus. ) The whole island of Lemnos is said to bear
the strongest marks of the effects of volcanic fire; the
rocks in many parts arc like the burned and vitrified
scoria of furnaces. (Hunt's Journal, in Walpole's
Collection, vol. 2, p. 59. )
Chrysanthius, an eclectic philosopher of Sanlis,
made highpricst of Lydia by the Emperor Julian, and
supposed to possess a power of conversing with the
gods and of predicting future events. (Eunap. , p.
144, seqq. -- Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 2,
p. 71. )
Chrysaor, a son of Medusa by Neptune, bom im-
mediately after the decapitation of his mother by Per-
seus. (Apollod. , 2, 4, 2. -- Hcyne, ad loc. ) He was
of gigantic stature, and received his name, according
to Hesiod (Theog. , 283), from his wielding in his hands
a "golden sword" (xpvaewv uop). Chrysaor became
by Callirhoe, one of the ocean-nymphs, the father of
Geryon and Echidna. (Hesiod, Theog. , 287, seqq. --
Compare Ctesias, Ephcs. ap. Plut. deflum. , p. 1034,
ed. Wytt. -- Tzetz. ad Lycophr. , v. 17. ) --The legend
of Chrysaor, like that of Perseus itself, has a blend-
ed religious and astronomical reference. It is based
on the idea of purification by blood, and also of the
reappearance of fertility, after the darker period of the
? ? year, the months of winter, have passed away. (Com-
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? CHR
CIB
a common practice with Chrysippus, at different times,
to take the opposite Bides of the same question, and
thus furnish his antagonists with weapons, which
might easily be turned, as occasion offered, against
himself. Carneades, who was one of his most able
and skilful adversaries, frequently availed himself of
ibis circumstance, and refuted Chrysippus by convict-
ing him of inconsistency. Of his writings nothing
remains, except a few extracts which are preserved in
the works of Cicero, Plutarch, Seneca, and Aulus Gel-
lius. He died in the 143d Olympiad, B. C. 208, at the
age of eighty-three. A statue was erected to his mem-
ory by Ptolemy. 'Diog. Lacrt. , 7, 189. -- Enfield's
History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 358. )
Chbvsockkas, or the horn of gold, a name given to
the harbour of Byzantium. (Vid. Byzantium. )
Chkvsopolis, a town and harbour opposite Byzan-
tium, on the Asiatic shore. It is often mentioned in
history. The Athenians established there a toll, to-
wards the close of the Peloponnesian war, to be paid
by all ships coming from the Euxine. (Xcn. , Hist.
Gr. , 1, 1, 14. -- Polyb. , 4, 44, 3. ) The ten thousand
Greeks were encamped there for some days prior to
crossing over into Thrace. (Xen. , Anab. , 6, 6, 22. )
It is mentioned by Strabo (563) as a small town, and
Pliny says, "Fuit Chrysopolis" (5, 32). Several his-
torians, however, of a later date, continue to speak of
it. (Zosim. , 2, 30. -- Socral. , Hist. Eccles. , 1, 4. --
Amm. Marcelt. , 22, 12. ) Stephanus of Byzantium
fives various etymological derivations of the name,
he modern Scutari is thought to correspond to the
ancient place. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 191,
seq. )
Chrysorbhoas, or Golden Stream, a river of Syr-
ia, near Damascus. It rises in Mount Lihanus, and,
after leaving its native valley, divides itself into five
? mall streams near the village of Dumar. The main
one of these flows through Damascus, while two others
water the gardens in the plain of El-Gulha. All the
streams unite subsequently, and their collected waters
empty into the sea. The Chrysorrhoas is the same
with the Bardine or Amana (in Scripture Abana, 2
Kings, 5. 12), now the Baradt. (Abulfcda, Tab. Syr.
r, Wair
seaq. )
-Burckhardt, p.
the following legend respecting the island: they
stated that Latona, one of the eight primary deities,
residing in Butus, received Apollo from the hands of
Isis, and preserved his life by concealing him in this
island, when Typhon, arriving in these parts, used all
possible diligence to find out the son of Osiris. --It is
thought that the Greeks invented from this story their
fable respecting Dclos. (Compare Larchcr, ad Herod. ,
I. e. ) As regards the name Chemmis, consult the re-
marks of Champollion, Systeme Hieroglyph. , p. 112.
Mannert makes the Egyptian legend arise from the
wish, on the part of the Egyptian priests, to explain
the Grecian mythology by a reference to their own as
its parent source. (Compare the remarkB at the close
of the article Charon. --Mannert, Gcogr. , vol. 10, pt.
1, p. 559. )
Cheops, a king of Egypt, the successor, according
to Herodotus (2, 124), of Rhampsinitus. According
to Larcher (Chronol. d'Herod. , vol. 7, p. 90), Cheops
began to reign 1178 B. C. Herodotus makes him to
have ruled over Egypt for the space of fifty years,
and to have been a most oppressive monarch. He
shut up all the temples, forbade public sacrifices, and
compelled the people to undergo the severest labour.
Ten years were occupied in constructing a causeway,
along which to draw the stones intended for a large
pyramid, and twenty years were then spent in erect-
ing the pyramid itself. On this structure was an in-
scription, in Egyptian characters, stating how much
had been expended in radishes, onions, and garlic for
tht workmen. The interpreter informed Herodotus
that this sum amounted to no less than 1600 talents
of silver. Taking the Attic talent at a valuation of
91055,60, the sum expended will be nearly $1,700,000
of our currency. The mode to which Cheops had re-
course in order to replenish his exhausted treasury,
although gravely related by Herodotus (2, 126), is ut-
? ? terly incredible, and must have been a falsehood of
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? CHI ?
Chersoxesus Cimbrjca, a peninsula in the northern
part of Germany, answering to the modern Jutland,
Schlessicig, and Hoist,-in. (Ptol. , 2, 11 )--III. Cher-
sonesus Taukica, a peninsula between the Pontus
Euxinus and Palus Mssotis, answering to the modem
Crimea. The name was derived from the Tauri, a
barbarous race who inhabited it. It was sometimes
culled Chersonesus Scythica and Chersonesus Magna
{Oxnd, Tnst, 4, 4, 63. ' -- Id. , Pont. , 3, 2, 5. ) -- IV.
Chersoxesus Thracica, often called simply the Cher-
sonesus, and the most important of all. It was a
peninsula of Thrace, between the Sinus Melas and
the Hellespont. The fertility of its soil, and its prox-
imity to the coast of Asia Minor, early attracted an
mflux of Grecian settlers, and its shores soon became
crowded with flourishing and populous cities. From
this quarter the Athenians drew their chief supply of
grain. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 322, seqq. )
Chbrcscj, a people of Germany, between the We-
scr and the Elbe, southeast of the Chauci. Under
the conduct of Arminius, they defeated and slew three
Roman legions commanded by Varus, A. D. 10, in the
Saltus Teutobergiensis, or Bishopric of Padcrborn.
They were afterward defeated by Germanicus, and
never recovered their former eminence. (Tac. , Ann. ,
I, 56 and 59. -- Id. ibid. , 2, 17, 26, 41, 45, and 64. --
U. , Germ. , 36. --Cats. , B. G. , 6, 10. --Veil. Patcrc. , 2,
105)
Chilo, a Spartan, ranked, on account of his wis-
dom and experience, among the seven sages of
Greece. He directed his attention to public affairs,
and became one of the ephori, B. C. 556. (Diog. La-
in. , 1, 68. -- Me-nag. , ad loc. ) Many of his maxims
are quoted by the ancient writers, which justify the
high reputation connected with his name. He died
of joy at an advanced age, while embracing one of
hU sons who had gained a prize at the Olympic games.
The story told by Herodotus (1, 59) respecting Chilo
and the father of Pisistratus cannot be true, since
Pisistratus usurped the government of Athens B. C.
561, only five years after Chilo became ephorus, and
there could not have been any very great difference
between their respective ages. Chilo appears to have
travelled much abroad, and it is probable that he vis-
ited Sardis, the capital of Croesus, a monarch who had
sought an alliance with Sparta. (Herod. , 1, 69. ) It
was at the court of the Lydian monarch, in all proba-
bility, that he saw -<? sop, since Diogenes Laertius
speaks of a question put by the philosopher to the
fabulist. (Diog. Laert. , 1, 68, seqq. )
Chim. f. ra, a fabulous monster, the offspring of Ty-
phon and Echidna (Hcstod, Theog. , 319), which rav-
aged the country of Lycia until slain by Bellerophon.
It had the head and neck of a lion, the body of a goat
(jrc/iaipa), and the tail of a serpent, and vomited forth
fire. (Horn. , II. , 6, 181. ) Hesiod's account is some-
what different from that of Homer, since he gives
the Chimera three heads, one that of a lion, another
a goat's, and a third a serpent's. (Theog. , 321. )
There is strong reason to believe, however, that this
passage in Hesiod is an interpolation. (Heyne, in
Comment. Soc. Golt. , vol. 2, p. 144. ) The Latin
poets, in their description of this monster, have imita-
ted, as usual, their Grecian masters. (Consult Lu-
eret. , 5, 903. -- Ovid, Met. , 9, 646. -- Virgil, Mn. , 6,
288. ) The various explanations given to this fabu-
lous legend by the Greeks may be seen in Eustathius
(ad II. , 5, 181, p. 634, 40). Servius, the great com-
? ? mentator on Virgil, gives a curious one: "This, in
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? CHI
CHCE
The best edition of these letters is that of Hoffmann,
which is joined to the edition of the fragments of
Memnon, by Orelli, Lips. , 1816. --Consult, in relation
to Chion, and the authenticity of these letters, the
prolegomena of Hoffmann, p. 131, scqq. (Schbll, Hist
Lit. Gr. , vol. 2, p. 281. )
Crionides, said to have been the earliest writer of
the old Athenian comedy. (Compare Arislot. , Poet. ,
3, 5. --Simla. *, s. v. Xtuv. ) His representations date
from Olymp. 73, 2, or 487 B. C. The names of three
of his comedies are recorded, 'Hpuec, Ilepoai <</ 'Ao-
avpioi, and Ylruxoi. To judge from these titles, we
should conclude that his comedies had a political ref-
erence, and were lull of personal satire; and from an
allusion in Vitruvius (Praf. in lib. , 6) we may infer,
that they were gnomic, like those of Epicharmus.
{Theatre of the Greeks, p. 99,4th ed )
Chios, now Scio, an island in the /Egean Sea, be-
tween Lesbos and Samos, on the coast oi Asia Minor.
It is about 900 stadia in circuit, and was probably
once connected with the main land, from which it is
separated only by a strait three leagues wide. (Slra-
bo, 645. ) It was known by the names of -Ethalia,
Macris, and Pityusa, bat its most prevalent name was
Chios, derived, according to some, from x'""? snow,
because its mountains were often covered with it.
Isidorus, however, deduces the name from a Syriac
term signifying mastich, with which the island abounds.
(Compare Dioscoridcs, 1, 90. --Plin. , 12,16. ) It was
well inhabited, and could once equip a hundred ships;
and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful har-
bour which could contain eighty ships. (Hcrodot. , 6,
8, and 31. --Thucyd. , 8, 15. ) The wine of this isl-
and, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in
esteem. The Chians are said to have first known the
art of cultivating the vine, taught them by CEnopion,
the son of Bacchus, and by them communicated to the
Test of mankind. The first red wine was made here.
The marble of Chios was also in repute. It was one
of the places which contended for the honour of having
given birth to Homer, and his school was shown in
the island. Modem Scio, until the dreadful ravages
of the Turks, contained 115,000 inhabitants, nearly all
Greeks, and was the best cultivated and most flour-
ishing island in the Archipelago. (Compare Malic-
Brun, Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 86, Am. ed. )
ChTkon, the most celebrated of the Centaurs (rid.
Centauri), and son of Saturn and the nymph Philyra.
Dreading the jealousy of his wife Rhea, the god is said
to have transformed Philyra into a mare, and himself
into a steed : the offspring of this union was Chiron,
half man and half horse. This legend first appeared
in the poem of the Gigantomachia. (Schol. ad Apoll.
Rh. ,3, 554. ) It is also noticed by Pindar. (Pyth. ,
3, 1, scqq. ) Probably the praise of Chiron, by Homer
(//. , 11, 832), for his love of justice, led to the making
him the offspring of the god who ruled over the gold-
en race of men; and if, as it would appear, he was
skilled in music, a more suitable mother could not have
becnassigned him than the nymph" Lyre-loving. " (<t>i-
Mpa, quasi QMXvpa. -- Welcker, Nachlrag zur Tril. ,
p. 53, not.
) Unto Chiron was intrusted the rearing
and educating of Jason and his son Medeus, Hercu-
les, -Esculapius, and Achilles. Besides his knowl-
edge of the musical art, which he imparted to his he-
roic pupils, he was also skilled in surgery, which he
taught to the two last of the number. In the contest
? ? between Hercules and the Centaurs, Chiron was acci-
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? CHCERILUS.
CHO
in what this same lexicographer adds, that Chasrilus
was a young man when Xerxes invaded Greece, there
is a contradiction to the previous assertion, since He-
rodotus was at this time but just bom. Plutarch
states, that Lysander of Sparta was very fond of the
poet's society: this would fix the period when he
nourished between the peace of Cimon and the com-
mencement of the Peloponnesian war, or between 460
and 431 B. C. (Choerilus, ed. Nake. , p. 21, seqq. ) In
his old age Choerilus was invited to the court of Ma-
cedonia by King Archelaus, who allowed him, it is said,
three mins daily. At the court of this prince he died.
Choerilus perceived that a poet could no longer please
by following the footsteps of Homer, since a people
arrived at the degree of civilization in which the
Greeks then were, seemed no longer capable of rel-
ishing, in a modern work, the simplicity which pos-
sesses so many charms in the earlier national poetry.
Choerilus selected, in consequence, an historical sub-
ject, the victory of his countrymen over the arms of
Xerxes. In this, however, he was unfortunate, since
so recent an event was incompatible with the employ-
ment of fiction, and fiction is an important part of the
machinery of every epic poem. According to, Sto-
b>>us, he entitled his poem llepantf, "the Perseid. "
We have so few fragments remaining of this poem
of his, that we are unable to ascertain whether he
ended it with the battle of Salamis, or carried it on to
the close of the war with Xerxes. This poem was a
monument raised to the glory of the Athenians. An
ancient law of Solon's relative to Homer, was revived
in honour of Choerilus, and the people decreet! that
the poem should be publicly read, every year, at
the festival of the Panathensa. Suidas, it is true,
merely states, that "it was decreed that this poem
should be read with those of Homer. " But such a
resolve could only preceed from the Athenians, and
could only have reference to the great celebration
just mentioned, which periodically reunited the tribes
of Attica. Suidas adds, that the author received a
piece of gold for every verse; a recompense but little
in unison with the spirit of a . republic, and still less
probable in the case of a long epic poem. It would
seem, in fact, that Suidas is here mistaken, and re-
lates of the Samian Choerilus what happened to an-
other poet of the same name, who composed an effu-
sion in honour of Alexander the Great. (Choerilus,
ed. N'ikc, p. 78, seqq. ) Whatever the reputation of
Chcerilus may have been, one thing at least is certain,
that the Alexandrean critics excluded him from their
canon, in which they assigned the fifth and last place
to his rival Antimachus. A certain want of elegance
with which the style of Choerilus was reproached, as
well as the predilection of Plato for Antimachus, may
have been the primary causes of this disgraceful ex-
clusion of the Athenian poet. --Among the fragments
of the Perseid which have come down to us, there are
some verses that have given rise to a curious discus-
sion. The lines in question are preserved for us
by Josephus (contra Apion, 1, p. 454. -- vol. 2, ed.
Haeercamp), as the most ancient profane document
in which mention is made of the Jews. In the enu-
meration of the forces composing the army of Xerxes,
Choerilus speaks of the inhabitants of the mountains
of Solynu, in the vicinity of a large lake. ('Qikcov o"
iv ioli/ioic opcaiv, ? nfjarii) iirl juftvy. ) Josephus is
convinced that the poet means Jerusalem, but some
? ? critics of modern days insist that the Solymi in Lycia
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? CHR
CHR
tune, he having been dethroned and driven from his
kingdom by a formidable rival, and compelled to take
refuge with the Emperor Maurice. He owed his res-
toration to the generous aid of the same potentate.
Not long after, upon the death of Maurice, he carried
his victorious arms against his former allies, to the
very walls of Constantinople and Alexandrea; and
subsequently he beheld the very Romans, whom he
had so often defeated, penetrating, under Hcraclius,
into the heart of the Persian empire, and pillaging and
burning his palace itself. He was at last dethroned
by his own son and cast into prison, where he died
A. D. 628. (Sainl-Martm, in Hiogr. Univ. , vol. 22, p.
391. )
Chronium Mare, a name applied by the ancients
to the Frozen Ocean. The Cimbri, according to
Pliny (4, 13), called it Morimarusa, i. e. , "the dead
sea. " In the Welsh tongue, mor is the "sea," and
marv "dead;" in the Irish, muir-croinn denotes a
thick, coagulated, frozen Bea. (Compare Classical
Journal, vol. 6, p. 297. )
Chry8. v, I. a town of Troas, on the coast, near
the city of Hamaxitus, where lived Chryses, the fa-
ther of the beautiful Chryseis. (Homer, Iliad, 1, 37.
--Id. ibid. , 430, etc. ) Strabo (604), however, places
it in the innermost part of the Adramyttian Gulf,
and hence some are in favour of making two places
of this name, an old and a new Chrysa. (Compare
Heyne's note to the German trans), of Le Chevalier,
p. 7, seqq. ) This place was famous for a temple of
Apollo Smintheus (rid. Smintheus), whence it was
also called Sminthium. (Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 6, pt.
3, p. 463. )--II. A small island in the immediate vi-
cinity of Lemnos, in which Philoetetes took up his
abode when suffering from the wound inflicted by one
of the arrows of Hercules. (Fausan. , 8, 33. ) It
was afterward submerged by the sea, in accordance
with an ancient prediction. (Herodot. , 7, 6. ) Choi-
seul-Gouffier (Voyage pitloresque dc la Greece, vol. 2,
p. 129) thinks he saw traces of it still remaining.
That the change here referred to has been occasioned
by volcanic action, no one can doubt. (Vid. Mosych-
lus. ) The whole island of Lemnos is said to bear
the strongest marks of the effects of volcanic fire; the
rocks in many parts arc like the burned and vitrified
scoria of furnaces. (Hunt's Journal, in Walpole's
Collection, vol. 2, p. 59. )
Chrysanthius, an eclectic philosopher of Sanlis,
made highpricst of Lydia by the Emperor Julian, and
supposed to possess a power of conversing with the
gods and of predicting future events. (Eunap. , p.
144, seqq. -- Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 2,
p. 71. )
Chrysaor, a son of Medusa by Neptune, bom im-
mediately after the decapitation of his mother by Per-
seus. (Apollod. , 2, 4, 2. -- Hcyne, ad loc. ) He was
of gigantic stature, and received his name, according
to Hesiod (Theog. , 283), from his wielding in his hands
a "golden sword" (xpvaewv uop). Chrysaor became
by Callirhoe, one of the ocean-nymphs, the father of
Geryon and Echidna. (Hesiod, Theog. , 287, seqq. --
Compare Ctesias, Ephcs. ap. Plut. deflum. , p. 1034,
ed. Wytt. -- Tzetz. ad Lycophr. , v. 17. ) --The legend
of Chrysaor, like that of Perseus itself, has a blend-
ed religious and astronomical reference. It is based
on the idea of purification by blood, and also of the
reappearance of fertility, after the darker period of the
? ? year, the months of winter, have passed away. (Com-
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? CHR
CIB
a common practice with Chrysippus, at different times,
to take the opposite Bides of the same question, and
thus furnish his antagonists with weapons, which
might easily be turned, as occasion offered, against
himself. Carneades, who was one of his most able
and skilful adversaries, frequently availed himself of
ibis circumstance, and refuted Chrysippus by convict-
ing him of inconsistency. Of his writings nothing
remains, except a few extracts which are preserved in
the works of Cicero, Plutarch, Seneca, and Aulus Gel-
lius. He died in the 143d Olympiad, B. C. 208, at the
age of eighty-three. A statue was erected to his mem-
ory by Ptolemy. 'Diog. Lacrt. , 7, 189. -- Enfield's
History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 358. )
Chbvsockkas, or the horn of gold, a name given to
the harbour of Byzantium. (Vid. Byzantium. )
Chkvsopolis, a town and harbour opposite Byzan-
tium, on the Asiatic shore. It is often mentioned in
history. The Athenians established there a toll, to-
wards the close of the Peloponnesian war, to be paid
by all ships coming from the Euxine. (Xcn. , Hist.
Gr. , 1, 1, 14. -- Polyb. , 4, 44, 3. ) The ten thousand
Greeks were encamped there for some days prior to
crossing over into Thrace. (Xen. , Anab. , 6, 6, 22. )
It is mentioned by Strabo (563) as a small town, and
Pliny says, "Fuit Chrysopolis" (5, 32). Several his-
torians, however, of a later date, continue to speak of
it. (Zosim. , 2, 30. -- Socral. , Hist. Eccles. , 1, 4. --
Amm. Marcelt. , 22, 12. ) Stephanus of Byzantium
fives various etymological derivations of the name,
he modern Scutari is thought to correspond to the
ancient place. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 191,
seq. )
Chrysorbhoas, or Golden Stream, a river of Syr-
ia, near Damascus. It rises in Mount Lihanus, and,
after leaving its native valley, divides itself into five
? mall streams near the village of Dumar. The main
one of these flows through Damascus, while two others
water the gardens in the plain of El-Gulha. All the
streams unite subsequently, and their collected waters
empty into the sea. The Chrysorrhoas is the same
with the Bardine or Amana (in Scripture Abana, 2
Kings, 5. 12), now the Baradt. (Abulfcda, Tab. Syr.
r, Wair
seaq. )
-Burckhardt, p.
